5. PROGRAM & TECHNICAL PROGRESS 15 5.1 ZOOMING OUT: HIGH-LEVEL ACHIEVEMENTS 15 5.2 ZOOMING IN: MOST NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENTS AS PER WORK PLAN PROGRAM THEMES 16 5.3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT 19 5.4 CONTRIBUTING TO AND LEARNING FROM CONFERENCES 21 5.5 PROGRESS MADE WITH EXISTING CONSULTANCIES AND FAAs 22 5.6 STRUCTURAL AMENDMENTS TO THE TEAM 24

6. PROGRAM CHALLENGES 25

7. LEARNING AND REFLECTION 26 7.1 WHAT DID WE LEARN THIS QUARTER? 27

8. UPCOMING ACTIVITIES 31

APPENDIX Appendix 1: Progress with consultancy work package

FIGURES Figure 1: Geographical distribution of Khetha activities within the GLTFCA landscape 9 Figure 2: Word cloud 13 Figure 3: What objectives did we focus on most? 16 Figure 4: Geographical focus 20

2 Table Of Contents Quarterly Progress Report ACRONYMS

ANAC National Administration for Conservation Areas – Mozambique CBNRM Community Based Natural Resource Management CIRAD Centre de cooperation international en recherché agronomique pour le développement/ French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Cons PAC Conservation Project Approval Committee DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DG Director General EWT Endangered Wildlife Trust FAA Fixed Award Award GEF Global Environment Facility GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit/German Society for International Cooperation GLC Greater Lebombo Conservancy GLTFCA Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area GLTP Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park ICCWC International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime INL United States State Department Bureau of International Narcotics & Law Enforcement Agency IWT Illegal Wildlife Trade K2C Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Reserve KNP Kruger National Park LNP Limpopo National Park MEL Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning MoU Memorandum of Understanding NEWF Nature, Environment & Wildlife Filmmakers NGO Non-Government Organization NISCWT National Integrated Strategy to Combat Wildlife Trafficking NUPAS Non-US Organization Pre-Award Survey PGR Attorney General – Mozambique PPF Peace Parks Foundation RISE Rural Initiative for a Sustainable Environment SADC Southern Africa Development Community SANParks South African National Parks SAPS South African Police Service SAWC Southern Africa Wildlife College SGP Sabie Game Park SPEED+ Supporting the Policy Environment for Economic Development

3 SRC Stockholm Resilience Centre SULi Specialist Group on Sustainable Use and Livelihoods ToR Terms of Reference UCT University of Cape Town UNEP United Nations Environment Program USAID United States Agency for International Development USG United States Government WWF-SA World Wide Fund for Nature – South Africa WWF-MZ World Wide Fund for Nature - Mozambique

4 Executive summary

During this quarter, Khetha further established its particular niche in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area, acting as a facilitator, connector and convener. Our activities centered on relationship building as we cemented the critical foundation from which we are implementing our three program objectives.

High-level linkages and endorsements were obtained in Mozambique and South Africa from the Attorney General’s Office, National Administration for Conservation Areas, Department of Environmental Affairs and South African National Parks. These relationships resulted in the development of partnership agreements, and in the case of South African National Parks, a shared annual work plan to guide collaborative activities.

Seventeen consultancy work packages were conceptualized and approved for implementation in this quarter. The first sets of deliverables from partners’ Fixed Amount Award agreements were received and these will now inform subsequent work plans and engagement with our partners: Endangered Wildlife Trust, TRAFFIC and WWF Mozambique.

We started implementing the Khetha Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning and Communications Plans. Specific activities were initiated to share these plans and associated tools, with WWF Mozambique in particular. Khetha continues to provide strategic communications and technical support to WWF Mozambique for the development of their Khetha communications strategy.

We started engaging with stakeholders in our Sabi River and Matsulu Corridor nodes to prepare for baseline research. The research will help us understand the sentiments and perceptions that drive illegal wildlife trade and the dynamics that underpin the relationship between communities and Protected Areas. We are exploring cutting-edge qualitative data collection and program design tools to support this work.

What did we learn this quarter? We learned that building relationships with key conservation agencies is a time-consuming, unpredictable but ultimately rewarding process that will be the key factor enabling implementation of program activities. We learned that small wins indeed lead to bigger wins. The first small win was often building a new relationship, or nurturing an existing one with a “champion” based in a key partner organization. These relationships proved to be essential levers in formal partnership development. We learned more about the importance of designing management systems that create an inclusive and coherent team environment if members are based in different offices. Setting this up in a meaningful way is an ongoing process that we are co-designing with all team members. Our challenge for the future is to keep focusing on organiszational development alongside the pursuit of program objectives. We learned that balancing program administration with program implementation is often a tricky and nuanced

5 Executive summary Quarterly Progress Report

process, but is one that we hope to master as the Khetha program staff become more proficient in handling administrative demands that enable our programmatic work.

We look forward to the next quarter as we move closer to the one-year milestone of implementing Khetha that is an important moment in the program cycle in terms of reflecting and documenting our learning and adapting our strategies where needed.

6 Introduction Quarterly Progress Report 1. INTRODUCTION

“Khetha” is a word associated with the Nguni languages of southern Africa, meaning “choose” or “choice” and spoken by Zulu and Shangaan people commonly located in eastern and northeastern South Africa and western Mozambique. The word “Khetha” reflects the program goal to offer communities surrounding protected areas an opportunity to choose to conserve wildlife whilst making informed choices to improve their livelihoods.

Khetha is a five-year United States Agency for International Development (USAID) program, implemented by the World Wide Fund for Nature – South Africa (WWF-SA), aimed at halting the impacts of wildlife trafficking on key populations of flagship species in the South African and Mozambican landscape of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area (GLTFCA). The goal of the program is to contribute to achieving positive growth rates in black and white rhino populations and maintain positive growth rates for elephants in the focal area by 2022. The overall goal of the project will be achieved through collaboration between WWF-SA and partners towards the following objectives:

1. Support innovative partnerships and novel approaches within civil society, communities, private sector and government in at least four innovation nodes in GLTFCA to improve relationships between people and wildlife, by July 2022.

2. Support the implementation of critical wildlife trafficking policy frameworks for South Africa and Mozambique to increase crime prevention, detection, prosecution and collaboration, by July 2022.

3. Learn, collaborate and coordinate with influential institutions in the GLTFCA landscape to strengthen the collective response to wildlife trafficking, by July 2022.

The project objectives contribute to the implementation of the United States National Strategy to Combat Wildlife Trafficking and complements further regional and bilateral programs managed by USAID and other United States Government agencies in southern Africa as well as ongoing responses by donors, governments, private sector and other organizations.

‘7 Background Quarterly Progress Report 2. BACKGROUND

The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) region is facing an unprecedented increase in the poaching of elephants, rhinos and other wildlife for illegal financial gains. In response there is a growing international effort to address wildlife crime and the associated threats that wildlife trafficking poses to realizing sustainable development objectives. Wildlife trafficking weakens the economic prosperity of many countries. It threatens their natural capital and undermines sustainable economic development, including benefits derived from legal sustainable use and nature-based enterprises like tourism. Wildlife trafficking and poaching thrives where governance is weak, corruption is high and poverty is prevalent. In these circumstances communities often lose control of their own governance systems and are subjected to the rules and whims of criminal networks. Communities with a high reliance on natural resources are often exposed to security threats and the destruction of their livelihoods. With limited access to employment or other means of income, along with an often conflicted relationship with wildlife, community members - especially young men - become involved in wildlife trafficking. Khetha supports USAID’s aim to address wildlife trafficking in the transboundary area of South Africa and Mozambique, located within the borders of the GLTFCA. Furthermore, in the GLTFCA landscape, the relationship between communities and adjacent protected areas and conservation agencies is complex due to historical, social and political factors, including the displacement of communities from protected areas, which remains largely unacknowledged. 2.1 WHERE WE WORK

Fundamentally, the Khetha Program is grounded within the Kruger National Park (KNP) and the Limpopo National Park (LNP). The majority of important elephant populations remain in southern Africa, including approximately 35,000 within the GLTFCA. South Africa, in particular the KNP, is also home to key populations of white and black rhinoceros. The Program’s work under objective 1 is focused in innovation nodes located around the protected areas as detailed below (Figure 1). Khetha recognizes that illegal wildlife trade is driven by transnational organized syndicates and that the product should be followed from the source to the market. Thus, under objective 2 the program’s work extends from the key nodes in the GLTFCA to identified ports of entry and exit in both South Africa and Mozambique.

8 AdministrativeBackground Progress QuarterlyQuarterly ProgressProgress ReportReport

Figure 1: Defined areas for protected area and community support as well as broader scope of illicit trade routes

2.2 INNOVATION NODES

• (1a) Greater Lebombo Conservancy (GLC), located in the Moamba district of Maputo Province, Mozambique • (1b) Greater Lebombo Conservany (GLC), located in the Magude District of Maputo Province and in the Massingir District of Gaza Province, Mozambique. • (2) Pafuri Node, Mozambique, located in Chicualacuala District of Gaza Province in Mozambique • (3) Makuya Node, located in the Vhembe District of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. • (4) Sabie River Node, located in the Mopani District of the Limpopo Province, bordering the Sabie River, South Africa. • (5) Matsulu Corridor Node, located in Ehlanzeni District of Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.

9 Highlights of this quarter Quarterly Progress Report 3. HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS QUARTER

10 Highlights of this quarter Quarterly Progress Report

3.1 TIMELINE

11 Highlights of this quarter Quarterly Progress Report

12 Highlights of this quarter Quarterly Progress Report

3.2 THE QUARTER THAT WAS - IN THE WORDS OF THE KHETHA TEAM

The experience of team members from the third quarter was one captured by action words, such as “work,” “development” and “workshop” Figure 2. This points to high levels of activity towards getting initiatives off the ground within the timeframes allocated by the work plan.

Figure 2: Word cloud showing the 100 most important words and phrases that team members used.

This word cloud shows the 100 most important words and phrases that team members used in a word cloud format. The larger the font size, the more important or significant the word.*

Data were obtained from the “free writing space” section of Khetha monthly reporting tool (SurveyMonkey) where everyone is encouraged to share anything that comes to mind as they recall events from the reporting period. The font size indicates the importance or significance of the word used.

13 Administrative progress and office management Quarterly Progress Report 4. ADMINISTRATIVE PROGRESS AND OFFICE MANAGEMENT

The Khetha office in White River, South Africa, is now fully functional and is a well- designed, welcoming workspace. Office installation has been completed and all infrastructure is in place, including internet, telecoms and video-conferencing facilities.

The Grants Manager/Accountant and Wildlife Program Coordinator attended a financial management workshop facilitated by USAID regional office for implementing partners.

WWF-SA’s travel policy was amended to align with USAID travel policy provisions. The procurement policy was amended to align with USAID procurement thresholds. Khetha travel authorization for staff travelling to Mozambique has been delegated to senior managers based in the Khetha office, to facilitate the speedy and efficient approval and monitoring of these travels. Vehicle authorization forms for staff use of program vehicles have been designed and are now in use.

Advances and liquidation reports were prepared and submitted to USAID and a sound cash-flow position was maintained.

The USAID finance team conducted a follow up review of the Specific Award Conditions from the Non-US Organization Pre-Award Survey (NUPAS). The financial analysts expressed satisfaction with the resolution of system gaps that were previously identified.

14 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report 5. PROGRAM & TECHNICAL PROGRESS

This section reports on progress made in terms of the high-level work plan objectives and the more granular-level program themes.

5.1 Zooming out: High-level achievements

15 Figure 3: What objectives did we focus on most? Team response to SurveyMonkey question: “In general, which Khetha objective was most relevant to your work this month?” (Aggregated for quarter)

* “Other” included program administration as well as indications that time was spent equally between the three objectives.

Khetha will be recruiting a specific technical project lead to drive the law-enforcement work under objective two. This will ensure that Khetha’s energy is spread equally between our three program objectives.

5.2 ZOOMING IN: MOST NOTABLE ACHIEVEMENTS AS PER WORK PLAN PROGRAM THEMES

Innovation nodes for community-based approaches to improve the relationship between communities and wildlife

Progress made towards coordination and collaboration in Lower GLC (Node 1b) through a meeting held in Maputo with ANAC and GLC concession holders. The meeting resulted in stakeholders agreeing to share work plans and to co-develop the way forward, and government officials were in full support. One of the main outcomes was to start looking for community members who will participate in all planning forums of the Khetha Program. Additionally, agreement was reached to support community governance. While ANAC lacks capacity to implement governance training, Khetha will provide training to ensure skills transfer.

Learning about the value of community-based: Working with community- based facilitators or organizations

SANParks and ANAC have expressed a willingness to co-operate in testing community- based approaches to addressing IWT as part of Khetha work under objective 1.

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Paradigm Shifts between / amongst people and Protected Areas: Working to change negative perceptions that exist between people and protected areas.

Khetha was able to convince key stakeholders in Mozambique that a community-based approach is worth testing in addressing IWT. ANAC and private entities in the GLC gave Khetha the go-ahead to work with communities to test and refine this approach. GLC landowners agreed to provide the necessary support to contribute to community development and the safety of wildlife.

Khetha is exploring partnership opportunities with the Stockholm Resilience Centre to pilot a program design tool, “WayFinder”, that could guide the development of partnerships between people and protected areas. This tool is rooted in the socio-ecological systems literature and is therefore appropriate for the Khetha context and program focus on IWT, which is in itself a complex social-ecological problem.

Policies that govern the relationship between people & wildlife: Working to improve policies so that it creates an enabling environment for doing community-based work.

KNP is in the final phases of adopting its 10-yearly Management Plan. Engaging with communities (though platforms such as People and Parks) is a key theme in the plan, and Khetha will be supporting SANParks to improve its relationships with neighboring communities, and creating an enabling policy environment to do so. In the next quarter, we will pilot the secondment of Community Stewardships Officers to SANParks to support the implementation of the agreed components of the Management Plan on the ground, with specific focus on both wildlife and community safety and security.

Illegal Wildlife Trade Prevention: Crime prevention in communities, working with field rangers, increasing awareness of legislation.

Important progress was made with key partners for this work, including South African Police Service (SAPS) stock theft unit in Mpumalanga who have similar geographic priorities in terms of community crime prevention. The Global Risk Governance Program of the Faculty of Law at University of Cape Town (UCT) was developed as an important partnership for understanding drivers of behavior in communities.

Illegal Wildlife Trade Detection: Focusing on transport routes and ports, ability to detect IWT.

Progress made with DEA relating to the development of specific Terms of Reference (ToRs), future partnership and joint project activities. For example, expansion of the training curricula developed for use by port officials, as part of an earlier United States State Department Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Agency (INL) project. DEA’s buy in for this was imperative to ensure the work gets traction and can be implemented in a sustainable manner.

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Illegal Wildlife Trade Prosecution: Work with law enforcement & forensic agencies, building capacity of courts.

Support for implementation of program activities, notably under objective 2, was obtained from the PGR in Mozambique, and support from Director General (DG) at DEA on the use of an IWT analyst and liaison unit manager as Khetha seconded positions to DEA.

Collaboration & cooperation amongst law enforcement actors: Working to reduce corruption, collaboration between regions and countries.

An MoU with DEA is in progress and is key for collaboration with the department and other relevant government agencies. Khetha received support from ANAC and SANParks for a consultancy to support the operationalizing of Rhino Lab Anti-poaching priorities. The consultancy was advertised and proposals were received and reviewed.

Institutional integration by providing support to organizations that work on IWT, such as ANAC and PGR

Please see comments regarding the growing relationships with ANAC, PGR, DEA and SANParks.

Communication and constituency building to communicate with external audiences about Khetha’s work and build support for Khetha’s work within communities and with other organizations

Khetha’s communication strategy was completed and support was provided for the communications strategy in Mozambique.

The Southern Africa Wildlife Collage (SAWC) and Sabie Game Park (SGP) reflected on lessons learned from work with the Mangalane community adjacent to SGP in Mozambique. This was a project site for WWF-SA that utilized a successful grant from the UK Challenge Fund on IWT. Donor feedback was positive indicating that outcomes had met expectations. Discussions on the best approaches to continue this work under Khetha were held.

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5.3 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT South Africa

MoUs were developed with DEA and SANParks as over-arching documents to formalize our relationships with the South African government throughout the Khetha Program, and both are in the final stages of approval.

WWF-SA staff concluded a successful project with DEA to implement an INL project to expand the provision of curricula for officials, training materials and IWT awareness raising materials. The products and lessons from this grant will be taken forward under the Khetha Program.

Khetha and SANParks / KNP developed a first set of broadly defined projects to guide future collaboration and implementation.

Khetha co-sponsored the annual Insaka conference, which brought together researchers with an interest in management in context of social-ecological systems. IWT was a prominent theme in many of the presentations and discussions.

Khetha interacted with UCT’s Global Risk Governance Program of the Faculty of Law to discuss the relevance of current criminology practices in Africa and potential methods to incorporate local knowledge in addressing crime, with special focus on IWT. An MoU will be developed between UCT and the Khetha Program to formalize this important relationship.

Khetha staff participated in the GEF 5 United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Rhino Project closeout meeting. The meeting re-iterated that a holistic approach should be taken when addressing the complex problem of the IWT while meeting the capacity needs for forensic analysis and technology.

Khetha visited the Sabi Sand Private Nature Reserve to discuss options for developing a partnership with reserve management. As a result of this visit, a concept note was created to lay the foundations for a formal project proposal in the near future focusing in part on identifying success factors in efforts of made to date.

Khetha continued the relationship between WWF-SA and the Rural Initiative for a Sustainable Environment (RISE) Unit at the SAWC and the Mangalane community with SGP in Mozambique. Mozambique

High-level meetings took place between Khetha staff from South Africa and Mozambique with the PGR, as well as with ANAC including the newly appointed Director to receive

19 Program & Technical Progress Quarterly Progress Report

endorsement for the work plan from both these key Agencies. Extensive engagement was undertaken with WWF-MZ on their FAA deliverables and the Khetha work plan to clarify roles and responsibilities.

Engagements with district authorities in Massinger took place clarify mutual expectations and to develop the operational plan for Khetha work in the district (Node 1b). The same process was followed in Magude (Node 1a).

WWF-MZ undertook a workshop to produce a strategic communications plan targeted to relevant audiences and messaging within country. Khetha’s Deputy Program Manager and Communications Manager provided strategic communications and technical support to WWF-MZ for the development of their Khetha communications strategy. The South African-focused Khetha communications strategy was presented and a meeting was held with the consultants contracted to develop the WWF-MZ strategy. Bi-lateral

Khetha arranged for the newly incumbent VukaNow team to visit the Khetha office in White River to share information about the respective programs and to start the process of relationship building to ensure that VukaNow provides best possible support to activities in the landscape.

Khetha met with the PPF to discuss a plan being put forward by PPF’s Prof. Brian Child to attract Norwegian investment and enhance private sector support into the lower GLC area (Node 1b).

Figure 4: Geographical focus - Team response to SurveyMonkey question: “On which country/context did your work focus on most?”

Although at an individual country level more effort appeared to be focused on South Africa than Mozambique, the majority of team members felt their activities covered both countries.

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5.4 CONTRIBUTING TO AND LEARNING FROM CONFERENCES

9th Rural Development Policy Africa: “Consultation and Engagement: The Future of Rural Development Policy” 23-24 May, International Convention Centre, Durban.

This conference brought together, for the first time, rural policy officials and leading policy analysts from African countries and around the globe to examine promising new policy options for boosting economic performance in rural areas.

Khetha gave a presentation on the importance of working with communities to conserve wildlife and understanding how crime hinders economic development and conservation. The issue of crime in development and conservation was a common theme that has been largely overlooked. The conference also highlighted the current neglect of youth in development policy in Africa, which may offer an opportunity for Khetha to find an innovative way to involve youth in policy review and development planning in their own communities.

Insaka Symposium: “Sustaining the ecosystem service benefits from green and ecological infrastructure” 11 – 14 June, Mopani Rest Camp, Kruger National Park.

Insaka is a community of practice with the passion, commitment and professional competencies to provide African centered leadership and innovation that influences management of complex socio-ecological systems. Five universities linked by an MoU are at the heart of Insaka: University of KwaZulu-Natal, University of Namibia, Copperbelt University, University of Montana and Monash South Africa. SANParks and the Institute of Natural Resources are active collaborators.

Khetha presented an overview of the Khetha program and co-sponsored some of the conference activities. Several of the presentation focused on IWT, Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) and community-based conservation work. The Khetha presentation focused on the importance of fostering a learning culture within organizations that wrestle with complex social-ecological problems, such as IWT.

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Figure 3: Time spent in the field this quarter - Team response to SurveyMonkey question: “How much time did you spend in the field this month, such as going to meetings, field trips, conferences, etc.” (Aggregated for quarter).

The majority of Khetha staff spent between one and five days out of the office engaging in program activities including meeting with partners and potential partners. Feedback from the SurveyMonkey reflection process indicated that people found this time very valuable in terms of connecting to overarching Khetha goals and objectives.

5.5 Progress made with existing consultancies and FAAs

Wildlife Poisoning

A Wildlife Poisoning study is underway by a research consultant in collaboration with the GLTFCA and PPF. The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP) is the site of multiple incidents of wildlife poisoning and understanding the current status of this phenomenon is essential. Phase 1 of the research has been completed and detailed in the report titled “Provisional findings of the wildlife poisoning baseline study in the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park”. The researcher was unable to secure poisoning incidence data from the KNP timeously for inclusion in the report. However, a full analysis of offender profiles, drivers, poisons used and geography and frequency of incidents will be undertaken in the final report. A key initial finding was that poisoning incidents are difficult to predict. It was suggested that awareness raising in rural farming and local communities may assist in alerting these constituencies to the long-term harmful effects of using poisons to kill wildlife. Phase 2 will be underway in July ’18 and will focus on local communities, local and national purveyors of pesticides and muthi markets. The researcher will make recommendations on how to frame awareness raising campaigns and capacity building initiatives. Khetha made specific suggestions to the researcher that would help to strengthen the practical application of the report, and the researcher will implement this in Phase 2 of the consultancy.

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Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT)

EWT submitted reports with respect to the following contract deliverables: • Develop gap analysis report on wildlife trade research; • Assess the applicability of restorative justice in addressing wildlife offences; • Assess the applicability of anti-corruption approaches in addressing wildlife trafficking.

Khetha is in the process of doing a final review of these reports. A number of comments were sent to EWT to encourage them to improve on the depth and usability of the reports. Notably, since TRAFFIC and EWT collaborated on the gap analysis of research on illegal wildlife trade in South Africa and Mozambique, both organizations were requested to submit one joint report, which was received towards the end of this quarter.

TRAFFIC

TRAFFIC submitted reports with respect to the following contract deliverables: • A draft scope of work and research methodology on the dynamics of the IWT in South Africa and Mozambique, including analysis of existing wildlife trade in Mozambique, from the TRAFFIC/WWF database; • Identify specific IWT information needs in Mozambique from the International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC) toolkit assessment; • Meet with and/or communicate with key agencies in Mozambique and South Africa to explain the intention to enhance knowledge on trade dynamics and determine the information needs of the agencies and integrate this information into the draft research methodology; • Finalize illegal wildlife trade research plan for South Africa and Mozambique, including budget; • Determine the options for hosting/managing a wildlife trade research position to carry out illegal wildlife trade research in Mozambique based on discussions with WWF-MZ and agencies in Mozambique; • In collaboration with WWF-MZ, determine the IWT capacity needs of agencies in Mozambique and what role TRAFFIC could play in meeting these; • In collaboration with WWF-MZ, conduct preliminary needs assessment of agencies and possible methods for mentoring of wildlife crime investigators in Mozambique.

As is the case with EWT, Khetha is doing a final review of these reports. A number of comments were sent to TRAFFIC to encourage them to improve on the depth and usability of some of these reports. TRAFFIC was also requested to submit one joint report together with EWT, with respect to their first deliverable, “A draft scope of work and research methodology on the dynamics of the illegal wildlife trade”. This report was received and is under review.

All reports related to the above FAAs will be shared with USAID once finalized.

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WWF Mozambique

Khetha and WWF-MZ met to discuss progress with each FAA deliverable and the final completion of these will take place in the next quarter. These deliverables are:

• Development of a Wildlife Crime Prevention Strategy; • Identification of key research areas; • Identification of Khetha Operational Areas; • Development of Wildlife Trade and Monitoring Plan; • Engagement Strategy with ANAC; • Engagement Strategy with the Attorney General’s Office.

It was agreed with USAID Mozambique and USAID Southern Africa to ensure alignment of Khetha with other USAID-funded programs, such as SPEED+, and to also look at how the PGR can be better supported.

5.6 Additions to the Khetha team

In this quarter, approval was granted by USAID to create a post for a Community Development and Learning Lead. This position will coordinate activities in the pilot sites to ensure learning and skills transfer among project implementers. Youth development will be a key focus area. This role will also coordinate all social research to support active learning in the GLTFCA and will support the development of the Khetha knowledge hub together with practitioners, academia, government and other stakeholders.

In addition, approval was granted by USAID for co-financing a new position: Southern African Wildlife Trafficking Technical Hub Lead. Recruitment will be undertaken during the fourth quarter of this year and this post will add to technical capacity on objective 2 of Khetha in South Africa and Mozambique.

24 Program Challenges Quarterly Progress Report 6. PROGRAM CHALLENGES

Internal

As anticipated, post-work plan development and approval, and during initiation of Program activities, Program administration required considerable levels of effort during this quarter. Time was spent in preparing for monthly WWF-SA Conservation Project Approval Committee (Cons PAC) processes and engaging with contractual and legal procedures that guide the contracting process. Khetha staff also had annual performance evaluations and end-of-probation reviews. The development of MoUs with partner organizations is also a very technical and time-consuming activity. Although administrative processes are key towards enabling programmatic outputs, it was sometimes difficult to maintain a good balance between maintaining the administrative and delivering on the programmatic. However, as Khetha staff become more experienced with WWF-SA’s internal procedures and administrative practices, the speed at which these move forward should improve significantly.

Khetha team members are based in both the new WWF-SA White River office and Head Office in Cape Town. The Khetha management team is revisiting some basic program management and communication processes within an adaptive learning approach to improve coherence among team members and between offices. Balancing efforts towards programmatic work and organizational development will become a priority in the next quarter.

External

During the first part of this quarter, it was difficult to secure meetings with key government partners in Mozambique to formalize partnerships arrangements. Meetings were repeatedly postponed and cancelled resulting in delays in implementation as it was not possible to proceed with activities before formal approval had been obtained. This was mainly as a result of the restructuring of ANAC in March 2018, including the appointment of a new Director of ANAC. However, towards the end of the quarter, relationship building and persistence paid off, and key people – “champions” – in these organizations came forward and progress was made in a short time.

Khetha’s consultancy work packages involve field-based research that will require formal approval and permissions from organizations such as SANParks and ANAC. Khetha were advised that research applications need to be submitted in both South Africa and Mozambique for these consultancies. Application processes may cause significant delays, since the formal approval process can take six months or longer. Khetha is negotiating with relevant stakeholders to explore ways of initiating operational work while the approval process continues.

25 Learning and Reflection Quarterly Progress Report 7. LEARNING AND REFLECTION

Khetha’s MEL system is designed to help create the conditions for sensemaking, so that the team can create an on-going narrative about “what is going on,” based on the best available data to enable action and adaptive management. Sensemaking is the process whereby people mentally organize otherwise scattered external cues from the environment into a coherent story that has explanatory power and renders the world meaningful (Antaki, 1994). These accounts enable people to construct a mental picture with meaningful relationships between events, people, actions and things (Weick, 1993). Sensemaking is not about arriving at any final “truths” or fixed definitions of reality, but involves “…a continued redrafting of an emerging story so that it becomes more comprehensive, incorporates more of the observed data, and is more resilient in the face of criticism” (Weick, Sutcliffe & Obstfeld, 2005: 415)

An extensive body of management literature supports the idea that organizations can effectively engage complex problems if they invest in “robust actions” as part of routine management (adapted from Ferraro et al, 2015). These are typically activities that sustain diverse interpretations among different groups with different values, and activities to generate small wins, promote learning, and increase engagement, while allowing unsuccessful efforts to be abandoned.

We have designed the questions in our monthly SurveyMonkey reporting tool to collect data from Khetha team members that sheds light on a) whether collective sensemaking is happening to foster learning, and b) whether we are engaging in robust actions to better influence the complex IWT problem.

Khetha will release a comprehensive Learning Report at the end of Year 1 (September, 30 ‘18). From April ’18 we started collecting qualitative data based on the reflectons of team members as part of monthly SurveyMonkey surveys, and by the end of September ‘18 there will be enough data for deeper analysis.

26 Learning and Reflection Quarterly Progress Report

7.1 WHAT DID WE LEARN THIS QUARTER?

Khetha Team Member Reflecting on Small Wins: Extracts from SurveyMonkey data

This section gives a short overview (through selected verbatim quotes) about team member’s perceptions and experiences of small wins, since these are important stepping stones to larger wins and are vital pointers for adaptive management.

Linking to objective 1: Community-based: Support innovative partnerships and novel wildlife crime prevention approaches among civil society, communities, private sector and government.

“We were able to convince ANAC and GLC that our community-based approach is worth testing to address illegal wildlife trade. This means we are making inroads into encouraging others to learn more about the value of community-based approaches. ANAC is expressing a willingness to be trained, to get skills to implement community governance programs, which will enable the sustainability of these skills within the government sector in Mozambique.”

“In the GLC, private land holders have agreed to allow us to work with them and their adjacent communities, and they committed to providing the necessary support to contribute to community development and save wildlife. Just getting these stakeholders in a room to discuss their issues is a small win in itself.”

“WWF-MZ shared with me that their stakeholders (provincial administrators and community leaders) are identifying with the Khetha Program – they see themselves as part of Khetha. It is not just the name of a program, it is the name for their collective. This is very encouraging, because it indicates that people believe in this program, but it also means we need to manage expectations and we are honest about what Khetha can and cannot do. And where we are able to implement projects, we are transparent and inclusive and work to the benefit of people AND wildlife”.

27 Learning and Reflection Quarterly Progress Report

Linking to objective 2: Law enforcement: Increase crime prevention, detection, prosecution and reduce corruption.

“At a recent high-level meeting with a conservation agency, we were treated like “insiders.” During the last few years I’ve spent lots of time with people in this organization and I’ve known them to be very suspicious of external actors and especially of Non-Government Organizations (NGO). We need to keep nurturing this relationship with great care. We can learn a great deal more about IWT through the eyes of our partners, and at the same time, we can influence how they see and perceive the problem.”

“I experienced great openness from DEA following on from the successful World Wildlife Day event [held at O R Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg] funded by other United States Government (USG) support. DEA invested in further air traveller awareness campaigns at airports which can be further expanded under Khetha”

“Progress with DEA on developing and approving a MoU will greatly assist with enhanced collaboration within the department, but also opens the door to working closely with other law enforcement agencies.”

Linking to objective 3: Institutional integration, coordination and constituency-building

“My engagement with a South African NGO was a small win. By sharing their work with others, connecting them with others and providing access to platforms to share their work I feel we built a foundation of trust. I also think my engagement with partners in Maputo was a small win. They clearly appreciate the in-person contact (compared to an email). Getting to know the new staff members In WWF-MZ was also beneficial and will ease communication over the phone/emails going forward. Our meeting with the Country Director was greatly appreciated. She invited us to present at their next “brown bag” staff learning session to share our work and approach with the whole office.”

“We were approached by a local private nature reserve to help them answer a complex question about the success of their anti-poaching campaign. This represents an authentic request from a stakeholder to us, rather than the reverse. It is a very positive small win that can turn into a bigger win by responding to them in a collaborative manner.”

“We had a very positive meeting with the GLTFCA Coordinator on joint priorities. The role of Khetha as convener for the development of the Elephant Management Strategy and request from government for the Khetha Program Manager to lead this process is a great opportunity to build this relationship further.”

Key learning: Building relationships is a process that typically takes considerable time – months, even years - especially when working with government agencies which tend to be

28 Learning and Reflection Quarterly Progress Report

more inward-focused. Identifying and working with specific and often previously known “champions” within these organizations has been proven to have big impact and helped us to progress more rapidly than would otherwise have been anticipated. The Khetha approach is one where everything relies on strong relationships with key organizations in the GLTFCA. Nurturing these relationships is not simply a process, but is in itself a key desired program objective (see objective 3). Establishing these relationships sets in motion the specific activities – the “nuts and bolts” – that will help us implement our program objectives. However, these relationships can also be delicate and it is important that Khetha and VukaNow work together very closely within the landscape to ensure ongoing success.

29 Upcoming activities Quarterly Progress Report 8. UPCOMING ACTIVITIES

• Supporting WWF-MZ, Kruger to Canyons Biosphere Region (K2C) and Sabi Sands to participate as panelists at the Nature, Environment and Wildlife Filmmakers (NEWF) Congress in Durban. • Signing MoUs with government agencies in South Africa: SANParks and DEA. • Finalizing ToRs for a number of key consultancies that have been approved by the Cons PAC. Start implementing consultancies where consultants have been selected. • Conduct first experimental baseline study in Matsulu – Innovation Node 5. • Finalize partnership agreement with Sabi Sand Private Game Reserve in Sabie River – Innovation Node 4. • WWF-MZ to begin implementation of communications strategy relating to wildlife trafficking as a key activity in that country. • Participation in the VukaNow inception workshop in Zambia to ensure learnings and impacts are shared across the landscape. • Further MEL and Communication technical support to WWF-MZ. • Further experimentation with organizational learning theories and methodologies to inform and support the Khetha team learning process. • Setting up a partnership with SRC to co-develop a program design tool rooted in the Social-Ecological Systems literature.

30 Appendix 1 Quarterly Progress Report Appendix 1 PROGRESS WITH CONSULTANCY WORK PACKAGES

This section gives an overview of consultancy Terms of References that were approved by WWF’s internal Conservation Project Approval Committee. The committee meets monthly to ensure that all activities are aligned with organizational strategy, that program spending is line with approved work plans and budgets, and that all consultancies adhere to WWF’s internal procurement process.

Work approved under objective 1: Community-based: Support innovative partnerships and novel wildlife crime prevention approaches among civil society, communities, private sector and government.

Consultancy title: Baseline and follow-up research on community attitudes and perspectives Program reference number: ZA5570.P Purpose: To enhanced our understanding of dynamics in program nodes between people and Protected Areas in South Africa and Mozambique. This is done through site- specific baseline research with the view of tracking sentiments and perceptions over time through annual field-based research. Additionally, research will be done to improve our understanding of how wildlife security and community-based crime impacts local wildlife trafficking. Progress: Consultant recruited and first baseline research to take place in July ’18 in the Matsulu Corridor node.

Consultancy title: Stakeholder and institutional analysis/mapping and engagement strategy to foster cooperative governance in Khetha nodes Program reference number: ZA5570.Q Purpose: Enhance understanding of the social, economic and political dynamics within the nodes between people and Protected Areas, in order to start working towards a shared vision between diverse stakeholders in these areas. This project will also increase the understanding of existing community structures in program nodes and produce an engagement strategy for each pilot site with agreed activities, with community-stakeholder engagement agreements that clarify roles and responsibilities. Based on the assessment of existing structures, functional governance systems within selected communities at village level will be established. Progress: in July ‘18, Khetha, SANParks, Conservation South Africa, K2C, and other stakeholders implementing the GEF 5 and GEF 6 programs will jointly develop the ToR of this consultancy. This is to ensure efforts aren’t duplicated, since the outputs of this institutional analysis is important for all government and NGO programs operating in the GLTFCA landscape.

31 Appendix 1 Quarterly Progress Report

Consultancy title: Assess the role and applicability of long-term spatial planning / land-use and community inclusion in relevant decision making structures in South Africa and Mozambique Program reference number: ZA5570.R Purpose: Enhance our understanding of the spatial dynamics and land-uses within the nodes between people and Protected Areas, in order to start working towards a shared vision between diverse stakeholders in these areas. A situational analysis will be conducted to understand community land-use and existing formal land-use plans to guide Protected Area expansion and socio-economic development for the GLTFCA. Progress: A ToR has been developed together with SANParks and implementers in the GEF 5 program to ensure that this consultancy builds upon a previous spatial analysis that was funded by the GEF 5 program (previous analysis did not include the Mozambican landscape).

Consultancy title: Investigate policies which influence relationships between people and Protected Areas / wildlife Program reference number: ZA5570.O Purpose: Create a positive policy environment that enables communities to benefit from wildlife and encourages protection of wildlife through an enhanced understanding of the range of policies from local to international scale. A review of the legislation and implementation of policies in both South Africa and Mozambique will be undertaken to determine which are directly or indirectly relevant and identify any disjunctions and influence on people’s attitudes (e.g. access to resources, beneficiation from trophy hunting). Progress: ToR to be developed in next quarter.

Work approved under Objective 2: Law enforcement: Increase crime prevention, detection, prosecution and reduce corruption.

Consultancy title: Investigation of policy and enabling conditions required in Mozambique to utilize asset forfeiture Program reference number: ZA5570.S Purpose: Enhance capacity and resources to investigate financial crimes linked to wildlife trafficking use, including asset forfeiture, in Mozambique. An overview of use of asset forfeiture in addressing wildlife trafficking in the southern Africa region and in countries with Napoleonic codes of Law will be produced and used to assess the efficacy of asset forfeiture in addressing wildlife trafficking in Mozambique and make the necessary policy recommendations. Progress: ToRs have been developed by the Khetha team and shared with WWF-MZ for their direct input and ensuring buy in from ANAC and all other relevant government departments in Mozambique.

32 Appendix 1 Quarterly Progress Report

Consultancy title: Program to develop ranger leadership skills Program reference number: ZA5570.T Purpose: The project aims to increase rangers’ leadership, community engagement, negotiation, and conflict resolution skills, including handling human-wildlife conflict, through the assessment of potential models for leadership development from other sectors and development of curricula. Progress: The Program has been discussed with the Head of Special Projects at SANParks and will be taken forward as a consultancy agreement with close guidance from this department.

Consultancy title: Develop a strategy to address corruption linked to wildlife trafficking in the Khetha landscape and implement pilot activities Program reference number: ZA5570.U Purpose: Bring together existing expertise to make recommendations and approaches to develop a strategy to address corruption linked to wildlife trafficking in the Khetha landscape and implement pilot activities. This will include a baseline analysis on the linkages between corruption and wildlife trafficking, a desktop review of best practices in addressing corruption from other sectors, identification of key potential partners with innovative approaches, and assess the applicability of corruption risk management framework with WWF International and the U4 anti-corruption resource center. Progress: Discussions have been held with SANParks, DEA, ANAC and other key players in the landscape to inform the best approach for this report and strategy. The preliminary report provided by the EWT under the initial FAA has been used to guide the development of this more detailed assessment.

Consultancy title: Improve operational capacity of ANAC staff through provision of strategic infrastructure, equipment, training and connectivity to counterparts in South Africa Program reference number: ZA5570.V Purpose: To improve operational capacity to ANAC staff through provision of strategic infrastructure, equipment, training and connectivity to counterparts in South Africa to increase motivation, capacity and levels of support to field rangers corps by determining existing levels of support and identification of needs. Progress: Approval for this support was obtained from the new Director at ANAC enabling detailed conversations between Khetha staff and ANAC to determine updated needs and most appropriate approaches for provision.

Consultancy title: Developing accredited curriculum and training program for field rangers in Mozambique Program reference number: ZA5570.W Purpose: To develop an accredited curriculum and training program in Portuguese for field rangers in Mozambique, applicable to those on both state and private land, together with legal mandate for operations, with the aim of increasing motivation, capacity and

33 Appendix 1 Quarterly Progress Report

levels of support to field rangers corps. Progress: Approval for this support was obtained from the new Director at ANAC enabling detailed conversations between Khetha staff and ANAC to determine updated needs and most appropriate approaches for provision.

Consultancy title: Assessment of situational wildlife crime prevention approaches founded on conservation criminology principles Program reference number: ZA5570.X Purpose: To assess the applicability of situational wildlife crime prevention approaches founded on conservation criminology principles, specifically in relation to young men in the Khetha landscape through research on themes that include whistle blowing mechanisms, communications campaigns, us of youth and sports programs, and targeted employment opportunities or support networks for young men. Progress: Approval for undertaking this work in Mozambique was secured from the new Director at ANAC and detailed ToRs will now be distributed to secure an appropriate service provider.

Consultancy title: Consultancy in support of operationalizing Rhino Lab Anti- poaching priorities Program reference number: ZA5570.L Purpose: To develop a document with detailed costed and prioritized project plans for the ‘anti-poaching” workstream of the Rhino Lab to inform Khetha Outcome 2 activities and other WWF-funded project support in KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape. The consultant will review documents related to anti-poaching activities developed through the Rhino Lab, attend meetings arranged by DEA with relevant agencies to discuss the different activities, develop project plans and detailed budgets for implementation of different project activities and prioritize the identified activities for implementation under different sources of support. Progress: Consultant proposals have been received and are being reviewed by an expert panel in July ’18.

Consultancy title: Training materials to guide the management of rhino and elephant poaching and trafficking crime scenes Program reference number: ZA5570.Y Purpose: To improve the capability of officials to manage and capture necessary information and evidence from trafficking-level crime relating to rhinos and elephants in South Africa, and to test to expansion into Mozambique. This will be done through a review of existing training materials on management of high value trafficking crime scenes that will assist in the development of IWT curricula, engaging multi-media materials and standard operating procedures to inform officials, rangers and other agencies. Progress: Detailed ToRs for this work were developed in co-ordination with DEA and approval obtained for their implementation from the DG. A call for proposals and selection of consultants will occurring during the next quarter.

34 Appendix 1 Quarterly Progress Report

Consultancy title: Equipment to undertake rhino and elephant crime scene analyses in South Africa. Program reference number: ZA5570.Z Purpose: To improve the capability of agencies to manage and capture necessary information and evidence from elephant and rhino poaching scenes in South Africa, and to test to expansion into Mozambique. This will include provision of key equipment and distribution of rhino horn and elephant ivory crime scene kits. Progress: Detailed kit lists were developed in co-ordination with SAPS and DEA and approval obtained for their implementation from the DG. Distribution will occur during the next quarter.

Consultancy title: Baseline study on Wildlife Poisoning in the GLTFCA (Phase 2) Program reference number: ZA5570.AA Purpose: To increase our understanding of the drivers and impacts of wildlife poisoning within the GLTFCA and of current workable and appropriate methods to combat wildlife poisoning. The consultant will do fieldwork aiming to track the poison supply chain and understand how poisoning might affect local communities. The research findings will be disseminated to the GLTP Wildlife Poisoning Task Team and a report will be produced to detail clear action points for GLTFCA stakeholders. Progress: The consultant has been appointed and fieldwork for Phase 2 will commence in July ’18. The report for Phase 1 has been received and informed some of the deliverables outlined for Phase 2.

Consultancy title: Assessment of the value of youth programs as a wildlife crime prevention approach Program reference number: ZA5570.AB Purpose: This project aims to assess the applicability of youth programs to prevent wildlife trafficking through a literature and desktop review and investigation into the efficacy of youth programs as a crime prevention strategy for IWT. Progress: Approval for undertaking this work in Mozambique was secured from the new Director at ANAC and detailed ToRs will now be distributed to secure an appropriate service provider.

Consultancy title: Elephant management plan for GLTFCA Program reference number: ZA5570.AJ Purpose: The plan will improve the management of key species within GLTFCA through improved understanding and coordination of elephant population management in GLTFCA through a co-designed strategic plan. This will include identifying private and government agencies tasked with managing elephant populations and understanding their needs, identifying stakeholders who will implement the plan and setting up an advisory committee who will co-develop the purpose, objective, scope and methodology of the plan

35 Appendix 1 Quarterly Progress Report

and negotiate elements around identified key topics. Progress: After much deliberation, the Khetha team suggested to the other GLTFCA stakeholders that an overarching “elephant management strategy” might be more appropriate than a detailed plan. Protected Areas within the GLTFCA “by law” develop their own detailed management plans and it would not be sensible to try and force a single detailed plan onto a wide variety of Protected Areas. With this proposed approach, it was suggested that external expertise might not be needed to co-develop a broader elephant management strategy. The sense is that there is sufficient knowledge and expertise within the GLTFCA to develop a strategy using a facilitated discussion process. Khetha was requested to facilitate this discussion. Khetha recognized that this approach might take longer to develop, but the output of the process will likely get much greater buy in from all stakeholders, giving the strategy legitimacy and sustainability.

Consultancy title: Support implementation of critical wildlife trafficking policy frameworks by WWF-MZ Program reference number: ZA005570.AK Purpose: This project aims to enhance co-ordination and capacity of critical enforcement and judicial process in Mozambique through training, awareness rising, case analysis and secondments, and increased support and capacity for key wildlife trafficking syndicate investigations in Mozambique. Progress: Approval for undertaking this work in Mozambique was secured from the new Director at ANAC and detailed ToRs will now be distributed to secure an appropriate service provider.

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