Table of conTenTs Table of conTenTs

Pile of sTone (a Poem) ...... 8 Pile of sTone (a Poem) ...... 8 Dominic Duignan Dominic Duignan from Pig cros-Pruca To crow-coal ...... 9 from Pig cros-Pruca To crow-coal ...... 9 Angus Dunne Angus Dunne my working Days aT wynne broThers coal mines ...... 12 my working Days aT wynne broThers coal mines ...... 12 Sonny Murray Sonny Murray from The Valley of To bencroy ...... 15 from The Valley of arigna To bencroy ...... 15 Paddy Wynne (RIP) Paddy Wynne (RIP)

Jim mcgourTy (riP) Describes his exPerience of mining ...... 18 Jim mcgourTy (riP) Describes his exPerience of mining ...... 18 Sean Wynne Sean Wynne cull anD gannon’s mines on bencroy ...... 21 cull anD gannon’s mines on bencroy ...... 21 Ollie Cull Ollie Cull coalface ...... 23 coalface ...... 23 Brian Leyden Brian Leyden inTerView wiTh fr leo layDen c.s.s.P...... 27 inTerView wiTh fr leo layDen c.s.s.P...... 27 brushing on bencroy ...... 36 brushing on bencroy ...... 36 Robbie Robbie Boyle a hisTory of The mcTiernan coal mine ...... 37 a hisTory of The mcTiernan coal mine ...... 37 Gerald McTiernan Gerald McTiernan my memories of wynne’s mines ...... 39 my memories of wynne’s mines ...... 39 Tom Joe Keaney Tom Joe Keaney an exPerience of mining ...... 41 an exPerience of mining ...... 41 Hubert Murray (RIP) Hubert Murray (RIP) oVerView of iron anD coal mining ...... 44 oVerView of iron anD coal mining ...... 44 Dermot Layden Dermot Layden a miner’s sTory: inTerView wiTh esTie (sylVesTer) wynne ...... 46 a miner’s sTory: inTerView wiTh esTie (sylVesTer) wynne ...... 46 Tony Tiernan Tony Tiernan

The loaD of coal ...... 47 The loaD of coal ...... 47 Gerry McCormack Gerry McCormack an arigna miscellany ...... 48 an arigna miscellany ...... 48 Fr Tomas Flynn Fr Tomas Flynn memories of my faTher frank boyle anD ...... 58 memories of my faTher frank boyle anD sliabh an iarainn ...... 58 Arthur Boyle Arthur Boyle life in The mines ...... 62 life in The mines ...... 62 Tony Tiernan Tony Tiernan

1 1 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. coal mining on The kilronan mounTain ...... 68 coal mining on The kilronan mounTain ...... 68 Denis Flynn Denis Flynn mining on sliabh an iarainn – a long TraDiTion ...... 71 mining on sliabh an iarainn – a long TraDiTion ...... 71 Pat McGovern Pat McGovern a way of work anD a way of life ...... 75 a way of work anD a way of life ...... 75 Breda and Sean Wynne Breda and Sean Wynne coal mining in bencroy ...... 102 coal mining in bencroy ...... 102 Fr Dan Gallogly Fr Dan Gallogly firsT memories of The PiT ...... 104 firsT memories of The PiT ...... 104 Dominic Duignan Dominic Duignan

The sTrike ...... 108 The sTrike ...... 108 a Day in The life of a huTcher in PaDDy wynne’s PiT ...... 109 a Day in The life of a huTcher in PaDDy wynne’s PiT ...... 109 Micky McTigue Micky McTigue seconD hanD memories of mining ...... 111 seconD hanD memories of mining ...... 111 Micheal Geoghegan (Snr) Micheal Geoghegan (Snr) coal mine memories ...... 115 coal mine memories ...... 115 John Maguire John Maguire anTics aT The Tram ...... 118 anTics aT The Tram ...... 118 Micheal Gallagher Micheal Gallagher coal mining ...... 119 coal mining ...... 119 Jack Lee Jack Lee lighT in The mines ...... 122 lighT in The mines ...... 122 Sean Wynne Sean Wynne a few ThoughTs ...... 123 a few ThoughTs ...... 123 David Wynne David Wynne michael Price sPeaks To sean wynne ...... 125 michael Price sPeaks To sean wynne ...... 125 Sean Wynne Sean Wynne arigna Power sTaTion (1959 – 1993) ...... 132 arigna Power sTaTion (1959 – 1993) ...... 132 Angus Dunne Angus Dunne sliabh an iarainn ...... 138 sliabh an iarainn ...... 138 John Gildea John Gildea scoTTish mining connecTion wiTh The region ...... 142 scoTTish mining connecTion wiTh The lough allen region ...... 142 Sean Wynne Sean Wynne coorie Doon (a miner’s song) ...... 143 coorie Doon (a miner’s song) ...... 143 Matt McGinn Matt McGinn

PhilosoPher anD mckenna’s Tunes (Poems) ...... 146 PhilosoPher anD mckenna’s Tunes (Poems) ...... 146 Vincent Woods Vincent Woods

2 2 miner’s reuniTeD on bencroy miner’s reuniTeD on bencroy

A picture says a thousand words Miners return to the road at Wynne's Pit after 25 years A picture says a thousand words Miners return to the road at Wynne's Pit after 25 years

M. McTigue, P. Leonard, T. Tiernan, P. McTigue, F. J. McGourty, J. Pat Leonard, Mick Prior, Micky McTigue, Andrew Boyle, Vincent M. McTigue, P. Leonard, T. Tiernan, P. McTigue, F. J. McGourty, J. Pat Leonard, Mick Prior, Micky McTigue, Andrew Boyle, Vincent Reilly and J. Burke Gilgun Reilly and J. Burke Gilgun

Sean Ward, Gerry McGrath, Leo McCaffrey, Michael Darcy, Johnny Back Row Left to Right: Padraig McTigue, Andrew Boyle, Pat Leonard. Sean Ward, Gerry McGrath, Leo McCaffrey, Michael Darcy, Johnny Back Row Left to Right: Padraig McTigue, Andrew Boyle, Pat Leonard. Mahon, Jim Joe Dolan, John Packie McKiernan, and Gerry Prior Front Row Left to Right: Francie Joe McGourty, Tony Tiernan, Noel Mahon, Jim Joe Dolan, John Packie McKiernan, and Gerry Prior Front Row Left to Right: Francie Joe McGourty, Tony Tiernan, Noel Murray (Sitting on Weigh Bridge), Micky McTigue, Padraig McTigue, Murray (Sitting on Weigh Bridge), Micky McTigue, Padraig McTigue, Johnny Reilly, Sean Gallagher, Vincent Gilgun Johnny Reilly, Sean Gallagher, Vincent Gilgun

Back Row Left to Right: Johnny Reilly, Tom Joe Keaney, John Burke, Thomas Prior, Robbie Boyle, Pat Leonard, Terence Anthony McGrail, Pat Back Row Left to Right: Johnny Reilly, Tom Joe Keaney, John Burke, Thomas Prior, Robbie Boyle, Pat Leonard, Terence Anthony McGrail, Pat Costello, Mick Prior, Vincent Gilgunn. Costello, Mick Prior, Vincent Gilgunn. Front Row Left to Right: Sean Gallagher, Paudraig McTigue, Francie Joe McGourty, Micky McTigue, Tony Tiernan, Noel Murray, Andrew Boyle Front Row Left to Right: Sean Gallagher, Paudraig McTigue, Francie Joe McGourty, Micky McTigue, Tony Tiernan, Noel Murray, Andrew Boyle 3 3 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. behinD The scenes: The ProDucTion Team aT work behinD The scenes: The ProDucTion Team aT work

Micheal Geoghegan, Tony Tiernan Chairman and Assistant Secretary Anne Boyle working on the book Micheal Geoghegan, Tony Tiernan Chairman and Assistant Secretary Anne Boyle working on the book

4 4 PhoTos of The commiTTee PhoTos of The commiTTee

Tony Tiernan, Chairman Mickey Mc Tigue, PRO John Burke, Joint Treasurer Tony Tiernan, Chairman Mickey Mc Tigue, PRO John Burke, Joint Treasurer

Anne Boyle, Joint Treasurer and Assistant Anne Boyle, Joint Treasurer and Assistant Secretary Secretary

Committee Committee Sean Wynne, Secretary Sean Wynne, Secretary

Back Row Left to Right: Andrew Boyle, Sean Gallagher, Francie Joe McGourty, Tom Joe Keaney, John Burke, Sean Wynne. Back Row Left to Right: Andrew Boyle, Sean Gallagher, Francie Joe McGourty, Tom Joe Keaney, John Burke, Sean Wynne. Front Row Left to Right: Anne Boyle, Noel Murray, Gerard McGrath, Tony Tiernan, Sonny Murray, Micky McTigue Front Row Left to Right: Anne Boyle, Noel Murray, Gerard McGrath, Tony Tiernan, Sonny Murray, Micky McTigue

5 5 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. message from The chairman message from The chairman

In December 2008 I was at the retirement party for Seddie McGovern, who I once worked for, in In December 2008 I was at the retirement party for Seddie McGovern, who I once worked for, in . At the party was Sonny Murray, who said there should be something like this party Ballinamore. At the party was Sonny Murray, who said there should be something like this party organised for the Wynne Brothers, as they were good employers in the Aughacashel area. This put an organised for the Wynne Brothers, as they were good employers in the Aughacashel area. This put an idea in my head, as it was coming up to the 25th anniversary of the closure of the mines. But although idea in my head, as it was coming up to the 25th anniversary of the closure of the mines. But although it was in my mind, the years went by with nothing done. it was in my mind, the years went by with nothing done. Then, in 2014, I was at a wedding in Kilronan Castle. After dinner I met Sonny Murray, Thomas Murray Then, in 2014, I was at a wedding in Kilronan Castle. After dinner I met Sonny Murray, Thomas Murray and Pat McGovern. I said to them that, as the 25th anniversary of the mines’ closure was coming up, and Pat McGovern. I said to them that, as the 25th anniversary of the mines’ closure was coming up, I was thinking about having a Mass said at Wynne’s Pit followed by a function to mark the occasion. I was thinking about having a Mass said at Wynne’s Pit followed by a function to mark the occasion. We also discussed the possibility of publishing a book with articles about the mines. They thought it We also discussed the possibility of publishing a book with articles about the mines. They thought it was a great idea and said that they would give any help they could. So I started from there. was a great idea and said that they would give any help they could. So I started from there. Next I spoke to Fr Sean Mawn in Ballinamore about having a Mass on the mountain on Sunday, August Next I spoke to Fr Sean Mawn in Ballinamore about having a Mass on the mountain on Sunday, August 2nd 2015. He agreed and put it in his diary. I booked the Lough Allen Hotel in for a 2nd 2015. He agreed and put it in his diary. I booked the Lough Allen Hotel in Drumshanbo for a function that night. I also spoke to David Wynne, Brendan Layden and Denis Flynn, who all said it was function that night. I also spoke to David Wynne, Brendan Layden and Denis Flynn, who all said it was a great idea. a great idea. The weather was very bad at the beginning of 2015, which slowed down my plans of getting a The weather was very bad at the beginning of 2015, which slowed down my plans of getting a committee of ex-miners together. Then one night I met Sean Wynne at a meeting in the Mayflower committee of ex-miners together. Then one night I met Sean Wynne at a meeting in the Mayflower Community Centre in Drumshanbo and I told him what I was going to do. He encouraged me, so I Community Centre in Drumshanbo and I told him what I was going to do. He encouraged me, so I called to the houses of ex-miners and I got a good response from them. So we set a date for a meeting called to the houses of ex-miners and I got a good response from them. So we set a date for a meeting in the Mayflower on the night of March 13th 2015 and set up a committee as follows: Chairman: Tony in the Mayflower on the night of March 13th 2015 and set up a committee as follows: Chairman: Tony Tiernan; Secretary: Sean Wynne; Treasurers: John Burke and Anne Boyle; Assistant Secretary: Anne Tiernan; Secretary: Sean Wynne; Treasurers: John Burke and Anne Boyle; Assistant Secretary: Anne Boyle; PRO: Micky McTigue. Boyle; PRO: Micky McTigue. So we went full steam ahead, meeting every Wednesday at 8pm sharp. On Easter Monday, Gerry So we went full steam ahead, meeting every Wednesday at 8pm sharp. On Easter Monday, Gerry McGrath, John Burke and I headed for Wynne’s first mine on Bealbeag. It was a very warm day and it McGrath, John Burke and I headed for Wynne’s first mine on Bealbeag. It was a very warm day and it took us two hours to walk to it as we were unsure where it was. We found it at last, took photos of it took us two hours to walk to it as we were unsure where it was. We found it at last, took photos of it and walked back down. and walked back down. It has been a very busy time for me since that day, going from house to house, from hotels to It has been a very busy time for me since that day, going from house to house, from hotels to businesses, looking for people to write articles, looking for sponsorship, looking for information and businesses, looking for people to write articles, looking for sponsorship, looking for information and sometimes correcting stories I was told! Many people started looking for photos (including myself) sometimes correcting stories I was told! Many people started looking for photos (including myself) and sometimes found them in attics! I was received very well everywhere I went and the generosity and sometimes found them in attics! I was received very well everywhere I went and the generosity of all our sponsors was truly amazing, with donations ranging from spot prizes to substantial cheques. of all our sponsors was truly amazing, with donations ranging from spot prizes to substantial cheques. Sponsorship came from far and wide: from Ballinamore to , from Sligo and Carrick on Sponsorship came from far and wide: from Ballinamore to Ballyfarnon, from Sligo and Carrick on Shannon to Arigna, Longford and , and from Naas to America! Shannon to Arigna, Longford and Ballinaglera, and from Naas to America!

This book is a tribute to all those who worked in the mines in this region. As a result, its content is This book is a tribute to all those who worked in the mines in this region. As a result, its content is not restricted to one mine or to one area. The articles contained here come from a range of authors, not restricted to one mine or to one area. The articles contained here come from a range of authors, who describe their experiences of a past way of life in their own words. The book is meant to provide who describe their experiences of a past way of life in their own words. The book is meant to provide an overview of human experience of the mines in the Arigna/Sliabh an Iarainn vicinity and, as a result, an overview of human experience of the mines in the Arigna/Sliabh an Iarainn vicinity and, as a result, is not structured chronologically. Nor does it make any structural distinction between the various is not structured chronologically. Nor does it make any structural distinction between the various mines, but moves indiscriminately from one author to another and from one mining community to mines, but moves indiscriminately from one author to another and from one mining community to the next and back again. The result is, I believe, a collection that is both interesting and informative the next and back again. The result is, I believe, a collection that is both interesting and informative for all readers. for all readers. Personally, I spent a lot of time on this project. I’d like to thank Dominic Duignan for his assistance in Personally, I spent a lot of time on this project. I’d like to thank Dominic Duignan for his assistance in locating and identifying the various mines in the Arigna area, as I was unsure of their names. Thanks locating and identifying the various mines in the Arigna area, as I was unsure of their names. Thanks also to Andrew Boyle and Micheal Geoghegan (Snr), who took photos of all the disused mines and also to Andrew Boyle and Micheal Geoghegan (Snr), who took photos of all the disused mines and monuments on Sliabh an Iarainn. monuments on Sliabh an Iarainn. Fr Leo Layden deserves a special mention: I felt privileged to receive his article and photos, as I believe Fr Leo Layden deserves a special mention: I felt privileged to receive his article and photos, as I believe they had not been seen by anybody prior to this. I want to acknowledge Brendan Layden for all his they had not been seen by anybody prior to this. I want to acknowledge Brendan Layden for all his help, and also his wife Mary: when I couldn’t contact Brendan, I would ring Mary and she would get help, and also his wife Mary: when I couldn’t contact Brendan, I would ring Mary and she would get

6 6 him to call me, as Brendan doesn’t do mobile phones! Thanks to Brian Duignan (photographer) for him to call me, as Brendan doesn’t do mobile phones! Thanks to Brian Duignan (photographer) for joining us on Sliabh an Iarainn mountain, and for his patience in making a second trip due to poor joining us on Sliabh an Iarainn mountain, and for his patience in making a second trip due to poor weather conditions on the first day, and to all the miners for coming to Bencroy on both occasions. weather conditions on the first day, and to all the miners for coming to Bencroy on both occasions. I wish to thank everyone connected with this project for their generosity and good will. I wish to thank everyone connected with this project for their generosity and good will.

Special thanks to: Special thanks to: • The ex-miners who wrote the articles and supplied pictures, from both Arigna and • The ex-miners who wrote the articles and supplied pictures, from both Arigna and Aughacashel. Aughacashel. • Brian, Dermot and Joe Layden for all their help. • Brian, Dermot and Joe Layden for all their help. • Fr Tomas Flynn and Fr Leo Layden who wrote articles for this book. • Fr Tomas Flynn and Fr Leo Layden who wrote articles for this book. • Our sponsors, too numerous to list. • Our sponsors, too numerous to list. • Anne Boyle and Micheal Geoghegan (Jnr) for collating and editing this book. • Anne Boyle and Micheal Geoghegan (Jnr) for collating and editing this book. • Ray Boyle and the Printworks (Printers). • Ray Boyle and the Printworks (Printers). • Alan Foley and Brian Duignan, photographers. • Alan Foley and Brian Duignan, photographers. • Sean Wynne and the Lough Allen Centre. • Sean Wynne and the Lough Allen Centre. • The museum. • The Arigna Mining Experience museum. • Joe Smith for designing the plaque. • Joe Smith for designing the plaque. • The ESB for their support. • The ESB for their support. • Sean O’Suilleabhain for his contribution to the book launch. • Sean O’Suilleabhain for his contribution to the book launch. • Willie Donnellan, The Leitrim Observer. • Willie Donnellan, The Leitrim Observer. • Shannonside and Ocean radio stations. • Shannonside and Ocean radio stations. • Drumshanbo Vocation School • Drumshanbo Vocation School • The staff of Leitrim County Library, Ballinamore. • The staff of Leitrim County Library, Ballinamore. • The Wynne family, Drumshanbo. • The Wynne family, Drumshanbo. • The Layden family, Arigna Fuels. • The Layden family, Arigna Fuels. • Denis Flynn, Glenview. • Denis Flynn, Glenview. • And a special thanks to my wife, Mary Catherine, for putting up with me during all of this. • And a special thanks to my wife, Mary Catherine, for putting up with me during all of this.

I may have omitted somebody. If I have, I am truly sorry. I may have omitted somebody. If I have, I am truly sorry. When the mines and power station closed, it was the end of an era, a way of life gone forever. But we When the mines and power station closed, it was the end of an era, a way of life gone forever. But we have moved on and times have changed – it’s all computers and mobile phones and broadband now. have moved on and times have changed – it’s all computers and mobile phones and broadband now. A number of our fellow miners have passed on to their eternal reward. I know that we all remember A number of our fellow miners have passed on to their eternal reward. I know that we all remember them with great affection. May they rest in peace. I hope you enjoy the weekend. them with great affection. May they rest in peace. I hope you enjoy the weekend.

Farewell and God bless you all! Farewell and God bless you all!

7 7 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Pile of sTone Pile of sTone

Now it’s just a pile of stone, Now it’s just a pile of stone, But once it was a happy home, But once it was a happy home, Lots of childer full of life, Lots of childer full of life, With not a single sign of strife. With not a single sign of strife.

White washed walls, White washed walls, Red painted door, Red painted door, Foot worn flags, Foot worn flags, Upon the floor. Upon the floor.

Glowing turf fire, Glowing turf fire, Smell of soda bread, Smell of soda bread, Country house dances, Country house dances, Nice settle bed. Nice settle bed.

Looking back at the Griffiths Valuation Looking back at the Griffiths Valuation Tells the story of a nation, Tells the story of a nation, One by one they all left home, One by one they all left home, And now it’s just a pile of stone. And now it’s just a pile of stone. By Dominic Duignan By Dominic Duignan

Sponsored by Sponsored by CT Electric CT Electric Finisklin Industrial Estate Finisklin Industrial Estate Sligo Sligo Tel: (071) 914 5068 Tel: (071) 914 5068

8 8 from Pig cros-Pruca To crow-coal from Pig cros-Pruca To crow-coal By Angus Dunne By Angus Dunne

The story of coal mining in Arigna and of the technology which makes the use of the millions of tons of The story of coal mining in Arigna and of the technology which makes the use of the millions of tons of low-grade coal there a guarantee of continuity. low-grade coal there a guarantee of continuity.

Looking at the hinterlands of Leitrim and which surround the Arigna Mountains, it is Looking at the hinterlands of Leitrim and Roscommon which surround the Arigna Mountains, it is hard to imagine that engineering technology played a major part in the lives of the community. Back hard to imagine that engineering technology played a major part in the lives of the community. Back in the 1700s farm holdings were very small and the inhabitants eked out the best existence they could in the 1700s farm holdings were very small and the inhabitants eked out the best existence they could by growing their own vegetables and rearing the odd pig in the lean-to shelter at the gable end of the by growing their own vegetables and rearing the odd pig in the lean-to shelter at the gable end of the cottage – known as the “pig crow”. For fuel there was turf, but when this was scarce they dug a “Pruca cottage – known as the “pig crow”. For fuel there was turf, but when this was scarce they dug a “Pruca Pit” where the coal outcropped on the mountain. Life seemed to hold no future, but then engineering Pit” where the coal outcropped on the mountain. Life seemed to hold no future, but then engineering technology moved in. Iron ore existed in the mountains. Timber to make charcoal was in reasonable technology moved in. Iron ore existed in the mountains. Timber to make charcoal was in reasonable supply. Smelters were built and the iron industry was established. This lasted for the next 50 years supply. Smelters were built and the iron industry was established. This lasted for the next 50 years but the timber used in the process began to run out. By 1765 the last of the smelters at Furnace Hill, but the timber used in the process began to run out. By 1765 the last of the smelters at Furnace Hill, Drumshanbo had closed. Drumshanbo had closed.

Early Mining Early Mining It looked like the iron industry was doomed, but again technology took a hand in the guise of the It looked like the iron industry was doomed, but again technology took a hand in the guise of the O’Reilly family, who, keeping up to date with industry in England and Scotland, conceived the idea of O’Reilly family, who, keeping up to date with industry in England and Scotland, conceived the idea of replacing the wood used in the smelting process by coal from the Arigna mountains. Some 20 years replacing the wood used in the smelting process by coal from the Arigna mountains. Some 20 years later their efforts to revive the industry proved successful when a new furnace was built at Arigna and later their efforts to revive the industry proved successful when a new furnace was built at Arigna and a mine opened to supply the coal. The industry was given a new lease of life, and, unwittingly, the a mine opened to supply the coal. The industry was given a new lease of life, and, unwittingly, the O’Reilly brothers had also started a coal mining industry – and hence the first real commercial use of O’Reilly brothers had also started a coal mining industry – and hence the first real commercial use of coal; the year was 1788. coal; the year was 1788.

The iron business ran into difficulties through lack of finance and mismanagement, and finally died. The iron business ran into difficulties through lack of finance and mismanagement, and finally died. But the coal mining survived, albeit at the times it had a rough passage until the 1940’s when the But the coal mining survived, albeit at the times it had a rough passage until the 1940’s when the Second World War took a hand. Later in the mid 1950s a Power Station was built to provide a market Second World War took a hand. Later in the mid 1950s a Power Station was built to provide a market for the coal; this put the mines on a safe footing for another 25 years. for the coal; this put the mines on a safe footing for another 25 years.

But history was repeating itself. Some 200 years after the O’Reilly brothers had built their coal burning But history was repeating itself. Some 200 years after the O’Reilly brothers had built their coal burning smelter a crisis was now arising in the mining industry. The main seam of coal was running out. smelter a crisis was now arising in the mining industry. The main seam of coal was running out. Another three years would see its end. Another three years would see its end.

Arigna Power Station Arigna Power Station Arigna Power Station, in operation since 1958 would shut down and the mines which had provided Arigna Power Station, in operation since 1958 would shut down and the mines which had provided work and prosperity to the people would virtually come to a standstill, unless, that is, the 15 million work and prosperity to the people would virtually come to a standstill, unless, that is, the 15 million tons of low grade coal, known as “crow coal” which lay deep in the mountains could be mined and tons of low grade coal, known as “crow coal” which lay deep in the mountains could be mined and utilized. utilized.

Like the O’Reilly brothers of old, another family with the same foresight and resourcefulness stepped Like the O’Reilly brothers of old, another family with the same foresight and resourcefulness stepped in and pushed technology into finding a method of firing the crow coal. in and pushed technology into finding a method of firing the crow coal.

The Layden Family The Layden Family The Layden family, owners of the mines for many generations, engineers and entrepreneurs, with The Layden family, owners of the mines for many generations, engineers and entrepreneurs, with their mining experience and flair for innovation, believed that, with the right research and their mining experience and flair for innovation, believed that, with the right research and development, methods of combustion presently being developed in other countries could be utilised development, methods of combustion presently being developed in other countries could be utilised to successfully burn the coal. to successfully burn the coal. There are large resources of coal in the world, much of it with a high sulphur content which, when There are large resources of coal in the world, much of it with a high sulphur content which, when

9 9 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. burned, produce sulphur dioxide. It cannot be used due to the problem of pollution and the stringent burned, produce sulphur dioxide. It cannot be used due to the problem of pollution and the stringent regulations regarding its use. Because of this, research was carried out into methods of eliminating regulations regarding its use. Because of this, research was carried out into methods of eliminating the sulphur dioxide during its combustion. A new system of combustion based on the “fluidized bed” the sulphur dioxide during its combustion. A new system of combustion based on the “fluidized bed” process – as used by the chemical industry for mixing – was developed for this purpose, which involved process – as used by the chemical industry for mixing – was developed for this purpose, which involved mixing a large percentage of limestone with the coal before feeding it into the fire. mixing a large percentage of limestone with the coal before feeding it into the fire.

Tests indicated that the idea was technically feasible and the interesting fact was that the coal, although Tests indicated that the idea was technically feasible and the interesting fact was that the coal, although mixed with a high percentage of limestone, still could be burned successfully. It was this facet of the mixed with a high percentage of limestone, still could be burned successfully. It was this facet of the fluidized bed system which the Arigna Collieries became interested in. fluidized bed system which the Arigna Collieries became interested in.

Researching Crow Coal Researching Crow Coal Brendan Layden, their Development Engineer, started detailed investigations of the crow coal and its Brendan Layden, their Development Engineer, started detailed investigations of the crow coal and its combustion, together with the Electricity Supply Board’s Project Department and Messrs. Kenny, a combustion, together with the Electricity Supply Board’s Project Department and Messrs. Kenny, a firm of consulting engineers. This led to tests with foreign firms involved in fluidized bed Dublin firm of consulting engineers. This led to tests with foreign firms involved in fluidized bed research. The results looked promising and it seemed that the feasibility of building a commercial research. The results looked promising and it seemed that the feasibility of building a commercial fluidized boiler was now a reality. fluidized boiler was now a reality.

The project is not yet completed but it looks like a whole new future is on the horizon for the mines The project is not yet completed but it looks like a whole new future is on the horizon for the mines and the Arigna Station. The small drift mines used with the existing coal seams will give way to a whole and the Arigna Station. The small drift mines used with the existing coal seams will give way to a whole new concept in mining with large tunnels and highly mechanised cutting and conveyor systems. This new concept in mining with large tunnels and highly mechanised cutting and conveyor systems. This will be needed to produce 1,000 tons of coal per day to fuel the new 40 megawatt power station will be needed to produce 1,000 tons of coal per day to fuel the new 40 megawatt power station envisaged by the E.S.B. envisaged by the E.S.B.

The development of the new boiler is a story in itself, which is yet in the making. Hopefully, the result The development of the new boiler is a story in itself, which is yet in the making. Hopefully, the result will be the building of the first commercial fluidized bed boiler of its kind in the world, thus putting will be the building of the first commercial fluidized bed boiler of its kind in the world, thus putting Arigna on the frontiers of the latest engineering technology in combustion of low grade coal, and a Arigna on the frontiers of the latest engineering technology in combustion of low grade coal, and a major attraction to the industrial concerns all over the world. major attraction to the industrial concerns all over the world.

This article was first published in The Leitrim Guardian in 1980. This article was first published in The Leitrim Guardian in 1980.

10 10 11 11 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. my working Days aT wynne broThers coal mines my working Days aT wynne broThers coal mines By Sonny Murray By Sonny Murray

Those were very enjoyable days even though it Those were very enjoyable days even though it was very hard work. When Tony Tiernan was very hard work. When Tony Tiernan called me to say that a few of the ex-workers of called me to say that a few of the ex-workers of the coal mines were meeting up in the the coal mines were meeting up in the Mayflower Ballroom in Drumshanbo, and Mayflower Ballroom in Drumshanbo, and asked me if I would be interested in attending, asked me if I would be interested in attending, I was only delighted to be asked. I was only delighted to be asked.

During that meeting I was asked if I would During that meeting I was asked if I would write about my memories of my time working write about my memories of my time working at Bealbeag and Bencroy. At first I was not sure at Bealbeag and Bencroy. At first I was not sure what to write, but as I thought of the characters what to write, but as I thought of the characters I used to work with, the memories came I used to work with, the memories came flooding back. Namely Farrell Gallagher: a real flooding back. Namely Farrell Gallagher: a real gentleman and very funny; Frank Boyle, who gentleman and very funny; Frank Boyle, who spoke English, some broken Irish and some … spoke English, some broken Irish and some … …; Mick Prior, better known as Tailor; and …; Mick Prior, better known as Tailor; and many many other great characters, too many many other great characters, too numerous to mention. numerous to mention.

My very first memory of Wynne’s was hearing My very first memory of Wynne’s was hearing the sound of PJ Reynolds’ lorry coming through the sound of PJ Reynolds’ lorry coming through Aughrew and stopping for one of my brothers: Aughrew and stopping for one of my brothers: either Packie (RIP) or Freddy (RIP), to help the either Packie (RIP) or Freddy (RIP), to help the driver (Paddy Boles) load his truck for the driver (Paddy Boles) load his truck for the cement factory the following morning. Gerard McGrath and John Burke at Paddy Wynne’s first pit on Bealbeag. cement factory the following morning. Gerard McGrath and John Burke at Paddy Wynne’s first pit on Bealbeag.

On my first day working for Wynne Brothers at Beal Beg coal mines, Pat Joe Costello (truck driver for On my first day working for Wynne Brothers at Beal Beg coal mines, Pat Joe Costello (truck driver for Wynne’s) collected me at my house and brought me up as far as John Bernard Keaney’s. There we Wynne’s) collected me at my house and brought me up as far as John Bernard Keaney’s. There we met some other workers after we had loaded Pat Joe’s truck with slack to take to the cement factory met some other workers after we had loaded Pat Joe’s truck with slack to take to the cement factory in Drogheda. The miners then got into a smaller truck to take us the final 3 miles up to the mines. The in Drogheda. The miners then got into a smaller truck to take us the final 3 miles up to the mines. The road on which we travelled was built by the Wynne brothers through mountain and bog. road on which we travelled was built by the Wynne brothers through mountain and bog.

Having received planning permission for this very unique motorway, work commenced straight Having received planning permission for this very unique motorway, work commenced straight away. One of the bridges took quite a bit of engineering, with the chassis of a truck and other materials away. One of the bridges took quite a bit of engineering, with the chassis of a truck and other materials forming the base, and finished off with stone that was barrowed by hand from the river forming the base, and finished off with stone that was barrowed by hand from the river underneath. This part of the road was called Briseadh an Uisce (breaking of the waters). Along this underneath. This part of the road was called Briseadh an Uisce (breaking of the waters). Along this stretch were the old ruins of a house built by an Englishman named Hinchey many years ago. stretch were the old ruins of a house built by an Englishman named Hinchey many years ago.

As we made our way further on towards the mines, the road got very narrow, with a bank of slates on As we made our way further on towards the mines, the road got very narrow, with a bank of slates on one side and a very steep drop down to a river on the other side. One can imagine just how difficult one side and a very steep drop down to a river on the other side. One can imagine just how difficult it was to drive along this particular part of the journey. One side of the road had to be lower than the it was to drive along this particular part of the journey. One side of the road had to be lower than the other side, so that the truck was tilted to one side away from a very dangerous and narrow part. This other side, so that the truck was tilted to one side away from a very dangerous and narrow part. This resulted in one of the rear wheels being practically in space. From that point on the road ended with resulted in one of the rear wheels being practically in space. From that point on the road ended with only the track for the wheels paved and bog in the centre. But eventually we got there safely. only the track for the wheels paved and bog in the centre. But eventually we got there safely.

The coal that came out of the mines was called lump coal. This had to be shovelled into a crusher to The coal that came out of the mines was called lump coal. This had to be shovelled into a crusher to

12 12 make the finished product which was called slack. make the finished product which was called slack. The crusher was driven by a Ferguson 20 TVO with the tyre and tube removed from one of the rear The crusher was driven by a Ferguson 20 TVO with the tyre and tube removed from one of the rear wheels. A belt ran from the crusher to the naked wheel; the tractor was started, put into gear and so wheels. A belt ran from the crusher to the naked wheel; the tractor was started, put into gear and so the crushing began. the crushing began.

This slack was then transported down the narrow road for a larger truck, which would in turn This slack was then transported down the narrow road for a larger truck, which would in turn transport it to the cement factory in Drogheda or the power station in Arigna. It took 3 runs of the transport it to the cement factory in Drogheda or the power station in Arigna. It took 3 runs of the small truck to make a load for the large truck. small truck to make a load for the large truck.

The first thought that always comes to my The first thought that always comes to my mind is of one morning in September 1962. mind is of one morning in September 1962. We were on our way up to the mines. Farrell We were on our way up to the mines. Farrell Gallagher, who always called me “Son”, Gallagher, who always called me “Son”, turned to me and said: “Son, that sky looks turned to me and said: “Son, that sky looks like murder”. I didn’t know at the time what like murder”. I didn’t know at the time what he meant, but after about an hour under he meant, but after about an hour under ground it became very clear. The wind was ground it became very clear. The wind was howling into the mine and our lamps would howling into the mine and our lamps would not stay lit so it was decided that we would not stay lit so it was decided that we would head outside. It was then we got the real head outside. It was then we got the real force of Hurricane Debbie. The wind was force of Hurricane Debbie. The wind was so strong that we had to form a human so strong that we had to form a human chain to descend down the mountain chain to descend down the mountain safely. When we got to lower ground, cocks safely. When we got to lower ground, cocks of hay were literally blowing over our of hay were literally blowing over our heads, and I remember Frank Boyle heads, and I remember Frank Boyle running around trying to pick them all up. running around trying to pick them all up. This was certainly a lost cause and Farrell This was certainly a lost cause and Farrell Gallagher told him so in no uncertain terms. Gallagher told him so in no uncertain terms.

Another great memory I still hold was Another great memory I still hold was Frank Boyle arriving into work wearing an Frank Boyle arriving into work wearing an overcoat that was about 3 times too big for overcoat that was about 3 times too big for him. That was at the time second clothes him. That was at the time second clothes Mick Prior on Wynne's Lorry were sold at stalls after the Fairs in the local Mick Prior on Wynne's Lorry were sold at stalls after the Fairs in the local town. The stalls were called “cants”. I never town. The stalls were called “cants”. I never knew what “cant” meant; maybe someone might tell me one day. But Frank arrived in his coat and knew what “cant” meant; maybe someone might tell me one day. But Frank arrived in his coat and told us: “Cheannaigh Maggie cóat do frank í high street í Ballinamore. Bhí Frank ag gaire agus bhí told us: “Cheannaigh Maggie cóat do frank í high street í Ballinamore. Bhí Frank ag gaire agus bhí Maggie ag gaire fósta. Then Mick Prior said: “the man on the high street had the biggest gaire”. Maggie ag gaire fósta. Then Mick Prior said: “the man on the high street had the biggest gaire”.

Another incident I remember well was when Mick Prior took off his coat and hung it on a pillar; at Another incident I remember well was when Mick Prior took off his coat and hung it on a pillar; at that time there were wooden pillars holding up the roof. When he headed off into the mine to start that time there were wooden pillars holding up the roof. When he headed off into the mine to start cutting coal I got the coat, tied the two sleeves around the pillar and hammered a nail into it. When cutting coal I got the coat, tied the two sleeves around the pillar and hammered a nail into it. When Mick came back out, he reached for the coat and, needless to say, he ripped the coat to shreds. All he Mick came back out, he reached for the coat and, needless to say, he ripped the coat to shreds. All he could say was: “now, whoever did that would not have done it if I had it on me!” could say was: “now, whoever did that would not have done it if I had it on me!”

When I went to the mines first, the coal was cut with hand picks and everyone could talk and be heard, When I went to the mines first, the coal was cut with hand picks and everyone could talk and be heard, but then came the air picks and they were very noisy. Every now and then all miners would stop; but then came the air picks and they were very noisy. Every now and then all miners would stop; someone would ask Frank Boyle a question and when he was about to answer someone would start someone would ask Frank Boyle a question and when he was about to answer someone would start cutting with the air pick. They would all stop again and ask Frank what he was saying. This would go cutting with the air pick. They would all stop again and ask Frank what he was saying. This would go

13 13 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. on for some time and then Frank would go silent for on for some time and then Frank would go silent for the rest of the day. the rest of the day.

I have only mentioned a few of the men I worked I have only mentioned a few of the men I worked with at Beal Beg and Ben Croy Mines, but there were with at Beal Beg and Ben Croy Mines, but there were many more who were great fellows and just as many more who were great fellows and just as important. Among these were Pat Joe Costello (truck important. Among these were Pat Joe Costello (truck driver), Tommy Keaney “Fires Man” (Foreman), Tom driver), Tommy Keaney “Fires Man” (Foreman), Tom Mc Govern “Crusher Man”, Johnny Mahon, Christy Mc Govern “Crusher Man”, Johnny Mahon, Christy Dolan, Martin Tiernan, Packie Gallagher, John Dolan, Martin Tiernan, Packie Gallagher, John Keaney, Pete Benison, Paul Duignan, and Packie Mc Keaney, Pete Benison, Paul Duignan, and Packie Mc Govern. And my brothers: Packie Murray, Freddie Govern. And my brothers: Packie Murray, Freddie Murray, Tony Murray, Hubert Murray, Cosmos Murray, Tony Murray, Hubert Murray, Cosmos Murray, Noel Murray, Gerry Murray, Thomas Murray Murray, Noel Murray, Gerry Murray, Thomas Murray and Damien Murray. I know there were many more, and Damien Murray. I know there were many more, and if I fail to mention them, it is not on and if I fail to mention them, it is not on purpose. They were all wonderful guys and great purpose. They were all wonderful guys and great craic. craic.

The Wynne Brothers – I never knew them as The Wynne Brothers – I never knew them as Wynnes; it was always Paddy Barney, Brian Barney, Wynnes; it was always Paddy Barney, Brian Barney, Joe Barney, and Estie Barney. Joe Barney, and Estie Barney.

I have many many good memories with such good Part of Wynne's Bridge - Knockacullion I have many many good memories with such good Part of Wynne's Bridge - Knockacullion people from my time working in the mines from people from my time working in the mines from 1958 until 1966. 1958 until 1966.

14 14 from The Valley of arigna To bencroy from The Valley of arigna To bencroy Paddy Wynne (RIP) interviewed in 1981 Paddy Wynne (RIP) interviewed in 1981

“When the train was “When the train was leaving Ballinamore at 6 leaving Ballinamore at 6 o’clock in the morning, a o’clock in the morning, a little while after daylight, little while after daylight, we started our day’s work we started our day’s work on this road and we on this road and we stayed at it until the dark stayed at it until the dark of night. We had a horse of night. We had a horse which was a very which was a very important animal on the important animal on the mountain. We built a little mountain. We built a little cabin for ourselves on the cabin for ourselves on the mountain side and we mountain side and we stayed there for five or six stayed there for five or six months, going home to months, going home to Arigna only at weekends. Arigna only at weekends. On Monday mornings we On Monday mornings we brought as much food Aghacashel Collieries brought as much food Aghacashel Collieries with us as we would need with us as we would need for the week.” for the week.”

Thus, Arigna-born Paddy Wynne describes the Thus, Arigna-born Paddy Wynne describes the beginnings of a road which he and his brother, beginnings of a road which he and his brother, Brian, made to their coalmine at Beal beg, Brian, made to their coalmine at Beal beg, Aughnasheelin. It was 1947-48 and the Wynnes’ Aughnasheelin. It was 1947-48 and the Wynnes’ first venture on their own into ‘working’ a mine. first venture on their own into ‘working’ a mine. Some years previously they had joined with a few Some years previously they had joined with a few others in a short-lived venture, and in the early 40s others in a short-lived venture, and in the early 40s they had served their apprenticeship in coal mining they had served their apprenticeship in coal mining with the Arigna Collieries and other pit companies. with the Arigna Collieries and other pit companies. With the help of Paddy Conlon and others they With the help of Paddy Conlon and others they completed the road and they worked the Bealbeag completed the road and they worked the Bealbeag mine for fifteen years, using “an old truck costing mine for fifteen years, using “an old truck costing £50, one hutch and a few rails”. Most of their coal £50, one hutch and a few rails”. Most of their coal went to Tuam Sugar Factory at £3 a ton. Nowadays, went to Tuam Sugar Factory at £3 a ton. Nowadays, a ton of the same type of coal costs £45. A miner’s a ton of the same type of coal costs £45. A miner’s wage then was around £3 a week; today it is £100 a wage then was around £3 a week; today it is £100 a week, but as Paddy says “the increase in a miner’s week, but as Paddy says “the increase in a miner’s wages has been paralleled by a more able, wages has been paralleled by a more able, interested, intelligent mine-worker nowadays”. interested, intelligent mine-worker nowadays”.

In 1963 the Wynnes closed the mine and bought In 1963 the Wynnes closed the mine and bought another mine situated half a mile away on Bencroy another mine situated half a mile away on Bencroy Peak. “This mine had two seams of coal and covers Peak. “This mine had two seams of coal and covers nearly 200 acres in area. It cost us £5,000, a lot of nearly 200 acres in area. It cost us £5,000, a lot of money in those days”. Paddy had supplemented his money in those days”. Paddy had supplemented his Wage book for Wynne Brothers Collieries; Week ending 6 oct 1984 income from mining with other jobs. He once had Wage book for Wynne Brothers Collieries; Week ending 6 oct 1984 income from mining with other jobs. He once had

15 15 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

16 16 a butcher’s stall in Arigna, and a butcher’s stall in Arigna, and during the war-years he during the war-years he travelled throughout the county, travelled throughout the county, mowing, threshing and mowing, threshing and ploughing for hire. They are still ploughing for hire. They are still working the Bencroy mine today. working the Bencroy mine today. Practically all of their output Practically all of their output goes to the Arigna power station. goes to the Arigna power station. Paddy says: “We started off Paddy says: “We started off delivering 20 tons a week to the delivering 20 tons a week to the power station. Now we deliver power station. Now we deliver 120 tons a week. A surveyor has 120 tons a week. A surveyor has told us that at the present output told us that at the present output there is a 75 year stock of coal in there is a 75 year stock of coal in Bencroy. If a second power Bencroy. If a second power station is established in Arigna, station is established in Arigna, we may re-open our Beal beg we may re-open our Beal beg mine to cater for the increased mine to cater for the increased demand”. Wynne’s Cabin, Knocknacullion. (Built in 1948) demand”. Wynne’s Cabin, Knocknacullion. (Built in 1948)

Compressed air, pneumatic picks and boring machines have lessened the hardship in mining, and in Compressed air, pneumatic picks and boring machines have lessened the hardship in mining, and in this respect he considers their mine to be well equipped for its size and type. Another brother, Joe has this respect he considers their mine to be well equipped for its size and type. Another brother, Joe has joined them and their labour force now totals twenty-three. joined them and their labour force now totals twenty-three.

Paddy has sampled all aspects of coalmining from worker to management, so he can distinguish the Paddy has sampled all aspects of coalmining from worker to management, so he can distinguish the possible from the impossible in the business. As joint owners, he and Brian still work at the pit-face. possible from the impossible in the business. As joint owners, he and Brian still work at the pit-face. Paddy and Joe do the blasting and Brian screens the coal. Paddy and Joe do the blasting and Brian screens the coal.

The Wynnes have been associated with coalmining in Arigna for generations; Paddy’s father was a The Wynnes have been associated with coalmining in Arigna for generations; Paddy’s father was a carter of coal. Paddy lives in Drumshanbo with his wife Rose and two children, David and Catherine. carter of coal. Paddy lives in Drumshanbo with his wife Rose and two children, David and Catherine.

This article was first published in The Leitrim Guardian in 1981. This article was first published in The Leitrim Guardian in 1981.

17 17 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. Jim mc gourTy riP Describes his exPerience of mining Jim mc gourTy riP Describes his exPerience of mining from 1939 from 1939 By Sean Wynne By Sean Wynne

Jim Jim left school on the 4th of July 1939 and started Jim Jim left school on the 4th of July 1939 and started working in the mines in October in Slievnaceila. working in the mines in October in Slievnaceila. There were six miners working in the mines at that There were six miners working in the mines at that time, which was run by a parish council under license time, which was run by a parish council under license from the owner. There was a great need for the coal from the owner. There was a great need for the coal at that time and Jim recalls you couldn't get coal at that time and Jim recalls you couldn't get coal without a permit and the miners could only get slack. without a permit and the miners could only get slack. To get a permit you had to go to the Guards. To get a permit you had to go to the Guards. Blacksmiths or anyone who needed coal for their Blacksmiths or anyone who needed coal for their livelihood got it, but ordinary people didn't. It was livelihood got it, but ordinary people didn't. It was also rationed so you could only get a certain amount also rationed so you could only get a certain amount not many hundred weights. Jim started off on five not many hundred weights. Jim started off on five shillings a day, thirty shillings a week, for a 6-day shillings a day, thirty shillings a week, for a 6-day week at that time. When he started cutting coal he week at that time. When he started cutting coal he did it with a pick and got paid by the hutch; the hutch did it with a pick and got paid by the hutch; the hutch could've held more than 5 cwt weight of coal, and 3 could've held more than 5 cwt weight of coal, and 3 hutches was the average they'd get which equalled 5 hutches was the average they'd get which equalled 5 or 6 shillings a day. When he started on the first day or 6 shillings a day. When he started on the first day he got 3 hutches full of coal: that was at the age of 14. he got 3 hutches full of coal: that was at the age of 14. The next day he got very little as he was that sore he The next day he got very little as he was that sore he couldn't bend down at all. The height of coal was couldn't bend down at all. The height of coal was about 15 or 16 inches. The main road was about 4 or about 15 or 16 inches. The main road was about 4 or 5 feet high. The parish committee ran the business 5 feet high. The parish committee ran the business and the skills for mining came from Scotland, where and the skills for mining came from Scotland, where some of the older men had travelled to Scotland to some of the older men had travelled to Scotland to find work in the shale mines outside Glasgow. There find work in the shale mines outside Glasgow. There was great sale for the coal but there was no money to was great sale for the coal but there was no money to pay for it. Jim was cutting for the first few days and pay for it. Jim was cutting for the first few days and Jim McGourty then he moved on to the drawing. The drawing was Jim McGourty then he moved on to the drawing. The drawing was on shift and he got 5 shillings for that. He had to move on shift and he got 5 shillings for that. He had to move the hutch from the coal face to the surface. He then, had to shovel it and throw it up against a screen, the hutch from the coal face to the surface. He then, had to shovel it and throw it up against a screen, the slack went through the screen and the lump coal came down in front of it. That's how it was the slack went through the screen and the lump coal came down in front of it. That's how it was separated, no mechanical equipment in them days. Then we would go up to the quarry, it was 9 or 10 separated, no mechanical equipment in them days. Then we would go up to the quarry, it was 9 or 10 yards from the mine and Jim recalls how you had to go up there and bring down stones and bring yards from the mine and Jim recalls how you had to go up there and bring down stones and bring them into the mine using the hutch. These stones were used for pillars to support the roof. They them into the mine using the hutch. These stones were used for pillars to support the roof. They couldn't use wood as pillars because it wouldn't raise. It was a hard draw because of the poor condition couldn't use wood as pillars because it wouldn't raise. It was a hard draw because of the poor condition of the road. It wasn't level it was mostly downhill and was very hard to go against the hill with the of the road. It wasn't level it was mostly downhill and was very hard to go against the hill with the stones on the return journey. In Arigna most of the seams of coal would be dipping towards the centre stones on the return journey. In Arigna most of the seams of coal would be dipping towards the centre of the mountain making the removal of the hutches more difficult. The 18 inches of coal would be the of the mountain making the removal of the hutches more difficult. The 18 inches of coal would be the highest seam of coal just as all the reports had indicated. In Ballingalera mine there was soft slate highest seam of coal just as all the reports had indicated. In Ballingalera mine there was soft slate under the coal and there was rock under that again. The muck had to be dug up from the coal. There under the coal and there was rock under that again. The muck had to be dug up from the coal. There could be 3 or 4 inches of dirt on top of the coal. Explosives was not available. The war didn't have could be 3 or 4 inches of dirt on top of the coal. Explosives was not available. The war didn't have much effect on the mines in 1939, but when the rations started it was hard to get anything only your much effect on the mines in 1939, but when the rations started it was hard to get anything only your rations. Jim had to travel two miles to work everyday and he'd be all wet coming home in the evening rations. Jim had to travel two miles to work everyday and he'd be all wet coming home in the evening and in the winter your trousers would freeze with the frost. Under ground in the mine it was wet and and in the winter your trousers would freeze with the frost. Under ground in the mine it was wet and

18 18 dirty and damp all the time. There was only clogs no rubber boots. He worked three years until 1943, dirty and damp all the time. There was only clogs no rubber boots. He worked three years until 1943, when he then got work in Christies pit in Arigna after coming up from Balinaglera. Tommy Christie when he then got work in Christies pit in Arigna after coming up from Balinaglera. Tommy Christie and Austie Wynne had opened up a mine. Jim met Mick Gilraine and Dinny Lynch in Drumshanbo, and and Austie Wynne had opened up a mine. Jim met Mick Gilraine and Dinny Lynch in Drumshanbo, and enquired of them how things were going in Christie's mine, he recalled there was an awful lot of water enquired of them how things were going in Christie's mine, he recalled there was an awful lot of water running in it and there was no pumps. There was a lot of mines opened up in Arigna in the War years, running in it and there was no pumps. There was a lot of mines opened up in Arigna in the War years, Brogans, Noones, and Mc Dermotts. A man called Gilhooly died in the mines in the Crosshill mine, he Brogans, Noones, and Mc Dermotts. A man called Gilhooly died in the mines in the Crosshill mine, he was only thirty years of age, there was a fall ( the roof fell in) and he smothered. He had started was only thirty years of age, there was a fall ( the roof fell in) and he smothered. He had started working early on his own when the accident happened Johnny Keaveney from Boyle found him but working early on his own when the accident happened Johnny Keaveney from Boyle found him but he had been there long before Keaveney came on the scene. Rockhill was also in operation at that he had been there long before Keaveney came on the scene. Rockhill was also in operation at that time (overlooking ). Around 4 or 5 men were employed there, including Martin Flynn, Mick time (overlooking Keadue). Around 4 or 5 men were employed there, including Martin Flynn, Mick Flynn and Tom Flynn. Jim increased his pay by changing mines. Now his wage was 11-14 shillings. Flynn and Tom Flynn. Jim increased his pay by changing mines. Now his wage was 11-14 shillings. On the down side he had to find lodging’s in Drumshanbo. Jim was then a cutter and the coal was two On the down side he had to find lodging’s in Drumshanbo. Jim was then a cutter and the coal was two feet high, the slate was overhead. Everyone in the Arigna were after the outcrop. There was about six feet high, the slate was overhead. Everyone in the Arigna were after the outcrop. There was about six hundred people working around the Lough Allen region at this time. In Rover pit there was an output hundred people working around the Lough Allen region at this time. In Rover pit there was an output of 200 tonnes a day and they never got that with machines after. Jims recalls they had to spend every of 200 tonnes a day and they never got that with machines after. Jims recalls they had to spend every other day cleaning the road. All of what was drawn had to be brought down to the railway head. Slack other day cleaning the road. All of what was drawn had to be brought down to the railway head. Slack and everything was drawn away. Jim stayed with the Christies a little time. Noonan’s pit was between and everything was drawn away. Jim stayed with the Christies a little time. Noonan’s pit was between Christies and McDermotts and it was John Joe Flynns who owned the rights. Christies and McDermotts and it was John Joe Flynns who owned the rights. When Jim was working in Ballinaglera mine the lighting was candles and he recalled miners were When Jim was working in Ballinaglera mine the lighting was candles and he recalled miners were always better with candles than with lamps, because the light from the candle was low and would always better with candles than with lamps, because the light from the candle was low and would shine in beside you. He had to buy his own pick and shovel and his own candles, and three candles shine in beside you. He had to buy his own pick and shovel and his own candles, and three candles would last him a day. He thinks it was three shillings for 36 candles. He recalls the carbon lamps would last him a day. He thinks it was three shillings for 36 candles. He recalls the carbon lamps were expensive. He wasn't long in Christies because Dinny came with the word that the strike had were expensive. He wasn't long in Christies because Dinny came with the word that the strike had been settled in Noone’s. Jim was the cutter and Dinny was foreman. been settled in Noone’s. Jim was the cutter and Dinny was foreman.

He stayed there until that pit was finished and went back to Christies, the war had been over at that He stayed there until that pit was finished and went back to Christies, the war had been over at that stage. He was still in the clogs at that time. Jim used to cycle from Drumshanbo to Noones pit. He stage. He was still in the clogs at that time. Jim used to cycle from Drumshanbo to Noones pit. He worked an eight hour day. He recalls how some of the people would go back to the mine at night tot worked an eight hour day. He recalls how some of the people would go back to the mine at night tot take the coal, and there was murder about that after all the work the other miners had to do. Most of take the coal, and there was murder about that after all the work the other miners had to do. Most of the miners were local and weren't hostile to outsiders as long as they did their work. the miners were local and weren't hostile to outsiders as long as they did their work. When they were coming to the last of the coal in Chisties they had to get out at that stage. There was When they were coming to the last of the coal in Chisties they had to get out at that stage. There was 9 or 10 working at Christies at that stage and each had his place and there would be a couple of fella’s 9 or 10 working at Christies at that stage and each had his place and there would be a couple of fella’s about the hill outside grading the coal. When Christies closed down they went back to Noones. He about the hill outside grading the coal. When Christies closed down they went back to Noones. He then moved from Noones to Leydons at an old pit at the back of Gallaghers at the Rockhill side of then moved from Noones to Leydons at an old pit at the back of Gallaghers at the Rockhill side of Dernavoggey. The Dernavoggey pit was the biggest pit at that stage because the spoil heap that's there Dernavoggey. The Dernavoggey pit was the biggest pit at that stage because the spoil heap that's there today will show there was an awful lot of waste taken out. Jim remembers the overhead buckets they today will show there was an awful lot of waste taken out. Jim remembers the overhead buckets they went from Rockhill to Dernavoggey. Buckets went on a rail around a mile and a half. That went on went from Rockhill to Dernavoggey. Buckets went on a rail around a mile and a half. That went on for years until it was cheaper to draw by lorry. for years until it was cheaper to draw by lorry.

Jim went back to Dernavoggey shovelling. Jim got wet through and through but it made no difference Jim went back to Dernavoggey shovelling. Jim got wet through and through but it made no difference to the job to be done. Jim was married to Florance Costello in 1946 the year before big snow. He was to the job to be done. Jim was married to Florance Costello in 1946 the year before big snow. He was now living in Arigna Village with two children. It was well into the 50's at this stage and there was now living in Arigna Village with two children. It was well into the 50's at this stage and there was machinery which mostly came from Scotland. There was a coal cutting machine which was similar to machinery which mostly came from Scotland. There was a coal cutting machine which was similar to a chain saw today cutting coal horizontally. Jim had a disagreement with the firesman a Mr Keaveney a chain saw today cutting coal horizontally. Jim had a disagreement with the firesman a Mr Keaveney in relation to Jim remaining on after he had completed his own work to clean up another place which in relation to Jim remaining on after he had completed his own work to clean up another place which was very wet, Jim refused and Keaveney told him not to come back. was very wet, Jim refused and Keaveney told him not to come back.

He then got a place in Doherty’s mine cutting. He was working with a man from . Jim had He then got a place in Doherty’s mine cutting. He was working with a man from Dromahair. Jim had to go to hospital as he acquired an illness from the dampness and wet of the pit. Jim became ill when to go to hospital as he acquired an illness from the dampness and wet of the pit. Jim became ill when he got something in his eye and he had to wear a cloth on it, as there was no other treatment. There he got something in his eye and he had to wear a cloth on it, as there was no other treatment. There

19 19 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. was no social welfare payments when he was off work in hospital. It was hard to survive with no was no social welfare payments when he was off work in hospital. It was hard to survive with no income coming in. We managed as best they could in the circumstances. income coming in. We managed as best they could in the circumstances. Eventually he returned to the Leydons as a coal cutter on the night shift with my father Johnny Wynne Eventually he returned to the Leydons as a coal cutter on the night shift with my father Johnny Wynne and uncle Tommy P. Fox until he retired in 1989. and uncle Tommy P. Fox until he retired in 1989.

Wishing all the best to the Miners Historical Society Wishing all the best to the Miners Historical Society Tel: 091 771619 Fax: 091 771735 Tel: 091 771619 Fax: 091 771735

20 20 cull anD gannon’s mine on bencroy cull anD gannon’s mine on bencroy By Ollie Cull By Ollie Cull

My grandfather Thomas Cull and his brother My grandfather Thomas Cull and his brother in law Patrick Gannon opened their first coal in law Patrick Gannon opened their first coal mine on Bencroy in the Sliabh an Iarainn mine on Bencroy in the Sliabh an Iarainn mountains in the late 1920’s. This was known mountains in the late 1920’s. This was known as the Cull and Gannon Coal Mine and as the Cull and Gannon Coal Mine and although it changed hands in the early 1960s although it changed hands in the early 1960s it continued as a productive mine until 1990. it continued as a productive mine until 1990.

Miners had to lie on their side in dark wet Miners had to lie on their side in dark wet shafts and hack coal from narrow seams with shafts and hack coal from narrow seams with picks. They had only the light of their carbide picks. They had only the light of their carbide lamps to guide them. Nowadays those lamps to guide them. Nowadays those working conditions would be described as working conditions would be described as inhuman but when the mines were operating inhuman but when the mines were operating they provided the only employment around they provided the only employment around and many were glad of “a start in the pits”. It (L-R) Catherine Conlon, Kathleen Conlon, Mrs. Moran, Eithne Moran and and many were glad of “a start in the pits”. It (L-R) Catherine Conlon, Kathleen Conlon, Mrs. Moran, Eithne Moran and is interesting to note that in the 1930’s miners Fintan (in arms), and Michael Moran (in car) (1952) is interesting to note that in the 1930’s miners Fintan (in arms), and Michael Moran (in car) (1952) were earning 24 shillings a week which was were earning 24 shillings a week which was considered good money at the time. considered good money at the time.

During the Second World War Cull & Gannon had a contract to supply coal to CIE for the steam trains During the Second World War Cull & Gannon had a contract to supply coal to CIE for the steam trains running from Sligo to Dublin and to supply the ESB Power Station at Ringsend. I have often heard that running from Sligo to Dublin and to supply the ESB Power Station at Ringsend. I have often heard that the quality of coal supplied was of questionable nature with the better coal being sold locally and the quality of coal supplied was of questionable nature with the better coal being sold locally and indeed this is also suspected/confirmed in this extract from a letter sent from Mullingar Station on in indeed this is also suspected/confirmed in this extract from a letter sent from Mullingar Station on in 1943 to The Coal Controller, Inchicore : 1943 to The Coal Controller, Inchicore :

“There are three firms supplying coal from Arigna coalfields to the Loco Dept at “There are three firms supplying coal from Arigna coalfields to the Loco Dept at Ballinamore viz Leydon’s, Cull and Gannon’s and Lynn’s. When coal is required at Ballinamore viz Leydon’s, Cull and Gannon’s and Lynn’s. When coal is required at for Broad Gauge engines, the station agent there phones Mr Walsh, Loco Dromod for Broad Gauge engines, the station agent there phones Mr Walsh, Loco Foreman to send in a wagon of coal from Ballinamore. If the only wagon of coal he has Foreman to send in a wagon of coal from Ballinamore. If the only wagon of coal he has on his hands is from Cull and Gannon’s and the latter is 75% shale or rock, the enginemen on his hands is from Cull and Gannon’s and the latter is 75% shale or rock, the enginemen from Dromod refuse to take it as it is useless for any purpose, the firebox being full of from Dromod refuse to take it as it is useless for any purpose, the firebox being full of ashes before 10 miles have been run. If Leydon’s coal is sent out, enginemen will take ashes before 10 miles have been run. If Leydon’s coal is sent out, enginemen will take it as a mixture of 3 to 1 with Duff slack and, in 75% of cases, can run to Mullingar without it as a mixture of 3 to 1 with Duff slack and, in 75% of cases, can run to Mullingar without cleaning out fire a distance of 37 miles. Lynn’s coal is the best variety of all but supplies cleaning out fire a distance of 37 miles. Lynn’s coal is the best variety of all but supplies of the latter are small and is retained in Ballinamore in 95% of cases. I may add that of the latter are small and is retained in Ballinamore in 95% of cases. I may add that since the Emergency the variety of coal from Leyden’s and Lynn’s has deteriorated. I since the Emergency the variety of coal from Leyden’s and Lynn’s has deteriorated. I believe myself that the firms are holding back the good varieties. I strongly urge that believe myself that the firms are holding back the good varieties. I strongly urge that supplies from Cull and Gannon’s be dispensed with as same is useless for Locomotive supplies from Cull and Gannon’s be dispensed with as same is useless for Locomotive purposes. purposes.

To assist Enginemen to work trains from Dromod to Sligo and to Mullingar there is a To assist Enginemen to work trains from Dromod to Sligo and to Mullingar there is a supply of pitch at Dromod and since it was put there, there has been a noticeable supply of pitch at Dromod and since it was put there, there has been a noticeable improvement in the running of Goods trains. I may also add that in 95% of cases it is improvement in the running of Goods trains. I may also add that in 95% of cases it is only the 7.40pm Goods Sligo to North Wall that takes coal at Dromod for mixture with only the 7.40pm Goods Sligo to North Wall that takes coal at Dromod for mixture with Duff slack: the tender of the 10.45pm Goods North Wall to Sligo has a tender of Duff slack: the tender of the 10.45pm Goods North Wall to Sligo has a tender of briquettes and Duff slack. The up and down Boyle goods take coal at Dromod when briquettes and Duff slack. The up and down Boyle goods take coal at Dromod when quality is other than Cull and Gannon’s. quality is other than Cull and Gannon’s. Leydon’s or Lynn’s coal when mixed 3 to 1 with Duff slack or anthracite coal gives good Leydon’s or Lynn’s coal when mixed 3 to 1 with Duff slack or anthracite coal gives good results especially when firebars are coated with same before making on fire; with Duff results especially when firebars are coated with same before making on fire; with Duff slack it prevents the latter from running through firebars; with anthracite coal it slack it prevents the latter from running through firebars; with anthracite coal it prevents clinker from adhering to the firebars.” prevents clinker from adhering to the firebars.” Pat Larry Cull, Gubnaveagh Pat Larry Cull, Gubnaveagh

21 21 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Well if indeed the mining firms were holding back Well if indeed the mining firms were holding back the good coal for local supply it was far more the good coal for local supply it was far more honourable than what happened a hundred years honourable than what happened a hundred years previous when, during the famine, English previous when, during the famine, English landlords were exporting food and grain from landlords were exporting food and grain from while the local Irish starved to death. Ireland while the local Irish starved to death.

It was also suggested that most of the coal supplied It was also suggested that most of the coal supplied to Ringsend couldn’t be burned and ended up in to Ringsend couldn’t be burned and ended up in slag heaps on the site. I heard that the hauliers slag heaps on the site. I heard that the hauliers contracted to draw it away after the war used it as contracted to draw it away after the war used it as gravel for road making and they made more from gravel for road making and they made more from disposing of it than Cull & Gannon did from mining disposing of it than Cull & Gannon did from mining it! Cull and Gannon's Mine, Bencroy it! Cull and Gannon's Mine, Bencroy

However at the time the coal was in great demand However at the time the coal was in great demand locally and the pits continued to supply coal and locally and the pits continued to supply coal and indeed were sold as a going concern to Paddy indeed were sold as a going concern to Paddy Wynne in 1962 who continued mining up until Wynne in 1962 who continued mining up until 1990. 1990. Here in Dublin there are plenty of reminders of Here in Dublin there are plenty of reminders of Sliabh an Iarainn. It produced coal for the Poolbeg Sliabh an Iarainn. It produced coal for the Poolbeg Power Station and the iron for the Ha’penny Power Station and the iron for the Ha’penny Bridge. This majestic mountain has cast its Bridge. This majestic mountain has cast its influence far and wide. It has contributed influence far and wide. It has contributed generously to the local economy and folklore and generously to the local economy and folklore and it acts like a magnet as it keeps drawing us back to it acts like a magnet as it keeps drawing us back to see again the pits or simply enjoy the magnificent see again the pits or simply enjoy the magnificent St Patrick's Well, Aughnasheelin view. St Patrick's Well, Aughnasheelin view.

The entrance to Cull and Gannon's Pit The entrance to Cull and Gannon's Pit

22 22 coalface coalface brian leyden brian leyden

I know the road like the back of my hand, but I still find it hard giving directions to the ‘Arigna Mining I know the road like the back of my hand, but I still find it hard giving directions to the ‘Arigna Mining Experience’. I’ve even heard how a car-load of tourists stopped and asked a couple of the lads cutting Experience’. I’ve even heard how a car-load of tourists stopped and asked a couple of the lads cutting grass in the graveyard on the side of Chapel Hill for directions to the ‘mining museum’. “Do you see grass in the graveyard on the side of Chapel Hill for directions to the ‘mining museum’. “Do you see that bus coming down into the valley,” they were told, “if it was going the other way you could follow that bus coming down into the valley,” they were told, “if it was going the other way you could follow it straight there.” it straight there.”

Kilronan Castle before it was restored Kilronan Castle before it was restored

Unlike the Welsh and English coalmines, you see, found deep in the valleys, the Arigna mines stand Unlike the Welsh and English coalmines, you see, found deep in the valleys, the Arigna mines stand on elevated sites. Technically speaking they’re not mineshafts; they’re headings, driven straight into on elevated sites. Technically speaking they’re not mineshafts; they’re headings, driven straight into the hillsides to follow the thin seams of horizontal coal-beds sandwiched between the shale and the hillsides to follow the thin seams of horizontal coal-beds sandwiched between the shale and sandstone. sandstone.

When the mines were in full production, Honda 50 motorbikes were popular for getting miners too When the mines were in full production, Honda 50 motorbikes were popular for getting miners too and from work on the mountain. Honda’s without tax or insurance or indicators or brake lights. So it and from work on the mountain. Honda’s without tax or insurance or indicators or brake lights. So it was said that when one miner got stopped by the guards he had nothing on the bike only his brother. was said that when one miner got stopped by the guards he had nothing on the bike only his brother. And when asked where they were coming from the miners who were black from head to foot with And when asked where they were coming from the miners who were black from head to foot with coal-dust at the end of their shift said, “From the bakery”. coal-dust at the end of their shift said, “From the bakery”.

At least the miners of Arigna never had to contend with that daunting plunge deep into the bowels of At least the miners of Arigna never had to contend with that daunting plunge deep into the bowels of the earth found in English or Welsh coalmines, or the gargantuan coalfields of Pittsburgh in the US the earth found in English or Welsh coalmines, or the gargantuan coalfields of Pittsburgh in the US where a visiting Arigna miner sent word home how they’d just sunk a shaft so deep ‘the bottom fell where a visiting Arigna miner sent word home how they’d just sunk a shaft so deep ‘the bottom fell out of it’. out of it’.

23 23 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Still, the highlight for most visitors today is the tour underground. For even though you are as near as Still, the highlight for most visitors today is the tour underground. For even though you are as near as is humanly possible to one hundred percent safe, you have to gather your courage to leave behind the is humanly possible to one hundred percent safe, you have to gather your courage to leave behind the comforting daylight above ground. And it is this feeling of unease as you step into the mouth of the comforting daylight above ground. And it is this feeling of unease as you step into the mouth of the mine that makes you aware straight away of the unusualness of the job. mine that makes you aware straight away of the unusualness of the job.

A particular kind of bravery was need to spend your working days in such confined spaces in dark, A particular kind of bravery was need to spend your working days in such confined spaces in dark, wet tunnels where you had to pick your steps with care amongst the steel rails and steel ropes, the wet tunnels where you had to pick your steps with care amongst the steel rails and steel ropes, the jack-legged air picks, the coal cutting machines, the compressed air hoses, the long-necked drill called jack-legged air picks, the coal cutting machines, the compressed air hoses, the long-necked drill called the goose, the hutches or small trams loaded with coal, the reek from burning fuse wire and spent the goose, the hutches or small trams loaded with coal, the reek from burning fuse wire and spent gelignite, the pockets of smothering ‘black damp’ and the blare and reverberation of contained gelignite, the pockets of smothering ‘black damp’ and the blare and reverberation of contained explosions, the force of these underground blasts, it should be said, decided by men who left school explosions, the force of these underground blasts, it should be said, decided by men who left school at the ages of fourteen and fifteen to work in the pits, yet had the dexterity to measure the precise at the ages of fourteen and fifteen to work in the pits, yet had the dexterity to measure the precise amount of explosives needed to clear the coalface and not cave in that whole section of tunnel or even amount of explosives needed to clear the coalface and not cave in that whole section of tunnel or even bring down the roof of the entire mine. bring down the roof of the entire mine.

So it comes as no surprise to the visitor to learn that even the most unconcerned Arigna miner, at the So it comes as no surprise to the visitor to learn that even the most unconcerned Arigna miner, at the start of the working day, stopped to say a prayer in front of the picture of the Sacred Heart with the start of the working day, stopped to say a prayer in front of the picture of the Sacred Heart with the red bulb burning a short distance inside the entrance to the mine. red bulb burning a short distance inside the entrance to the mine.

For as one seasoned miner making the sign of the cross warned a newcomer, ‘You could be talking to For as one seasoned miner making the sign of the cross warned a newcomer, ‘You could be talking to the man himself before the day is out’. the man himself before the day is out’.

All told you had over three hundred men who truly knew the rough and the funny side of life All told you had over three hundred men who truly knew the rough and the funny side of life underground: men with the ability to keep at bay the natural human dread of dark enclosed spaces underground: men with the ability to keep at bay the natural human dread of dark enclosed spaces while at the same time able to apply the intuitive mixture of brute force and ingenuity needed for the while at the same time able to apply the intuitive mixture of brute force and ingenuity needed for the commercial transit of coal to the surface of the earth. commercial transit of coal to the surface of the earth.

Yet pride alone did not explain the Arigna miner’s experience. Yet pride alone did not explain the Arigna miner’s experience. Yes you took pride in your skills, but you couldn’t say at heart it was love of the job that had you Yes you took pride in your skills, but you couldn’t say at heart it was love of the job that had you working in the coalmines; you did it for the money. working in the coalmines; you did it for the money.

So whenever industrial unrest brought work to a halt the miners were of course angry with their So whenever industrial unrest brought work to a halt the miners were of course angry with their employers, but they were also wrestling with the very nature of what it meant to work underground employers, but they were also wrestling with the very nature of what it meant to work underground for a living. A rise in for a living. A rise in pay was important, pay was important, but wages alone but wages alone could never make up could never make up for the harshness of for the harshness of the job; there had to the job; there had to be respect for the be respect for the skills passed from skills passed from generation to generation to generation of generation of coalminers, and coalminers, and respect too for the respect too for the humiliations and humiliations and deprivations deprivations suffered daily such a suffered daily such a cruel distanced cruel distanced beyond the reach of beyond the reach of Terry Leyden at Flynn and Lehany’s Mine, Arigna Terry Leyden at Flynn and Lehany’s Mine, Arigna

24 24 God’s sweet daylight. To an God’s sweet daylight. To an outsider the industrial unrest over outsider the industrial unrest over the years in Arigna was about pay the years in Arigna was about pay and conditions, but inwardly it and conditions, but inwardly it was an argument with fate. On the was an argument with fate. On the surface the miners might have surface the miners might have fought with their employers, but fought with their employers, but deep down they were battling deep down they were battling their destiny. their destiny.

Brian Leyden’s latest work: “Sweet Brian Leyden’s latest work: “Sweet Old World – New & Selected Pulley System - Arigna Old World – New & Selected Pulley System - Arigna Stories” is available at selected Stories” is available at selected outlets and on Amazon.com outlets and on Amazon.com * * * * * * Brian Leyden, , Ballinful P.O., Co. Sligo. Brian Leyden, Ballyconnell, Ballinful P.O., Co. Sligo. Mob: 086 2228598 Mob: 086 2228598

The Siding, Arigna The Siding, Arigna

25 25 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

26 26 interview with fr leo layden c.s.s.P on his MeMories of interview with fr leo layden c.s.s.P on his MeMories of “the siding” “the siding”

Q. Where is the Siding? Q. Where is the Siding? a. For anyone who has ever been to Arigna, it is a a. For anyone who has ever been to Arigna, it is a well known landmark beside the church and well known landmark beside the church and presently occupied by a smokeless fuel briquette presently occupied by a smokeless fuel briquette plant. plant.

Q. Why is it called the siding? Q. Why is it called the siding? a. As the name suggests it comes from its history a. As the name suggests it comes from its history with trains. It was the terminus of the old Cavan with trains. It was the terminus of the old Cavan and Leitrim narrow gauge railway. It came all the and Leitrim narrow gauge railway. It came all the way from Dromod. No. 1 way from Dromod. No. 1

Q. Why was there a train in Arigna? Q. Why was there a train in Arigna? a. In my time it mostly carried coal from Arigna to a. In my time it mostly carried coal from Arigna to various outlets including to the long gone sugar various outlets including to the long gone sugar plants in Tuam and Mallow. It also had a limited plants in Tuam and Mallow. It also had a limited capacity to take passengers. The coal was loaded capacity to take passengers. The coal was loaded onto the train at the siding. onto the train at the siding.

Q. How had the coal got to the Siding? Q. How had the coal got to the Siding? a. One of my earliest memories is that of a long a. One of my earliest memories is that of a long line of donkeys and carts winding their way down line of donkeys and carts winding their way down the Upper Road, each with a half tonne of coal No. 2 the Upper Road, each with a half tonne of coal No. 2 heading for the Siding. There was nothing more heading for the Siding. There was nothing more than a small hut at the Siding in those days where than a small hut at the Siding in those days where the carts were weighed and checked in. At one time the carts were weighed and checked in. At one time Johnny Mc—— was in charge and I remember Johnny Mc—— was in charge and I remember seeking the heat of the stove that always seemed seeking the heat of the stove that always seemed to be on during the winter. The coal came from to be on during the winter. The coal came from Rover mine, that was before either Derrinavoggy Rover mine, that was before either Derrinavoggy or Seltinaveeny opened. or Seltinaveeny opened. The carts were soon replaced by lorries. I The carts were soon replaced by lorries. I remember the first Albion lorry I saw. Not a thing remember the first Albion lorry I saw. Not a thing of beauty. One particular feature of the early lorries of beauty. One particular feature of the early lorries was their tyres. No air in them, just a band of No. 3 was their tyres. No air in them, just a band of No. 3 rubber where the tube is in a modern tyre. Later rubber where the tube is in a modern tyre. Later on came Dodge lorries from John O’Neill’s in on came Dodge lorries from John O’Neill’s in Dublin. They had big comfortable cabs and often Dublin. They had big comfortable cabs and often two of the drivers in particular, Martin G—— and two of the drivers in particular, Martin G—— and Micky Mick T—— had to patiently suffer the Micky Mick T—— had to patiently suffer the questions of a small boy. questions of a small boy.

Q. Did the lorries replace the carts? Q. Did the lorries replace the carts? a. For a time they coexisted but it was the aerial a. For a time they coexisted but it was the aerial ropeway that put an end to the coal carrying cart ropeway that put an end to the coal carrying cart system. system. No. 4 No. 4

27 27 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

No. 5 No. 5

No. 6 No. 6 No. 7 No. 7

Q. Tell us more about the aerial ropeway. Q. Tell us more about the aerial ropeway. a. By 1934 the aerial ropeway had arrived and a. By 1934 the aerial ropeway had arrived and with it the first Briquette factory. Derrinavoggy with it the first Briquette factory. Derrinavoggy mine was opened to become part of the ropeway mine was opened to become part of the ropeway system with Rover mine at the farthest end. system with Rover mine at the farthest end.

Q. Did the aerial ropeway change things at the Q. Did the aerial ropeway change things at the siding? siding? a. The Siding grew quickly and the train began to a. The Siding grew quickly and the train began to arrive more regularly, twice a day, even arrive more regularly, twice a day, even occasionally, a third time. The ropeway brought occasionally, a third time. The ropeway brought No. 8 No. 8 coal more and more quickly and the coal had to be coal more and more quickly and the coal had to be moved onwards by the narrow gauge train. Three big concrete bunkers had been built overlooking moved onwards by the narrow gauge train. Three big concrete bunkers had been built overlooking the railway with hand-controlled chutes opening over empty wagons below. Why three you may ask? the railway with hand-controlled chutes opening over empty wagons below. Why three you may ask? Well there was a lot going on above the hoppers. As buckets of coal arrived by ropeway, the coal was Well there was a lot going on above the hoppers. As buckets of coal arrived by ropeway, the coal was released onto a vibrating screen. This screen had three layers, each with different size holes. The top released onto a vibrating screen. This screen had three layers, each with different size holes. The top layer had the biggest holes and so selected the lump coal, the middle selected the nuts and the finest layer had the biggest holes and so selected the lump coal, the middle selected the nuts and the finest coal (culm) fell to the bottom. The three sizes of coal went to the three different bunkers. I watched coal (culm) fell to the bottom. The three sizes of coal went to the three different bunkers. I watched Dinny B—— supervise this operation. I also remember the occasional slate being picked out, but some Dinny B—— supervise this operation. I also remember the occasional slate being picked out, but some got through I’m sure. got through I’m sure.

Q. Where did the power come from to transform the siding? Q. Where did the power come from to transform the siding? a. The Big Engine. I watched the cement foundations going in for the Big Engine. Big deep holes left a. The Big Engine. I watched the cement foundations going in for the Big Engine. Big deep holes left in the cement for the bolts to hold down the monster. It arrived and was lifted cautiously into place in the cement for the bolts to hold down the monster. It arrived and was lifted cautiously into place

28 28 No. 10 No. 10

No. 9 No. 9 with block and tackle. Cemented down with with block and tackle. Cemented down with dynamo alongside and hey presto we had power. I dynamo alongside and hey presto we had power. I loved to watch the four big cylinders moving up loved to watch the four big cylinders moving up and down and listen to the whirr of the Big Wheel and down and listen to the whirr of the Big Wheel and the hum of the Dynamo. I never really and the hum of the Dynamo. I never really understood how it all worked but the man in understood how it all worked but the man in charge Tommy M—— let me prowl around to charge Tommy M—— let me prowl around to marvel and wonder about all this new technology. marvel and wonder about all this new technology.

Q. What age were you when all this was going on? Q. What age were you when all this was going on? a. I was still at primary school. I could watch a. I was still at primary school. I could watch developments at the Siding only at a distance, from developments at the Siding only at a distance, from our front door. The trestles for the ropeway our front door. The trestles for the ropeway seemed to grow out of the ground, up the seemed to grow out of the ground, up the mountainside and then across it. Only on Saturdays mountainside and then across it. Only on Saturdays was I free to inspect and ask questions of the men was I free to inspect and ask questions of the men working on it all. working on it all.

Q. Do you remember the men who worked on it No. 11 Q. Do you remember the men who worked on it No. 11 all? all? a. There were far too many to remember them all, but Pat W——, Henry R——, John R—— and Huey a. There were far too many to remember them all, but Pat W——, Henry R——, John R—— and Huey B—— were always patient enough to answer my questions. I first met Huey in his carpenter workshop B—— were always patient enough to answer my questions. I first met Huey in his carpenter workshop at the siding. He was making hutches to carry coal from the coal face to the mine head. He had a big at the siding. He was making hutches to carry coal from the coal face to the mine head. He had a big circular saw that I was warned away from when it was working. The timber came by one of the lorries circular saw that I was warned away from when it was working. The timber came by one of the lorries from a forestry near Ballygar. from a forestry near Ballygar.

Q. You mentioned the Briquette factory earlier. When was it built? Q. You mentioned the Briquette factory earlier. When was it built? a. I cannot remember how or when it was built. What I remember first was a conveyor belt moving a. I cannot remember how or when it was built. What I remember first was a conveyor belt moving steadily up an incline to a newly built bunker I had not seen before. On the belt was those strangely steadily up an incline to a newly built bunker I had not seen before. On the belt was those strangely shaped “eggs” with steam rising from them. shaped “eggs” with steam rising from them.

29 29 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

No.12 No.13 No. 17 No.12 No.13 No. 17

A nearby door led into the factory. It was warm inside and well lit. There was a sound of moving well- A nearby door led into the factory. It was warm inside and well lit. There was a sound of moving well- oiled machinery. The heat came from a huge steam boiler positioned on one side. Higher up in the oiled machinery. The heat came from a huge steam boiler positioned on one side. Higher up in the building there appeared a long driving shaft with various sized wheels and belts attached. There were building there appeared a long driving shaft with various sized wheels and belts attached. There were two steel bunkers. One contained fine coal and the other pitch. The pitch was used to bind the two steel bunkers. One contained fine coal and the other pitch. The pitch was used to bind the briquettes together. I was told that the pitch originally came from Trinidad in the West Indies but I do briquettes together. I was told that the pitch originally came from Trinidad in the West Indies but I do not know if this is true. not know if this is true.

Q. Do remember any other events from that time? Q. Do remember any other events from that time? a. I retain one very vivid memory of the Siding. A small party of people had come to view the Big a. I retain one very vivid memory of the Siding. A small party of people had come to view the Big Engine. I tagged along. Nearby there was a rise in the ground with a pond of water that was used in Engine. I tagged along. Nearby there was a rise in the ground with a pond of water that was used in the various machines on site. I wandered up to see it. There were low walls around it to retain the the various machines on site. I wandered up to see it. There were low walls around it to retain the water. I could not believe what I saw, floundering around inside was a young calf. It couldn’t climb the water. I could not believe what I saw, floundering around inside was a young calf. It couldn’t climb the wall and was obviously weakening. As it passed me I grabbed its head and shouted for help. In no time wall and was obviously weakening. As it passed me I grabbed its head and shouted for help. In no time help arrived and the calf was rescued. My brother M—— announced with sarcasm that “you must get help arrived and the calf was rescued. My brother M—— announced with sarcasm that “you must get a leather medal for bravery.” I ignored his brotherly affection and went home wet. a leather medal for bravery.” I ignored his brotherly affection and went home wet.

Q. You recently came to Arigna to have a look around. What did you see was changed? Q. You recently came to Arigna to have a look around. What did you see was changed? a. The mines are closed, the ropeway is gone. The trestles no longer grow out of the ground; they are a. The mines are closed, the ropeway is gone. The trestles no longer grow out of the ground; they are replaced by wind Turbines. The train is remembered in the museum. There are lorries but not the replaced by wind Turbines. The train is remembered in the museum. There are lorries but not the

No. 14 No. 15 No. 14 No. 15

30 30 No. 16 No. 18 No. 16 No. 18 kind I remember. The lorries bring coal from all over the world to the Siding. It is still there with a kind I remember. The lorries bring coal from all over the world to the Siding. It is still there with a smokeless fuel plant with the talk now of low carbon emissions and Biomass fuel. One thing that has smokeless fuel plant with the talk now of low carbon emissions and Biomass fuel. One thing that has not changed is the family names of Arigna and the faces look familiar – descendants of those that built not changed is the family names of Arigna and the faces look familiar – descendants of those that built “The Siding”. “The Siding”.

Editor’s Note: Names have not been deliberately omitted from this interview. Fr Leo could not recall Editor’s Note: Names have not been deliberately omitted from this interview. Fr Leo could not recall certain names with certainty. certain names with certainty.

Fr Leo Layden talks us through photographs taken in Arigna over 80 years ago. Fr Leo Layden talks us through photographs taken in Arigna over 80 years ago. Tis now 2014. Photos taken in 1934, 80 years ago! (I have a vague memory of taking No. 2). Cameras Tis now 2014. Photos taken in 1934, 80 years ago! (I have a vague memory of taking No. 2). Cameras were in short supply – and of the ‘box’ kind, taking poor quality photos. were in short supply – and of the ‘box’ kind, taking poor quality photos.

No. 1. The present day Siding would prevent you taking this photo. The old Iron Works occupied the No. 1. The present day Siding would prevent you taking this photo. The old Iron Works occupied the foreground field, now occupied by Arigna Fuels. Sullivan’s (the tailor) is now Flynn’s Pub. The house foreground field, now occupied by Arigna Fuels. Sullivan’s (the tailor) is now Flynn’s Pub. The house facing you nearest the bridge was Paddy Duignan’s shop. His son, Seamus, the Vet, now deceased, facing you nearest the bridge was Paddy Duignan’s shop. His son, Seamus, the Vet, now deceased, succeeded him. Behind, on the left, Layden’s and on the right, Guihan’s. succeeded him. Behind, on the left, Layden’s and on the right, Guihan’s. No. 2. The Chapel is hidden and there’s no sign of the Ropeway. No. 2. The Chapel is hidden and there’s no sign of the Ropeway. Nos. 3,4. The projection on the left of the main building contained the Boiler. At the back, the return Nos. 3,4. The projection on the left of the main building contained the Boiler. At the back, the return station of the A.R still under construction. station of the A.R still under construction. Nos. 5,6,7,8. The Big Engine was Tommy Miley’s pride and joy. He would allow me to go up the steps Nos. 5,6,7,8. The Big Engine was Tommy Miley’s pride and joy. He would allow me to go up the steps with him to oil some moving parts. The Big Engine arrived on a low loader, I presumed the engine had with him to oil some moving parts. The Big Engine arrived on a low loader, I presumed the engine had been imported. I saw the loader parked overnight where there is now a Research Office. been imported. I saw the loader parked overnight where there is now a Research Office. Nos. 9-13. Many features now altered in No. 9. Updated stonework taken from Kilronan Castle (then Nos. 9-13. Many features now altered in No. 9. Updated stonework taken from Kilronan Castle (then owned by Mr Layden, Sn.) Graveyard since extended upwards. owned by Mr Layden, Sn.) Graveyard since extended upwards. No.10. Uncle Pat in centre with hat. No.10. Uncle Pat in centre with hat. No. 11. Probably Uncle John first in line. No. 11. Probably Uncle John first in line. No. 12, 13. Manhandling that steel rope without gloves was, shall we say, difficult. No. 12, 13. Manhandling that steel rope without gloves was, shall we say, difficult. No. 14, 15. There was a sub-station at Derrinavoggy, between the terminus at the Siding and the other No. 14, 15. There was a sub-station at Derrinavoggy, between the terminus at the Siding and the other terminus at Rover. These 2 photos seem to be at Rover. Visitors unknown. Could be Dad in foreground. terminus at Rover. These 2 photos seem to be at Rover. Visitors unknown. Could be Dad in foreground. No. 14. (The A.R was extended to Rockhill at a later date. I never saw it.) No. 14. (The A.R was extended to Rockhill at a later date. I never saw it.) No. 16, 17, 18. Could be Rover Pit pictures. The miner in No. 17 and 18 smoking and with pit lamp sits No. 16, 17, 18. Could be Rover Pit pictures. The miner in No. 17 and 18 smoking and with pit lamp sits on a buggy with ‘steering wheel’. Under-ground he had lined up the coal-filled hutches. Then he would on a buggy with ‘steering wheel’. Under-ground he had lined up the coal-filled hutches. Then he would have clutched the moving rope underneath with his ‘steering wheel’ and been hauled to the surface. have clutched the moving rope underneath with his ‘steering wheel’ and been hauled to the surface. I do not know who captured these photos or how they came to be preserved. About 4 of them have a date I do not know who captured these photos or how they came to be preserved. About 4 of them have a date on the reverse side. on the reverse side.

31 31 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

32 32 a collecTion of mining DockeTs a collecTion of mining DockeTs

Lynn's Sligo Coal Mining Ltd. - A letterhead A receipt for Lynn's coal mine, Roscommon County Development team request proof of Lynn's Sligo Coal Mining Ltd. - A letterhead A receipt for Lynn's coal mine, Roscommon County Development team request proof of Ballyfarnon age of workers Ballyfarnon age of workers

Wage book from Flynn and Lehany's (1979) Wages book from Flynn and Lehany's Collieries (1966) Wage book from Flynn and Lehany's (1979) Wages book from Flynn and Lehany's Collieries (1966)

33 33 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

34 34 (1978) Michael J. Flynn (Flynn and Lehany) requests form to collect explosives (1978) Michael J. Flynn (Flynn and Lehany) requests form to collect explosives

A receipt book from Lynn's Sligo Coal Mining Ltd A receipt book from Lynn's Sligo Coal Mining Ltd

A wages book for a coal mine in Arigna (1925) A wages book for a coal mine in Arigna (1925)

Lorries for transporting coal were Lorries for transporting coal were O'Connell Brothers, Ballinamore. purchased from the Roe Brothers in O'Connell Brothers, Ballinamore. purchased from the Roe Brothers in Advertisement Boyle 1928 Mining Rights to Henry Hewetson & William Lynn Advertisement Boyle 1928 Mining Rights to Henry Hewetson & William Lynn

35 35 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. brushing on bencroy brushing on bencroy By Robbie Boyle By Robbie Boyle

Dan, Jim & Robert Boyle Dan, Jim & Robert Boyle

In 1928, two men by the names of Cull and In 1928, two men by the names of Cull and Gannon started coal mining in Gubnaveagh. Gannon started coal mining in Gubnaveagh. Cull was from Mullaghgarve and Gannon Cull was from Mullaghgarve and Gannon was from Arigna. Gannon had previous was from Arigna. Gannon had previous mining experience and they employed mining experience and they employed between 70 and 100 men during their time between 70 and 100 men during their time mining in the region. I worked for Cull & mining in the region. I worked for Cull & Gannon from 1948 to 1950. We walked to Gannon from 1948 to 1950. We walked to work and the lads from further away had work and the lads from further away had Robbie Boyle bicycles. The coal could be as far as ½ a mile Robbie Boyle bicycles. The coal could be as far as ½ a mile deep in the mountain. An air shaft had to be deep in the mountain. An air shaft had to be made to allow air to circulate in the mine. A hand drill was used to make holes in the rock into which made to allow air to circulate in the mine. A hand drill was used to make holes in the rock into which the explosives were placed to get through to the coal seam. I worked at cutting, drawing and brushing. the explosives were placed to get through to the coal seam. I worked at cutting, drawing and brushing.

Brushing was when they blasted the rock to get further into the mine to the seams of coal. The rock Brushing was when they blasted the rock to get further into the mine to the seams of coal. The rock was then used to build up the sides of the road to make an entrance that would allow the lads to lay was then used to build up the sides of the road to make an entrance that would allow the lads to lay down rails for the hutches to run along. The cutter used a hand pick to cut the coal out of the seam down rails for the hutches to run along. The cutter used a hand pick to cut the coal out of the seam and the drawer shovelled the coal into the hutch and then pushed it out of the pit to the face. You could and the drawer shovelled the coal into the hutch and then pushed it out of the pit to the face. You could earn 8 to 10 bob a day which was great money at that time. earn 8 to 10 bob a day which was great money at that time.

This pit closed in 1950. This pit closed in 1950.

Paddy and Brian Wynne opened their mines on Bencroy in 1963. They worked at these mines with Paddy and Brian Wynne opened their mines on Bencroy in 1963. They worked at these mines with 30 other men (approx) until they closed in 1990, along with all the other mines in this region. I also 30 other men (approx) until they closed in 1990, along with all the other mines in this region. I also worked with the Wynnes from 1975 to 1990, doing the same worked with the Wynnes from 1975 to 1990, doing the same

36 36 a hisTory of The mcTiernan coal mine a hisTory of The mcTiernan coal mine By Gerald McTiernan By Gerald McTiernan

My father James McTiernan and his two brothers Paddy and Mickie, who had worked most of their My father James McTiernan and his two brothers Paddy and Mickie, who had worked most of their lives in the building trade, purchased a coal pit after the building trade had slowed down. lives in the building trade, purchased a coal pit after the building trade had slowed down.

McTiernan's Pit The old closed eye of McTiernan's Pit McTiernan's Pit The old closed eye of McTiernan's Pit

They had no previous experience of coal mining so it was a new venture for them. They purchased They had no previous experience of coal mining so it was a new venture for them. They purchased machinery and a lorry and hired workers from the local area and commenced coal mining. They sold machinery and a lorry and hired workers from the local area and commenced coal mining. They sold coal at the pit head to locals and they sold and delivered coal to the sugar factory in Tuam (which coal at the pit head to locals and they sold and delivered coal to the sugar factory in Tuam (which opened in the 1930s) and to Ringsend in Dublin. At this time they had one lorry. Later on they opened in the 1930s) and to Ringsend in Dublin. At this time they had one lorry. Later on they purchased a second lorry. purchased a second lorry.

The three brothers each had a specific job to do – Mickie took care of the organising and day to day The three brothers each had a specific job to do – Mickie took care of the organising and day to day running of the pit. Paddy’s main job was to load the lorry first thing in the morning with coal and running of the pit. Paddy’s main job was to load the lorry first thing in the morning with coal and drive to Tuam or Ringsend with the load every day and back in the evening. My father James, the drive to Tuam or Ringsend with the load every day and back in the evening. My father James, the youngest of the three, had to be first at the pit head in the morning. It was a 6 am start. He had to youngest of the three, had to be first at the pit head in the morning. It was a 6 am start. He had to start the engine which drove the water pumps to empty the pit of water every morning as it flooded start the engine which drove the water pumps to empty the pit of water every morning as it flooded overnight. This action had to be carried out daily before any workers could enter the pit. He was also overnight. This action had to be carried out daily before any workers could enter the pit. He was also in charge of blasting, setting the charges in the mine shaft. In the coal mine air vents went down to in charge of blasting, setting the charges in the mine shaft. In the coal mine air vents went down to the shafts, and sometimes they used the air vent to the shafts, and sometimes they used the air vent to enter the shaft by means of a wench and bucket. enter the shaft by means of a wench and bucket. Sometimes my father used this air vent when he Sometimes my father used this air vent when he was setting a charge and one day he was lowered was setting a charge and one day he was lowered down to set the charge. When he lit the dynamite down to set the charge. When he lit the dynamite fuse he called to be pulled up but instead of being fuse he called to be pulled up but instead of being pulled up he was lowered down. But quick pulled up he was lowered down. But quick thinking saved him. He managed to pull the fuse thinking saved him. He managed to pull the fuse out on his descent. Coal mining could be a out on his descent. Coal mining could be a dangerous occupation. dangerous occupation.

The workers in the pit who didn’t have a way to get The workers in the pit who didn’t have a way to get there were collected every morning at certain pick- there were collected every morning at certain pick- up points and brought to the pit head to work and up points and brought to the pit head to work and The last remaining structure at McTiernan’s Pit is this dynamite The last remaining structure at McTiernan’s Pit is this dynamite magazine. brought back at the end of the day. Every miner magazine. brought back at the end of the day. Every miner

37 37 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Gerald, Bernadette & Josephine Mc Tiernan, the McTiernan mine James, Bernadette & Josephine McTiernan, the McTiernan mine Gerald, Bernadette & Josephine Mc Tiernan, the McTiernan mine James, Bernadette & Josephine McTiernan, the McTiernan mine brought home their pick and they sharpened them at night for use the following day until later on brought home their pick and they sharpened them at night for use the following day until later on when air hammers were used to extract the coal. Work in the pit was hard in a damp, dark and dusty when air hammers were used to extract the coal. Work in the pit was hard in a damp, dark and dusty environment. All the coal miners were paid by the coal hutch. They had to push the hutch in and out environment. All the coal miners were paid by the coal hutch. They had to push the hutch in and out on the track manually. Later on a cable system was introduced. on the track manually. Later on a cable system was introduced.

In 1957, when I was three years old, they had been working the mine for many years. As you can see In 1957, when I was three years old, they had been working the mine for many years. As you can see in the photograph my father James used to take myself and my two sisters out to the mine on a Sunday in the photograph my father James used to take myself and my two sisters out to the mine on a Sunday morning because he had to pump out the water because the water levels rose overnight in the mine. morning because he had to pump out the water because the water levels rose overnight in the mine. This had to be done every day. The following year, my father sold his share in the mine and his house This had to be done every day. The following year, my father sold his share in the mine and his house in and moved to Ballygawley, Co. Sligo. The mines operated for a few years after that and in Geevagh and moved to Ballygawley, Co. Sligo. The mines operated for a few years after that and were sold eventually. were sold eventually.

38 38 my memories of wynne’s mines my memories of wynne’s mines By Tom Joe Keaney By Tom Joe Keaney

My father, Tommy Keaney, worked in My father, Tommy Keaney, worked in Wynne’s coal mines in Bealbeag from Wynne’s coal mines in Bealbeag from the start and when Wynne’s mines the start and when Wynne’s mines moved to Bencroy he worked there moved to Bencroy he worked there until he got sick and was unable to until he got sick and was unable to work. My uncle, Farrell Gallagher, work. My uncle, Farrell Gallagher, was the first man to open a tunnel to was the first man to open a tunnel to mine coal for Wynne’s on Bealbeag mine coal for Wynne’s on Bealbeag mine. He had previously worked for mine. He had previously worked for Noone’s coal mines in Arigna and Cull Noone’s coal mines in Arigna and Cull & Gannon’s mines in Bencroy and got & Gannon’s mines in Bencroy and got the necessary experience there. My the necessary experience there. My brothers worked for some time in the brothers worked for some time in the mines as did most of my neighbours. mines as did most of my neighbours. It was the main source of It was the main source of The Keaney Family, Derrien. Dominick, Majella, Thomas, Louise, Lisa, Breeda and employment in the area. The Keaney Family, Derrien. Dominick, Majella, Thomas, Louise, Lisa, Breeda and employment in the area. Tom Joe Tom Joe I started working in Wynne’s mines at 16 years of age in 1966. We worked I started working in Wynne’s mines at 16 years of age in 1966. We worked six days a week. I started as a hutcher. That entailed bringing out the coal six days a week. I started as a hutcher. That entailed bringing out the coal in hutches. The coal was cut with airpicks when I started work. After a in hutches. The coal was cut with airpicks when I started work. After a few years I started cutting the coal with the airpick and I continued at that few years I started cutting the coal with the airpick and I continued at that job until the mines closed in 1990. job until the mines closed in 1990.

The airpick is a tool driven by high air pressure. The high air pressure was The airpick is a tool driven by high air pressure. The high air pressure was delivered by diesel compressors as no electricity was on site. The air was delivered by diesel compressors as no electricity was on site. The air was piped from the compressor into the coal mine with a three inch pipe. In piped from the compressor into the coal mine with a three inch pipe. In the mine the air from the main pipe was taken to each tunnel with three- the mine the air from the main pipe was taken to each tunnel with three- quarter inch pipes to supply high air pressure to each air pick. As the years quarter inch pipes to supply high air pressure to each air pick. As the years moved on the air picks and compressors improved. Each miner had three moved on the air picks and compressors improved. Each miner had three Tommy Keaney, Derrien, airpick blades which they pointed every day as the point would get blunt Tommy Keaney, Derrien, airpick blades which they pointed every day as the point would get blunt Aughacashel and often break. Aughacashel and often break.

The days passed quickly as jokes and The days passed quickly as jokes and humour were in plentiful supply. I humour were in plentiful supply. I enjoyed my time working in the mines enjoyed my time working in the mines and the Wynnes were good employers. It and the Wynnes were good employers. It was a big loss to the area when the coal was a big loss to the area when the coal mines closed. mines closed.

Michael Darcy using an airpick to cut coal in Bencroy Michael Darcy using an airpick to cut coal in Bencroy

39 39 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

40 40 The laTe huberT murray (riP) Describing his The laTe huberT murray (riP) Describing his exPerience of mining, while mining on sliabh exPerience of mining, while mining on sliabh iarrainn in The 1980’s iarrainn in The 1980’s

Hubert Murray and Tony Tiernan in Wynne's Mine, Bencroy Hubert Murray and Tony Tiernan in Wynne's Mine, Bencroy “[…] Working in the mine you never know what kind of a day is outside. You have to ask someone what “[…] Working in the mine you never know what kind of a day is outside. You have to ask someone what the day is like outside. It’s another world. When you come up to the mine on a frosty morning and go the day is like outside. It’s another world. When you come up to the mine on a frosty morning and go inside, the warm air hits you. In the heat of the summer it’s cool inside. The mine holds the same inside, the warm air hits you. In the heat of the summer it’s cool inside. The mine holds the same temperature. It never changes. temperature. It never changes.

We start at 8.30a.m. and finish around 4p.m. We have a couple of breaks during the day, but there’s no We start at 8.30a.m. and finish around 4p.m. We have a couple of breaks during the day, but there’s no time limit for those breaks. You can sit for an hour, but that’s time lost, as most of the miners are on time limit for those breaks. You can sit for an hour, but that’s time lost, as most of the miners are on piece work. A good miner can cut out a few yards of coal in a day, taking between three to five tons of piece work. A good miner can cut out a few yards of coal in a day, taking between three to five tons of coal with him, depending on the height of the seam. The seam is usually about three feet in height and coal with him, depending on the height of the seam. The seam is usually about three feet in height and each miner brings eighteen yards of a breast across with him. Using an airpick and working at a height each miner brings eighteen yards of a breast across with him. Using an airpick and working at a height of two to three feet, he cuts into the coal. The rock above the coal seam stays where it is. Then my job of two to three feet, he cuts into the coal. The rock above the coal seam stays where it is. Then my job is to come along behind him and put poles up so that the rocks above the seam will fall down. Knocking is to come along behind him and put poles up so that the rocks above the seam will fall down. Knocking the rock means that the height from floor to ceiling is increased to five or six feet, and so you can walk the rock means that the height from floor to ceiling is increased to five or six feet, and so you can walk in at your ease to the pit-face. in at your ease to the pit-face.

Then the rails are laid down along the bed rock. It’s just like building a bridge or a road. You have to Then the rails are laid down along the bed rock. It’s just like building a bridge or a road. You have to follow the source all the time. The seam we’re operating on now has been known back the years to be follow the source all the time. The seam we’re operating on now has been known back the years to be a good one. We started at it about twenty yards from the pit head and we have followed it for nearly a good one. We started at it about twenty yards from the pit head and we have followed it for nearly four hundred yards. Later on, we’ll probably come back out to thirty or forty yards from the surface four hundred yards. Later on, we’ll probably come back out to thirty or forty yards from the surface and branch off in different directions. The main exit tunnel is called a straight road and the other roads and branch off in different directions. The main exit tunnel is called a straight road and the other roads are called branch roads. are called branch roads.

41 41 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

The deeper we get in the mountain the better the coal gets. Sliabh an Iarainn is sitting down on coal. The deeper we get in the mountain the better the coal gets. Sliabh an Iarainn is sitting down on coal. It goes the full length from Drumshanbo right back into . Coal can be found in any place It goes the full length from Drumshanbo right back into County Cavan. Coal can be found in any place where this mountain is opened up, although some seams are richer than others. Finding the good ones where this mountain is opened up, although some seams are richer than others. Finding the good ones is all a matter of luck. is all a matter of luck.

Well, in this mine, every miner looks after his own patch of eighteen yards across. He has to clear up Well, in this mine, every miner looks after his own patch of eighteen yards across. He has to clear up the rocks and slate which have been blown down, and do his own brushing up of dust and rock. No, the rocks and slate which have been blown down, and do his own brushing up of dust and rock. No, the coal-dust is not a problem in Bencroy. When you keep a job small you haven’t much dust flying the coal-dust is not a problem in Bencroy. When you keep a job small you haven’t much dust flying around. There are about twenty eight men here and they don’t create much dust. But in the larger around. There are about twenty eight men here and they don’t create much dust. But in the larger mines there are a lot of men using air-picks; there’s a rush and push all the time; jobs may be neglected mines there are a lot of men using air-picks; there’s a rush and push all the time; jobs may be neglected a little, and because of the shifts there is an amount of dust always flying about. This mine is silent a little, and because of the shifts there is an amount of dust always flying about. This mine is silent from 4pm to 8pm and the air is perfect when we come in here in the morning. No, silicosis is not the from 4pm to 8pm and the air is perfect when we come in here in the morning. No, silicosis is not the problem it used to be because the tools and machinery used in rock-drilling have been improved. problem it used to be because the tools and machinery used in rock-drilling have been improved. When I’m drilling a rock I have a big container of water beside me, and this water is pumped into the When I’m drilling a rock I have a big container of water beside me, and this water is pumped into the rock with compressed air. The water kills the dust and the dust comes out in liquid form. Years ago, rock with compressed air. The water kills the dust and the dust comes out in liquid form. Years ago, they didn’t have that type of drill and some miners who inhaled the coal dust got silicosis. The lungs they didn’t have that type of drill and some miners who inhaled the coal dust got silicosis. The lungs hardened and the breathing tightened up. It’s optional now for miners to wear masks because if they hardened and the breathing tightened up. It’s optional now for miners to wear masks because if they have a mask on and they want to speak to the miner next to them, only a muffled sound can be heard. have a mask on and they want to speak to the miner next to them, only a muffled sound can be heard. I think that mining is an art in itself. It isn’t just the steady, hard grind that a lot of people think it is. I think that mining is an art in itself. It isn’t just the steady, hard grind that a lot of people think it is. It’s much more interesting than that because there are different things happening all the time. In one It’s much more interesting than that because there are different things happening all the time. In one place there might be a water seepage and you have to shift it; in another place you might have to cope place there might be a water seepage and you have to shift it; in another place you might have to cope with a different type of rock. with a different type of rock.

I like the comradeship of mining. We all come from either Aughacashel, Aughnasheelin or Ballinaglera, I like the comradeship of mining. We all come from either Aughacashel, Aughnasheelin or Ballinaglera, and we meet each other socially outside work. Yes, I suppose miners are a community in themselves. and we meet each other socially outside work. Yes, I suppose miners are a community in themselves. Mining seemed to be harder for me at the start, but then again it is the way you think about a job or Mining seemed to be harder for me at the start, but then again it is the way you think about a job or the value it is to you that makes the difference. I wouldn’t swap my job for anything else. You see, the value it is to you that makes the difference. I wouldn’t swap my job for anything else. You see, there’s a certain type of man who will settle at mining – I think I’m that type. It’s strange the way there’s a certain type of man who will settle at mining – I think I’m that type. It’s strange the way things have worked out. The oil crisis has been a great help to mining, and with the prospect of a things have worked out. The oil crisis has been a great help to mining, and with the prospect of a second power station at Arigna wanting more coal, the future looks good. When I started work as a second power station at Arigna wanting more coal, the future looks good. When I started work as a miner, we never thought we’d see the day that coal-dust might become gold-dust – but that’s the way miner, we never thought we’d see the day that coal-dust might become gold-dust – but that’s the way it has happened with mining.” it has happened with mining.”

42 42 Veronica & John Burke,Ann & Hubert Murray, John Burke, Michael Darcy,Noel Murray,Pat Martin Tiernan (RIP) & Mick Prior deep in Veronica & John Burke,Ann & Hubert Murray, John Burke, Michael Darcy,Noel Murray,Pat Martin Tiernan (RIP) & Mick Prior deep in Pete Benison, Francie Joe McGourty Leonard,TonyTiernan conversation Pete Benison, Francie Joe McGourty Leonard,TonyTiernan conversation

Mick Prior & Packie McGovern share a drink Mick Prior & Packie McGovern share a drink

John Packie McKiernan, Robbie Boyle, Martin Tiernan,Tony John Packie McKiernan, Robbie Boyle, Martin Tiernan,Tony Tiernan, Mick Horan, Michael Darcy, Mick Prior and Francie Joe Tiernan, Mick Horan, Michael Darcy, Mick Prior and Francie Joe McGourty McGourty

JP Mc Kiernan,Robbie Boyle,Martin & Tony Tiernan, Mick Horan, JP Mc Kiernan,Robbie Boyle,Martin & Tony Tiernan, Mick Horan, Michael Darcy,Tom Joe Keaney Michael Darcy,Tom Joe Keaney

P. Leonard, R. Boyle, M. Tiernan (RIP), G. McGrath, J. Mahon, H. P. Leonard, R. Boyle, M. Tiernan (RIP), G. McGrath, J. Mahon, H. Murray (RIP), J.J. Dolan, F. Cull (RIP), F.J. McGourty and J. Burke The Dolans - Christy, Packie & Eddie with Brian Carmel & Philomena Murray (RIP), J.J. Dolan, F. Cull (RIP), F.J. McGourty and J. Burke The Dolans - Christy, Packie & Eddie with Brian Carmel & Philomena

43 43 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. oVerView of iron anD coal mining oVerView of iron anD coal mining By Dermot Layden By Dermot Layden

While Arigna is generally well known for its coal mining While Arigna is generally well known for its coal mining activities, it is not so well known for its ironworks. Yet there activities, it is not so well known for its ironworks. Yet there were major ironwork activities in the general Arigna and were major ironwork activities in the general Arigna and surrounding areas going back as far as the 1600s when a surrounding areas going back as far as the 1600s when a significant ironworks operated at Creevelea, , significant ironworks operated at Creevelea, County Leitrim, ten miles north-west of Arigna. There were also ironworks ten miles north-west of Arigna. There were also ironworks located at Arigna itself and at Drumshanbo (which was just located at Arigna itself and at Drumshanbo (which was just a few miles away) and Ballinamore (some twenty miles a few miles away) and Ballinamore (some twenty miles distant). These operations were promoted by foreign distant). These operations were promoted by foreign industrialists, usually British, and sometimes very large industrialists, usually British, and sometimes very large numbers of workers were employed in these operations, numbers of workers were employed in these operations, Bing of Slates at Rockhill Bing of Slates at Rockhill usually brought from the UK and elsewhere. The output of usually brought from the UK and elsewhere. The output of these various ironworks was often, from a business point of these various ironworks was often, from a business point of view, unsatisfactory and many of them appear to have closed before reaching their potential. The view, unsatisfactory and many of them appear to have closed before reaching their potential. The Creevelea ironworks was a significant operation but was destroyed in the 1641 Rising, as indeed were Creevelea ironworks was a significant operation but was destroyed in the 1641 Rising, as indeed were many others. It was later reopened. many others. It was later reopened.

Many of the ironworks that still remained open in the nineteenth century were dogged with bad Many of the ironworks that still remained open in the nineteenth century were dogged with bad management, including frequent changes of management, and fraud and misappropriation of funds management, including frequent changes of management, and fraud and misappropriation of funds in some cases. One such case led to a major inquiry in the House of Commons in London. At times in some cases. One such case led to a major inquiry in the House of Commons in London. At times perhaps poor market prices for iron ore were the problem. However a major problem, particularly in perhaps poor market prices for iron ore were the problem. However a major problem, particularly in the later ironworks which used coal to fire the blast furnaces is that proper research of the coal the later ironworks which used coal to fire the blast furnaces is that proper research of the coal deposits available in the general Arigna area was not carried out and there were exaggerated claims deposits available in the general Arigna area was not carried out and there were exaggerated claims of the quantities of coal available, particularly that relating to the thickness of the coal seams. I suspect of the quantities of coal available, particularly that relating to the thickness of the coal seams. I suspect too that the promoters, though probably of notable status, were to an extent gullible by allowing too that the promoters, though probably of notable status, were to an extent gullible by allowing themselves to be carried away by the promotional hype surrounding the huge potential iron mining themselves to be carried away by the promotional hype surrounding the huge potential iron mining in the area offered the investor. Thus it would appear that they failed to properly research the in the area offered the investor. Thus it would appear that they failed to properly research the operational details of mining in the Arigna area. operational details of mining in the Arigna area.

Furthermore, the apparently common practice of bringing in and planting foreign workers who would Furthermore, the apparently common practice of bringing in and planting foreign workers who would be unaccustomed to the local scene may well have contributed to the poor performance of these be unaccustomed to the local scene may well have contributed to the poor performance of these operations. Perhaps I could quote again from A History of Accountant in Ireland by H.W. Robinson: operations. Perhaps I could quote again from A History of Accountant in Ireland by H.W. Robinson: “The nineteenth century in Britain, and to a lesser extent in Ireland, was a period of wild speculation, “The nineteenth century in Britain, and to a lesser extent in Ireland, was a period of wild speculation, of failures and crashes, of booms and crises, of embezzlements and frauds.” (p. 34) and it appears that of failures and crashes, of booms and crises, of embezzlements and frauds.” (p. 34) and it appears that this was the case in relation to the ironworks in Arigna and surrounding areas. this was the case in relation to the ironworks in Arigna and surrounding areas.

All the local ironworks up to the late 1700s used timber as a fuel to fire the furnaces. In fact the timber All the local ironworks up to the late 1700s used timber as a fuel to fire the furnaces. In fact the timber was converted to charcoal first. But by the late 1700s all the forests in the area had been cut down was converted to charcoal first. But by the late 1700s all the forests in the area had been cut down and used up. So a new fuel had to be found. Turf was initially tried, but not very successfully. It was and used up. So a new fuel had to be found. Turf was initially tried, but not very successfully. It was at this point that coal was first mined in the Arigna area to fire the iron furnaces. Perhaps another at this point that coal was first mined in the Arigna area to fire the iron furnaces. Perhaps another extract from Dr. Robinson’s History is apt and serves to illustrate the cost of operating such iron extract from Dr. Robinson’s History is apt and serves to illustrate the cost of operating such iron furnaces: furnaces:

With the invention of the steam engine and the use of coal in place of charcoal, the iron industry, in With the invention of the steam engine and the use of coal in place of charcoal, the iron industry, in particular, expanded rapidly in England, so that by the beginning of the nineteenth century it was by particular, expanded rapidly in England, so that by the beginning of the nineteenth century it was by no means uncommon to find up to five hundred men employed in a single works. By 1833, one quarter no means uncommon to find up to five hundred men employed in a single works. By 1833, one quarter of the cost of bar iron consisted of interest on capital and when times were bad it was necessary to of the cost of bar iron consisted of interest on capital and when times were bad it was necessary to

44 44 sell iron at a price that would do little more than cover prime cost. (p. 145-46) sell iron at a price that would do little more than cover prime cost. (p. 145-46)

The ironworks at Creevelea used coal in their latter stages and the ironworks at Drumshanbo also The ironworks at Creevelea used coal in their latter stages and the ironworks at Drumshanbo also used coal to fire the furnaces. However, the attention switched from Drumshanbo to Arigna in the used coal to fire the furnaces. However, the attention switched from Drumshanbo to Arigna in the late 1700s where a significant ironworks was established using locally mined coal to fire the furnaces. late 1700s where a significant ironworks was established using locally mined coal to fire the furnaces. The indications are that it wasn’t very successful. Later follow-up efforts in the early 1800s didn’t The indications are that it wasn’t very successful. Later follow-up efforts in the early 1800s didn’t stand the test of time either. By the mid-1800s, the production of iron ore ceased for good in Arigna stand the test of time either. By the mid-1800s, the production of iron ore ceased for good in Arigna but it appears to have continued at Creevelea until about 1900. but it appears to have continued at Creevelea until about 1900.

I might add that Arigna and the surrounding areas attracted an incredible amount of interest among I might add that Arigna and the surrounding areas attracted an incredible amount of interest among the investment public (usually the landlords and their colleagues from abroad) from the early 1600s the investment public (usually the landlords and their colleagues from abroad) from the early 1600s to the early 1800s. Not all of this interest manifested itself in actual projects, but much of it did; to the early 1800s. Not all of this interest manifested itself in actual projects, but much of it did; however such projects appear not to have been very successful. however such projects appear not to have been very successful.

The modern era of coal mining in Arigna, as an industry in its own right, unrelated to iron smelting, The modern era of coal mining in Arigna, as an industry in its own right, unrelated to iron smelting, commenced in the second half of the 1800s. This time it was local promoters in the main who were commenced in the second half of the 1800s. This time it was local promoters in the main who were involved, the most prominent of which was Michael Layden. He was my grandfather. There were some involved, the most prominent of which was Michael Layden. He was my grandfather. There were some other local promoters as well, and in addition, it is likely that small amounts of coal were mined by other local promoters as well, and in addition, it is likely that small amounts of coal were mined by several individuals for many years before that, probably mostly at easily accessible outcrop points. several individuals for many years before that, probably mostly at easily accessible outcrop points. Also around the same time, the Arigna Mining Company, promoted by the Earl of Kingston, got involved Also around the same time, the Arigna Mining Company, promoted by the Earl of Kingston, got involved in coal mining in Arigna. It had a shaky start and almost collapsed, but then it traded quite successfully in coal mining in Arigna. It had a shaky start and almost collapsed, but then it traded quite successfully until it closed down in the late 1920s due to losing a court case. Coal mining in Arigna continued at a until it closed down in the late 1920s due to losing a court case. Coal mining in Arigna continued at a significant level all through the 1900s and right up to 1990 when all the mines in Arigna, including significant level all through the 1900s and right up to 1990 when all the mines in Arigna, including Bencroy mine on Slieve-an-Ierin (which translates as Iron Mountain), closed down when the Electricity Bencroy mine on Slieve-an-Ierin (which translates as Iron Mountain), closed down when the Electricity Supply Board (ESB) power generating station ceased to take any more coal supplies, pending its Supply Board (ESB) power generating station ceased to take any more coal supplies, pending its closure a couple of years later. Anyway, all the good quality coal had essentially been mined at this closure a couple of years later. Anyway, all the good quality coal had essentially been mined at this time but it had been hoped that the ESB would build a new power station that would use the vast time but it had been hoped that the ESB would build a new power station that would use the vast quantities of low grade coal available in both Arigna and Slieve-an-Ierin mountains. This was not to quantities of low grade coal available in both Arigna and Slieve-an-Ierin mountains. This was not to be. be.

Regarding quantities of coal produced in Arigna, it was only in the 1900s and particularly from the Regarding quantities of coal produced in Arigna, it was only in the 1900s and particularly from the 1930s and 40s onwards up to 1900, that very significant quantities were produced. For instance 1930s and 40s onwards up to 1900, that very significant quantities were produced. For instance annual output rose in these years to some 60,000 imperial tons of coal compared to some 12,000 tons annual output rose in these years to some 60,000 imperial tons of coal compared to some 12,000 tons in the late 1800s. The Arigna coal gained special significance during the Second World War because in the late 1800s. The Arigna coal gained special significance during the Second World War because of shortages of imported fuels and it was purchased by various state companies, such as the Railways of shortages of imported fuels and it was purchased by various state companies, such as the Railways and others. The Arigna coalmining industry gave significant employment for up to three or four and others. The Arigna coalmining industry gave significant employment for up to three or four hundred people for many years at a time when off-farm jobs were extremely scarce. hundred people for many years at a time when off-farm jobs were extremely scarce.

All that remains of mining in Arigna now is a mining museum. “The Arigna Mining Experience,” which All that remains of mining in Arigna now is a mining museum. “The Arigna Mining Experience,” which actually replicates typical coal mining operations in a real underground mining shaft. It attracts a actually replicates typical coal mining operations in a real underground mining shaft. It attracts a very considerable number of visitors, and offers a very considerable number of visitors, and offers a stunning view of Lough Allen and the surrounding stunning view of Lough Allen and the surrounding areas. There are, however, other successful businesses areas. There are, however, other successful businesses operating in Arigna today which relate to energy operating in Arigna today which relate to energy production or mining/quarrying. These include the production or mining/quarrying. These include the production of smokeless coal briquettes (using production of smokeless coal briquettes (using imported coal), wind farms and the quarrying and imported coal), wind farms and the quarrying and production of decorative stone. production of decorative stone. (Excerpt taken from A Life’s Catch by Dermot Layden.) (Excerpt taken from A Life’s Catch by Dermot Layden.)

Rockhill – the location of the old mine Rockhill – the location of the old mine

45 45 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. a miner’s sTory: a miner’s sTory: an inTerView wiTh esTie (sylVesTer) wynne an inTerView wiTh esTie (sylVesTer) wynne By Tony Tiernan By Tony Tiernan

Paddy Conlon’s and Paddy Wynne’s first company name was Conlon Paddy Conlon’s and Paddy Wynne’s first company name was Conlon & Wynne Collieries. It took them about six months to build a & Wynne Collieries. It took them about six months to build a temporary road from the tram to the eye of the pit. They had a horse temporary road from the tram to the eye of the pit. They had a horse and cart for transport and for carrying shale and stone for making and cart for transport and for carrying shale and stone for making the road. They had to build a bridge across the Knockacullion River the road. They had to build a bridge across the Knockacullion River using the chassis from a couple of old lorries they picked up around using the chassis from a couple of old lorries they picked up around the country. When they got so far they found flagstones that had the country. When they got so far they found flagstones that had been left over from Hinchey’s quarry, which became very useful in been left over from Hinchey’s quarry, which became very useful in the making of the road. Hinchey was an English man who had Aughacashel Colleries Advertisement the making of the road. Hinchey was an English man who had Aughacashel Colleries Advertisement returned home some years before. returned home some years before.

Brian Wynne worked at Rover Pit in Arigna with the Laydens. His job was working a hand pump, to Brian Wynne worked at Rover Pit in Arigna with the Laydens. His job was working a hand pump, to pump water out of the mines. Brian went to England in 1935 to work in Burntisland, Fife, which is pump water out of the mines. Brian went to England in 1935 to work in Burntisland, Fife, which is just east of Edinburgh on the north shore of the river Forth estuary. He returned from there the day just east of Edinburgh on the north shore of the river Forth estuary. He returned from there the day before World War II started. He went back to Arigna Collieries to resume work at Rover Pit where he before World War II started. He went back to Arigna Collieries to resume work at Rover Pit where he worked for a number of years, never missing a day’s work. worked for a number of years, never missing a day’s work.

I myself worked at Noone’s Pit in Arigna before joining my brothers Paddy and Brian in Aghacashel in I myself worked at Noone’s Pit in Arigna before joining my brothers Paddy and Brian in Aghacashel in 1951. My job had been driving a lorry to the sugar factory in Tuam, County Galway. On the way back 1951. My job had been driving a lorry to the sugar factory in Tuam, County Galway. On the way back I used to collect a load of sand from the quarry in Williamstown in Galway for some of our customers. I used to collect a load of sand from the quarry in Williamstown in Galway for some of our customers. I remember big Mick Bohan with a big tractor helping us to bring coal down from the eye of the pit I remember big Mick Bohan with a big tractor helping us to bring coal down from the eye of the pit and when he was on his way back up he would bring a load of stones to mend the road as it was an and when he was on his way back up he would bring a load of stones to mend the road as it was an ongoing process. ongoing process.

We had two small petrol engines that drove a little whipper mill to crush the coal into slack. We had We had two small petrol engines that drove a little whipper mill to crush the coal into slack. We had a stone crusher but it was not suitable for crushing coal. Sometimes the factories would stop for a a stone crusher but it was not suitable for crushing coal. Sometimes the factories would stop for a couple of months, so we would draw coal from the Arigna collieries while this was going on. couple of months, so we would draw coal from the Arigna collieries while this was going on.

During the war years coal mining was very productive because it was the main source of fuel. Paddy During the war years coal mining was very productive because it was the main source of fuel. Paddy Conlon left the company to work in Belfast, where he and his family remained. At this time Brian, who Conlon left the company to work in Belfast, where he and his family remained. At this time Brian, who had always wanted to emigrate to Canada, decided to join Paddy in the business, where they remained had always wanted to emigrate to Canada, decided to join Paddy in the business, where they remained until the mines closed in 1990. until the mines closed in 1990.

The winter months were difficult on the mountain, The winter months were difficult on the mountain, with snow and frost blocking us for weeks at a with snow and frost blocking us for weeks at a time. We would draw from Layden’s pit and other time. We would draw from Layden’s pit and other mines in the area to keep the company working mines in the area to keep the company working during these harsh times. during these harsh times.

I stayed there working with my brothers for 5 I stayed there working with my brothers for 5 years, at which time I decided to move to England. years, at which time I decided to move to England. I worked in South London for a number of I worked in South London for a number of building companies, mainly McAlpine and Murphy, building companies, mainly McAlpine and Murphy, until I retired. I live in Kilburn with my family to until I retired. I live in Kilburn with my family to this day. this day. McCabe’s Bridge (On way to Bencroy) McCabe’s Bridge (On way to Bencroy)

46 46 The loaD of coal The loaD of coal By Gerry McCormack By Gerry McCormack

The late 60s was a pretty laid back time around Liscarbon National School and it didn’t take much to The late 60s was a pretty laid back time around Liscarbon National School and it didn’t take much to deviate from the school’s day to learning activities. So when PJ Costello would pull up outside with deviate from the school’s day to learning activities. So when PJ Costello would pull up outside with his red and white Ford lorry, all heads would turn towards the windows! his red and white Ford lorry, all heads would turn towards the windows!

Once a year – usually in spring – a full lorry load of coal would arrive from Wynne’s coal mine and Once a year – usually in spring – a full lorry load of coal would arrive from Wynne’s coal mine and would be tipped at the school gates. And there it would stay until it was brought into the two coal would be tipped at the school gates. And there it would stay until it was brought into the two coal sheds at the rear of the school. It would be used to fuel the two potbelly stoves that kept the school sheds at the rear of the school. It would be used to fuel the two potbelly stoves that kept the school warm over the winter months. Teams of pupils, mainly from Mrs McGovern’s classroom, would have warm over the winter months. Teams of pupils, mainly from Mrs McGovern’s classroom, would have the task of moving this load of coal over the coming week! There would be no shortage of volunteers the task of moving this load of coal over the coming week! There would be no shortage of volunteers for the job as it would involve no lessons and no homework! From what I recall it would normally for the job as it would involve no lessons and no homework! From what I recall it would normally take the week because it was mainly carted in with buckets and other types of containers. Fifteen take the week because it was mainly carted in with buckets and other types of containers. Fifteen tonnes of coal with buckets… good exercise but also good harmless fun! I wonder how that would go tonnes of coal with buckets… good exercise but also good harmless fun! I wonder how that would go down these days! down these days!

John Burke & Mick Prior with delivery lorry (Aughacashel Collieries). John Burke & Mick Prior with delivery lorry (Aughacashel Collieries).

47 47 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. an arigna miscellany an arigna miscellany By Fr Tomas Flynn By Fr Tomas Flynn

When Tony Tiernan kindly asked me to write an article for this publication I was by coincidence When Tony Tiernan kindly asked me to write an article for this publication I was by coincidence reading a book which was edited by the author and broadcaster John Quinn entitled “A Portrait of the reading a book which was edited by the author and broadcaster John Quinn entitled “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Girl”, which is a collection of portraits of childhood in Ireland by nine eminent women Artist as a Young Girl”, which is a collection of portraits of childhood in Ireland by nine eminent women writers in which they recount the early influences and environment which shaped their lives. writers in which they recount the early influences and environment which shaped their lives.

My earliest childhood memories of growing up in Arigna are of my grandfather John Joe Flynn who My earliest childhood memories of growing up in Arigna are of my grandfather John Joe Flynn who died on the 16th of September 1961 when I was three years old. I have vivid memories of being with died on the 16th of September 1961 when I was three years old. I have vivid memories of being with him before his death and when he died I remember my maternal grandfather James Nolan bringing him before his death and when he died I remember my maternal grandfather James Nolan bringing me to my grandparents’ house in Upper Rover to pay my last respects to my grandfather. James Nolan, me to my grandparents’ house in Upper Rover to pay my last respects to my grandfather. James Nolan, my mother’s father, was a native of Hacketstown in Co. Carlow. He was a childhood friend of Kevin my mother’s father, was a native of Hacketstown in Co. Carlow. He was a childhood friend of Kevin Barry, the patriot who was executed on the 1st of November 1920 in Mountjoy Prison. Barry, the patriot who was executed on the 1st of November 1920 in Mountjoy Prison.

As a young man he joined the Irish Volunteers in Dublin and was a veteran of the War of Independence As a young man he joined the Irish Volunteers in Dublin and was a veteran of the War of Independence and the Irish Civil War, both of which events he was always reluctant to speak about. During the civil and the Irish Civil War, both of which events he was always reluctant to speak about. During the civil war, having spent nine months in the Free State Army, he joined the newly established Civic Guards war, having spent nine months in the Free State Army, he joined the newly established Civic Guards and was one of the first members of that force which was to become the Garda Siochána, and while a and was one of the first members of that force which was to become the Garda Siochána, and while a member of the Civic Guards he was a member of an armed unit known as the Special Defence Unit, member of the Civic Guards he was a member of an armed unit known as the Special Defence Unit, whose task it was to protect Government Buildings during the Civil War and in its immediate whose task it was to protect Government Buildings during the Civil War and in its immediate aftermath. My grandfather’s last posting was in Drumshanbo, where he retired from the Garda aftermath. My grandfather’s last posting was in Drumshanbo, where he retired from the Garda Siochána. Siochána.

Coal mining has been part of my family’s heritage Coal mining has been part of my family’s heritage for many generations. My cousin Denis wrote an for many generations. My cousin Denis wrote an interesting article in the book Kilronan Then and interesting article in the book Kilronan Then and Now (also published in this book) about how our Now (also published in this book) about how our ancestors mined coal for their own domestic use. ancestors mined coal for their own domestic use. When my great-grandfather John Flynn acquired When my great-grandfather John Flynn acquired ownership of his land in Arigna on Januray 27th ownership of his land in Arigna on Januray 27th 1899 for £129.00 under the Land Purchase Acts 1899 for £129.00 under the Land Purchase Acts from his landlord James Ormsby Lawder of from his landlord James Ormsby Lawder of Lawderdale House Ballinamore, he also acquired Lawderdale House Ballinamore, he also acquired the mining rights to his land. My family enjoyed a the mining rights to his land. My family enjoyed a good relationship with their landlord and the rents good relationship with their landlord and the rents for the Lawder Estate lands in Arigna were collected for the Lawder Estate lands in Arigna were collected in my family’s home in Upper Rover. Lawderdale in my family’s home in Upper Rover. Lawderdale House was eventually purchased by the Carey House was eventually purchased by the Carey family and it was the home-place of Dr Beth family and it was the home-place of Dr Beth McCarthy whose mother was Veronica McCarthy McCarthy whose mother was Veronica McCarthy nee Carey who was the County Librarian for Leitrim nee Carey who was the County Librarian for Leitrim and who died at the great age of 103. Dr Beth and who died at the great age of 103. Dr Beth succeeded Dr Hugh Gibbons as our local doctor in succeeded Dr Hugh Gibbons as our local doctor in Arigna and Beth and her husband Joe and their Arigna and Beth and her husband Joe and their family have been good friends of mine for many family have been good friends of mine for many years. years.

On 1st February 1944 my grandfather John J Flynn On 1st February 1944 my grandfather John J Flynn entered into an agreement with the Noone family entered into an agreement with the Noone family

48 48 whereby they took out a ten year mining lease on my grandfather’s mineral rights at Upper Rover whereby they took out a ten year mining lease on my grandfather’s mineral rights at Upper Rover and as a result of this lease my grandfather received a mining royalty from Noone’s for every ton of and as a result of this lease my grandfather received a mining royalty from Noone’s for every ton of coal which they mined. My father and his brother Michael began their working lives with the Noone’s, coal which they mined. My father and his brother Michael began their working lives with the Noone’s, who apart from mining also had a successful fruit importing business which was based in Sligo and who apart from mining also had a successful fruit importing business which was based in Sligo and my father used to collect fruit at the port in Sligo and bring it to Dublin to sell it there. Towards the my father used to collect fruit at the port in Sligo and bring it to Dublin to sell it there. Towards the end of the Second World War my father and his brother Michael began mining at Rover. In 1949 the end of the Second World War my father and his brother Michael began mining at Rover. In 1949 the Flynn and Lehany coal mining company was established by my father Thomas P Flynn, his brother Flynn and Lehany coal mining company was established by my father Thomas P Flynn, his brother Michael J Flynn and Michael Joseph Lehany from Altygowlan, Arigna, and William Diamond from Sligo. Michael J Flynn and Michael Joseph Lehany from Altygowlan, Arigna, and William Diamond from Sligo. Michael Joseph Lehany worked as a mining manager for Noones and also owned a public house in Michael Joseph Lehany worked as a mining manager for Noones and also owned a public house in Patrick Street in Boyle, opposite the premises which was owned by T.J Devine. T.J. Devine was a Patrick Street in Boyle, opposite the premises which was owned by T.J Devine. T.J. Devine was a businessman and politician in Boyle who stood as a candidate for the Irish Parliamentary Party in the businessman and politician in Boyle who stood as a candidate for the Irish Parliamentary Party in the North Roscommon by-election of February 1917, sometimes referred to as the “Election in the Snows”, North Roscommon by-election of February 1917, sometimes referred to as the “Election in the Snows”, when he was defeated by George Noble Count Plunkett, the father of Joseph Mary Plunkett, who was when he was defeated by George Noble Count Plunkett, the father of Joseph Mary Plunkett, who was executed after the Easter Rising in 1916. T.J. Devine’s brother Patrick was married to Mary Ellen executed after the Easter Rising in 1916. T.J. Devine’s brother Patrick was married to Mary Ellen Duignan from Arigna, who was a sister of Paddy Duignan who had a shop in Arigna, and of Dr John Duignan from Arigna, who was a sister of Paddy Duignan who had a shop in Arigna, and of Dr John Duignan who was a doctor in Dublin. The late Seamus Duignan, who was Paddy’s son, was a well- Duignan who was a doctor in Dublin. The late Seamus Duignan, who was Paddy’s son, was a well- known and popular vet in this area. T.J. and Patrick Devine were second cousins of my father’s known and popular vet in this area. T.J. and Patrick Devine were second cousins of my father’s grandmother Therese Elizabeth Hart who came from Tubberscanavan in Collooney in Co. Sligo. grandmother Therese Elizabeth Hart who came from Tubberscanavan in Collooney in Co. Sligo. On 2nd June 1949 Flynn and Lehany purchased the Gaffney McDermott coal mining company and began On 2nd June 1949 Flynn and Lehany purchased the Gaffney McDermott coal mining company and began mining at Glackaundareagh Altygowlan in 1949. Sadly Michael Joseph Lehany died in September mining at Glackaundareagh Altygowlan in 1949. Sadly Michael Joseph Lehany died in September 1950 aged 29 and his death was a great personal loss to my father. While mining at Glackaundareagh, 1950 aged 29 and his death was a great personal loss to my father. While mining at Glackaundareagh, Flynn and Lehany continued mining at Upper Rover. Flynn and Lehany continued mining at Upper Rover.

On 26th August 1960 my father established Connaught Collieries Ltd with John C O’Hara of Blackrock, On 26th August 1960 my father established Connaught Collieries Ltd with John C O’Hara of Blackrock, Co. Dublin with a view to operating a mine at Barnameenagh on Slieve an Iarainn. John C O’Hara was Co. Dublin with a view to operating a mine at Barnameenagh on Slieve an Iarainn. John C O’Hara was a native of Sligo. He graduated as an engineer from University College Galway and had served as an a native of Sligo. He graduated as an engineer from University College Galway and had served as an engineer in the British army, holding the rank of Major. I have fond memories of John O’Hara staying engineer in the British army, holding the rank of Major. I have fond memories of John O’Hara staying at our house in Arigna. His daughter Joan was a well-known actress and his daughter Mary after at our house in Arigna. His daughter Joan was a well-known actress and his daughter Mary after leaving the Benedictine Order had a successful career as a harpist and singer. Sebastian Barry, the leaving the Benedictine Order had a successful career as a harpist and singer. Sebastian Barry, the author and playwright, is a grandson of John C O’Hara. author and playwright, is a grandson of John C O’Hara.

In 1969 Flynn and Lehany decided to purchase the Black Diamond Mining Company which was owned In 1969 Flynn and Lehany decided to purchase the Black Diamond Mining Company which was owned by the Noone family. My father, having spent the day in Sligo along with his brother Michael by the Noone family. My father, having spent the day in Sligo along with his brother Michael negotiating the purchase of the Black Diamond Mining Company and having returned later that night negotiating the purchase of the Black Diamond Mining Company and having returned later that night with my mother from a function in , died suddenly at our home at the age of 45. My father’s with my mother from a function in Cootehall, died suddenly at our home at the age of 45. My father’s sudden and untimely death was a tragedy for my family but my mother, faced with the task of raising sudden and untimely death was a tragedy for my family but my mother, faced with the task of raising six children on her own ranging in age from eleven to one, picked up the pieces of her life and got on six children on her own ranging in age from eleven to one, picked up the pieces of her life and got on with the task of raising her family. with the task of raising her family.

In 1970 the Black Diamond Mining Company was purchased by my uncle Michael and Flynn and In 1970 the Black Diamond Mining Company was purchased by my uncle Michael and Flynn and Lehany began mining at Gubberudda in Arigna. Flynn and Lehany carried on underground and open- Lehany began mining at Gubberudda in Arigna. Flynn and Lehany carried on underground and open- cast mining at Gubberudda. My uncle Michael J Flynn died suddenly in Roscommon County Hospital cast mining at Gubberudda. My uncle Michael J Flynn died suddenly in Roscommon County Hospital on 14th September 1983 at the age of 55. His son Denis continued mining in Arigna until July 1990 on 14th September 1983 at the age of 55. His son Denis continued mining in Arigna until July 1990 when mining ceased in Arigna due to the closure of the Power Station. Flynn and Lehany sent their when mining ceased in Arigna due to the closure of the Power Station. Flynn and Lehany sent their last load of coal to the Arigna Power Station on 28th July 1990 and the company ceased trading in last load of coal to the Arigna Power Station on 28th July 1990 and the company ceased trading in December 1990. In February 1993 Denis established Hillstreet Quarries near his home place at December 1990. In February 1993 Denis established Hillstreet Quarries near his home place at Hillstreet and in 1994 he began quarrying in Arigna near the site of the mine at Gubberudda, having Hillstreet and in 1994 he began quarrying in Arigna near the site of the mine at Gubberudda, having purchased this land from the Hewiston Estate. This business is known as Glenview Decorative Stone. purchased this land from the Hewiston Estate. This business is known as Glenview Decorative Stone. Growing up in Arigna you became aware at a young age of the mining industry which was such an Growing up in Arigna you became aware at a young age of the mining industry which was such an important part of the life of the local community. important part of the life of the local community.

49 49 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

The man-made features on the landscape which I could see from my home like the slag-heap on The man-made features on the landscape which I could see from my home like the slag-heap on Kilronan Mountain at Derinavoggy, the aerial rope with its coal buckets bringing coal to the Siding Kilronan Mountain at Derinavoggy, the aerial rope with its coal buckets bringing coal to the Siding from Derinavoggy Mine which was operated by Arigna Collieries which was owned by the Layden from Derinavoggy Mine which was operated by Arigna Collieries which was owned by the Layden family. The Siding itself from which the Narrow Gauge Railway had brought coal from Arigna to many family. The Siding itself from which the Narrow Gauge Railway had brought coal from Arigna to many places throughout Ireland. The large stone wall, which was visible from our house, had been built in places throughout Ireland. The large stone wall, which was visible from our house, had been built in the nineteenth century in an attempt to dam the Arigna River for the smelting of iron when Arigna the nineteenth century in an attempt to dam the Arigna River for the smelting of iron when Arigna had the largest iron works in Ireland. All these manmade structures were a reminder to me as a child had the largest iron works in Ireland. All these manmade structures were a reminder to me as a child of Arigna’s industrial and mining heritage. of Arigna’s industrial and mining heritage.

Seeing the miners going to work and coming back from work with their faces blackened by coal dust, Seeing the miners going to work and coming back from work with their faces blackened by coal dust, either walking or travelling on the back of the coal lorries; seeing the coal lorries belonging to the either walking or travelling on the back of the coal lorries; seeing the coal lorries belonging to the different mining companies delivering coal to the power station – the lorries belonging to the Noones different mining companies delivering coal to the power station – the lorries belonging to the Noones had trailers attached to them which was unusual; meeting men who worked for my father when they had trailers attached to them which was unusual; meeting men who worked for my father when they called to our home for either a social or work-related visit. These were just some of the constant called to our home for either a social or work-related visit. These were just some of the constant reminders of the working lives of all who were involved in the mining industry. reminders of the working lives of all who were involved in the mining industry.

In our house there was a room downstairs which was constantly locked and out of bounds to us as In our house there was a room downstairs which was constantly locked and out of bounds to us as children because it contained items which were required at my father’s mine such as pit lamps, first children because it contained items which were required at my father’s mine such as pit lamps, first aid supplies and explosives which were used for blasting underground. This, of course, was before aid supplies and explosives which were used for blasting underground. This, of course, was before the Troubles broke out in Northern Ireland in 1969, during which time stringent regulations were the Troubles broke out in Northern Ireland in 1969, during which time stringent regulations were introduced concerning the storage and use of explosives. introduced concerning the storage and use of explosives.

As a child my father would sometimes bring me up to the mine at Glackaundareagh where I would As a child my father would sometimes bring me up to the mine at Glackaundareagh where I would meet some of the men who worked there and I was fascinated by all the activities that went on there. meet some of the men who worked there and I was fascinated by all the activities that went on there. Occasionally I would get a spin up to the mine in the lorry which was driven by Joe Oates. Joe was Occasionally I would get a spin up to the mine in the lorry which was driven by Joe Oates. Joe was from Carrick on Shannon and had served in the British Army during World War II, having been from Carrick on Shannon and had served in the British Army during World War II, having been evacuated from Dunkirk in France just before the Fall of France to the German Armed Forces at the evacuated from Dunkirk in France just before the Fall of France to the German Armed Forces at the beginning of the war. Joe’s son Michael was a journalist with the Leitrim Observer and now runs a beginning of the war. Joe’s son Michael was a journalist with the Leitrim Observer and now runs a successful retail business with his wife Rita in Roscommon town. When I was a curate in Carrick on successful retail business with his wife Rita in Roscommon town. When I was a curate in Carrick on Shannon, Michael and Rita kindly invited me to baptize some of their children, which I was delighted Shannon, Michael and Rita kindly invited me to baptize some of their children, which I was delighted to do as I had fond memories of Joe Oates when I knew him as a child. to do as I had fond memories of Joe Oates when I knew him as a child.

Occasionally my brother Kevin and I would be brought to Dublin for a day trip by our parents, as the Occasionally my brother Kevin and I would be brought to Dublin for a day trip by our parents, as the Head Office for Flynn & Lehany was based at 27 Eustace Street beside the Four Courts and our mother Head Office for Flynn & Lehany was based at 27 Eustace Street beside the Four Courts and our mother would have to purchase stock for her drapery business at Church Street in Drumshanbo which she would have to purchase stock for her drapery business at Church Street in Drumshanbo which she opened on December 5th 1958. One of the drapery wholesalers from whom my mother purchased opened on December 5th 1958. One of the drapery wholesalers from whom my mother purchased stock was the firm Ferrier and Pollock who carried out their business from the building which is now stock was the firm Ferrier and Pollock who carried out their business from the building which is now the Powerscourt Town Centre and even then it was an impressive building. the Powerscourt Town Centre and even then it was an impressive building.

My parents were married in the Church of Christ the King in Salthill on September 9th 1957 and their My parents were married in the Church of Christ the King in Salthill on September 9th 1957 and their wedding reception was held in the Stella Maris Hotel in Salthill. My father loved Galway, Connemara wedding reception was held in the Stella Maris Hotel in Salthill. My father loved Galway, Connemara and its people and every so often we would go on our holidays to Galway and stay at the Stella Maris and its people and every so often we would go on our holidays to Galway and stay at the Stella Maris Hotel. My grandmother’s parents and family, the Holleran family, from Ballinrobe also used to stay at Hotel. My grandmother’s parents and family, the Holleran family, from Ballinrobe also used to stay at the Stella Maris Hotel which was owned by the Walsh family. Mrs Walsh was a lovely lady and after the Stella Maris Hotel which was owned by the Walsh family. Mrs Walsh was a lovely lady and after my father died in 1969 she wrote to my mother and graciously offered our family a holiday at the my father died in 1969 she wrote to my mother and graciously offered our family a holiday at the hotel, an offer which we accepted and we took our holidays at the hotel on a number of occasions hotel, an offer which we accepted and we took our holidays at the hotel on a number of occasions afterwards. afterwards.

Each year during the summer holidays our mother would bring the six of us, Kevin, Monica, John, Each year during the summer holidays our mother would bring the six of us, Kevin, Monica, John, Andrew, Anne and myself, on day trips to Bundoran, Rosses Point and Westport and every so often Andrew, Anne and myself, on day trips to Bundoran, Rosses Point and Westport and every so often

50 50 we would go to Kerry on our Summer holidays and stay at Bana Strand and visit my mother’s brother we would go to Kerry on our Summer holidays and stay at Bana Strand and visit my mother’s brother Paddy and his wife Charlotte and their family who lived in Tralee. Sometimes we would go to Kerry Paddy and his wife Charlotte and their family who lived in Tralee. Sometimes we would go to Kerry with my mother’s parents when they would stay with my uncle Paddy. It was at Bana Strand that with my mother’s parents when they would stay with my uncle Paddy. It was at Bana Strand that Roger Casement was arrested in 1916, having landed there from Germany. Roger Casement was arrested in 1916, having landed there from Germany.

At the end of my first year in St Mel’s College in Longford, where I received my secondary education, At the end of my first year in St Mel’s College in Longford, where I received my secondary education, I asked my uncle Sean Nolan who was the Production Manager in Lairds Jam Factory in Drumshanbo I asked my uncle Sean Nolan who was the Production Manager in Lairds Jam Factory in Drumshanbo if he would give me a summer job there and he agreed to do so. My wage was one pound a day and I if he would give me a summer job there and he agreed to do so. My wage was one pound a day and I would cycle into Drumshanbo from Arigna to begin work at Lairds at 9 AM. I spent two summers would cycle into Drumshanbo from Arigna to begin work at Lairds at 9 AM. I spent two summers working in Laird’s. My wage during my second summer there was two pounds a day. I enjoyed working in Laird’s. My wage during my second summer there was two pounds a day. I enjoyed working in Lairds because both the management and the staff there were very nice people and there working in Lairds because both the management and the staff there were very nice people and there was a great sense of camaraderie there. After I completed my Inter Cert I asked my uncle Michael for was a great sense of camaraderie there. After I completed my Inter Cert I asked my uncle Michael for a job on his farm at Hillstreet and Corryeolous in Carrick on Shannon and I worked for him on his land a job on his farm at Hillstreet and Corryeolous in Carrick on Shannon and I worked for him on his land every summer until I completed my first year in Maynooth when I asked him for a job at his mine at every summer until I completed my first year in Maynooth when I asked him for a job at his mine at Gubberudda and I began working in the coal mill in Gubberudda. I continued working there each Gubberudda and I began working in the coal mill in Gubberudda. I continued working there each summer until the year before my ordination to the priesthood in 1982. My job in the mill was to break summer until the year before my ordination to the priesthood in 1982. My job in the mill was to break up and shovel the large lumps of coal, which came from both the open cast and the underground mines, up and shovel the large lumps of coal, which came from both the open cast and the underground mines, into the crusher and to load the lorry in the bunker underneath the crusher with a hand-shovel. This into the crusher and to load the lorry in the bunker underneath the crusher with a hand-shovel. This lorry then brought the coal to the Power Station at Arigna. There was always a certain amount of dust lorry then brought the coal to the Power Station at Arigna. There was always a certain amount of dust in the mill while the coal was being crushed and the lorry being loaded, but if there was a breeze in the mill while the coal was being crushed and the lorry being loaded, but if there was a breeze coming up under the mill there was a greater degree of dust. Working in the mill was both dirty and coming up under the mill there was a greater degree of dust. Working in the mill was both dirty and thirsty work. Fortunately there was a good well called Counters Well just over the road from the mill thirsty work. Fortunately there was a good well called Counters Well just over the road from the mill where we were able to get good cool spring water to quench our thirst. During my last summer where we were able to get good cool spring water to quench our thirst. During my last summer working at Gubberudda in 1981 I was earning 25 pounds a day and was the lowest paid man at the working at Gubberudda in 1981 I was earning 25 pounds a day and was the lowest paid man at the mine because I was employed on a temporary basis. To put this wage into perspective, when I was mine because I was employed on a temporary basis. To put this wage into perspective, when I was ordained to the priesthood in 1982, a curate’s salary in the diocese of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise was ordained to the priesthood in 1982, a curate’s salary in the diocese of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise was £3000 per annum. I enjoyed working at the mill in Gubberudda and the company of all of my £3000 per annum. I enjoyed working at the mill in Gubberudda and the company of all of my workmates whom I had known since I was a child: Paddy Reynolds from Drumshanbo, Josie Flynn workmates whom I had known since I was a child: Paddy Reynolds from Drumshanbo, Josie Flynn who was my father’s second cousin, Gene Lehany who was a brother of Michael Joseph Lehany, John who was my father’s second cousin, Gene Lehany who was a brother of Michael Joseph Lehany, John Leo Daly and John McTiernan who were neighbours of my family in Rover, and Packie Duignan the Leo Daly and John McTiernan who were neighbours of my family in Rover, and Packie Duignan the well-known traditional musician. All have gone to their eternal reward and I always remember them well-known traditional musician. All have gone to their eternal reward and I always remember them in my prayers. in my prayers.

On July 18th 1982 I was ordained to the priesthood in the church of the Immaculate Conception in On July 18th 1982 I was ordained to the priesthood in the church of the Immaculate Conception in Arigna by the Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise Most Rev Cathal B Daly who had been ordained Arigna by the Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise Most Rev Cathal B Daly who had been ordained Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise on July 16th 1967. During the Christmas holidays from Maynooth Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise on July 16th 1967. During the Christmas holidays from Maynooth the clerical students for the diocese would meet the Bishop at his residence, St Michael’s in Longford. the clerical students for the diocese would meet the Bishop at his residence, St Michael’s in Longford. At this meeting, during the Christmas holidays before my ordination, Bishop Daly asked me where I At this meeting, during the Christmas holidays before my ordination, Bishop Daly asked me where I would like to be ordained. Knowing that Bishop Daly’s family roots lay in the Parish of Kilronan – his would like to be ordained. Knowing that Bishop Daly’s family roots lay in the Parish of Kilronan – his father Charles was born there in 1879 and his grandfather died in the Church of the Nativity of Our father Charles was born there in 1879 and his grandfather died in the Church of the Nativity of Our Lady in Keadue whose altar was donated by Bishop Daly in memory of his parents in 1981 – I asked Lady in Keadue whose altar was donated by Bishop Daly in memory of his parents in 1981 – I asked Bishop Daly if I could be ordained in Keadue church as it was my parish church. This church in Keadue Bishop Daly if I could be ordained in Keadue church as it was my parish church. This church in Keadue was designed by the architect JJ McCarthy who was a pupil of the renowned Architect Augustus Welby was designed by the architect JJ McCarthy who was a pupil of the renowned Architect Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin. The foundation stone was laid by Bishop John Kilduff on August 15th 1861. The Northmore Pugin. The foundation stone was laid by Bishop John Kilduff on August 15th 1861. The Parish Priest who commissioned and commenced the building of this church was Fr Michael Broder, Parish Priest who commissioned and commenced the building of this church was Fr Michael Broder, with whom I have a family connection. with whom I have a family connection.

While Fr Broder was Parish Priest of Kilronan his grand-nephew Michael Joseph Martin, who was also While Fr Broder was Parish Priest of Kilronan his grand-nephew Michael Joseph Martin, who was also his ward of court, lived with him. Michael Joseph Martin married Mary Ellen Devine from Ballyfarnon his ward of court, lived with him. Michael Joseph Martin married Mary Ellen Devine from Ballyfarnon whose father, John Devine, was my great grandmother’s second cousin, and whose mother Matilda whose father, John Devine, was my great grandmother’s second cousin, and whose mother Matilda

51 51 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Gilhooley was my great-grandmother’s first cousin and godmother. At the rededication ceremony of Gilhooley was my great-grandmother’s first cousin and godmother. At the rededication ceremony of Keadue church in July 1981 I attended the ceremony as a deacon and the homily was given by Dom Keadue church in July 1981 I attended the ceremony as a deacon and the homily was given by Dom Celestine Cullen, the then abbot and headmaster of Glenstal Abbey, Murroe Co. Limerick, who is the Celestine Cullen, the then abbot and headmaster of Glenstal Abbey, Murroe Co. Limerick, who is the great grandson of Michael Joseph Martin and Mary Ellen Devine. great grandson of Michael Joseph Martin and Mary Ellen Devine.

In response to my request to be ordained in Keadue, Bishop Daly suggested to me that if I wished he In response to my request to be ordained in Keadue, Bishop Daly suggested to me that if I wished he would be happy to ordain me in Arigna and I replied by telling him that I would be delighted to be would be happy to ordain me in Arigna and I replied by telling him that I would be delighted to be ordained in Arigna and we set the date of June 17th 1982, which would have been my birthday, as the ordained in Arigna and we set the date of June 17th 1982, which would have been my birthday, as the date for my ordination. When I returned home to Arigna I contacted the curate in Arigna, Fr John date for my ordination. When I returned home to Arigna I contacted the curate in Arigna, Fr John Enright, and told him the good news. Enright, and told him the good news.

Early in the new year of 1982 Bishop Daly became ill and while I was in Maynooth I was asked to meet Early in the new year of 1982 Bishop Daly became ill and while I was in Maynooth I was asked to meet Bishop Daly in the Mater Private Hospital at Elm Park. During this meeting Bishop Daly informed me Bishop Daly in the Mater Private Hospital at Elm Park. During this meeting Bishop Daly informed me that due to his illness he would be unable to ordain me in June and he asked me if I would postpone that due to his illness he would be unable to ordain me in June and he asked me if I would postpone my ordination until July as he wished to ordain me himself. I told him that I had no problem about my ordination until July as he wished to ordain me himself. I told him that I had no problem about this as I had made only a few minor preparations for my ordination which could be re-arranged and this as I had made only a few minor preparations for my ordination which could be re-arranged and we set the date of July 18th for my ordination. we set the date of July 18th for my ordination.

The community in Arigna and in the parish of Kilronan, under the guidance of the Parish Priest Fr JP The community in Arigna and in the parish of Kilronan, under the guidance of the Parish Priest Fr JP Masterson and the two curates Fr Brendan Gibbons in Ballyfarnon and especially Fr John Enright in Masterson and the two curates Fr Brendan Gibbons in Ballyfarnon and especially Fr John Enright in Arigna made great preparations for my ordination. Even the weather, which had been poor up to the Arigna made great preparations for my ordination. Even the weather, which had been poor up to the day before my ordination, improved and we had a glorious day of sunshine on the day itself and for day before my ordination, improved and we had a glorious day of sunshine on the day itself and for three weeks afterwards. The choir was directed by John Doyle from Keadue and the traditional three weeks afterwards. The choir was directed by John Doyle from Keadue and the traditional musicians Josie McDermott, May Baxter nee Harte and Brenda Sweeney played during the ceremony. musicians Josie McDermott, May Baxter nee Harte and Brenda Sweeney played during the ceremony. One of the pieces which they played had been composed by Turlough O’Carolan for Fr John Hart, who One of the pieces which they played had been composed by Turlough O’Carolan for Fr John Hart, who was Parish Priest of Collooney and Bishop of Achonry in the 1730s and it is my family’s tradition that was Parish Priest of Collooney and Bishop of Achonry in the 1730s and it is my family’s tradition that the family of my great-grandmother Therese Elizabeth Hart from Tubberscanavan in Collooney are the family of my great-grandmother Therese Elizabeth Hart from Tubberscanavan in Collooney are descended from the Hart family of Cloonamahon. Later that evening my ordination reception was descended from the Hart family of Cloonamahon. Later that evening my ordination reception was held in the County Hotel in Carrick on Shannon. Two of the priests and one deacon who attended my held in the County Hotel in Carrick on Shannon. Two of the priests and one deacon who attended my ordination have since become bishops. The Master of Ceremonies at my ordination was the then ordination have since become bishops. The Master of Ceremonies at my ordination was the then Administrator of St Mel’s College in Longford, Fr Colm O’Reilly, who succeeded Bishop Cathal B Daly Administrator of St Mel’s College in Longford, Fr Colm O’Reilly, who succeeded Bishop Cathal B Daly as Bishop of Ardagh in 1983. Fr Francis Duffy, who is my friend and classmate from Maynooth, as Bishop of Ardagh in 1983. Fr Francis Duffy, who is my friend and classmate from Maynooth, succeeded Bishop Colm O’Reilly as Bishop of Ardagh in 2013, and Rev. Eugene Nugent, who was a succeeded Bishop Colm O’Reilly as Bishop of Ardagh in 2013, and Rev. Eugene Nugent, who was a deacon at the time of my ordination, is now an archbishop and the Papal Nuncio to Haiti. While he deacon at the time of my ordination, is now an archbishop and the Papal Nuncio to Haiti. While he attended my ordination and first Mass in Arigna he stayed with our good neighbours, the late Michael attended my ordination and first Mass in Arigna he stayed with our good neighbours, the late Michael and Mary Layden, who kindly offered to keep any of our guests who wished to stay in Arigna during and Mary Layden, who kindly offered to keep any of our guests who wished to stay in Arigna during the days of my ordination and first Mass. I was the third man from the townland of Derriniskey to be the days of my ordination and first Mass. I was the third man from the townland of Derriniskey to be ordained to the priesthood; the other two were Fr Leo Layden and the late Fr James Bohan, for whom ordained to the priesthood; the other two were Fr Leo Layden and the late Fr James Bohan, for whom I used to serve Mass when they were home on holidays with their families in Arigna. I also served I used to serve Mass when they were home on holidays with their families in Arigna. I also served Mass for Fr Francis Gaffney who is a native of Arigna and who has ministered as a priest for most of Mass for Fr Francis Gaffney who is a native of Arigna and who has ministered as a priest for most of his life in America. his life in America.

On the day following my ordination I celebrated my first Mass in Arigna and later that evening a social On the day following my ordination I celebrated my first Mass in Arigna and later that evening a social and presentation was held in Arigna Hall which was a very enjoyable event. On the following evening and presentation was held in Arigna Hall which was a very enjoyable event. On the following evening I celebrated Mass for the Poor Clare Sisters in Drumshanbo. The Poor Clares arrived in Drumshanbo I celebrated Mass for the Poor Clare Sisters in Drumshanbo. The Poor Clares arrived in Drumshanbo in 1864 and the convent was established by three English ladies: Elizabeth Law, Mary Ann Hayes and in 1864 and the convent was established by three English ladies: Elizabeth Law, Mary Ann Hayes and Frances Horne, who were converts to Catholicism. They were later joined by Marian Grattan who was Frances Horne, who were converts to Catholicism. They were later joined by Marian Grattan who was a granddaughter of Henry Grattan. Another lady who is deemed to have been a foundress of the Poor a granddaughter of Henry Grattan. Another lady who is deemed to have been a foundress of the Poor Clare Convent was Elizabeth Lee, who was born in , Co Roscommon, on March 4th 1853. Clare Convent was Elizabeth Lee, who was born in Strokestown, Co Roscommon, on March 4th 1853. She was the daughter and only child of Patrick Lee and Catherine Devine. Catherine Devine was a She was the daughter and only child of Patrick Lee and Catherine Devine. Catherine Devine was a

52 52 Adrian Cullen, Rockhill Pit, Arigna Securing the roof, Arigna Coal train at Arigna station Adrian Cullen, Rockhill Pit, Arigna Securing the roof, Arigna Coal train at Arigna station

An advertisement for An advertisement for Rynn's of Rynn's of Dowra

John Reynolds' John Reynolds' Foodstore, Arigna Foodstore, Arigna

Coal train at the Siding in Arigna Paddy Joe Mc Tiernan, Arigna Coal train at the Siding in Arigna Paddy Joe Mc Tiernan, Arigna

53 53 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. niece of my great great great-grandmother Brigid Devine who was born at Highwood in Co. Sligo in niece of my great great great-grandmother Brigid Devine who was born at Highwood in Co. Sligo in 1811. Brigid Devine was the daughter of James Devine who came from Strabane in Co. Tyrone to 1811. Brigid Devine was the daughter of James Devine who came from Strabane in Co. Tyrone to Highwood around 1790. Her mother was Mary McDermott from The Rock, Ballymoate, Co. Sligo. Highwood around 1790. Her mother was Mary McDermott from The Rock, Ballymoate, Co. Sligo. When James Devine came from Strabane to Highwood he purchased 246 acres of land at Highwood, When James Devine came from Strabane to Highwood he purchased 246 acres of land at Highwood, two thirds of which was in the historic town land of Moytura. James Devine died on the 9th June 1830. two thirds of which was in the historic town land of Moytura. James Devine died on the 9th June 1830.

Elizabeth Lee entered the Poor Clare Convent in Drumshanbo and made her profession there on Elizabeth Lee entered the Poor Clare Convent in Drumshanbo and made her profession there on October 29th 1875 in the presence of the Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise, George Conroy. The October 29th 1875 in the presence of the Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise, George Conroy. The religious name given to her was Catherine, her mother’s name. Sister Catherine Lee spent the religious name given to her was Catherine, her mother’s name. Sister Catherine Lee spent the remainder of her life in the Poor Clare Convent in Drumshanbo and she died there on January 22nd remainder of her life in the Poor Clare Convent in Drumshanbo and she died there on January 22nd 1936 at the age of 83. Her mother Catherine Lee lived to be almost a hundred years and when she 1936 at the age of 83. Her mother Catherine Lee lived to be almost a hundred years and when she died she left her entire estate to the Poor Clare Convent in Drumshanbo. The late Mother Raphael, died she left her entire estate to the Poor Clare Convent in Drumshanbo. The late Mother Raphael, who sadly died this year, and Mother Angela, the present Abbess, informed me that the building known who sadly died this year, and Mother Angela, the present Abbess, informed me that the building known as the Novitiate was built with the money which Catherine Lee bequeathed to the Poor Clares. Since as the Novitiate was built with the money which Catherine Lee bequeathed to the Poor Clares. Since 1864 the Poor Clare Convent in Drumshanbo has been a centre of prayer and a haven of peace for 1864 the Poor Clare Convent in Drumshanbo has been a centre of prayer and a haven of peace for countless people. countless people.

Growing up in Arigna, the Church and our catholic faith and its practice was an important part of our Growing up in Arigna, the Church and our catholic faith and its practice was an important part of our lives. Mass was faithfully attended each Sunday and sometimes there were “devotions” on Sunday lives. Mass was faithfully attended each Sunday and sometimes there were “devotions” on Sunday evening which we often attended. When I began serving Mass it was celebrated in Latin and by the evening which we often attended. When I began serving Mass it was celebrated in Latin and by the time I finished serving Mass it was celebrated in English. I remember my father telling us that he was time I finished serving Mass it was celebrated in English. I remember my father telling us that he was delighted that Mass was going to be celebrated in English as people would be better able to participate delighted that Mass was going to be celebrated in English as people would be better able to participate in the celebration of Mass. Another development which he was delighted with was the introduction in the celebration of Mass. Another development which he was delighted with was the introduction of free education in Ireland as he felt that every child in Ireland should have an opportunity to receive of free education in Ireland as he felt that every child in Ireland should have an opportunity to receive an education from primary to third level irrespective of their family’s financial means. an education from primary to third level irrespective of their family’s financial means.

During Lent, many of the miners would attend morning Mass before going to work and I remember During Lent, many of the miners would attend morning Mass before going to work and I remember some of the miners genuflecting and blessing themselves outside the gates of the church as they passed some of the miners genuflecting and blessing themselves outside the gates of the church as they passed by the church. At the entrance to each mine there was always a religious picture or statue and the by the church. At the entrance to each mine there was always a religious picture or statue and the miners, on their way into work, would take off their caps and pit helmets and say a prayer and bless miners, on their way into work, would take off their caps and pit helmets and say a prayer and bless themselves at this religious emblem. Station or house Masses were a feature of parish life at this time themselves at this religious emblem. Station or house Masses were a feature of parish life at this time and there was always great excitement when your family was hosting a station Mass or when you were and there was always great excitement when your family was hosting a station Mass or when you were asked to serve one. When I started serving Mass the station Masses were usually celebrated at 8 AM asked to serve one. When I started serving Mass the station Masses were usually celebrated at 8 AM and a great effort was always made by the households to serve a good breakfast afterwards. I still and a great effort was always made by the households to serve a good breakfast afterwards. I still remember the lovely breakfast I received at Lehany’s house in Altygowlan when I served a station remember the lovely breakfast I received at Lehany’s house in Altygowlan when I served a station Mass there and I remember Fr Thomas Cummins, the then curate in Arigna, dropping me off at the Mass there and I remember Fr Thomas Cummins, the then curate in Arigna, dropping me off at the school in Greaghnafarna on his way home after the Station Mass. When my mother came to live in school in Greaghnafarna on his way home after the Station Mass. When my mother came to live in Arigna after she got married, amongst the first people to call to our house to welcome her to Arigna Arigna after she got married, amongst the first people to call to our house to welcome her to Arigna were Fr Cummins and his housekeeper Carmel Sheeran. Carmel, who was a native of Moate in Co. were Fr Cummins and his housekeeper Carmel Sheeran. Carmel, who was a native of Moate in Co. Westmeath married a local man Padraig Tymon and Padraig and Carmel were great friends of my Westmeath married a local man Padraig Tymon and Padraig and Carmel were great friends of my family. family.

Parish Missions were great social occasions for the parish and the stalls which sold religious items Parish Missions were great social occasions for the parish and the stalls which sold religious items were always an attraction for children. There is an interesting letter in the Diocesan Archives in were always an attraction for children. There is an interesting letter in the Diocesan Archives in Longford which was written by some men in Arigna to the Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise during Longford which was written by some men in Arigna to the Bishop of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise during the mid-nineteenth century requesting that he would send them a priest who could speak Irish as this the mid-nineteenth century requesting that he would send them a priest who could speak Irish as this was their first and native language and they were having difficulties going to Confession to the priest was their first and native language and they were having difficulties going to Confession to the priest who was then serving in Arigna, as his first language was English. Sadly today there is no priest who was then serving in Arigna, as his first language was English. Sadly today there is no priest resident in Arigna due to the decline in vocations to the priesthood and religious life, but while I was resident in Arigna due to the decline in vocations to the priesthood and religious life, but while I was growing up in Arigna my family and the people generally held their priests in high regard. growing up in Arigna my family and the people generally held their priests in high regard.

54 54 Some years ago my brother John was in New York and he hailed a taxi which was driven by a man who Some years ago my brother John was in New York and he hailed a taxi which was driven by a man who was born in Nigeria. The taxi driver and my brother got into a conversation and when the taxi driver was born in Nigeria. The taxi driver and my brother got into a conversation and when the taxi driver discovered that my brother was from Ireland he informed my brother that he had been educated in discovered that my brother was from Ireland he informed my brother that he had been educated in school in Nigeria by an Irish priest whose name was Fr John Enright. When my brother John informed school in Nigeria by an Irish priest whose name was Fr John Enright. When my brother John informed the taxi driver that this same Fr John Enright was our curate at home in Arigna, both men were amazed the taxi driver that this same Fr John Enright was our curate at home in Arigna, both men were amazed at this coincidence. Fr John Enright, who was a native of Ballylongford in Co. Kerry was a member of at this coincidence. Fr John Enright, who was a native of Ballylongford in Co. Kerry was a member of the Holy Ghost Order who had ministered as a missionary in Nigeria for over twenty years and at one the Holy Ghost Order who had ministered as a missionary in Nigeria for over twenty years and at one stage had responsibilities for all the catholic schools in Nigeria. He was in Nigeria during the Civil stage had responsibilities for all the catholic schools in Nigeria. He was in Nigeria during the Civil War there which is known as the Biafran War and he was expelled from Nigeria along with his War there which is known as the Biafran War and he was expelled from Nigeria along with his colleagues at the end of this war. When he retired from the ministry, having served in Arigna for many colleagues at the end of this war. When he retired from the ministry, having served in Arigna for many years, he retired to Ballylongford in Co. Kerry. years, he retired to Ballylongford in Co. Kerry.

When I was growing up in Arigna during the 1960s and 1970s it was a time of social and economic When I was growing up in Arigna during the 1960s and 1970s it was a time of social and economic change in Ireland. The television was making its appearance in people’s homes and I remember the change in Ireland. The television was making its appearance in people’s homes and I remember the day we got our first television. While economic progress was taking place in Ireland during this period, day we got our first television. While economic progress was taking place in Ireland during this period, it was a difficult time for the mining industry in Arigna, with a diminishing market for Arigna coal. At it was a difficult time for the mining industry in Arigna, with a diminishing market for Arigna coal. At one stage my father’s bank manager, Richard (Dick) Bryans, who was a good friend of my father, one stage my father’s bank manager, Richard (Dick) Bryans, who was a good friend of my father, advised him to close down his business as it was making little or no money at that stage. Dick Bryans advised him to close down his business as it was making little or no money at that stage. Dick Bryans was a brother of Colonel Dan Bryans, who was head of Army intelligence in the Irish Army during the was a brother of Colonel Dan Bryans, who was head of Army intelligence in the Irish Army during the Second World War: a period which was known as the Emergency in Ireland and two weeks before Second World War: a period which was known as the Emergency in Ireland and two weeks before Dick died at Baggot Street Hospital in Dublin I went to visit him, where I met his brother Dan. Dick died at Baggot Street Hospital in Dublin I went to visit him, where I met his brother Dan.

My father and his brother Michael continued to keep their mining business going. They were farmers My father and his brother Michael continued to keep their mining business going. They were farmers as well as mine owners and with courage and determination they managed to keep their mining as well as mine owners and with courage and determination they managed to keep their mining business going. My father had a great sense of loyalty to Arigna and to the men who worked for him business going. My father had a great sense of loyalty to Arigna and to the men who worked for him and he felt that if he closed his business the men who worked for Flynn and Lehany, many of whom and he felt that if he closed his business the men who worked for Flynn and Lehany, many of whom were his neighbours and friends, would have had no other means of employment and in some cases were his neighbours and friends, would have had no other means of employment and in some cases would have to emigrate to find work. Before coal mining was established in Arigna the families in would have to emigrate to find work. Before coal mining was established in Arigna the families in Arigna, like my own family, lived off their farms which were small, with very poor land and there was Arigna, like my own family, lived off their farms which were small, with very poor land and there was a tradition of men going to Scotland and England at harvest time in order to earn money and, of course, a tradition of men going to Scotland and England at harvest time in order to earn money and, of course, many people emigrated to America or England on a permanent basis. Without the mining industry in many people emigrated to America or England on a permanent basis. Without the mining industry in Arigna emigration would have been a prominent feature of life in Arigna, as it was for many Arigna emigration would have been a prominent feature of life in Arigna, as it was for many communities throughout Ireland and there was always a steady flow of men who were seeking communities throughout Ireland and there was always a steady flow of men who were seeking employment in Arigna. employment in Arigna.

When I was a child I used to spend some of my summer holidays with my grandmother Mary Elizabeth When I was a child I used to spend some of my summer holidays with my grandmother Mary Elizabeth Flynn at her home in Upper Rover and I would also visit her on many occasions throughout my youth. Flynn at her home in Upper Rover and I would also visit her on many occasions throughout my youth. She instilled in me a love of history with stories about her own family history and local happenings She instilled in me a love of history with stories about her own family history and local happenings from her youth in Geevagh, and of her early married life in Arigna. During the 1920s and 1930s she from her youth in Geevagh, and of her early married life in Arigna. During the 1920s and 1930s she had a camera with which she would take photographs of her family, some of her neighbours and their had a camera with which she would take photographs of her family, some of her neighbours and their children as a leisure pursuit and interestingly my only nephew Paul has a keen interest in photography. children as a leisure pursuit and interestingly my only nephew Paul has a keen interest in photography. Her father Thomas E Phelan was a native of Windgap Co. Kilkenny. He was the creamery manager in Her father Thomas E Phelan was a native of Windgap Co. Kilkenny. He was the creamery manager in Geevagh where he also owned the local Post Office and used to lease land to local farmers on behalf Geevagh where he also owned the local Post Office and used to lease land to local farmers on behalf of the Frazer family at Annagh Lodge. By all accounts he was a larger than life character and on the of the Frazer family at Annagh Lodge. By all accounts he was a larger than life character and on the evening when I received Confirmation from Bishop Cathal Daly in Keadue church my father brought evening when I received Confirmation from Bishop Cathal Daly in Keadue church my father brought me to my great grandfather’s home in Geevagh where his removal was taking place that evening. me to my great grandfather’s home in Geevagh where his removal was taking place that evening.

Walking from my grandmother’s house in Upper Rover, up the long lane to the “Top Road”, walking by Walking from my grandmother’s house in Upper Rover, up the long lane to the “Top Road”, walking by the mountain stream at which the entrance to the Arigna Mining Experience now stands, looking the mountain stream at which the entrance to the Arigna Mining Experience now stands, looking across at Lough Allen and Sliabh an Iarainn before turning down Chapel Hill and stopping at the across at Lough Allen and Sliabh an Iarainn before turning down Chapel Hill and stopping at the

55 55 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. graveyard and the church to say a prayer for my deceased family members and neighbours, talking to graveyard and the church to say a prayer for my deceased family members and neighbours, talking to neighbours and friends whom I meet before I reach my home at Derriniskey. Such a simple journey neighbours and friends whom I meet before I reach my home at Derriniskey. Such a simple journey reminds me of my roots and of the place and the people which helped to shape me and of a place which reminds me of my roots and of the place and the people which helped to shape me and of a place which has been such an important part of my life. Arigna. has been such an important part of my life. Arigna.

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56 56 A letter detailing Flynn and Lehany's contibution to the Bloody Sunday Appeal Fund, May 1972. A letter detailing Flynn and Lehany's contibution to the Bloody Sunday Appeal Fund, May 1972. the late thoMas P. flynn, arigna the late thoMas P. flynn, arigna AN APPRECIATION AN APPRECIATION

Just five years ago, in November 1964, this paper published an appreciation: “Farewell to a Solider,” Just five years ago, in November 1964, this paper published an appreciation: “Farewell to a Solider,” brilliantly and appropriately compiled by M. O’C. The scene described was in Arigna cemetery. brilliantly and appropriately compiled by M. O’C. The scene described was in Arigna cemetery. On Monday, the 24th day of the same month, 1969, about fifteen paces from that tombstone, as our On Monday, the 24th day of the same month, 1969, about fifteen paces from that tombstone, as our eyes became moist, one could hardly suppress the desire to do something equally fitting, however in- eyes became moist, one could hardly suppress the desire to do something equally fitting, however in- adequate, for another faithful son of that area. adequate, for another faithful son of that area.

Tommy Flynn spent a short four and a half decades amongst us, and is sadly missed by his friends in Tommy Flynn spent a short four and a half decades amongst us, and is sadly missed by his friends in Drumshanbo, Drumkeerin, Ballyfarnon, Geevagh, Leitrim, Cootehall, Keadue and Arigna. A man of Drumshanbo, Drumkeerin, Ballyfarnon, Geevagh, Leitrim, Cootehall, Keadue and Arigna. A man of great heart and courage, from a modest beginning, he built a successful mining business. A good em- great heart and courage, from a modest beginning, he built a successful mining business. A good em- ployer who got on well with his staff, always quick to discount their faults, he took a keen interest in ployer who got on well with his staff, always quick to discount their faults, he took a keen interest in their welfare. Ever anxious to improve techniques and expand, he struggled against great odds and their welfare. Ever anxious to improve techniques and expand, he struggled against great odds and hazards to develop the industry. hazards to develop the industry. A man who held strong views on the use of capital, he was conscious of the need to develop all the A man who held strong views on the use of capital, he was conscious of the need to develop all the country industrially and agriculturally. He did his share of both in a practical way. country industrially and agriculturally. He did his share of both in a practical way. A keen admirer of present-day advances in the field of education, he didn’t profess to have acquired A keen admirer of present-day advances in the field of education, he didn’t profess to have acquired much knowledge himself, and he would exclaim: ‘Joe Lehany had great brains.’ He would applaud much knowledge himself, and he would exclaim: ‘Joe Lehany had great brains.’ He would applaud honest endeavour in any sphere, and eager to help those in need, he gave willingly and unstintingly. honest endeavour in any sphere, and eager to help those in need, he gave willingly and unstintingly. He remained unaffected by his great success, and his loud greeting in the local town on a Saturday He remained unaffected by his great success, and his loud greeting in the local town on a Saturday night continued unchanged. night continued unchanged. As a family man, he was devoted to his wife and young family, and his greatest virtue was his unselfish- As a family man, he was devoted to his wife and young family, and his greatest virtue was his unselfish- ness for all men. He wouldn’t like this tribute – such was his humility. ness for all men. He wouldn’t like this tribute – such was his humility. Now that the Great Recorder has come to mark the score against his name we feel poorer by his pass- Now that the Great Recorder has come to mark the score against his name we feel poorer by his pass- ing. As one of the nation-builders in another continent once wrote, he must certainly be numbered ing. As one of the nation-builders in another continent once wrote, he must certainly be numbered ‘among the countless souls who are working overtime without remuneration in the cause of humanity.’ ‘among the countless souls who are working overtime without remuneration in the cause of humanity.’ - A FRIEND - A FRIEND editor’s note: This tribute to the late Thomas P. Flynn was first published in the Roscommon Herald on editor’s note: This tribute to the late Thomas P. Flynn was first published in the Roscommon Herald on January 2nd, 1970. January 2nd, 1970. 57 57 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. memories of my faTher frank boyle in sliabh an memories of my faTher frank boyle in sliabh an iariann mines iariann mines By Arthur Boyle By Arthur Boyle

My earliest memories of my father Frank Boyle was him My earliest memories of my father Frank Boyle was him getting up each morning in our house in Knockacullion getting up each morning in our house in Knockacullion and getting dressed for what was known as ‘The Pit’. It and getting dressed for what was known as ‘The Pit’. It was in the early 1950s and The Pit in Bealbeag had been was in the early 1950s and The Pit in Bealbeag had been opened by the Wynne Family from Arigna about 1949. opened by the Wynne Family from Arigna about 1949. The Family were led by Paddy and he was assisted by his The Family were led by Paddy and he was assisted by his brothers Estie, Brian and Joey. My father and his lifelong brothers Estie, Brian and Joey. My father and his lifelong friend and neighbour Farrell Gallagher had, with some friend and neighbour Farrell Gallagher had, with some others, worked to build a new road up to Bealbeag. others, worked to build a new road up to Bealbeag.

Coal mining was a tough lifestyle and it brought with it Coal mining was a tough lifestyle and it brought with it many hardships. I remember in the earlier years a many hardships. I remember in the earlier years a constant supply of candles were needed in our house as constant supply of candles were needed in our house as my father needed them for to light up the underground my father needed them for to light up the underground tunnel and provide light to see ‘The Gob’ as he called it, tunnel and provide light to see ‘The Gob’ as he called it, in order to extract the coal with the wooden-handle coal in order to extract the coal with the wooden-handle coal pick. It was a much thinner pick than the one used by pick. It was a much thinner pick than the one used by council workers or by households to dig up stones or council workers or by households to dig up stones or soil. Each night a good fire was needed so he could put soil. Each night a good fire was needed so he could put the pick in the fire, redden it and point it for the next the pick in the fire, redden it and point it for the next day, so it would be good and sharp to make it a little day, so it would be good and sharp to make it a little easier to extract the coal. He often told me that he could easier to extract the coal. He often told me that he could be lying in about an area about 2 feet high and with all be lying in about an area about 2 feet high and with all Frank Boyle his strength trying to get as much coal as he was able to. Frank Boyle his strength trying to get as much coal as he was able to. He was paid by the hutch and the more hutches you filled the more money you eared. Sometimes in He was paid by the hutch and the more hutches you filled the more money you eared. Sometimes in Bealbeag it was very hard and the daily hutch count might be quite small. Nevertheless, he and others Bealbeag it was very hard and the daily hutch count might be quite small. Nevertheless, he and others persisted in the daily toil. persisted in the daily toil.

After a few years came the carbite lamp, which was also used as a light for mining. It replaced the After a few years came the carbite lamp, which was also used as a light for mining. It replaced the candles. Carbite could be bought in our local shop in Knockacullion, owned by Pakie and Lucy candles. Carbite could be bought in our local shop in Knockacullion, owned by Pakie and Lucy Gallagher, or in Jack Lee’s Aghacashel. The carbite light was operated by carbite in a small drum Gallagher, or in Jack Lee’s Aghacashel. The carbite light was operated by carbite in a small drum connected to an upper cylinder containing some water; as drops of water dripped onto the carbite, it connected to an upper cylinder containing some water; as drops of water dripped onto the carbite, it produced a flammable gas that went through a smaller jet, which produced a good flame of light when produced a flammable gas that went through a smaller jet, which produced a good flame of light when lit with a match. lit with a match.

Many an evening my father came home with his back and coat wet from lying in water all day cutting Many an evening my father came home with his back and coat wet from lying in water all day cutting the coal. Transport was available in the form of a lorry that collected him at our gate each morning. the coal. Transport was available in the form of a lorry that collected him at our gate each morning. The trailer of the lorry carried other coalminers; those I remember were Tom Joe Gilhooley, Christy The trailer of the lorry carried other coalminers; those I remember were Tom Joe Gilhooley, Christy Dolan, and Danny and Michael James Gilhooley before they both emigrated to England. As it passed Dolan, and Danny and Michael James Gilhooley before they both emigrated to England. As it passed our house its next two passengers were Farrell Gallagher and John Bernard Keaney, before it stopped our house its next two passengers were Farrell Gallagher and John Bernard Keaney, before it stopped at the tram where the lump coal was brought from Bealbeag to be crushed into culm. at the tram where the lump coal was brought from Bealbeag to be crushed into culm.

As they reached the tram they transferred to a much older lorry that was used only to bring the lumped As they reached the tram they transferred to a much older lorry that was used only to bring the lumped coal from Bealbeag to the tram. In snowy weather lorries could not travel and that usually meant none coal from Bealbeag to the tram. In snowy weather lorries could not travel and that usually meant none of the mines could be reached until the snow cleared. Often my father and Farrell Gallagher walked to of the mines could be reached until the snow cleared. Often my father and Farrell Gallagher walked to

58 58 59 59 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. and from Bealbeag. On one occasion I remember the lorry passing with Michael James Gilhooley and and from Bealbeag. On one occasion I remember the lorry passing with Michael James Gilhooley and he threw a football to me from the lorry. It was my first ball and for those of you who know me, it was he threw a football to me from the lorry. It was my first ball and for those of you who know me, it was the start of a passionate interest in Gaelic football which has continued throughout my life. Another the start of a passionate interest in Gaelic football which has continued throughout my life. Another man I must not forget and whom I have written about previously was Eddie Joe Cull, who also worked man I must not forget and whom I have written about previously was Eddie Joe Cull, who also worked for a short time in Bealbeag; he been the man who introduced me to traditional Irish music at 5 years for a short time in Bealbeag; he been the man who introduced me to traditional Irish music at 5 years of age. It is Michael James Gilhooley and Eddie Joe, miners from the mountain, who are responsible of age. It is Michael James Gilhooley and Eddie Joe, miners from the mountain, who are responsible for the two great loves of my life. for the two great loves of my life.

Another story is of Hurricane Debby on 17t September 1961. Again my father and Farrell Gallagher Another story is of Hurricane Debby on 17t September 1961. Again my father and Farrell Gallagher had to leave the pit early and, having come out of the relative calm of the mine, they were confronted had to leave the pit early and, having come out of the relative calm of the mine, they were confronted by the hurricane as they came to the side of the mountain. It was a scary experience. They were by the hurricane as they came to the side of the mountain. It was a scary experience. They were almost blown away. My father, in the raging wind, suggested that Farrell lie on the ground and hold almost blown away. My father, in the raging wind, suggested that Farrell lie on the ground and hold on to prevent both of them from being lifted and blown up in the mountain with the wind. Eventually on to prevent both of them from being lifted and blown up in the mountain with the wind. Eventually they made it home safely. As they approached their homes they were now met with many of the cocks they made it home safely. As they approached their homes they were now met with many of the cocks of hay that had been lifted from the fields and blown into their neighbour’s field. of hay that had been lifted from the fields and blown into their neighbour’s field.

The lorry that collected my father at our gate was driven by Pat Jo Costello, a most obliging man who The lorry that collected my father at our gate was driven by Pat Jo Costello, a most obliging man who often gave me a lift to Ballinamore and Drumshanbo. often gave me a lift to Ballinamore and Drumshanbo.

Of course there were the wives and mothers of the miners who cooked dinners for them in the evening. Of course there were the wives and mothers of the miners who cooked dinners for them in the evening. Many of the women had to milk the cows and do the work on their smallholdings because their sons Many of the women had to milk the cows and do the work on their smallholdings because their sons and husbands were in the mines. In our house the pig that was killed each year before Christmas and husbands were in the mines. In our house the pig that was killed each year before Christmas supplied good nourishment for almost a year, my grandfather Pee McGrail being one of the greatest supplied good nourishment for almost a year, my grandfather Pee McGrail being one of the greatest butchers and curers of bacon in the locality. My mother, known as Maggie McGrail, made an evening butchers and curers of bacon in the locality. My mother, known as Maggie McGrail, made an evening fry many a morning with the pan being heated by an open turf fire. It was hard work cooking in those fry many a morning with the pan being heated by an open turf fire. It was hard work cooking in those days but the taste of the rashers was mighty. In about 1963 Bealbeag mine closed and mining moved days but the taste of the rashers was mighty. In about 1963 Bealbeag mine closed and mining moved to Bencroy, which was previously mined by Cull and Gannon. My father worked there for a short time to Bencroy, which was previously mined by Cull and Gannon. My father worked there for a short time before finally ending his mining career in 1966. before finally ending his mining career in 1966.

Almost all those whom I have mentioned in this short piece are now gone to their eternal reward. I Almost all those whom I have mentioned in this short piece are now gone to their eternal reward. I know the Good Lord has rewarded them for their hard earned lives in The Pit. know the Good Lord has rewarded them for their hard earned lives in The Pit.

Many more lines could be written of my memories of my father in Bealbeag, but others need space to Many more lines could be written of my memories of my father in Bealbeag, but others need space to recall their stories of difficult but happy times in ‘The Pit’. recall their stories of difficult but happy times in ‘The Pit’.

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61 61 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. life in The mines life in The mines By Tony Tiernan By Tony Tiernan

I come from a mining family. Three of my uncles – Joe, Brian and Paddy Wynne – worked in the mines I come from a mining family. Three of my uncles – Joe, Brian and Paddy Wynne – worked in the mines in Aughacashel, and during my childhood us children helped out with filling and delivering bags of in Aughacashel, and during my childhood us children helped out with filling and delivering bags of coal during our school holidays. coal during our school holidays. I did my Inter Cert (as it was called then) in June 1973. At that time I lived in Derrynargon, Keadue, I did my Inter Cert (as it was called then) in June 1973. At that time I lived in Derrynargon, Keadue, Boyle. As usual, my uncle Joe Wynne asked me to go to work in the pit for the summer and I did so, Boyle. As usual, my uncle Joe Wynne asked me to go to work in the pit for the summer and I did so, travelling each day with my brother Martin, now deceased. We left home, travelled to Drumshanbo travelling each day with my brother Martin, now deceased. We left home, travelled to Drumshanbo church car park and were picked up by Joe in his pick-up, which brought us up to the mine. Little did church car park and were picked up by Joe in his pick-up, which brought us up to the mine. Little did I know that I would be working there for the next 17 years! I know that I would be working there for the next 17 years!

My First Job My First Job My first paid job was holding the bags that were filled My first paid job was holding the bags that were filled with coal and then sold to the public. The first man I met with coal and then sold to the public. The first man I met was Joe Cafferty, a very nice and witty man. I remember was Joe Cafferty, a very nice and witty man. I remember an old saying Joe had – everything was “red heinous”. an old saying Joe had – everything was “red heinous”. What it meant, I don’t know! What it meant, I don’t know!

The first three weeks were long, waiting for my first The first three weeks were long, waiting for my first wages. You had to work three weeks to get your first wages. You had to work three weeks to get your first two weeks pay packet and after that you were paid every two weeks pay packet and after that you were paid every two weeks. As the weeks went by, I saved my money and two weeks. As the weeks went by, I saved my money and bought myself a Honda 50cc for £50. The insurance cost bought myself a Honda 50cc for £50. The insurance cost me £12. I bought my first car in January 1975 – a 1963 me £12. I bought my first car in January 1975 – a 1963 Mark 1 Cortina – from Paddy Higgins in Rockwell Park, Mark 1 Cortina – from Paddy Higgins in Rockwell Park, Drumshanbo for £25; but the insurance was £112. I still Drumshanbo for £25; but the insurance was £112. I still have the front bumper and number plate – IZE283, have the front bumper and number plate – IZE283, hanging up in my garage! hanging up in my garage!

Being new to the job meant that sometimes tricks were Being new to the job meant that sometimes tricks were played on me. One day my uncle Brian sent me up to my played on me. One day my uncle Brian sent me up to my uncle Paddy with nails. Paddy was inside the mine. uncle Paddy with nails. Paddy was inside the mine. Tony Tiernan at the eye of the first mine he worked in Tony Tiernan at the eye of the first mine he worked in Outside the mineshaft was Packie McGovern, now Outside the mineshaft was Packie McGovern, now deceased, who said to me: “come into the mine with me, it’s too cold out here.” Of course I did so, but deceased, who said to me: “come into the mine with me, it’s too cold out here.” Of course I did so, but he brought me into a side road in the mine where he was working and I was there for a while. After he brought me into a side road in the mine where he was working and I was there for a while. After some time I was missed and my uncle went looking for me. He asked the late Hubert Murray if he’d some time I was missed and my uncle went looking for me. He asked the late Hubert Murray if he’d seen Tony. Hubert thought he was talking about his brother, and told him he hadn’t seen Tony since he seen Tony. Hubert thought he was talking about his brother, and told him he hadn’t seen Tony since he went to England! To which Paddy replied: “Jesus a grá, I’m looking for Tony Tiernan!” When I came out went to England! To which Paddy replied: “Jesus a grá, I’m looking for Tony Tiernan!” When I came out of the mine, he told me in no uncertain words not to go into the mine again. It was my first lesson in life! of the mine, he told me in no uncertain words not to go into the mine again. It was my first lesson in life!

So September came and went and I stayed in the mines. There were good days and hard days. You So September came and went and I stayed in the mines. There were good days and hard days. You had to take the good with the bad. had to take the good with the bad.

The Mill Shed The Mill Shed As the weeks went by, I moved up to the mill shed where the coal was crushed. Each day, the first As the weeks went by, I moved up to the mill shed where the coal was crushed. Each day, the first thing to be done was to fill the air compressor with diesel and check for oil. Then I had to start the thing to be done was to fill the air compressor with diesel and check for oil. Then I had to start the machine, leave it running for a few minutes, and switch on the taps for the air to go through a three- machine, leave it running for a few minutes, and switch on the taps for the air to go through a three- inch pipe up to a big air tank in the mine. This was to provide compressed air for the air picks used inch pipe up to a big air tank in the mine. This was to provide compressed air for the air picks used to cut the coal. to cut the coal.

62 62 The next task was to let the coal out of The next task was to let the coal out of the small bunker. This was halfway up the small bunker. This was halfway up the rock face between the mill and the the rock face between the mill and the mine where the hutches of coal were mine where the hutches of coal were emptied. The drop between the hutches emptied. The drop between the hutches and the mill shed was so steep that the and the mill shed was so steep that the small bunker was needed to make sure small bunker was needed to make sure that the coal did not come too fast to the that the coal did not come too fast to the mill shed. The coal then had to be mill shed. The coal then had to be sorted. I would pick out the lump coal sorted. I would pick out the lump coal and stones and the rest would be and stones and the rest would be crushed in the mill shed and dropped crushed in the mill shed and dropped into the lower bunker, which would hold into the lower bunker, which would hold about 60 tons at a time. When the lorry about 60 tons at a time. When the lorry Brian Wynne shovelling coal on Bencroy came, it would back in under the bunker Brian Wynne shovelling coal on Bencroy came, it would back in under the bunker and I would pull the boards and let the slack into the body of the lorry. Because there was no electricity, and I would pull the boards and let the slack into the body of the lorry. Because there was no electricity, we had to do all the work by hand. we had to do all the work by hand.

Brian and Joe Wynne Brian and Joe Wynne Brian Wynne used to work in the mill shed. Brian was a bit fiery at times if things weren’t going well, Brian Wynne used to work in the mill shed. Brian was a bit fiery at times if things weren’t going well, and got into a rage from time to time. One day, when things were not good, he said that he would and got into a rage from time to time. One day, when things were not good, he said that he would spend the whole day sacking men! Brian was a very well-read man, and was always talking about spend the whole day sacking men! Brian was a very well-read man, and was always talking about Cromwell and the landlords of the area. At the time, I had no interest in history. My thoughts were on Cromwell and the landlords of the area. At the time, I had no interest in history. My thoughts were on different things! different things!

On the other hand, my uncle Joe Wynne was a very gentle man who wouldn’t say anything, no matter On the other hand, my uncle Joe Wynne was a very gentle man who wouldn’t say anything, no matter how things were going. He lived up at Eastersnow in Croghan, Boyle. Joe used to bring me up to help how things were going. He lived up at Eastersnow in Croghan, Boyle. Joe used to bring me up to help with jobs on the farm and around the house. He drove a pick-up and used to collect the local men on with jobs on the farm and around the house. He drove a pick-up and used to collect the local men on his way to the mine in the morning, including me. Joe always got the spare parts for the mine on his his way to the mine in the morning, including me. Joe always got the spare parts for the mine on his way home in the evening, including the grease used way home in the evening, including the grease used for the axles of the hutches and the hoses for the air for the axles of the hutches and the hoses for the air picks. He would go to Dublin every so often for other picks. He would go to Dublin every so often for other parts that couldn’t be gotten locally. Joe looked after parts that couldn’t be gotten locally. Joe looked after all manner of business outside the mine, including all manner of business outside the mine, including much of the office work. much of the office work.

Paddy Wynne Paddy Wynne My uncle Paddy Wynne was a very smart man – an My uncle Paddy Wynne was a very smart man – an engineer in his own right. He never used a ruler; he engineer in his own right. He never used a ruler; he had a way of measuring length with his forearms and had a way of measuring length with his forearms and hands. He used to make all the wooden hutches by hands. He used to make all the wooden hutches by hand in his stone office with a bit and brace and a hand in his stone office with a bit and brace and a Bushman’s saw, and everything worked perfectly. He Bushman’s saw, and everything worked perfectly. He would start a new project with no paper or maps: it would start a new project with no paper or maps: it was all in his head. I saw him down the years was all in his head. I saw him down the years designing coal bunkers and the layout of the mines. designing coal bunkers and the layout of the mines. He would show us all how to run the mine in a He would show us all how to run the mine in a straight line. Along every twelve yards of the straight line. Along every twelve yards of the “Straight Road” there would be what were called “Straight Road” there would be what were called “branch roads”. “branch roads”. Pat Leonard shovelling coal in Wynne's Mine, Bencroy Pat Leonard shovelling coal in Wynne's Mine, Bencroy

63 63 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Paddy showed us how to bore the rock Paddy showed us how to bore the rock at a particular height with the big boring at a particular height with the big boring machine. There were two drills used for machine. There were two drills used for this: one six foot long, the other twelve this: one six foot long, the other twelve foot long. At the same time, water was foot long. At the same time, water was pumped through the boring machine to pumped through the boring machine to kill the dust from the rock. When the kill the dust from the rock. When the drilling was done, you would fill the hole drilling was done, you would fill the hole with gelignite. You would tap each stick with gelignite. You would tap each stick in with a length of hosepipe down to the in with a length of hosepipe down to the very last stick, to which you would very last stick, to which you would attach a length of fuse and a detonator. attach a length of fuse and a detonator. This was used to explode the gelignite. This was used to explode the gelignite. Once the hole was filled with gelignite Once the hole was filled with gelignite Tony & Sinead Tiernan with Wynne's Lorry on last day of mining at Bencroy and all the men were finished for the Tony & Sinead Tiernan with Wynne's Lorry on last day of mining at Bencroy and all the men were finished for the day, you would light the fuse and leave the road quickly. The explosion brought down the rock and day, you would light the fuse and leave the road quickly. The explosion brought down the rock and dust, and smoke filled the air. The next day you cleaned up that road. This was known as “brushing dust, and smoke filled the air. The next day you cleaned up that road. This was known as “brushing your branch”. You filled the gob (empty space where the coal had been cut away) with the brushings, your branch”. You filled the gob (empty space where the coal had been cut away) with the brushings, levelling the ground behind you. levelling the ground behind you.

I remember Paddy Wynne going to Finner Camp in Donegal with a Garda escort to collect the gelignite, I remember Paddy Wynne going to Finner Camp in Donegal with a Garda escort to collect the gelignite, and later that moved to the Curragh in Kildare. This was done on different days for security reasons. and later that moved to the Curragh in Kildare. This was done on different days for security reasons. Pat Costello used to drive the lorry to bring the slack coal to the power station in Arigna, which the Pat Costello used to drive the lorry to bring the slack coal to the power station in Arigna, which the ESB used to power the station. When Pat Costello retired, I was given the lorry, so that when I was ESB used to power the station. When Pat Costello retired, I was given the lorry, so that when I was finished for the day I would deliver the loads of slack to the power station. finished for the day I would deliver the loads of slack to the power station.

One summer we were building a new coal bunker with 9 inch cavity blocks. At that time Paddy was One summer we were building a new coal bunker with 9 inch cavity blocks. At that time Paddy was smoking a pipe and the pipe head fell straight down the block cavity, almost to the base of the wall. smoking a pipe and the pipe head fell straight down the block cavity, almost to the base of the wall. We didn’t see that. The only thing we saw We didn’t see that. The only thing we saw was him tipping the blocks from the top to was him tipping the blocks from the top to the bottom in a straight line with his the bottom in a straight line with his hammer. We watched curiously, not hammer. We watched curiously, not knowing what he was at. Finally, he hit one knowing what he was at. Finally, he hit one block at the foundation with his hammer to block at the foundation with his hammer to make a hold and, much to our surprise, make a hold and, much to our surprise, reached in to get the head of his pipe! What reached in to get the head of his pipe! What did he do then? He just put the shank back did he do then? He just put the shank back on the head, put it back in his mouth without on the head, put it back in his mouth without a word and went back to his work. We all a word and went back to his work. We all had a good laugh but Paddy kept on had a good laugh but Paddy kept on building! building!

Hard Work Hard Work Working in the mine was hard work. The Working in the mine was hard work. The more coal you produced, the more you got more coal you produced, the more you got paid. I was a “drawer” for a number of years. paid. I was a “drawer” for a number of years. The drawer filled his hutch with coal cut The drawer filled his hutch with coal cut from the seam by another man with an air from the seam by another man with an air pick. There was no electricity in those days; pick. There was no electricity in those days; light was provided by carbide lamps. Later light was provided by carbide lamps. Later Notice of price increase for mining explosives (1973) Notice of price increase for mining explosives (1973)

64 64 65 65 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. on, we worked with electric lights. The day was short but you worked hard. There was a good spirit on, we worked with electric lights. The day was short but you worked hard. There was a good spirit among the miners; we all stuck together. We worked six days a week: Tuesday to Saturday, so Monday among the miners; we all stuck together. We worked six days a week: Tuesday to Saturday, so Monday was the day off. It wasn’t really a day off. We had to work on Mondays to get the mine ready for the was the day off. It wasn’t really a day off. We had to work on Mondays to get the mine ready for the week ahead; also, maintenance of the mine, inside and outside, was done on Monday. You learned a week ahead; also, maintenance of the mine, inside and outside, was done on Monday. You learned a lot about life in the mine. You had to look after your own safety and the safety of others. The rock had lot about life in the mine. You had to look after your own safety and the safety of others. The rock had to be propped with pit pillars and the sides of the roads had to be kept built and straight. to be propped with pit pillars and the sides of the roads had to be kept built and straight.

There were about 40 people working in the mines at its peak. The older men used to take a number There were about 40 people working in the mines at its peak. The older men used to take a number of weeks off in the summer to save the turf and hay so the younger men had to take their places. That of weeks off in the summer to save the turf and hay so the younger men had to take their places. That was when I started to use an air pick to cut coal. Pat Leonard and myself were mates for a number of was when I started to use an air pick to cut coal. Pat Leonard and myself were mates for a number of years. We had some good days and good fun with Sean Ward. Sean had a good saying: “You would years. We had some good days and good fun with Sean Ward. Sean had a good saying: “You would want to be a parable wide.” Whatever that meant! We would all meet in the Mayflower Ballroom in want to be a parable wide.” Whatever that meant! We would all meet in the Mayflower Ballroom in Drumshanbo on a Sunday night, and in other venues. Drumshanbo on a Sunday night, and in other venues.

Paddy Wynne went for our wages down to the bank every Friday. In the early 80s, the system changed Paddy Wynne went for our wages down to the bank every Friday. In the early 80s, the system changed for the wages. We were now paid every week. But a new man starting had to work two weeks before for the wages. We were now paid every week. But a new man starting had to work two weeks before he was paid for one week (which meant there was always a week that was owed to you). he was paid for one week (which meant there was always a week that was owed to you). Paddy had a great sense of humour. He would tell us about his young years and what he did. There Paddy had a great sense of humour. He would tell us about his young years and what he did. There was one Friday when Gerry McGrath had left work early. Paddy asked Thomas Murray where he was. was one Friday when Gerry McGrath had left work early. Paddy asked Thomas Murray where he was. Thomas said that he was gone to pick up the girlfriend from school. Paddy asked was she a teacher. Thomas said that he was gone to pick up the girlfriend from school. Paddy asked was she a teacher. To which Thomas replied with a laugh: “No, she’s a student!” To which Thomas replied with a laugh: “No, she’s a student!”

Life Changes Life Changes The years went by very quickly. I married Mary Catherine McCaffrey from Aughacashel in 1978 and The years went by very quickly. I married Mary Catherine McCaffrey from Aughacashel in 1978 and we had two children. After we married, we lived in Ballinamore for four years and after that we built we had two children. After we married, we lived in Ballinamore for four years and after that we built a new house in Drumshanbo. I went to work with Seddie McGovern for four months, from whom I a new house in Drumshanbo. I went to work with Seddie McGovern for four months, from whom I learned much more about construction and driving lorries, loading shovels, forklifts and other learned much more about construction and driving lorries, loading shovels, forklifts and other machinery. When Seddie met you, his greeting was always the same. “Are you alright Sonny?” he machinery. When Seddie met you, his greeting was always the same. “Are you alright Sonny?” he would ask, scratching his head. After four months, however, I went back to the mines and stayed there would ask, scratching his head. After four months, however, I went back to the mines and stayed there till the mines closed in July 1990. till the mines closed in July 1990.

My late brother Martin started working with Paddy Wynne when he was 15 years of age. He used to My late brother Martin started working with Paddy Wynne when he was 15 years of age. He used to do a range of work inside and outside the mine, including driving, delivering coal and maintenance. do a range of work inside and outside the mine, including driving, delivering coal and maintenance. He went to work with Arigna Collieries for a year in the early 70s but went to Aughacashel and worked He went to work with Arigna Collieries for a year in the early 70s but went to Aughacashel and worked there as a lorry driver until the mine closed. He passed away in June 2000, aged 49 years. there as a lorry driver until the mine closed. He passed away in June 2000, aged 49 years. After the mines closed, I did a After the mines closed, I did a number of FAS courses and joined number of FAS courses and joined An Post in 1994, where I am An Post in 1994, where I am employed to this day. employed to this day. I wish to thank all my workmates for I wish to thank all my workmates for the good and the bad times. We had the good and the bad times. We had fun and laughter. I remember all the fun and laughter. I remember all the deceased miners as well. When I deceased miners as well. When I look back as I write this, there is so look back as I write this, there is so much more I could say. It’s hard to much more I could say. It’s hard to believe that the mines and the believe that the mines and the power station are 25 years closed power station are 25 years closed down. down.

June 2015 June 2015 25 years on - Tony Tiernan, Pat Leonard, Andrew Boyle and Vincent Gilgunn at Bencroy 25 years on - Tony Tiernan, Pat Leonard, Andrew Boyle and Vincent Gilgunn at Bencroy

66 66 Sponsored by Sponsored by Enda Horan Enda Horan Plumbing and Heating Plumbing and Heating Loughconway Loughconway Kilclare Kilclare Tel: 0862244348 Tel: 0862244348

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67 67 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. coal mining on The kilronan mounTain coal mining on The kilronan mounTain By Denis Flynn By Denis Flynn

Coalmining has been the main industry on the Arigna and Kilronan Mountain for the past 200 years. Coalmining has been the main industry on the Arigna and Kilronan Mountain for the past 200 years. Coalmining originated from the mining of iron ore from the Kilronan Mountain along the Arigna River Coalmining originated from the mining of iron ore from the Kilronan Mountain along the Arigna River bed. Charles Coote built the original iron smelting works in Arigna in or around 1600. Local timber bed. Charles Coote built the original iron smelting works in Arigna in or around 1600. Local timber was used to heat the furnaces. The Iron smelting works were operated by the O’Reilly Brothers and in was used to heat the furnaces. The Iron smelting works were operated by the O’Reilly Brothers and in 1788 coal was used in the smelting process. The extraction of coal from the Kilronan Mountain was a 1788 coal was used in the smelting process. The extraction of coal from the Kilronan Mountain was a first in Ireland for an industry to use local coal for an industrial process, and this coalmining flowered first in Ireland for an industry to use local coal for an industrial process, and this coalmining flowered into a massive industry from that year until the closure of the mines in 1989 as a result of the closure into a massive industry from that year until the closure of the mines in 1989 as a result of the closure of the Arigna Power Station – the main user of Arigna coal at that time. of the Arigna Power Station – the main user of Arigna coal at that time.

Coal was also used by local farmers for their own domestic use and evidence of this was in Upper Coal was also used by local farmers for their own domestic use and evidence of this was in Upper Rove. While open casting the last remaining reserves of main coal, I came upon “Prohies”. These Rove. While open casting the last remaining reserves of main coal, I came upon “Prohies”. These “Prohies were little shafts that were opened by local land owners on their own land to extract small “Prohies were little shafts that were opened by local land owners on their own land to extract small amounts of coal for their own domestic use. These shafts or “Prohies” were dug out, unknown to the amounts of coal for their own domestic use. These shafts or “Prohies” were dug out, unknown to the landlords, as far back as the mid 1700s. My great great grandfather was one of these original landlords, as far back as the mid 1700s. My great great grandfather was one of these original miners/farmers. miners/farmers.

Coal was extracted on a commercial basis from the Kilronan Mountain on a much larger scale prior to Coal was extracted on a commercial basis from the Kilronan Mountain on a much larger scale prior to the Second World War. The coal was sold to hospitals and factories and power stations. In 1958 came the Second World War. The coal was sold to hospitals and factories and power stations. In 1958 came Arigna Power Station. This left a stable market for the extracted coal until its closure in 1989. Arigna Power Station. This left a stable market for the extracted coal until its closure in 1989.

The mountain contains 5 low seams, 4 crow coal and 1 main seam. Most of the main seam coal has The mountain contains 5 low seams, 4 crow coal and 1 main seam. Most of the main seam coal has been extracted but large reserves of crow coal are still unmined and remain untouched. Because the been extracted but large reserves of crow coal are still unmined and remain untouched. Because the coal seams were only 18” high, coal was not easily extracted. Shafts and tunnels were made all over coal seams were only 18” high, coal was not easily extracted. Shafts and tunnels were made all over the mountain to access the coal and miners had to work on their sides along the coal face to mine the the mountain to access the coal and miners had to work on their sides along the coal face to mine the coal, firstly by hand picks and later on electric coal cutting machines were purchased in Scotland coal, firstly by hand picks and later on electric coal cutting machines were purchased in Scotland around 1910. I have refurbished one of these coal cutters to its original condition. around 1910. I have refurbished one of these coal cutters to its original condition.

Coal was extracted by many companies. Firstly by the O’Reilly Bros and in later years by M.J. Noone Coal was extracted by many companies. Firstly by the O’Reilly Bros and in later years by M.J. Noone & Co., McDermott Roe, Mc & Co., McDermott Roe, Mc Tiernan Bros., Flynn & Tiernan Bros., Flynn & Lehany Coalmines Ltd., Sean Lehany Coalmines Ltd., Sean Greene, C/o Rover Mining Greene, C/o Rover Mining Company, Broderick & Ryan Company, Broderick & Ryan (who were the first company (who were the first company to start opencast operation to start opencast operation in Arigna in the early in Arigna in the early 1960’s) and Arigna 1960’s) and Arigna Collieries. Coal was Collieries. Coal was transported from Arigna by transported from Arigna by horse and cart, then by horse and cart, then by steam engine on the narrow steam engine on the narrow gauge railway and later by gauge railway and later by road. In the 1800’s coal was road. In the 1800’s coal was also carried by boat from also carried by boat from Lough Allen. Lough Allen.

Josie Flynn (RIP), Denis Flynn, Lorna Flynn, Andrew Flynn and John Maguire. The main coalmines in the Josie Flynn (RIP), Denis Flynn, Lorna Flynn, Andrew Flynn and John Maguire. The main coalmines in the

68 68 Kilronan Mountain were Kilronan Mountain were Derrenavoggy, Rockhill, Derrenavoggy, Rockhill, Carnalth, numerous mines Carnalth, numerous mines in Rover, Gubberudda, in Rover, Gubberudda, Black Diamond, Black Diamond, Greaghnageara and Greaghnageara and Geevagh mines. Geevagh mines.

I operated Flynn & Lehany I operated Flynn & Lehany Coalmines Ltd after the Coalmines Ltd after the death of my farther death of my farther in1983 until the closure of in1983 until the closure of the mines in 1990. Today the mines in 1990. Today on the site of the old on the site of the old coalmines I operate a coalmines I operate a quartz sandstone quarry. quartz sandstone quarry. The sandstone is rock The sandstone is rock which is seated over and which is seated over and under the coal seams. under the coal seams. Hillstreet Quarries is the Hillstreet Quarries is the name of the company. We Coal Lorry, Flynn and Lehany's Mines, Arigna name of the company. We Coal Lorry, Flynn and Lehany's Mines, Arigna manufacture decorative manufacture decorative chippings, silica sands and building stone. The decorative chippings are sold nationwide and are chippings, silica sands and building stone. The decorative chippings are sold nationwide and are packed in small and large bags. We supply multiples such as Woodies, Atlantic Homecare, Roadstone packed in small and large bags. We supply multiples such as Woodies, Atlantic Homecare, Roadstone Paving Centers, Co-op Superstores, Gold, Garden and Paving Centres and many more. These Paving Centers, Co-op Superstores, Connacht Gold, Garden and Paving Centres and many more. These decorative chippings are sold under the brand name of Glenview TM. We also export chippings into decorative chippings are sold under the brand name of Glenview TM. We also export chippings into the UK market. the UK market.

The silica sands are sold for the making of horse gallops. The most recent is to the renowned horse The silica sands are sold for the making of horse gallops. The most recent is to the renowned horse trainer, Gordon Elliot, Horse Arenas and Dog tracks. We also supply Quinn Glass with sand for use in trainer, Gordon Elliot, Horse Arenas and Dog tracks. We also supply Quinn Glass with sand for use in the making of coloured glass. the making of coloured glass. Grits are supplied to Larsens Grits are supplied to Larsens in Belfast for the making of in Belfast for the making of building products. Building building products. Building stone is extracted by Mr. Sean stone is extracted by Mr. Sean Greene, JMJ Ventures Ltd. Greene, JMJ Ventures Ltd. This is sold nationwide and This is sold nationwide and Sean also extracts coal from Sean also extracts coal from our quarry which he sells to our quarry which he sells to Quinn Cement for use in the Quinn Cement for use in the furnaces. furnaces. Hopefully these present day Hopefully these present day industries will continue for industries will continue for many years to come. many years to come.

Editor’s Note: Article taken Editor’s Note: Article taken from Kilronan Then and Now from Kilronan Then and Now (Published November 2010) (Published November 2010)

Weigh Bridge at Flynn & Lehany Weigh Bridge at Flynn & Lehany

69 69 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Weigh Bridge and Coal Bunker at Flynn and Lehany's Weigh Bridge and Coal Bunker at Flynn and Lehany's

ESB notification of price increase sent to Flynn and Lehany's Collieries ESB notification of price increase sent to Flynn and Lehany's Collieries in 1975 in 1975

Coal Cutter - Arigna Coal Cutter - Arigna

Best Wishes to the Best Wishes to the Miners Historical Society Miners Historical Society From all at From all at Drumshanbo Post Office Drumshanbo Post Office Remember to support your local post office Remember to support your local post office or it too will become a thing of the past. or it too will become a thing of the past. Tel: (071) 9641049 Tel: (071) 9641049

70 70 mining on sliabh an iarainn – a long TraDiTion mining on sliabh an iarainn – a long TraDiTion By Pat McGovern By Pat McGovern

About 15,000 years ago, the Ice of the great Ice Age started to melt. About 1,000 years after that, the About 15,000 years ago, the Ice of the great Ice Age started to melt. About 1,000 years after that, the climate warmed up and all kinds of animals started arriving from what is now England, over land- climate warmed up and all kinds of animals started arriving from what is now England, over land- bridges that existed then. bridges that existed then.

Around 10,000 years ago the Ice returned and a ‘short’ Ice Age occurred. This caused food shortages Around 10,000 years ago the Ice returned and a ‘short’ Ice Age occurred. This caused food shortages for the large animals, ie. Giant deer and reindeer and so they became extinct. for the large animals, ie. Giant deer and reindeer and so they became extinct.

1,000 years later the climate warmed again, other animals arrived ie. red deer, boars, bears, squirrels, 1,000 years later the climate warmed again, other animals arrived ie. red deer, boars, bears, squirrels, wolves, foxes and birds of prey. The melting ice created many rivers and lakes, these were soon teeming wolves, foxes and birds of prey. The melting ice created many rivers and lakes, these were soon teeming with fish and game birds were everywhere. with fish and game birds were everywhere.

The ice continued to melt, the sea level rose, the land bridges vanished under water and Ireland The ice continued to melt, the sea level rose, the land bridges vanished under water and Ireland became an island. Sometime during all this turmoil possibly around 7,000 B.C. (9,000 Years ago) became an island. Sometime during all this turmoil possibly around 7,000 B.C. (9,000 Years ago) humans first appeared in Ireland. humans first appeared in Ireland.

From 4000 B.C. to 2,400 B.C. saw a huge rise in the population and also saw a change from hunter- From 4000 B.C. to 2,400 B.C. saw a huge rise in the population and also saw a change from hunter- gatherer to a more agricultural based lifestyle (new Stone Age). Next came the Bronze Age, ie. 2,200 gatherer to a more agricultural based lifestyle (new Stone Age). Next came the Bronze Age, ie. 2,200 – 500 B.C. (About 4,000 years ago). This period would be the first time that mining of any sort would – 500 B.C. (About 4,000 years ago). This period would be the first time that mining of any sort would have happened in Ireland. The oldest copper mine in Ireland is on Ross Island, Co. Kerry and is dated have happened in Ireland. The oldest copper mine in Ireland is on Ross Island, Co. Kerry and is dated at around 2,200 B.C. Next came the Iron Age (500 years B.C. to 500 A.D. – about 2,000 yrs ago). at around 2,200 B.C. Next came the Iron Age (500 years B.C. to 500 A.D. – about 2,000 yrs ago).

Ireland was invaded by the Vikings in 795 A.D. (1,220 yrs ago) and shortly afterward the Danes arrived Ireland was invaded by the Vikings in 795 A.D. (1,220 yrs ago) and shortly afterward the Danes arrived in 849 A.D. (1,166 yrs ago). The Danes were Vikings, just from a different region. (The first Vikings in 849 A.D. (1,166 yrs ago). The Danes were Vikings, just from a different region. (The first Vikings were the Norwegians known at the time as the ‘Fair Foreigners’, while the Danes were the Danish were the Norwegians known at the time as the ‘Fair Foreigners’, while the Danes were the Danish Vikings, known as the ‘Dark Foreigners’). Vikings, known as the ‘Dark Foreigners’).

Bencroy Miners reunited after 25 years Bencroy Miners reunited after 25 years

71 71 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Mining in Ireland became very common after this time mainly because of the arrival of the Danes. The Mining in Ireland became very common after this time mainly because of the arrival of the Danes. The Danes seemed to be a more civilised version of Viking and less inclined towards plunder and pillage Danes seemed to be a more civilised version of Viking and less inclined towards plunder and pillage than their earlier counterparts. than their earlier counterparts.

These Danes, it seems, were the first people to mine coal in Ireland as ‘Danes mines’ or ‘Danes Pits’ These Danes, it seems, were the first people to mine coal in Ireland as ‘Danes mines’ or ‘Danes Pits’ are to be found all over the country. Balingarry, Co Tipperary has a ‘Danes Mine’ and so does Sliabh an are to be found all over the country. Balingarry, Co Tipperary has a ‘Danes Mine’ and so does Sliabh an Iarainn! Well that’s the Folklore story anyway. But there is an old mine there, high up on a dangerous Iarainn! Well that’s the Folklore story anyway. But there is an old mine there, high up on a dangerous ledge on the far left of Bencroy. I know it’s there, because I was in it once. Whether it is a Danes mine ledge on the far left of Bencroy. I know it’s there, because I was in it once. Whether it is a Danes mine or not, it is reputed to be the oldest mine on Sliabh an Iarainn and it started a fair tradition of mining or not, it is reputed to be the oldest mine on Sliabh an Iarainn and it started a fair tradition of mining on the mountain. on the mountain.

There is evidence of Iron mines on Sliabh an Iarainn during the 1600s and 1700s. Actual records There is evidence of Iron mines on Sliabh an Iarainn during the 1600s and 1700s. Actual records mention an iron smeltering/ foundry near Ballinamore in 1630. Again near Ballinamore mention of a mention an iron smeltering/ foundry near Ballinamore in 1630. Again near Ballinamore mention of a foundry/smelting operation by Slack, Skerrit and Hall 1640’s to 1690’s (The same one?) foundry/smelting operation by Slack, Skerrit and Hall 1640’s to 1690’s (The same one?)

The name of ‘Foundry Hill’ near Drumshanbo indicates iron works in that area during the 1600s. The name of ‘Foundry Hill’ near Drumshanbo indicates iron works in that area during the 1600s. Also there is a mention of an iron foundry near Castlefore in the 1690s. Mr William Gore of Also there is a mention of an iron foundry near Castlefore in the 1690s. Mr William Gore of Newtowngore also had an Iron smelter in Ballinamore in 1747. Newtowngore also had an Iron smelter in Ballinamore in 1747.

Sliabh an Iarainn was the likely source of all this iron (The Iron Mountain) but all was not well because Sliabh an Iarainn was the likely source of all this iron (The Iron Mountain) but all was not well because by the mid to late 1700s all the trees and forests in the area had been cut down, to make room for by the mid to late 1700s all the trees and forests in the area had been cut down, to make room for fires, buildings, tillage and grazing. Trees were a huge part of iron smelting as the charcoal was a vital fires, buildings, tillage and grazing. Trees were a huge part of iron smelting as the charcoal was a vital part of the process. part of the process.

Coal for the furnace was also very necessary, the mountain had plenty of coal but transporting it to Coal for the furnace was also very necessary, the mountain had plenty of coal but transporting it to the foundry was almost impossible as there were no roads in the vicinity of the mountain at the time. the foundry was almost impossible as there were no roads in the vicinity of the mountain at the time. Faced with these problems the iron business in the area ceased to exist around the end of the 1700s. Faced with these problems the iron business in the area ceased to exist around the end of the 1700s. Somewhere around the 1840s or 1850s, a man named Hinchcliffe opened a flagstone quarry on Sliabh Somewhere around the 1840s or 1850s, a man named Hinchcliffe opened a flagstone quarry on Sliabh an Iarainn near Bealbeag. This lasted for a while, provided some local employment but also ceased to an Iarainn near Bealbeag. This lasted for a while, provided some local employment but also ceased to exist around the 1900s. exist around the 1900s.

Then in the mid to late 1920s, came Cull & Gannon. They came from Arigna in Co. Roscommon. Stayed Then in the mid to late 1920s, came Cull & Gannon. They came from Arigna in Co. Roscommon. Stayed for years in my Grandfather-Peter Burns’ house and opened a coal mine on the face of Sliabh an Iarainn for years in my Grandfather-Peter Burns’ house and opened a coal mine on the face of Sliabh an Iarainn (Bencroy/Gubnaveigh), just above the Ultach’s monument. (Bencroy/Gubnaveigh), just above the Ultach’s monument.

The mine’s main tunnel is still there, neatly arched with stone at the entrance. This mine was operated The mine’s main tunnel is still there, neatly arched with stone at the entrance. This mine was operated for most of 40 years by Cull & Gannon, provided huge employment in the area and much needed fuel for most of 40 years by Cull & Gannon, provided huge employment in the area and much needed fuel for houses with only an open fire for heating. Several other mines opened around this time. for houses with only an open fire for heating. Several other mines opened around this time. George Watson had a coalmine further towards Ballinaglera in the 1930s or 40s. The ruins of his house George Watson had a coalmine further towards Ballinaglera in the 1930s or 40s. The ruins of his house still stand there, on the left beyond the poorhouse bridge and at the end of a long, now overgrown still stand there, on the left beyond the poorhouse bridge and at the end of a long, now overgrown lane. lane.

In the 50s there were two other mines in operation near the Booster Station. They can be seen just In the 50s there were two other mines in operation near the Booster Station. They can be seen just past the Ultach’s monument on the left of the road. These were owned by Pat Bruen and Mickey past the Ultach’s monument on the left of the road. These were owned by Pat Bruen and Mickey Greene. They were on the lowest coal seam on the mountain, almost road level and were very wet, Greene. They were on the lowest coal seam on the mountain, almost road level and were very wet, liable to flooding and only lasted a few short years. liable to flooding and only lasted a few short years.

Meanwhile in 1947, Paddy Wynne (Paddy Barney), arrived from Arigna and set about opening a coal Meanwhile in 1947, Paddy Wynne (Paddy Barney), arrived from Arigna and set about opening a coal mine in Bealbeag (The Mullaghgarbh side of the mountain). This was a Trojan task as a road had to be mine in Bealbeag (The Mullaghgarbh side of the mountain). This was a Trojan task as a road had to be

72 72 built to the mine area first, over vast areas of soft bog land and swamps. He got it done and this mine built to the mine area first, over vast areas of soft bog land and swamps. He got it done and this mine flourished from 1947 until 1962, providing much needed employment in the area. flourished from 1947 until 1962, providing much needed employment in the area.

The Bealbeag mine closed in 1962 but that was far from the end of Paddy Barney. In 1963 he bought The Bealbeag mine closed in 1962 but that was far from the end of Paddy Barney. In 1963 he bought the Cull & Gannon mine on Bencroy and off he went again. Nearly everyone in the parish it seemed the Cull & Gannon mine on Bencroy and off he went again. Nearly everyone in the parish it seemed worked in that mine. The roads were now in good repair, tarred even, the rural electrification had worked in that mine. The roads were now in good repair, tarred even, the rural electrification had been completed some years before. Most people now had a phone in the house and everything was been completed some years before. Most people now had a phone in the house and everything was rosy in the garden! rosy in the garden!

Coal was pouring from this mine, lorries were up and down this road all day, delivering to power Coal was pouring from this mine, lorries were up and down this road all day, delivering to power stations like Arigna and as far afield as Dublin and the cement factory in Drogheda, Co Louth. stations like Arigna and as far afield as Dublin and the cement factory in Drogheda, Co Louth.

At this time I was about 12/13 years of age and was fascinated by all this activity. Workers arrived At this time I was about 12/13 years of age and was fascinated by all this activity. Workers arrived every morning in cars and on motorbikes, the place was a hive of activity. My father worked for years every morning in cars and on motorbikes, the place was a hive of activity. My father worked for years in this mine and every evening he came home black as a pot and giving out about the wet or the dust in this mine and every evening he came home black as a pot and giving out about the wet or the dust or something, but he sharpened his pick, filled his carbide lamp and off again the next morning. or something, but he sharpened his pick, filled his carbide lamp and off again the next morning.

I grew up through all this and can remember well all the people who came and went. Many a time I I grew up through all this and can remember well all the people who came and went. Many a time I jumped into a hutch and was brought in the coalface by Tommy Larry or Jim Joe Dolan and wondered jumped into a hutch and was brought in the coalface by Tommy Larry or Jim Joe Dolan and wondered at the intricacies of the whole operation. at the intricacies of the whole operation.

I was most fascinated by a type of Cable Car system that operated for many years on the face of the I was most fascinated by a type of Cable Car system that operated for many years on the face of the mountain, used for bringing coal from the main tunnel mouth down a very steep incline to the road. mountain, used for bringing coal from the main tunnel mouth down a very steep incline to the road. It consisted of a rail track and a huge wooden brake drum, round which a wire rope was placed and It consisted of a rail track and a huge wooden brake drum, round which a wire rope was placed and each end attached to a large hutch. As the full hutch went down the track it pulled the empty hutch each end attached to a large hutch. As the full hutch went down the track it pulled the empty hutch back up. The speed was controlled by a long brake handle on the drum. back up. The speed was controlled by a long brake handle on the drum.

There is no doubt in my mind that coal mining on Sliabh an Iarainn, from about 1930 until 1990 was There is no doubt in my mind that coal mining on Sliabh an Iarainn, from about 1930 until 1990 was the main factor in the economic well being of the whole area. Houses were renovated, new houses the main factor in the economic well being of the whole area. Houses were renovated, new houses built, farms were improved, sheds built, land bought and by the early 70s nearly every household had built, farms were improved, sheds built, land bought and by the early 70s nearly every household had a car. a car.

Humans seem to have an inbuilt urge to travel, to get away, to go somewhere new, to congregate in Humans seem to have an inbuilt urge to travel, to get away, to go somewhere new, to congregate in big cities and so some of us left but we all remember those days. The traffic, the people in and out, the big cities and so some of us left but we all remember those days. The traffic, the people in and out, the excitement of it all! excitement of it all! We all had a great time in the 60s and 70s. We had snow 5 or 6 times every winter. A playground that We all had a great time in the 60s and 70s. We had snow 5 or 6 times every winter. A playground that could only be measured in square miles and most of all there was work in the coal pit. could only be measured in square miles and most of all there was work in the coal pit.

Slowly and steadily over the years, power stations converted to diesel or closed down totally. Big Slowly and steadily over the years, power stations converted to diesel or closed down totally. Big companies like cement production or sugar factories converted to electricity. All this progress was the companies like cement production or sugar factories converted to electricity. All this progress was the death knell of the coal mining on Sliabh an Iarainn and on Arigna mountain as well. death knell of the coal mining on Sliabh an Iarainn and on Arigna mountain as well.

Songs are sung about the miners of northern England and the Rhonda Valley in Wales but the Sliabh Songs are sung about the miners of northern England and the Rhonda Valley in Wales but the Sliabh an Iarainn miners were a tough breed of men, working in one of the most hostile environments you an Iarainn miners were a tough breed of men, working in one of the most hostile environments you could get. could get.

In 1990 the mine on Bencroy closed and so a whole way of life disappeared. 25 years later people still In 1990 the mine on Bencroy closed and so a whole way of life disappeared. 25 years later people still talk about Cull and Gannon, Watson, Pat Bruen, The Greenes and of course Paddy Barney. talk about Cull and Gannon, Watson, Pat Bruen, The Greenes and of course Paddy Barney.

73 73 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Hubert Murray and Tony Tiernan Pushing the Hutch Jim Joe Dolan and Tony Tiernan bringing out the hutch Hubert Murray and Tony Tiernan Pushing the Hutch Jim Joe Dolan and Tony Tiernan bringing out the hutch

Jim Joe Dolan filling the hutch on Bencroy Jim Joe Dolan with the hutch on Bencroy Jim Joe Dolan filling the hutch on Bencroy Jim Joe Dolan with the hutch on Bencroy

Michael Darcy using an airpick to cut coal in Bencroy Coal train arriving in Arigna Michael Darcy using an airpick to cut coal in Bencroy Coal train arriving in Arigna

Tony Tiernan and Hubert Murray on Bencroy Tony Tiernan and Hubert Murray on Bencroy

74 74 “a way of work anD a way of life” “a way of work anD a way of life” By Breda & Sean Wynne By Breda & Sean Wynne introduction introduction Our account outlines the developments which took place around the Lough Allen, from the first mining Our account outlines the developments which took place around the Lough Allen, from the first mining of outcrops of coal on the Kilronan and Altnagowen mountains to producing coal, iron, bricks and of outcrops of coal on the Kilronan and Altnagowen mountains to producing coal, iron, bricks and developing transport systems around the area of Lough Allen. Coal mining was taking place when developing transport systems around the area of Lough Allen. Coal mining was taking place when Charlie O’Connor carried out his statistical survey in 1773. O’Connor’s was the first documented Charlie O’Connor carried out his statistical survey in 1773. O’Connor’s was the first documented evidence available indicating mining in the Arigna valley. Breda carried this research in 1997 for a evidence available indicating mining in the Arigna valley. Breda carried this research in 1997 for a Diploma in History at Maynooth University. Diploma in History at Maynooth University.

While as long ago as the 1600s iron ore from the mountains around Lough Allen was used to produce While as long ago as the 1600s iron ore from the mountains around Lough Allen was used to produce pig iron at Drumshanbo from 1640-1765. Iron ore, limestone and charcoal were the primary pig iron at Drumshanbo from 1640-1765. Iron ore, limestone and charcoal were the primary ingredients of iron production. Yet by the late 1700’s timber was running out and the Drumshanbo ingredients of iron production. Yet by the late 1700’s timber was running out and the Drumshanbo works closed ( Furnace Hill – beside the Drumshanbo Vocational School). works closed ( Furnace Hill – beside the Drumshanbo Vocational School).

Around this time a man named Darby in England discovered that coke (coal) could replace charcoal Around this time a man named Darby in England discovered that coke (coal) could replace charcoal in the production process of pig iron. A family of O’Reilly’s set up an ironworks at Arigna using local in the production process of pig iron. A family of O’Reilly’s set up an ironworks at Arigna using local coal and ironstone from the Arigna River. Our account outlines the different developments that took coal and ironstone from the Arigna River. Our account outlines the different developments that took place in Arigna valley during the period. This period saw the rapid growth of coal extraction in a place in Arigna valley during the period. This period saw the rapid growth of coal extraction in a commercial way. commercial way.

In 1822 Lough Allen was opened up to the Shannon navigation by means of a 4 ½ mile canal from In 1822 Lough Allen was opened up to the Shannon navigation by means of a 4 ½ mile canal from Battle bridge to Drumshanbo, which was used to transport Arigna coal and manufactured goods from Battle bridge to Drumshanbo, which was used to transport Arigna coal and manufactured goods from the Arigna Valley to the rest of the country. This canal had mixed fortunes and closed to navigation in the Arigna Valley to the rest of the country. This canal had mixed fortunes and closed to navigation in 1930, it was reopened in 1996 to facilitate cruiser traffic, and boost local tourism. 1930, it was reopened in 1996 to facilitate cruiser traffic, and boost local tourism.

In 1818, Griffith carried out a survey of the coal and as a result three major mining companies invested In 1818, Griffith carried out a survey of the coal and as a result three major mining companies invested in the region. The Arigna Iron & Coal Company developed a number of coalmines on the Kilronan in the region. The Arigna Iron & Coal Company developed a number of coalmines on the Kilronan Mountain and also used ironstone along the Arigna River for the iron production. They brought to the Mountain and also used ironstone along the Arigna River for the iron production. They brought to the area Englishmen skilled in area Englishmen skilled in mining and iron production. mining and iron production. Different methods were used Different methods were used to bring coal out of the to bring coal out of the mountains and produce coke mountains and produce coke which was brought down to which was brought down to the ironworks by means of a the ironworks by means of a tramway opened in 1831, tramway opened in 1831, and closed in 1836, probably and closed in 1836, probably the first in the country. the first in the country.

The modern age of mining in The modern age of mining in Arigna began in the late Arigna began in the late 1800s with the building of 1800s with the building of the Arigna Tramway opened the Arigna Tramway opened in May 1888 with a gauge of in May 1888 with a gauge of 3’0’ only reaching Mount 3’0’ only reaching Mount Allen Cross 4 ½ miles short of Allen Cross 4 ½ miles short of Pictured at a miners' dinnerdance - John Joe & Helen Cullen with Alice & Mickey Mahon (1966). the Arigna mines. (see map 1) Pictured at a miners' dinnerdance - John Joe & Helen Cullen with Alice & Mickey Mahon (1966). the Arigna mines. (see map 1)

75 75 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

At this time, Michael Laydon started working in the Corry Mountains and his family was to continue At this time, Michael Laydon started working in the Corry Mountains and his family was to continue right up to the eventual closure of the mines in 1990 and today runs the Arigna Fuels. In June of 1920, right up to the eventual closure of the mines in 1990 and today runs the Arigna Fuels. In June of 1920, the 4 ½ miles of railway was built to Aughabehy and owned by the Government. The section between the 4 ½ miles of railway was built to Aughabehy and owned by the Government. The section between Aughabehy and Derreenavoggy closed in 1930 and Leitrim/Cavan railway itself closed in 1959. The Aughabehy and Derreenavoggy closed in 1930 and Leitrim/Cavan railway itself closed in 1959. The importance of the railway was vital to the survival of mining companies in the valley because of the importance of the railway was vital to the survival of mining companies in the valley because of the poor standards of the roads in the region. The coal was used by the Railway Company, along with poor standards of the roads in the region. The coal was used by the Railway Company, along with supplying industry with coal especially during the war years. 600 miners were at work in the valley. supplying industry with coal especially during the war years. 600 miners were at work in the valley. As the railway line closed, a new opportunity was provided by the development of a 15 MW power As the railway line closed, a new opportunity was provided by the development of a 15 MW power station on the shore of Lough Allen, giving a market for Arigna coal until the E.S.B. announced that as station on the shore of Lough Allen, giving a market for Arigna coal until the E.S.B. announced that as and from July 1990, they would no longer accept Arigna coal. They proposed to close their plant within and from July 1990, they would no longer accept Arigna coal. They proposed to close their plant within two years and it finally closed in 1993. two years and it finally closed in 1993.

From the mid 1970s to the early 1980s miners lived in the hope of a new 40 MW crow coal station From the mid 1970s to the early 1980s miners lived in the hope of a new 40 MW crow coal station being built beside the 15 MW Station with new fluidized bed system developed in the U.S.A. and France. being built beside the 15 MW Station with new fluidized bed system developed in the U.S.A. and France. After years of campaigning the project was shelved on economic grounds. After years of campaigning the project was shelved on economic grounds.

This account lists the major mines in the coalfield but acknowledges that the list may be incomplete. This account lists the major mines in the coalfield but acknowledges that the list may be incomplete. In relation to the names given to mountains, Kilronan was known as Brawlieve mountain in former In relation to the names given to mountains, Kilronan was known as Brawlieve mountain in former times while the Corrie or Seltannasaggart was also know as Slieve Corknak and Munterkenny and times while the Corrie or Seltannasaggart was also know as Slieve Corknak and Munterkenny and finally in later times as Spion Kop. finally in later times as Spion Kop.

Today in the valley smokeless briquettes are manufactured by Arigna Fuels Ltd., which is owned by Today in the valley smokeless briquettes are manufactured by Arigna Fuels Ltd., which is owned by the Laydon’s. These briquettes are made from imported ingredients. Mining is no longer available as the Laydon’s. These briquettes are made from imported ingredients. Mining is no longer available as an option to the youth of the valley, and this way of life is probably lost forever. Some ex-miners would an option to the youth of the valley, and this way of life is probably lost forever. Some ex-miners would say that it was a hard life but in area of few opportunities it provided an income just like any other say that it was a hard life but in area of few opportunities it provided an income just like any other form of employment. To many it was a unique way of life. form of employment. To many it was a unique way of life.

Early Accounts of Coal Mining by Charlie O’ Connor Early Accounts of Coal Mining by Charlie O’ Connor

Coal mining was taking place when Charlie O’ Connor carried out his statistical survey in 1773. O’ Coal mining was taking place when Charlie O’ Connor carried out his statistical survey in 1773. O’ Connor’s was the first documented evidence available indicating mining in the Arigna Valley. Connor’s was the first documented evidence available indicating mining in the Arigna Valley.

Back in the 1700s according to Charlie O Connor description (1773), farm holdings in the Arigna hills, Back in the 1700s according to Charlie O Connor description (1773), farm holdings in the Arigna hills, were very small and the inhabitants lived out their existence by growing potatoes and oats with some were very small and the inhabitants lived out their existence by growing potatoes and oats with some cattle and pigs to pay the landlord the rent. For fuel there was turf but when this was scarce they dug cattle and pigs to pay the landlord the rent. For fuel there was turf but when this was scarce they dug a ‘Pruca Pit’ - an opening driven into the mountain in earlier times to extract the coal for home use a ‘Pruca Pit’ - an opening driven into the mountain in earlier times to extract the coal for home use with poor equipment - where the coal out cropped on the mountain. The Arigna River merits a with poor equipment - where the coal out cropped on the mountain. The Arigna River merits a particular description being in many respects a natural curiosity. It rises in the glen, which divides particular description being in many respects a natural curiosity. It rises in the glen, which divides Bralieve and Slieve Corknak, and taking a straight line from its source to its entrance into the Shannon Bralieve and Slieve Corknak, and taking a straight line from its source to its entrance into the Shannon at Ballintra Bridge is about 7 miles long. at Ballintra Bridge is about 7 miles long.

There is but one market town in the parish, Ballyfaron, which formerly had a good iron foundry and There is but one market town in the parish, Ballyfaron, which formerly had a good iron foundry and mills, now disused for want of charcoal. The roads through the parish and district and the bridges mills, now disused for want of charcoal. The roads through the parish and district and the bridges have been improved in the last fourteen years. Before then, this district was the most impenetrable have been improved in the last fourteen years. Before then, this district was the most impenetrable part of the kingdom. There are also about 250 horses fed here, which are employed in the carriage of part of the kingdom. There are also about 250 horses fed here, which are employed in the carriage of coal from Mr Jones colliery, all over the adjacent countryside. Their method of conveyance, is by back coal from Mr Jones colliery, all over the adjacent countryside. Their method of conveyance, is by back loads in small baskets half a barrel in each. The price, 12s per ton, for every ten miles. They cannot loads in small baskets half a barrel in each. The price, 12s per ton, for every ten miles. They cannot be persuaded to use wheel cars, though one car would carry two barrels, and the work of four horses be persuaded to use wheel cars, though one car would carry two barrels, and the work of four horses would consequently be performed by one. would consequently be performed by one.

76 76 The district running east of Lough Allen from Drumshanbo to Doobally is totally neglected. The face The district running east of Lough Allen from Drumshanbo to Doobally is totally neglected. The face of the country is the same as it was 200 years ago, except that the woods have been consumed by the of the country is the same as it was 200 years ago, except that the woods have been consumed by the Drumshanbo foundry. On the eastern side of Lough Allen the sections exposed in the Stony river are Drumshanbo foundry. On the eastern side of Lough Allen the sections exposed in the Stony river are very rich in ironstone nodules bands of excellent quality varying from four to twenty inches thick, very rich in ironstone nodules bands of excellent quality varying from four to twenty inches thick, being abundant. That the existence of these bands of ironstone was known and taken advantage of in being abundant. That the existence of these bands of ironstone was known and taken advantage of in former days is quite evident from the remains of numerous furnaces, or bloomeries, as they were then former days is quite evident from the remains of numerous furnaces, or bloomeries, as they were then called. Dr. Boate, in his work on the resources of Ireland, published in 1652 refers to the iron ores of called. Dr. Boate, in his work on the resources of Ireland, published in 1652 refers to the iron ores of this district. He says, “the mountains on the east side of Lough Allen are so full of this metal”. this district. He says, “the mountains on the east side of Lough Allen are so full of this metal”.

The lovely Arigna valley forms the scene for most of this story. In 1842, the famous Irish scientist Sir The lovely Arigna valley forms the scene for most of this story. In 1842, the famous Irish scientist Sir Robert Kane visited the Arigna Valley. ‘The picture of this district never left my mind’ he wrote later. Robert Kane visited the Arigna Valley. ‘The picture of this district never left my mind’ he wrote later. ‘The dark brown hills, heather-clad, rose abruptly from the water, excepting towards the south, where ‘The dark brown hills, heather-clad, rose abruptly from the water, excepting towards the south, where they were separated from the lake by level spaces of marshy bog’. The patches of cultivation, small they were separated from the lake by level spaces of marshy bog’. The patches of cultivation, small and rare, far from relieving the aspect of the scene, served but to render its dreariness more and rare, far from relieving the aspect of the scene, served but to render its dreariness more oppressive. Today, particularly in ‘Soft’ weather, there is little apparent change and the unknowing oppressive. Today, particularly in ‘Soft’ weather, there is little apparent change and the unknowing visitor may pass quite unaware of perhaps most of the long and important mining history of the Arigna visitor may pass quite unaware of perhaps most of the long and important mining history of the Arigna Valley except for spoil heaps over the village at Derreenavogy. ( Beside the Arigna Mining Experience) Valley except for spoil heaps over the village at Derreenavogy. ( Beside the Arigna Mining Experience) According to Charlie McDermott RIP (an ex-miner who kept a record of his life in the mines and died According to Charlie McDermott RIP (an ex-miner who kept a record of his life in the mines and died in 1992), who worked in the mines from the mid-1930s to the early 1980s, believed that mining has in 1992), who worked in the mines from the mid-1930s to the early 1980s, believed that mining has been carried out on the Kilronan mountains overlooking Lough Allen and also on Spion Kop mountains been carried out on the Kilronan mountains overlooking Lough Allen and also on Spion Kop mountains to the North of Arigna river as far back as the 1770’s and perhaps even earlier along the outcrops so to the North of Arigna river as far back as the 1770’s and perhaps even earlier along the outcrops so on a (Breifne Historical Society 1972) described the area around Tarmon as follows “in the 1850’s on a (Breifne Historical Society 1972) described the area around Tarmon as follows “in the 1850’s the owner of a dozen townlands in the parish on Inishmagrath, near the north-west corner of Lough the owner of a dozen townlands in the parish on Inishmagrath, near the north-west corner of Lough Allen was James Fawcett. The total area was just short of 1,000 acres of which more than a quarter Allen was James Fawcett. The total area was just short of 1,000 acres of which more than a quarter was leased to one Patrick Buchan. The townlands held by the latter comprised: Corglass (part), was leased to one Patrick Buchan. The townlands held by the latter comprised: Corglass (part), Curraghs South (part), Derrynalurgan (part), Drummangarvagh (part), Gubb, and Curraghs South (part), Derrynalurgan (part), Drummangarvagh (part), Gubb, Lecarrow and Seltanaskeagh. Buchan also held from John Johnston part of the townland of Tawnahoney (parish of Seltanaskeagh. Buchan also held from John Johnston part of the townland of Tawnahoney (parish of ), where he had a house, and also (from James Johnston) part of Gowlaun (parish of Killarga), Killarga), where he had a house, and also (from James Johnston) part of Gowlaun (parish of Killarga), on which were located the Creevelea Iron Works and in fact, he was “agent to the Creevelea Iron Works on which were located the Creevelea Iron Works and in fact, he was “agent to the Creevelea Iron Works Company.” On his holding at Seltanaskeagh were located “workmen’s houses” for the miners which Company.” On his holding at Seltanaskeagh were located “workmen’s houses” for the miners which he employed winning coal from his pits there. (He is also reputed to have mined in the townland of he employed winning coal from his pits there. (He is also reputed to have mined in the townland of Tullymurray parish of Inishmagrath). His lease of the Seltanaskeagh mines appears to have expired Tullymurray parish of Inishmagrath). His lease of the Seltanaskeagh mines appears to have expired in 1872/3 whereupon Henry Fawcett & Company Limited recommenced operations as from May 1873. in 1872/3 whereupon Henry Fawcett & Company Limited recommenced operations as from May 1873. These were the “Spencer Harbour Collieries” which were provided by Fawcett with a “wire tramway” These were the “Spencer Harbour Collieries” which were provided by Fawcett with a “wire tramway” (aerial ropeway) from the pits down the mountain to the road leading to Lough Allen at Spencer (aerial ropeway) from the pits down the mountain to the road leading to Lough Allen at Spencer Harbour in the Townland of Gubb. Harbour in the Townland of Gubb.

From 1877 to 1882 the collieries were worked by the “Lough Allen Clay Works Limited” the mine From 1877 to 1882 the collieries were worked by the “Lough Allen Clay Works Limited” the mine manager being James Lyons, who from 1883 worked the mines in his own right. Associated with the manager being James Lyons, who from 1883 worked the mines in his own right. Associated with the coal in this region were deposits of fire clay which gave very fine bricks and which appear to have coal in this region were deposits of fire clay which gave very fine bricks and which appear to have been worked from Buchan’s time onwards, if not earlier, and it was this resource which resulted in been worked from Buchan’s time onwards, if not earlier, and it was this resource which resulted in the setting up of the clay works in the mid-1870’s. As will be noted there is a considerable degree of the setting up of the clay works in the mid-1870’s. As will be noted there is a considerable degree of mystery about this concern, which burst on the scene about, 1873 and just as dramatically disappeared mystery about this concern, which burst on the scene about, 1873 and just as dramatically disappeared less than a decade later. One rather improbable reason was advanced in 1923 by Major in evidence less than a decade later. One rather improbable reason was advanced in 1923 by Major in evidence to the Canals and Inland Waterways Commission, Dublin,23 January 1923 who also commented on to the Canals and Inland Waterways Commission, Dublin,23 January 1923 who also commented on the setting up of the works “One of the late chief engineers of Guinness’ who left Guinness’ with the setting up of the works “One of the late chief engineers of Guinness’ who left Guinness’ with £40,000, went up to Lough Allen and at the extreme end started a brick and tile works. He left it there £40,000, went up to Lough Allen and at the extreme end started a brick and tile works. He left it there and left all his money there because the [Lough Allen] canal, even in those days, was worse than in and left all his money there because the [Lough Allen] canal, even in those days, was worse than in our day.” our day.”

77 77 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Certainly, the canal was far from perfect but if the works were as good as the owner claimed in 1881 Certainly, the canal was far from perfect but if the works were as good as the owner claimed in 1881 it is unlikely that they would have been abandoned six months later. Indeed, he stated that the works it is unlikely that they would have been abandoned six months later. Indeed, he stated that the works were only just finished and that there was “every prospect of an increasing trade.” Waller in evidence were only just finished and that there was “every prospect of an increasing trade.” Waller in evidence to the Monck Commission on Waterways, 1ST October 1881. to the Monck Commission on Waterways, 1ST October 1881.

The managing director of the “Lough Allen Clay Company”, as it was also described, was George Arthur The managing director of the “Lough Allen Clay Company”, as it was also described, was George Arthur Waller, who also worked boats of his own between Lough Allen and Limerick. By 1881 three steamers Waller, who also worked boats of his own between Lough Allen and Limerick. By 1881 three steamers and three barges were in use. It was necessary to hire barges at times; Waller also had to hire boats and three barges were in use. It was necessary to hire barges at times; Waller also had to hire boats periodically to tow barges - in mid-1880 steamers of the Midland Great Western Railway were periodically to tow barges - in mid-1880 steamers of the Midland Great Western Railway were performing this task, though probably on the Royal Canal, along which Waller’s boats also went. performing this task, though probably on the Royal Canal, along which Waller’s boats also went. Unfortunately, it was not possible to use the boats to anything like their full capacity because of the Unfortunately, it was not possible to use the boats to anything like their full capacity because of the restrictions imposed by the Lough Allen Canal (size of the locks) – The width of the lock is 18” less restrictions imposed by the Lough Allen Canal (size of the locks) – The width of the lock is 18” less then the locks on the Shannon. then the locks on the Shannon.

Waller’s boats were specially built for the Shannon and had extra large boilers to enable them to burn Waller’s boats were specially built for the Shannon and had extra large boilers to enable them to burn the locally mined coal which was suited “admirably” for the clay works although it was “very brittle the locally mined coal which was suited “admirably” for the clay works although it was “very brittle and dirty” and was not saleable except, to a small extent, in . However, when English coal was and dirty” and was not saleable except, to a small extent, in Athlone. However, when English coal was more expensive, considerable quantities were sent to Dublin, Limerick etc., and sold at thirty shillings more expensive, considerable quantities were sent to Dublin, Limerick etc., and sold at thirty shillings a ton. Waller benefited from the heavy up-river traffic of the period and his returning boats were fully a ton. Waller benefited from the heavy up-river traffic of the period and his returning boats were fully loaded. There was unsuccessful competition with the Grand Canal Company for the flour traffic from loaded. There was unsuccessful competition with the Grand Canal Company for the flour traffic from Messrs Russell of Limerick to Carrick-on-Shannon, but Waller prospered nonetheless and his boats Messrs Russell of Limerick to Carrick-on-Shannon, but Waller prospered nonetheless and his boats drew a considerable amount of goods for Ballinamore - flour, Indian corn, petroleum, salt herrings drew a considerable amount of goods for Ballinamore - flour, Indian corn, petroleum, salt herrings etc. - although they were delivered at Drumshanbo as the Ballinamore & Ballyconnell Canal was by etc. - although they were delivered at Drumshanbo as the Ballinamore & Ballyconnell Canal was by then virtually beyond redemption. then virtually beyond redemption.

Oddly, in view of their impending sudden death, Waller maintained that the clay works had been Oddly, in view of their impending sudden death, Waller maintained that the clay works had been “brought to such a success” that there was a backlog of orders and that additional capital and boats “brought to such a success” that there was a backlog of orders and that additional capital and boats were necessary. There was “every description of clay” at Lough Allen including some fine white clay were necessary. There was “every description of clay” at Lough Allen including some fine white clay suitable for pottery, which, however, was not made. But virtually everything else was - fire bricks, suitable for pottery, which, however, was not made. But virtually everything else was - fire bricks, sewerage and drainage pipes, bricks, tiles and moulded plaster-of-Paris goods. The manager was “a sewerage and drainage pipes, bricks, tiles and moulded plaster-of-Paris goods. The manager was “a first-rate Staffordshire man” who dispatched boatloads of sewerage pipes for such places as Woodford, first-rate Staffordshire man” who dispatched boatloads of sewerage pipes for such places as Woodford, Killaloe, Galway and Roscommon, and “high-class fire bricks” to Dublin for such customers as the Killaloe, Galway and Roscommon, and “high-class fire bricks” to Dublin for such customers as the Alliance Gas Company, Guinness’ Brewery and Roe’s Distillery. Alliance Gas Company, Guinness’ Brewery and Roe’s Distillery.

According to Waller some £15 a month was paid in tolls for his boats. The only available record is the According to Waller some £15 a month was paid in tolls for his boats. The only available record is the toll account book for the Battlebridge lock on the Shannon Navigation, including the Lough Allen Canal. toll account book for the Battlebridge lock on the Shannon Navigation, including the Lough Allen Canal. The figures given below cover the period 1871-1883 and they reflect the appearance, life span and The figures given below cover the period 1871-1883 and they reflect the appearance, life span and sudden death of the clay works. Although some of the sums are tiny they are, in fact, the yearly total sudden death of the clay works. Although some of the sums are tiny they are, in fact, the yearly total amounts collected by R. Hewitt at Battle Bridge Lock. amounts collected by R. Hewitt at Battle Bridge Lock.

Year Amount Year Amount Year Amount Year Amount 1871 £0-8-0 1878 £24-18-11 1871 £0-8-0 1878 £24-18-11 1872 £1-16-4 1879 £31-13-1 1872 £1-16-4 1879 £31-13-1 1874 £43-18-7 1881 £60-6-5 1874 £43-18-7 1881 £60-6-5 1875 £28-8-1 1882 £10-11-3 1875 £28-8-1 1882 £10-11-3 1876 £17-11-5 1883 £6-7-5 1876 £17-11-5 1883 £6-7-5 1877 £26-12-4 1877 £26-12-4

Thus both the colliery records and the canal tolls both show the last year of operation of the clay Thus both the colliery records and the canal tolls both show the last year of operation of the clay works. The latter are more specific - in the first three months of 1882 the tolls came to £8-9-6, while works. The latter are more specific - in the first three months of 1882 the tolls came to £8-9-6, while

78 78 Packie Dwyer loading truck in Opencast Last Load Of Coal From Rockhill Packie Dwyer loading truck in Opencast Last Load Of Coal From Rockhill

Michael Dolan driving the drag line Olliver Mc Padden, Arigna Michael Dolan driving the drag line Olliver Mc Padden, Arigna

Eamon Earley Snr. Pat Lynch, Arigna Eamon Earley Snr. Pat Lynch, Arigna

Rockhill Mine, Arigna Sean Guihen driving D8 at opencast Rockhill Mine, Arigna Sean Guihen driving D8 at opencast

79 79 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. for the next six months the total was a mere four shillings! for the next six months the total was a mere four shillings!

Back to local history and Charlie Mc Dermott claimed coal was first discovered by a McTiernan family, Back to local history and Charlie Mc Dermott claimed coal was first discovered by a McTiernan family, who lived in the townland of Tullycurka. The family farm extended to the foot of the mountain, also a who lived in the townland of Tullycurka. The family farm extended to the foot of the mountain, also a small parcel crossed over the coal seam, which gave them mineral rights. This area was to become small parcel crossed over the coal seam, which gave them mineral rights. This area was to become known as Lugmore. Please see map 1. known as Lugmore. Please see map 1.

In 1775, the McTiernan’s were repairing their boundary fence at the foot of the hill, when they In 1775, the McTiernan’s were repairing their boundary fence at the foot of the hill, when they discovered a thin seam of culm - culm is a form of coal having a low calorific value - in the bottom of discovered a thin seam of culm - culm is a form of coal having a low calorific value - in the bottom of the ditch, and on following it gradually rose to an 18 inches seam of coal. With this new-found source the ditch, and on following it gradually rose to an 18 inches seam of coal. With this new-found source of fuel they were slightly perplexed as to what to do about it, or how to develop same, and most of fuel they were slightly perplexed as to what to do about it, or how to develop same, and most important to keep the find a secret. important to keep the find a secret.

The McTiernans decided to lift the amount they required only when the hour of darkness fell, a scheme The McTiernans decided to lift the amount they required only when the hour of darkness fell, a scheme that only lasted a short while. It came to the notice of Milo Lyons who lived just a few 100 yards to the that only lasted a short while. It came to the notice of Milo Lyons who lived just a few 100 yards to the North of Greaghnaslieve. He was interested in the discovery and promptly suggested that the North of Greaghnaslieve. He was interested in the discovery and promptly suggested that the McTiernans grant him leave to work the seam. He opened a level - this is a horizontal shaft driven into McTiernans grant him leave to work the seam. He opened a level - this is a horizontal shaft driven into the mountain in pursuit of the coal - with the help of some local labour in return for coal. the mountain in pursuit of the coal - with the help of some local labour in return for coal.

Lyons worked on a small scale with only five or six men cutting coal. He was able to sell his produce Lyons worked on a small scale with only five or six men cutting coal. He was able to sell his produce to local lime burners, blacksmiths, workhouses of Dowra and at a poor price, culm at to local lime burners, blacksmiths, workhouses of Dowra and Manorhamilton at a poor price, culm at two pence per hundredweight and lump coal at six pence per hundredweight or ten shillings per ton. two pence per hundredweight and lump coal at six pence per hundredweight or ten shillings per ton. A lot of the slack had to be thrown back in the waste owing to difficulty in marketing it. This process A lot of the slack had to be thrown back in the waste owing to difficulty in marketing it. This process of getting rid of the slack continued into the 1840s. It was highly unfair to the cutters to only get paid of getting rid of the slack continued into the 1840s. It was highly unfair to the cutters to only get paid on what reached the pithead and was sold. on what reached the pithead and was sold.

When Lyons had removed McTiernan’s portion of coal rights he was ousted by a Mr Redmond, an When Lyons had removed McTiernan’s portion of coal rights he was ousted by a Mr Redmond, an Englishman, at the request of one of the Leitrim landlords. Redmond worked this level to the fault a Englishman, at the request of one of the Leitrim landlords. Redmond worked this level to the fault a distance of about 150 yards and no more than 20 yards each side as the strip of coal had been narrow distance of about 150 yards and no more than 20 yards each side as the strip of coal had been narrow lying between the neighbouring townlands of Liscuillew and Lugmore, according to Charlie Mc lying between the neighbouring townlands of Liscuillew and Lugmore, according to Charlie Mc Dermott. Dermott.

He also describes his contact with a family of Gilhooly’s, 50 yards to the south of Redmond’s level, five He also describes his contact with a family of Gilhooly’s, 50 yards to the south of Redmond’s level, five brothers in all. “One Saturday, Pat and I went to Lugmore pit for the usual hundredweight of slack. brothers in all. “One Saturday, Pat and I went to Lugmore pit for the usual hundredweight of slack. This practise was common locally as there would be no school on Saturday. The miners were off work This practise was common locally as there would be no school on Saturday. The miners were off work for a few weeks due to the lack of sales. On our return from the mine, two of the brothers were sitting for a few weeks due to the lack of sales. On our return from the mine, two of the brothers were sitting in the sun between the house and the level. They asked whose sons we were and what school we in the sun between the house and the level. They asked whose sons we were and what school we attended and so on. I asked what had they all the little houses for, and Tom replied quickly, it was there attended and so on. I asked what had they all the little houses for, and Tom replied quickly, it was there the Jetty brick company started at Lough Allen. He also added that our father and grandfather worked the Jetty brick company started at Lough Allen. He also added that our father and grandfather worked in those levels not mentioning any particular dates.” Today the Gilhooley lands are now planted with in those levels not mentioning any particular dates.” Today the Gilhooley lands are now planted with trees. trees.

Milo Lyons was not to be daunted by being ejected from his earlier level and he set about opening two Milo Lyons was not to be daunted by being ejected from his earlier level and he set about opening two levels in Greaghnaslieve, one close to the Tullycorka boundary, the second on 50 yards north and close levels in Greaghnaslieve, one close to the Tullycorka boundary, the second on 50 yards north and close to the Gilhooley household, both levels heading west and towards the fault which terminated the coal to the Gilhooley household, both levels heading west and towards the fault which terminated the coal seam. The fault ran in a north south direction commencing at Greaghnaslieve and persisted throughout seam. The fault ran in a north south direction commencing at Greaghnaslieve and persisted throughout the length of the seam, a distance of about four miles. The fault was an uplift of 30 feet and at this the length of the seam, a distance of about four miles. The fault was an uplift of 30 feet and at this height the upper crow coal manifested itself (as described earlier in the discovery by McTiernans). height the upper crow coal manifested itself (as described earlier in the discovery by McTiernans).

Mr Du Noger in his survey plotted out the line of the fault but made no mention of any mines. Neither Mr Du Noger in his survey plotted out the line of the fault but made no mention of any mines. Neither

80 80 Map 1. Map 1.

81 81 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. did any of those who followed in his footsteps in later years. It seems that Tullycorka was the stopping did any of those who followed in his footsteps in later years. It seems that Tullycorka was the stopping point. What was carried on in Leitrim must be insignificant even though it was part of the Connaught point. What was carried on in Leitrim must be insignificant even though it was part of the Connaught coal fields. coal fields.

On Mc Dermott’s trips to Lugmore on each consecutive Saturday for culm, he inspected the brickovens, On Mc Dermott’s trips to Lugmore on each consecutive Saturday for culm, he inspected the brickovens, four in all. The outer one being built of stone, while the inner one was built of brick, the building four in all. The outer one being built of stone, while the inner one was built of brick, the building comprised of four cells and about 3’6’ high with a countersunk cavity on top, on which metal planting comprised of four cells and about 3’6’ high with a countersunk cavity on top, on which metal planting had been fitted, a coal fire was lit in each individual cell and when the plotting was sufficiently hot the had been fitted, a coal fire was lit in each individual cell and when the plotting was sufficiently hot the already shaped fireclay would be placed in brick form to be baked. already shaped fireclay would be placed in brick form to be baked.

The fireclay was in a plentiful supply in the hillside behind the ovens. The Jetty Brick Company were The fireclay was in a plentiful supply in the hillside behind the ovens. The Jetty Brick Company were credited for making all the bricks here by this outmoded method, to build a modern brickworks on credited for making all the bricks here by this outmoded method, to build a modern brickworks on the shores of Lough Allen at Spencer Harbour as already described above. the shores of Lough Allen at Spencer Harbour as already described above.

The 50 ft chimneystack on the shores of Lough Allen still remains as a monument to the Company’s The 50 ft chimneystack on the shores of Lough Allen still remains as a monument to the Company’s memory, the property now owned by a European who refuses entry to the site. The Company was a memory, the property now owned by a European who refuses entry to the site. The Company was a British concern, as also were the workers. Milo Lyons supplied the necessary coal. Lough Allen brick British concern, as also were the workers. Milo Lyons supplied the necessary coal. Lough Allen brick stamped with the company crest is still to be found on the shore. stamped with the company crest is still to be found on the shore.

A number of landlords owned parcels of royalty from Tullycorka in the South to Seltannasaggart in A number of landlords owned parcels of royalty from Tullycorka in the South to Seltannasaggart in the extreme north. The royalties were let on a yearly basis, one townland to any would be mine the extreme north. The royalties were let on a yearly basis, one townland to any would be mine operator. The agreed rent being £1 per annum or one penny on the ton of coal removed while some operator. The agreed rent being £1 per annum or one penny on the ton of coal removed while some even settled for free household coal to be delivered to their lodges. even settled for free household coal to be delivered to their lodges. reports on the coalfields reports on the coalfields Many reports on this district have been published by different authors, of which we shall give a brief Many reports on this district have been published by different authors, of which we shall give a brief resume so as to inform the reader of the background to the history of the area. In 1818, Mr Richard resume so as to inform the reader of the background to the history of the area. In 1818, Mr Richard Griffith, Inspector of Royal Mines, furnished to the Royal Dublin Society a geological and mining report Griffith, Inspector of Royal Mines, furnished to the Royal Dublin Society a geological and mining report of the Connaught district, in which he estimated from the data then in his possession the yield of coal of the Connaught district, in which he estimated from the data then in his possession the yield of coal at about 30 million tons. at about 30 million tons.

About 1814, Mr. Griffith made his survey of the Connaught Coal district. The report was published in About 1814, Mr. Griffith made his survey of the Connaught Coal district. The report was published in 1818. Mr. Griffith was the first person as far as I am informed, a Geologist and Mineralogist who 1818. Mr. Griffith was the first person as far as I am informed, a Geologist and Mineralogist who apparently made an error in his statement in the thickness of the principal bed of coal. Tests on the apparently made an error in his statement in the thickness of the principal bed of coal. Tests on the coal shown the fuel for domestic purposes is excellent and if used for smelting iron it is amongst the coal shown the fuel for domestic purposes is excellent and if used for smelting iron it is amongst the best in the Empire. best in the Empire.

According to the analysis of Mr. Kirwan 100 parts of this coal are composed of ; According to the analysis of Mr. Kirwan 100 parts of this coal are composed of ; 71.42 Carbon 71.42 Carbon 23.37 Mixture of asphalt and naphtha 23.37 Mixture of asphalt and naphtha 5.21 Grey ashes 5.21 Grey ashes

The thickness of this coal is rarely less than three feet. From this calculation, making deductions for The thickness of this coal is rarely less than three feet. From this calculation, making deductions for loss by slips, undulations and impurities, the coal field in Arigna consists of 1200 acres excluding loss by slips, undulations and impurities, the coal field in Arigna consists of 1200 acres excluding Slieve an Iarainn. Each acre produces 7840 tons of coal as the probable quantity which might be mined. Slieve an Iarainn. Each acre produces 7840 tons of coal as the probable quantity which might be mined. Suppose 50,000 tons annually were used in the country and 10,000 tons more in the iron works there Suppose 50,000 tons annually were used in the country and 10,000 tons more in the iron works there would be a supply sufficient for the supposed demand for 500 years to come. In his examination before would be a supply sufficient for the supposed demand for 500 years to come. In his examination before a committee of the House of Commons 12th May 1824, Mr. Griffith repeats his opinion that there are a committee of the House of Commons 12th May 1824, Mr. Griffith repeats his opinion that there are three beds of coal in the Lough Allen District, the upper nine inches, second and third, three feet each. three beds of coal in the Lough Allen District, the upper nine inches, second and third, three feet each. He told the committee that there was good quantity of good coal in the Lough Allen District. (House He told the committee that there was good quantity of good coal in the Lough Allen District. (House

82 82 Map 2. Map 2.

83 83 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. of Commons Papers (viii) 32, 1824) of Commons Papers (viii) 32, 1824)

After his report, Ireland looked good for British Capital Investment and before the end of 1824 three After his report, Ireland looked good for British Capital Investment and before the end of 1824 three companies were mining companies were mining (1) Arigna Coal and Iron Company (1) Arigna Coal and Iron Company (2) Irish Mining Company (2) Irish Mining Company (3) Hibernian Mining Company (3) Hibernian Mining Company

All joint stock companies with large capitals and intelligent agents. The district around Lough Allen All joint stock companies with large capitals and intelligent agents. The district around Lough Allen was once more a centre of industrial activity. was once more a centre of industrial activity.

Arigna Coal & Mining Company obtained the old collieries. Suspicion however soon began to be Arigna Coal & Mining Company obtained the old collieries. Suspicion however soon began to be entertained by the agents of the companies both as to the extent and as to the thickness of the coal. entertained by the agents of the companies both as to the extent and as to the thickness of the coal. Hibernian Company abandoned the field after some trials ended in disappointment. Irish Mining Hibernian Company abandoned the field after some trials ended in disappointment. Irish Mining Company - principle one mine was at Tullynaha, the mountain at this first period was in an Company - principle one mine was at Tullynaha, the mountain at this first period was in an undeveloped state and the only mode of conveyance for the coals from the pits down to the shores of undeveloped state and the only mode of conveyance for the coals from the pits down to the shores of Lough Allen at Spencer Harbour, was on the backs of horses over heather and bog in 1825, but by Lough Allen at Spencer Harbour, was on the backs of horses over heather and bog in 1825, but by 1830, there was an excellent road and the coal was brought down by carts of the ordinary kind in use 1830, there was an excellent road and the coal was brought down by carts of the ordinary kind in use throughout the country carrying about one ton each drawn by a single horse. throughout the country carrying about one ton each drawn by a single horse.

In 1830, Mr Twist examined the southern division of the coal field west of Lough Allen for the Directors In 1830, Mr Twist examined the southern division of the coal field west of Lough Allen for the Directors of the Arigna Co., who were working the coal and smelting the iron ores at the time and reported very of the Arigna Co., who were working the coal and smelting the iron ores at the time and reported very favourably of both. This Company, however, failed in the following year. favourably of both. This Company, however, failed in the following year.

The next report which appeared, was that of the Railway Commissioners in 1838. They estimated the The next report which appeared, was that of the Railway Commissioners in 1838. They estimated the entire yield at 20,000,000 tons. Afterwards Sir Robert Kane, in his ‘Industrial Resources of Ireland,’ in entire yield at 20,000,000 tons. Afterwards Sir Robert Kane, in his ‘Industrial Resources of Ireland,’ in 1845, refers to the district and gives some analyses of the coal and iron ores, which, with others, will 1845, refers to the district and gives some analyses of the coal and iron ores, which, with others, will be found in his work. be found in his work.

In 1863, the late C.V. Du Noyer, District Surveyor of H.M. Geological Survey of Ireland, published in the In 1863, the late C.V. Du Noyer, District Surveyor of H.M. Geological Survey of Ireland, published in the ‘Commissions of Coal Supply,’ estimated from the data available then, that there were 12,000,000 tons ‘Commissions of Coal Supply,’ estimated from the data available then, that there were 12,000,000 tons remaining un -worked, of which he considered 10,800,000 mines of the Arigna District, which was remaining un -worked, of which he considered 10,800,000 mines of the Arigna District, which was read before the British Association at Brighton, in 1872. The coal area of the district is naturally read before the British Association at Brighton, in 1872. The coal area of the district is naturally divisible into two great east and west divisions by Lough Allen, the western division being again divisible into two great east and west divisions by Lough Allen, the western division being again divided into two parts by the Arigna river. For convenience of description we shall describe them in divided into two parts by the Arigna river. For convenience of description we shall describe them in their order of importance their order of importance map 1 showing the coalfields map 1 showing the coalfields First,. the south-western -district. This district extends in a north west direction from the ‘Arigna works First,. the south-western -district. This district extends in a north west direction from the ‘Arigna works in the ’, to the townland of Tullamore in the County Sligo, a distance of about six in the County Roscommon’, to the townland of Tullamore in the County Sligo, a distance of about six miles, the coal crops being traceable along the ridge on both sides referred to as outcropping. miles, the coal crops being traceable along the ridge on both sides referred to as outcropping.

There are two seams of coal in this district, one known locally as the ‘Crow’ or ‘Craw’ coal, and the There are two seams of coal in this district, one known locally as the ‘Crow’ or ‘Craw’ coal, and the other as the ‘Middle’ coal. The strata dip on all sides of the ridge towards the centre at low angles, so other as the ‘Middle’ coal. The strata dip on all sides of the ridge towards the centre at low angles, so that the coal lies in a comparatively shallow basin. The eastern termination of the ridge is capped by that the coal lies in a comparatively shallow basin. The eastern termination of the ridge is capped by lower coal measures consisting of shales, flags, and grits. lower coal measures consisting of shales, flags, and grits.

The lower or ‘Crow Coal’ has in all cases a sandstone roof and rarely ever exceeds 6 inches. In most The lower or ‘Crow Coal’ has in all cases a sandstone roof and rarely ever exceeds 6 inches. In most cases it is mixed with thin bands of shale, and impure fire-clay. Numerous workings, locally called cases it is mixed with thin bands of shale, and impure fire-clay. Numerous workings, locally called ‘prucka pits,’ have been made close to it’s outcrop over the entire coalfield by the inhabitants, for their ‘prucka pits,’ have been made close to it’s outcrop over the entire coalfield by the inhabitants, for their

84 84 own use. own use.

The middle seam is separated The middle seam is separated from the Crow Coal by grits and from the Crow Coal by grits and flag stones, varying in thickness flag stones, varying in thickness from 30 to 80 feet. It has invariably from 30 to 80 feet. It has invariably a shale roof of about 10 feet in a shale roof of about 10 feet in thickness. The coal may be thickness. The coal may be described as intermediate described as intermediate between Anthracite and the between Anthracite and the bituminous coals of Newcastle. On bituminous coals of Newcastle. On the whole, they are fair for the whole, they are fair for domestic use, but will require domestic use, but will require great care in the carriage, as they great care in the carriage, as they are very brittle. The blocks run are very brittle. The blocks run from eight to twelve inches thick. from eight to twelve inches thick.

The seam is worked on the long The seam is worked on the long The Eye of Lynn’s Pit, Arigna The Eye of Lynn’s Pit, Arigna wall system, with a holing in the wall system, with a holing in the coal of six to eight inches. The culm derived from this is of very superior quality. The southern and coal of six to eight inches. The culm derived from this is of very superior quality. The southern and eastern flanks of Kilronan hill form a series of terraces with rather steep escarpments, along which eastern flanks of Kilronan hill form a series of terraces with rather steep escarpments, along which the outcrop of the coals can be distinctly traced, the floor of the terraces being usually the seat rock of the outcrop of the coals can be distinctly traced, the floor of the terraces being usually the seat rock of the coal. The northern slope of the mountain is covered with bog; the coal crops have been drawn the coal. The northern slope of the mountain is covered with bog; the coal crops have been drawn from the shape of the ground, and from examination of shafts sunk on it. Along the north-east side of from the shape of the ground, and from examination of shafts sunk on it. Along the north-east side of the ridge in the County of Sligo the outcrop of the coals can also be distinctly traced. the ridge in the County of Sligo the outcrop of the coals can also be distinctly traced.

From the centre of Kilronan hill a series of faults radiate, shifting the beds of coal. Numerous working From the centre of Kilronan hill a series of faults radiate, shifting the beds of coal. Numerous working were made of late on this part of the coal field by levels and shafts sunk close to the outcrop - were made of late on this part of the coal field by levels and shafts sunk close to the outcrop - particularly in the townlands of Crosshill, Derrinavogey, and Rover; (see Map 1) and considerable particularly in the townlands of Crosshill, Derrinavogey, and Rover; (see Map 1) and considerable quantities of coal were raised by the Arigna Coal and Iron Mining Company, the average thickness of quantities of coal were raised by the Arigna Coal and Iron Mining Company, the average thickness of the middle seam on which all the working were made being 1 foot 10 inches. the middle seam on which all the working were made being 1 foot 10 inches.

Previous to the formation of the Arigna Coal and Iron Mining company, the workings were confined Previous to the formation of the Arigna Coal and Iron Mining company, the workings were confined principally to the townlands of Aughabehy, Gubberudda, Greaghnageeragh, Tullytawen, and principally to the townlands of Aughabehy, Gubberudda, Greaghnageeragh, Tullytawen, and particularly in the townland of Aughabehy by the Arigna Company in 1829. They started the first and particularly in the townland of Aughabehy by the Arigna Company in 1829. They started the first and only attempt at systematic working by driving a level in the Yoredale beds from the side of the only attempt at systematic working by driving a level in the Yoredale beds from the side of the mountain under the coals, to drain them, and by running wagons along this level, carrying the coals mountain under the coals, to drain them, and by running wagons along this level, carrying the coals out on the side of the hill. This was known locally as the Audit. (Holohans) out on the side of the hill. This was known locally as the Audit. (Holohans) section from cootehall w. of boyle, to the corry mountains (Diagram) section from cootehall w. of boyle, to the corry mountains (Diagram) The section obtained in the pit at the end of this level was; being 111 feet below the middle coal; so The section obtained in the pit at the end of this level was; being 111 feet below the middle coal; so that if this level were continued, it would drain nearly the whole of this part of the district. West of that if this level were continued, it would drain nearly the whole of this part of the district. West of the Aughabehy pit, the coal is disturbed by at least three faults, running in a general North of N.W. the Aughabehy pit, the coal is disturbed by at least three faults, running in a general North of N.W. direction, the first being a downthrow to the west, of 70 feet; the second, a downthrow to the east; direction, the first being a downthrow to the west, of 70 feet; the second, a downthrow to the east; and the third, a downthrow to the west again. These faults run right across the mountain. Most of the and the third, a downthrow to the west again. These faults run right across the mountain. Most of the workings in this part of the coal-field have been on the coal lying between the two latter faults, as it workings in this part of the coal-field have been on the coal lying between the two latter faults, as it was found to be comparatively free from water. was found to be comparatively free from water.

2nd. N.W. District - As already stated, this coal basin is separated from the south-western by the Arigna 2nd. N.W. District - As already stated, this coal basin is separated from the south-western by the Arigna River. It is generally more elevated than the southern basin, its lowest part being 700 feet above the River. It is generally more elevated than the southern basin, its lowest part being 700 feet above the

85 85 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. level of Lough Allen at Selteenaveeny, three miles west of that lake. From Selteenaveeny it extends in level of Lough Allen at Selteenaveeny, three miles west of that lake. From Selteenaveeny it extends in a general North N.W. direction, parallel to the southern basin, for about three miles, averaging about a general North N.W. direction, parallel to the southern basin, for about three miles, averaging about a mile in width, and attaining its maximum elevation at Altagowlan, being then 1,149 feet above the a mile in width, and attaining its maximum elevation at Altagowlan, being then 1,149 feet above the level of Lough Allen and 1,309 feet above the level of the sea. level of Lough Allen and 1,309 feet above the level of the sea.

This coal field was at one time extensively worked to supply the iron works near Dromahaire in the This coal field was at one time extensively worked to supply the iron works near Dromahaire in the County Sligo. There are three seams of coal, the two lower corresponding with the crow and middle County Sligo. There are three seams of coal, the two lower corresponding with the crow and middle coals of the Arigna district, while the upper one occurs in the lower coal measures, has a sandstone coals of the Arigna district, while the upper one occurs in the lower coal measures, has a sandstone roof, and is not represented to the south of the Arigna river. roof, and is not represented to the south of the Arigna river.

The principal places where coal has been raised are the townlands of Selteenaveeny, Tullynahaw, The principal places where coal has been raised are the townlands of Selteenaveeny, Tullynahaw, Greaghnaglough, and Altagowlan, in the county Roscommon; Knockatean, Seltenaskeagh, Greaghnaglough, and Altagowlan, in the county Roscommon; Knockatean, Seltenaskeagh, Greaghaslieve, Lugmore, and Selteenasaggart, or Corry mountain in the county of Leitrim. Greaghaslieve, Lugmore, and Selteenasaggart, or Corry mountain in the county of Leitrim.

The coals in this basin are disturbed by a series of nearly north and south faults, all having a down The coals in this basin are disturbed by a series of nearly north and south faults, all having a down throw to the east. In Selteenaveeny the middle seam has been extensively worked close to the outcrop throw to the east. In Selteenaveeny the middle seam has been extensively worked close to the outcrop and in two instances shafts were sunk near the centre of the hill, but owing to the difficulty of draining and in two instances shafts were sunk near the centre of the hill, but owing to the difficulty of draining the coals they had to be abandoned, the strata dipping on all sides towards the centre. This coal was the coals they had to be abandoned, the strata dipping on all sides towards the centre. This coal was finally removed in 1980s by open cast mining. Charlie Mc Dermott referred to this basin as ‘the finally removed in 1980s by open cast mining. Charlie Mc Dermott referred to this basin as ‘the forbidden fruit’. forbidden fruit’.

It is best observed in the river section, along the boundaries between the counties of Roscommon and It is best observed in the river section, along the boundaries between the counties of Roscommon and Leitrim, close to the townland of Selteenaveeny, where it is 20 inches thick. The outcrop traced on the Leitrim, close to the townland of Selteenaveeny, where it is 20 inches thick. The outcrop traced on the Map has been partly drawn from the shape of the ground, and from its outgoing, determined by Map has been partly drawn from the shape of the ground, and from its outgoing, determined by sections obtained in shafts on the top of the hill. sections obtained in shafts on the top of the hill.

According to Du Noyer, the quality, though fair, is slightly inferior to the middle seam. Workings are at According to Du Noyer, the quality, though fair, is slightly inferior to the middle seam. Workings are at present carried on in the middle seam in the townlands of Knockatean and Seltenaskeagh. In the latter present carried on in the middle seam in the townlands of Knockatean and Seltenaskeagh. In the latter place, the coal is worked by levels. Messrs. Fawcett and Co. have erected a wire tramway, on which place, the coal is worked by levels. Messrs. Fawcett and Co. have erected a wire tramway, on which the coal is carried from the mouth of the level to a road beneath, leading to Lough Allen. The seams the coal is carried from the mouth of the level to a road beneath, leading to Lough Allen. The seams here range from 1 foot 10 inches to 2 feet 3 inches as already mentioned. The third district is east of here range from 1 foot 10 inches to 2 feet 3 inches as already mentioned. The third district is east of Lough Allen on Sliabh an Iarainn where mining took place mostly over Aughcashel Lough Allen on Sliabh an Iarainn where mining took place mostly over Aughcashel blast furnaces in the area blast furnaces in the area The Arigna Ironworks developed from the furnaces at Drumshanbo so I will briefly outline this activity. The Arigna Ironworks developed from the furnaces at Drumshanbo so I will briefly outline this activity. The iron deposits here have been worked as far back as the fifteenth century and mines were still in The iron deposits here have been worked as far back as the fifteenth century and mines were still in operation in the 1600s. In his book, Ireland’s Natural History, Boate mentions the iron mines in Arigna operation in the 1600s. In his book, Ireland’s Natural History, Boate mentions the iron mines in Arigna and Drumshanbo. Sliabh an Iarainn translates to Mountains of Iron. Sir Charles Coote from Cootehall and Drumshanbo. Sliabh an Iarainn translates to Mountains of Iron. Sir Charles Coote from Cootehall had works at Creevalea, Drumshanbo and Arigna. Although at one time nearly 3,000 men were said had works at Creevalea, Drumshanbo and Arigna. Although at one time nearly 3,000 men were said to be working for him, none were Irishmen. Instead he always hired, to quote, Flanagan, all foreigners to be working for him, none were Irishmen. Instead he always hired, to quote, Flanagan, all foreigners from England or Holland .On no account were Irishmen to be employed least they should learn the from England or Holland .On no account were Irishmen to be employed least they should learn the secrets of the iron industry. All these works were destroyed in the Rebellion of 1641 and the first secrets of the iron industry. All these works were destroyed in the Rebellion of 1641 and the first phase came to an end. phase came to an end. Before the century was out however work was again started. Shortly after the battle of the Boyne in Before the century was out however work was again started. Shortly after the battle of the Boyne in 1690 there were iron works at Drumshanbo and Creevelea. Once more echoed to the smelting furnaces 1690 there were iron works at Drumshanbo and Creevelea. Once more echoed to the smelting furnaces and the works of Patrick Reynolds at Drumshanbo were said to have produced the iron used in the and the works of Patrick Reynolds at Drumshanbo were said to have produced the iron used in the construction of the first ship built by the East India company at Limerick. Locally it is claimed that construction of the first ship built by the East India company at Limerick. Locally it is claimed that one boat carrying a load of iron from Ballinglera sank off Heron’s point just north of Cormongon. The one boat carrying a load of iron from Ballinglera sank off Heron’s point just north of Cormongon. The place is still known as the Furnace Hill overlooking the new lock at the entrance to Lough Allen at place is still known as the Furnace Hill overlooking the new lock at the entrance to Lough Allen at Carricknabrack Carricknabrack

86 86 In common with many of the ancient works in Ireland they consisted of one blast furnace which In common with many of the ancient works in Ireland they consisted of one blast furnace which needed iron ore, charcoal and limestone. The iron ore was of a brown ore, but the veins in the needed iron ore, charcoal and limestone. The iron ore was of a brown ore, but the veins in the mountains were not commercial. The furnace was three feet square inside and about 18 to 20 feet in mountains were not commercial. The furnace was three feet square inside and about 18 to 20 feet in height. All were fired by wood charcoal - easily obtained as most of the surrounding countryside was height. All were fired by wood charcoal - easily obtained as most of the surrounding countryside was heavily wooded. Slag and waste material from the Furnace Hill was used as filling for the railway heavily wooded. Slag and waste material from the Furnace Hill was used as filling for the railway around 1887/88. around 1887/88.

In fact the indiscriminate use of the wood finally led to supplies running out and the closure of the In fact the indiscriminate use of the wood finally led to supplies running out and the closure of the Drumshanbo Works in 1765 and those at Creevela in 1768. About this time or perhaps shortly Drumshanbo Works in 1765 and those at Creevela in 1768. About this time or perhaps shortly afterwards a family named O’Reilly began to make their mark on local history. afterwards a family named O’Reilly began to make their mark on local history.

In 1709, Abraham Darby, a Quaker iron master from Shropshire, discovered a method of extracting In 1709, Abraham Darby, a Quaker iron master from Shropshire, discovered a method of extracting coke from coal before putting it into a blast furnace. Darby’s discovery helped to revive the industry. coke from coal before putting it into a blast furnace. Darby’s discovery helped to revive the industry. The O’Reillys built a house on lnisfale now known as O’Connor’s island and local tradition has it that The O’Reillys built a house on lnisfale now known as O’Connor’s island and local tradition has it that two tinkers were kept employed there literally making money. The O’Reillys are said to have ceased two tinkers were kept employed there literally making money. The O’Reillys are said to have ceased operations here when a boat loaded with iron ore foundered off Cormongon. The wreckage of this operations here when a boat loaded with iron ore foundered off Cormongon. The wreckage of this boat, according to P.J. Reynolds, can be seen at low level. The ore can be seen along Lower Lough Allen boat, according to P.J. Reynolds, can be seen at low level. The ore can be seen along Lower Lough Allen at Carricknabrac along with waste from the furnace today. at Carricknabrac along with waste from the furnace today.

When all the wood was consumed any would be industrialists were forced to search for an alternative When all the wood was consumed any would be industrialists were forced to search for an alternative fuel and after Darby discovered coke could be extracted from coal the O’Reillys proceeded with a new fuel and after Darby discovered coke could be extracted from coal the O’Reillys proceeded with a new development at Arigna. In the Arigna Valley the answer was coal. This was first discovered on development at Arigna. In the Arigna Valley the answer was coal. This was first discovered on Altagowlan at a place two miles off Lough Allen, around 1766. On the other side of the Arigna River at Altagowlan at a place two miles off Lough Allen, around 1766. On the other side of the Arigna River at Augbabehy there was plenty of coal and the land owner Colonel Thomas Tenison worked the mines Augbabehy there was plenty of coal and the land owner Colonel Thomas Tenison worked the mines there. He lived in Kilronan Castle near Keadue. At Rover the Archbishop of Tuam of the Established there. He lived in Kilronan Castle near Keadue. At Rover the Archbishop of Tuam of the Established Church started production around the same time. Church started production around the same time.

The Arigna Iron Works which was to prove financially fatal. There were three brothers, Thomas, The Arigna Iron Works which was to prove financially fatal. There were three brothers, Thomas, Patrick and Andrew O’Reilly, one of whom is said to have studied iron production in France.26 Patrick and Andrew O’Reilly, one of whom is said to have studied iron production in France.26 .Compared with the earlier works these were on a massive scale and before long they were in financial .Compared with the earlier works these were on a massive scale and before long they were in financial trouble. They approached the Irish Parliament for a grant but no money was advanced. They then trouble. They approached the Irish Parliament for a grant but no money was advanced. They then approached Mr. Latouche’s famous Dublin banking firm. The bankers made an advance which proved approached Mr. Latouche’s famous Dublin banking firm. The bankers made an advance which proved insufficient and then a second one. Panic hit the O’Reillys and they became bankrupt. Around this time insufficient and then a second one. Panic hit the O’Reillys and they became bankrupt. Around this time it is believed that O’Connors obtained Inisfale from the O’Reillys. O’Connors also owned Jim Earley’s it is believed that O’Connors obtained Inisfale from the O’Reillys. O’Connors also owned Jim Earley’s house in Mount Allen which was built in 1671and is the oldest inhabited house in the area. house in Mount Allen which was built in 1671and is the oldest inhabited house in the area.

Then Mr. Peter Latouche and Colonel Tenison bought the works. They approached the Irish Parliament Then Mr. Peter Latouche and Colonel Tenison bought the works. They approached the Irish Parliament again for a loan. All financial manoeuvres of the time regarding the works turned out to be fruitless again for a loan. All financial manoeuvres of the time regarding the works turned out to be fruitless and in 1798, ten years after opening, the Arigna iron works closed down. and in 1798, ten years after opening, the Arigna iron works closed down.

It was afterwards sold under the Court of Chancery and bought by Latouche. In 1804 visiting experts It was afterwards sold under the Court of Chancery and bought by Latouche. In 1804 visiting experts reported on the Arigna iron works and the problems associated with the works. Latouche bought it reported on the Arigna iron works and the problems associated with the works. Latouche bought it for £25,000. Latouche was no more successful than the O’Reillys. Frequent change of managers is for £25,000. Latouche was no more successful than the O’Reillys. Frequent change of managers is believed to be one of the reasons for the failure this time. Latouche left Drumherney House outside believed to be one of the reasons for the failure this time. Latouche left Drumherney House outside Leitrim village and returned to Wicklow. Leitrim village and returned to Wicklow.

In 1824 the ironworks was leased, this time to a man called Flattery, a builder by trade, who formed In 1824 the ironworks was leased, this time to a man called Flattery, a builder by trade, who formed the Arigna Iron and Coal Company. This was found to be illegal and a committee of the British House the Arigna Iron and Coal Company. This was found to be illegal and a committee of the British House of Commons was empowered to investigate the company. The Irish Mining Co. around this time of Commons was empowered to investigate the company. The Irish Mining Co. around this time erected a steam engine to haul the coal from the shaft and built a small dock and quay at Spencer erected a steam engine to haul the coal from the shaft and built a small dock and quay at Spencer

87 87 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Harbour. By this time, 1817, the Lough Allen Canal had been completed and it was thus possible to Harbour. By this time, 1817, the Lough Allen Canal had been completed and it was thus possible to ship coal throughout the country. In 1825 the iron works re-started production and smelting went ship coal throughout the country. In 1825 the iron works re-started production and smelting went on for a short time, probably a few months. All the pig iron, exported to furnace was badly damaged on for a short time, probably a few months. All the pig iron, exported to furnace was badly damaged by allowing molten iron to solidify inside the furnace and production was halted completely. There by allowing molten iron to solidify inside the furnace and production was halted completely. There was no way it could be repaired without first removing the solid slab of pig iron. was no way it could be repaired without first removing the solid slab of pig iron.

After this mishap no more iron was smelted for almost ten years. As a result Mr. J.A. Twigg of After this mishap no more iron was smelted for almost ten years. As a result Mr. J.A. Twigg of Chesterfield made a complete survey of the company, which was published in London in 1827. The Chesterfield made a complete survey of the company, which was published in London in 1827. The company tried to implement Twigg’s suggestions but again they failed. The last person to be appointed company tried to implement Twigg’s suggestions but again they failed. The last person to be appointed was manager Thomas Cox of Worcestershire. He was then a man in his seventies. He lived in the was manager Thomas Cox of Worcestershire. He was then a man in his seventies. He lived in the manager’s house beside the works with his sister. An interesting thing is that although the works have manager’s house beside the works with his sister. An interesting thing is that although the works have long since disappeared this house still stands and is now lived in by Mr. Brian Wynne. One night a long since disappeared this house still stands and is now lived in by Mr. Brian Wynne. One night a party of robbers arrived at the house looking for the gold making up the labourers’ wages. They are party of robbers arrived at the house looking for the gold making up the labourers’ wages. They are supposed to have called out his name and when he put his head out a window in reply they shot him supposed to have called out his name and when he put his head out a window in reply they shot him dead. dead.

His sister is said to have dropped the gold into a jug of milk. Others say that she placed them in a His sister is said to have dropped the gold into a jug of milk. Others say that she placed them in a bucket of coal. Mr. Thomas Cox is laid to rest near Keadue in Kilronan cemetery. His gravestone bore bucket of coal. Mr. Thomas Cox is laid to rest near Keadue in Kilronan cemetery. His gravestone bore the statement that he was cruelly murdered at Arigna Iron Works on February 23, 1828. However the statement that he was cruelly murdered at Arigna Iron Works on February 23, 1828. However when the raiders realised what they had done they lost interest in the gold and fled. when the raiders realised what they had done they lost interest in the gold and fled.

A man named Burchell was arrested and charged with the murder. He protested his innocence fairly A man named Burchell was arrested and charged with the murder. He protested his innocence fairly well and two juries disagreed as to his guilt but a third found him guilty and he was executed. well and two juries disagreed as to his guilt but a third found him guilty and he was executed.

The legal action which began in London in 1826, actually dragged on for 10 years during which time The legal action which began in London in 1826, actually dragged on for 10 years during which time no smelting was carried out. In January 1836, the matter was finally settled when Mr. Flattery gained no smelting was carried out. In January 1836, the matter was finally settled when Mr. Flattery gained control of the works. He then worked it for about 2 years employing 600 men. However later that year control of the works. He then worked it for about 2 years employing 600 men. However later that year the works became idle and remained so for good. It is thought that English competition and the threat the works became idle and remained so for good. It is thought that English competition and the threat of further legal action forced Flattery to give up. This marked the end of iron production in Arigna and of further legal action forced Flattery to give up. This marked the end of iron production in Arigna and although there were schemes to revive the industry nothing has happened since. With the closure of although there were schemes to revive the industry nothing has happened since. With the closure of the works activity in the valley proper died away. the works activity in the valley proper died away.

In November 1883, the Cavan, Leitrim and Roscommon Light Railway and Tramway Company Ltd., In November 1883, the Cavan, Leitrim and Roscommon Light Railway and Tramway Company Ltd., was formed with the Earl of Kingston as chairman. This was to have a major impact on coal production was formed with the Earl of Kingston as chairman. This was to have a major impact on coal production in Arigna. in Arigna.

The design was to construct a single line of narrow gauge railway, starting from the terminus of the The design was to construct a single line of narrow gauge railway, starting from the terminus of the Great Northern Railway at and running through Dromod (where the Midland Great Western Great Northern Railway at Belturbet and running through Dromod (where the Midland Great Western Railway had a station) to Rooskey. Then it was to connect with the projected railway of similar gauge Railway had a station) to Rooskey. Then it was to connect with the projected railway of similar gauge from Rooskey through Strokestown to Roscommon and also a line of tramway from Ballinamore from Rooskey through Strokestown to Roscommon and also a line of tramway from Ballinamore through Drumshanbo and up to Arigna. through Drumshanbo and up to Arigna.

The line was blocked at Dromod. Only a tramway ran from Ballinamore to Drumshanbo and stopped The line was blocked at Dromod. Only a tramway ran from Ballinamore to Drumshanbo and stopped at Mount Allen, 3½ miles short of its objective; the Arigna Coalfield. The ratepayers complained of the at Mount Allen, 3½ miles short of its objective; the Arigna Coalfield. The ratepayers complained of the increase from 4d. in the pound to 25d. in the pound. Heavily burdened taxpayers began to complain. increase from 4d. in the pound to 25d. in the pound. Heavily burdened taxpayers began to complain. The reduced project was opened for traffic in 1888. The first train was driven by the Earl of Kingston, The reduced project was opened for traffic in 1888. The first train was driven by the Earl of Kingston, many people had never seen a railway before and many of whom still fervently wish that they had many people had never seen a railway before and many of whom still fervently wish that they had never seen this particular railway at all. never seen this particular railway at all. One can well believe that when the line was opened the position of the Directors was an anxious one. One can well believe that when the line was opened the position of the Directors was an anxious one. They were deprived of their richest source of revenue, and were assaulted on all sides because of the They were deprived of their richest source of revenue, and were assaulted on all sides because of the

88 88 increase, through no fault of their own, in the taxation of the people. increase, through no fault of their own, in the taxation of the people.

Not the least difficult question that they had to solve was that of coal supply. Welsh and Scotch coal Not the least difficult question that they had to solve was that of coal supply. Welsh and Scotch coal had become too expensive. Welsh coal was 28s. 6d. per ton. Yet within 3 ½ miles of their system lay had become too expensive. Welsh coal was 28s. 6d. per ton. Yet within 3 ½ miles of their system lay the Arigna Coalfields, from which they now draw their supplies at 14s.2d per ton. the Arigna Coalfields, from which they now draw their supplies at 14s.2d per ton.

Accordingly, in 1888 the Arigna Mining Company Ltd, was formed - a company with £5,000 capital Accordingly, in 1888 the Arigna Mining Company Ltd, was formed - a company with £5,000 capital finance chiefly by the Railway Directors and with the Earl of Kingston as Chairman. finance chiefly by the Railway Directors and with the Earl of Kingston as Chairman.

In the first three years four managers were appointed in quick succession: the capital of £3,090 In the first three years four managers were appointed in quick succession: the capital of £3,090 originally subscribed had been absorbed: the company was in financial straits. The Directors originally subscribed had been absorbed: the company was in financial straits. The Directors subscribed £158 to make a further trial of working. This was as early as April 1890, two years after subscribed £158 to make a further trial of working. This was as early as April 1890, two years after the incorporation of the company. A month later the financial difficulty became still more acute. The the incorporation of the company. A month later the financial difficulty became still more acute. The loss on working had been very considerable. The colliery was advertised for sale. A creditor who loss on working had been very considerable. The colliery was advertised for sale. A creditor who threatened proceedings for recovery of a debt of £83 was offered the entire mine in satisfaction for threatened proceedings for recovery of a debt of £83 was offered the entire mine in satisfaction for his account. his account.

Things looked hopeless. The Managing Director resigned. The company was composed chiefly of men Things looked hopeless. The Managing Director resigned. The company was composed chiefly of men of large wealth to whom the loss of their investment would have mattered little, but the closing of the of large wealth to whom the loss of their investment would have mattered little, but the closing of the mine would have meant a return to foreign coal, a large addition to the tax of the ratepayers, and loss mine would have meant a return to foreign coal, a large addition to the tax of the ratepayers, and loss of employment to the body of men involved in the industry in Arigna. of employment to the body of men involved in the industry in Arigna.

At this point, June 1890, the railway manager Mr MacAdoo offered to act as secretary without salary At this point, June 1890, the railway manager Mr MacAdoo offered to act as secretary without salary if the directors would make another attempt. A further trial was made first being subscribed by the if the directors would make another attempt. A further trial was made first being subscribed by the directors to pay the wages then due. Three months later the mines struck ‘a fault’ giving rise to a directors to pay the wages then due. Three months later the mines struck ‘a fault’ giving rise to a further exceptional outlay of £150 cost of cartage from the mine to Arigna station had increased from further exceptional outlay of £150 cost of cartage from the mine to Arigna station had increased from 1s. 9d to 2s per ton. At last in March 1891, fortune began to smile upon the company, when a coal face 1s. 9d to 2s per ton. At last in March 1891, fortune began to smile upon the company, when a coal face of 900 yards was discovered ready for working, the coal being much superior to any previously of 900 yards was discovered ready for working, the coal being much superior to any previously reached. An excellent bituminous ‘steam coal’ at a cost of 14s.2d per ton, it was used exclusively in reached. An excellent bituminous ‘steam coal’ at a cost of 14s.2d per ton, it was used exclusively in the Cavan and Leitrim Railway. the Cavan and Leitrim Railway. The slack which can be purchased 4s. 6d per ton is used by creameries and other factories for steam The slack which can be purchased 4s. 6d per ton is used by creameries and other factories for steam purposes and in lime kilns and brick burning and mixed with clay is used by the people as fuel culm purposes and in lime kilns and brick burning and mixed with clay is used by the people as fuel culm balls. balls.

Sir Robert Kane in his book, ‘Industrial Resources of Ireland’ (pp 134-139) gives the Arigna coal a Sir Robert Kane in his book, ‘Industrial Resources of Ireland’ (pp 134-139) gives the Arigna coal a place of honour higher than most of the English coals. The Irish coal cost the Railway 17s. 6d. per ton. place of honour higher than most of the English coals. The Irish coal cost the Railway 17s. 6d. per ton. It was found to give better results in the engines than the Welsh steam coal had cost 28s. 6d. per ton. It was found to give better results in the engines than the Welsh steam coal had cost 28s. 6d. per ton. The Mining Company employed 135 Irishmen in 1890. The Mining Company employed 135 Irishmen in 1890.

In 1890 Messers. Munro and Rust Mining Engineers were sent by a Manchester Mining Syndicate to In 1890 Messers. Munro and Rust Mining Engineers were sent by a Manchester Mining Syndicate to report upon the minerals in the Arigna Valley with a view to purchase and development They reported report upon the minerals in the Arigna Valley with a view to purchase and development They reported that, but for the want of railway haulage from the valley to Arigna Station, the prospects would be that, but for the want of railway haulage from the valley to Arigna Station, the prospects would be most favourable for a large business in coal, iron, fire clay and flags. most favourable for a large business in coal, iron, fire clay and flags.

The railway derived a benefit through the mineral traffic, the earning on which has exceeded £1,125 The railway derived a benefit through the mineral traffic, the earning on which has exceeded £1,125 in 12 months. According to Digges 1906, those acquainted with the facts knew that the vast in 12 months. According to Digges 1906, those acquainted with the facts knew that the vast possibilities lying hidden in the valley and mountains of Arigna. The enormous supply of valuable possibilities lying hidden in the valley and mountains of Arigna. The enormous supply of valuable minerals, the practically unlimited scope for enterprise and the wide areas for employment of well minerals, the practically unlimited scope for enterprise and the wide areas for employment of well paid labour. paid labour. The Arigna Mining Company abandoned their shaft and began to work by the ‘adit’ or tunnel system. The Arigna Mining Company abandoned their shaft and began to work by the ‘adit’ or tunnel system.

89 89 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

All through 1891 large quantities of coal lay at the pit mouth, orders could not be supplied owing to All through 1891 large quantities of coal lay at the pit mouth, orders could not be supplied owing to scarcity of carters to haul to the railway. scarcity of carters to haul to the railway.

Feb. 1892, brought the payment of a dividend of 5 per cent, the first dividend since the formation of Feb. 1892, brought the payment of a dividend of 5 per cent, the first dividend since the formation of the company in 1888. Professor Techbome reported very favourable upon the fire clay, but proposals the company in 1888. Professor Techbome reported very favourable upon the fire clay, but proposals to start the manufacture of pit iron, fire brick, tiles and drain pipes were abandoned owing to the to start the manufacture of pit iron, fire brick, tiles and drain pipes were abandoned owing to the expense of cartage. expense of cartage.

In 1893 mining had to be suspended for several weeks because of the accumulation of coal at the pit- In 1893 mining had to be suspended for several weeks because of the accumulation of coal at the pit- mouth, in the absence of sufficient carts. A second ‘audit’ was opened at a cost of £200. This shortened mouth, in the absence of sufficient carts. A second ‘audit’ was opened at a cost of £200. This shortened the road to the railway by one mile, and reduced the cost of cartage from 2s. to Is. 9d per ton. In 1894 the road to the railway by one mile, and reduced the cost of cartage from 2s. to Is. 9d per ton. In 1894 the Congested Districts Board offered £100 per annum for five years to improve communications the Congested Districts Board offered £100 per annum for five years to improve communications between the railway and the mines on condition that the balance would be contributed locally. Work between the railway and the mines on condition that the balance would be contributed locally. Work was interrupted again from time to time, owing to the condition of the county road and the shortage was interrupted again from time to time, owing to the condition of the county road and the shortage of carts. of carts.

In 1896 the Earl of Kingston, Chairman of the Company died and was succeeded by S. B. Roe. C.B. In 1896 the Earl of Kingston, Chairman of the Company died and was succeeded by S. B. Roe. C.B. Meanwhile the company of £5,000 capital continued to struggle with the many difficulties resulting Meanwhile the company of £5,000 capital continued to struggle with the many difficulties resulting from insufficient funds, antiquated machinery, absence of railway accommodation, scarcity of carts, from insufficient funds, antiquated machinery, absence of railway accommodation, scarcity of carts, and poor roads. They kept up an annual supply of 2000 tons to the railway, supplied neighbouring and poor roads. They kept up an annual supply of 2000 tons to the railway, supplied neighbouring districts with cheap fuel, maintained a staff of 110 men and 25 boys. In constant employment the men districts with cheap fuel, maintained a staff of 110 men and 25 boys. In constant employment the men earning 31s and boys 12s per week working full time. The movement for the support of Irish goods earning 31s and boys 12s per week working full time. The movement for the support of Irish goods in Ireland began to make itself felt. The shareholders annually received a dividend of 5%, free of in Ireland began to make itself felt. The shareholders annually received a dividend of 5%, free of income tax. income tax.

In 1888 what may be called the ‘modern age’ of mining in the valley began. From this year on mining In 1888 what may be called the ‘modern age’ of mining in the valley began. From this year on mining has been carried on almost without interruption. What specially marked out 1888 was the has been carried on almost without interruption. What specially marked out 1888 was the incorporation of the Arigna Mining Company, as already discussed. incorporation of the Arigna Mining Company, as already discussed.

At about the same time, the Laydon family began mining in the Valley when Michael Laydon returned At about the same time, the Laydon family began mining in the Valley when Michael Laydon returned from Scotland with mining skills. They have been responsible for much of the mining development in from Scotland with mining skills. They have been responsible for much of the mining development in the area and the name Laydon was synonymous with coal mining in Arigna until mining ceased in the area and the name Laydon was synonymous with coal mining in Arigna until mining ceased in 1990. They worked all over the Valley from the Rover to Altagowlan. 1990. They worked all over the Valley from the Rover to Altagowlan.

Laydon’s built up a relationship between themselves and the men they employed. They were known Laydon’s built up a relationship between themselves and the men they employed. They were known to each other on first-name terms in many cases - if one can so describe a social situation in which the to each other on first-name terms in many cases - if one can so describe a social situation in which the recurrence of a few surnames has given some men up to three “first names” to distinguish them from recurrence of a few surnames has given some men up to three “first names” to distinguish them from their cousins. The mine and its money was constantly present, not only on pay day, but at births, at their cousins. The mine and its money was constantly present, not only on pay day, but at births, at funerals and at the buying and building of houses. The mines even ran their own insurance scheme, funerals and at the buying and building of houses. The mines even ran their own insurance scheme, and in many cases held on workers whom other, less scrupulous employers, might have fired on the and in many cases held on workers whom other, less scrupulous employers, might have fired on the grounds of age or inability. And in Arigna, Mr O’Malley’s free education scheme lacks the appeal it grounds of age or inability. And in Arigna, Mr O’Malley’s free education scheme lacks the appeal it has in other areas; there have even been cases of relatively young children mitching from school to has in other areas; there have even been cases of relatively young children mitching from school to earn money in the mines. earn money in the mines.

Whereas Laydons did well from the beginning, the Mining Company had a much more difficult time Whereas Laydons did well from the beginning, the Mining Company had a much more difficult time There was trouble right from the start and after a short time, the entire mine at Aughabehy was offered There was trouble right from the start and after a short time, the entire mine at Aughabehy was offered to a creditor, in payment of a debt of £83! This offer was refused, short-sightedly as it turned out, and to a creditor, in payment of a debt of £83! This offer was refused, short-sightedly as it turned out, and before very long the company’s fortunes rose and for years they paid a 5% dividend. In addition they before very long the company’s fortunes rose and for years they paid a 5% dividend. In addition they paid two bonuses of 50% (each) of the original capital (c. £3,000). paid two bonuses of 50% (each) of the original capital (c. £3,000). The actual method of working was for the engine working the C. & L. Arigna Tramway to make one The actual method of working was for the engine working the C. & L. Arigna Tramway to make one

90 90 trip from Arigna Station to the terminus and back each morning, clearing the loaded wagons and trip from Arigna Station to the terminus and back each morning, clearing the loaded wagons and leaving the empties. In late 1920, during the ‘Troubles’, the Arigna line service was suspended but the leaving the empties. In late 1920, during the ‘Troubles’, the Arigna line service was suspended but the coal traffic continued and a train ran to Aughabehy in the evening, which suited the Mining Company coal traffic continued and a train ran to Aughabehy in the evening, which suited the Mining Company better. They requested that this arrangement be continued but this was not agreed to by the C. & L. better. They requested that this arrangement be continued but this was not agreed to by the C. & L. once the working was combined with the restored Tramway service. At this time the C. & L. was hard once the working was combined with the restored Tramway service. At this time the C. & L. was hard put to run its own line without the new addition due to a shortage of locos and wagons. Accordingly put to run its own line without the new addition due to a shortage of locos and wagons. Accordingly the Ministry of Transport hired two locos and 20 wagons from the N.C.C. However, as the working of the Ministry of Transport hired two locos and 20 wagons from the N.C.C. However, as the working of the extension was intimately connected with that of the C. & L. itself, the new engines could be found the extension was intimately connected with that of the C. & L. itself, the new engines could be found on all parts of that system while a C. & L. loco made the trip up the Valley. The borrowed locos and on all parts of that system while a C. & L. loco made the trip up the Valley. The borrowed locos and wagons were returned to their owners n 1921. In spite of the borrowed stock there were continuous wagons were returned to their owners n 1921. In spite of the borrowed stock there were continuous complaints about the lack of wagons and also, as we shall see, the fact that the new line suited the complaints about the lack of wagons and also, as we shall see, the fact that the new line suited the Aughabehy Mine of the Arigna Mining Company chiefly - all the other mine-owners having to cart their Aughabehy Mine of the Arigna Mining Company chiefly - all the other mine-owners having to cart their coal for quite considerable distances including the Laydons. coal for quite considerable distances including the Laydons.

There were two factors which hastened the end of the Arigna Mining Company. The first, oddly enough, There were two factors which hastened the end of the Arigna Mining Company. The first, oddly enough, was the formation of the Great Southern Railway which absorbed most Irish railways, including the was the formation of the Great Southern Railway which absorbed most Irish railways, including the Cavan and Leitrim, on January 1, 1925. This, for the Arigna Mining Company, meant the end of the Cavan and Leitrim, on January 1, 1925. This, for the Arigna Mining Company, meant the end of the mutually-profitable coal contract with the C. & L., as the G.S.R. - on paper at any rate, found it more mutually-profitable coal contract with the C. & L., as the G.S.R. - on paper at any rate, found it more convenient to import Welsh Coal in bulk for all its lines. The other factor was a long and tedious legal convenient to import Welsh Coal in bulk for all its lines. The other factor was a long and tedious legal dispute with the Laydons. Legal action, over what may be called ‘territorial rights’, was taken by the dispute with the Laydons. Legal action, over what may be called ‘territorial rights’, was taken by the Mining Company in 1924. The proceedings went on for a long time eventually finishing in the Supreme Mining Company in 1924. The proceedings went on for a long time eventually finishing in the Supreme Court in December 1929. Court in December 1929.

The final judgement, unfortunately from their point of view, was against the Mining Company and The final judgement, unfortunately from their point of view, was against the Mining Company and they decided, in view of this, to go into voluntary liquidation and to turn over all their mining royalties they decided, in view of this, to go into voluntary liquidation and to turn over all their mining royalties to the Laydons in lieu of costs etc., to the Laydons in lieu of costs etc.,

Accordingly, the Laydons moved into Aughabehy Colliery and before very long worked out the Accordingly, the Laydons moved into Aughabehy Colliery and before very long worked out the remaining coal. Thus, in 1931, after a period of nearly 150 years Aughabehy was worked for the last remaining coal. Thus, in 1931, after a period of nearly 150 years Aughabehy was worked for the last time. All that remain today are the covered shafts of long ago and the inevitable slag heaps. While they time. All that remain today are the covered shafts of long ago and the inevitable slag heaps. While they were working here, the Laydons did not use the incline railway but lifted it instead. At this time too, were working here, the Laydons did not use the incline railway but lifted it instead. At this time too, the gangs of the G.S.R. were busy, they saw the end of the railway. the gangs of the G.S.R. were busy, they saw the end of the railway.

In 1927, the Laydons are said to have started mining at Derreenavoggy and as the 1930 lifting cut the In 1927, the Laydons are said to have started mining at Derreenavoggy and as the 1930 lifting cut the extension to there it was naturally to this point that the Laydons channelled their output from the extension to there it was naturally to this point that the Laydons channelled their output from the various mines. The business of carting the coal was never satisfactory as Arigna coal never takes kindly various mines. The business of carting the coal was never satisfactory as Arigna coal never takes kindly to being knocked about. The Laydons therefore, in the 1930-4 period opened ropeway connections to being knocked about. The Laydons therefore, in the 1930-4 period opened ropeway connections with the C. & L. extension terminus and the mines:- Rover, Rock Hill and Derreenavoggy. There was a with the C. & L. extension terminus and the mines:- Rover, Rock Hill and Derreenavoggy. There was a single ropeway of about 600 yards in length from the C. & L. to the Derreenavoggy Mine- Here, there single ropeway of about 600 yards in length from the C. & L. to the Derreenavoggy Mine- Here, there was (and still is) a common collecting point for coal from all three mines. Thus into the buckets of this was (and still is) a common collecting point for coal from all three mines. Thus into the buckets of this first ropeway was tipped the coal from the Rover ropeway, the Rock Hill ropeway and the tramway of first ropeway was tipped the coal from the Rover ropeway, the Rock Hill ropeway and the tramway of the Derreenavoggy mine. The other ropeway distances were Derreenavoggy-Rock Hill : about two the Derreenavoggy mine. The other ropeway distances were Derreenavoggy-Rock Hill : about two miles over the side of Kilronan and Derreenavoggy-Rock Hill : about one mile along the N.W. side of miles over the side of Kilronan and Derreenavoggy-Rock Hill : about one mile along the N.W. side of the same mountain. All were built by the British Ropeway Engineering Company. the same mountain. All were built by the British Ropeway Engineering Company.

The ropeway to the Rover had the shortest life as it was not used after about 1938. At this time the The ropeway to the Rover had the shortest life as it was not used after about 1938. At this time the Rover, which was then the oldest colliery in the whole valley, became finally worked out and operations Rover, which was then the oldest colliery in the whole valley, became finally worked out and operations ceased there for good. As at many of the derelict mines in the valley, little trace remains today of the ceased there for good. As at many of the derelict mines in the valley, little trace remains today of the actual site of mining and the scene can often be very confusing to the visitor. However it is easy to find actual site of mining and the scene can often be very confusing to the visitor. However it is easy to find the rough site of the Rover as almost all the ropeway standards remain though the rope itself has long the rough site of the Rover as almost all the ropeway standards remain though the rope itself has long

91 91 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. gone. The other two mines and their ropeways were used to carry large quantities of coal over the gone. The other two mines and their ropeways were used to carry large quantities of coal over the mountain and down to the old railway terminus up to the 1960s. The latter point was developed over mountain and down to the old railway terminus up to the 1960s. The latter point was developed over the years and in its final state was quite well equipped with delivery chutes for the waiting wagons of the years and in its final state was quite well equipped with delivery chutes for the waiting wagons of the C. & L. This locally was known as “The Siding” even today. the C. & L. This locally was known as “The Siding” even today.

In the 1940’s and 50’s mining continued as before. Some new mines were opened and worked for In the 1940’s and 50’s mining continued as before. Some new mines were opened and worked for varying periods especially during the war, when over 600 miners were employed. Many of these had varying periods especially during the war, when over 600 miners were employed. Many of these had tramway facilities and perhaps this is an appropriate place to describe these minor, but often very tramway facilities and perhaps this is an appropriate place to describe these minor, but often very interesting lines. interesting lines.

Coal removed by the operation is by endless rope, actually a steel cable, driven by an electric or diesel Coal removed by the operation is by endless rope, actually a steel cable, driven by an electric or diesel siding drum. In some cases, as at Altagowlan, these lines are most impressive. The line at this particular siding drum. In some cases, as at Altagowlan, these lines are most impressive. The line at this particular place stands out, it runs up down hill for about ¼ miles before burrowing into the mine. Elsewhere, place stands out, it runs up down hill for about ¼ miles before burrowing into the mine. Elsewhere, one can find a similar single-line tramway, often inclined at a very steep angle indeed, which begins one can find a similar single-line tramway, often inclined at a very steep angle indeed, which begins just at the adit mouth. In the appendix 1 of map 1, I have set out all the available data on these lines. just at the adit mouth. In the appendix 1 of map 1, I have set out all the available data on these lines. On March 31, 1959 the Cavan and Leitrim section of C.I.E. closed to all traffic. The rails of the Arigna On March 31, 1959 the Cavan and Leitrim section of C.I.E. closed to all traffic. The rails of the Arigna extension from Mount Allen to the siding were sold in situ to Laydons, the Mount Allen - Keadue road extension from Mount Allen to the siding were sold in situ to Laydons, the Mount Allen - Keadue road still bears the three-foot gauge and between the Siding and Arigna church some sleepers can still be still bears the three-foot gauge and between the Siding and Arigna church some sleepers can still be seen. However, steam up to Derreenavoggy is but a memory. seen. However, steam up to Derreenavoggy is but a memory.

But mining continues. The new Arigna Power Station of the Electricity Supply Board takes the coal But mining continues. The new Arigna Power Station of the Electricity Supply Board takes the coal which once went via the Cavan and Leitrim and a new method of mining opencast - has been which once went via the Cavan and Leitrim and a new method of mining opencast - has been introduced at Ballynashee. It is interesting to note that the giant scoop of the excavator has uncovered introduced at Ballynashee. It is interesting to note that the giant scoop of the excavator has uncovered an ancient mine level showing that the newcomers are merely retracing, perhaps more efficiently, the an ancient mine level showing that the newcomers are merely retracing, perhaps more efficiently, the steps of the miners of the long forgotten times. steps of the miners of the long forgotten times. arigna coal arigna coal The main coal in the Leitrim /Roscommon coal field belongs to the National Coal Board. Group 200 The main coal in the Leitrim /Roscommon coal field belongs to the National Coal Board. Group 200 classifications. This means that it is semi-bituminous non-coky drying steam coal similar to those classifications. This means that it is semi-bituminous non-coky drying steam coal similar to those found in South Wales. The coals has a volatile content of about 18 per cent and is free burning, non found in South Wales. The coals has a volatile content of about 18 per cent and is free burning, non smelling and almost completely free of sulphur. From a utilisation point of view, the main difficulty is smelling and almost completely free of sulphur. From a utilisation point of view, the main difficulty is the high ash content of the coal which varies from 20 to 30 per cent. the high ash content of the coal which varies from 20 to 30 per cent.

This makes ash handling expensive. The relatively low volatile content of the coal makes ignition This makes ash handling expensive. The relatively low volatile content of the coal makes ignition somewhat difficult and because of the higher proportion of fixed carbon the coal is slow burning, and somewhat difficult and because of the higher proportion of fixed carbon the coal is slow burning, and so selecting plants to burn the coal allowance must be made for these factors. so selecting plants to burn the coal allowance must be made for these factors.

The present reserves of main seam coal are 800,000 tons (1975) and will last for the life of the 15 The present reserves of main seam coal are 800,000 tons (1975) and will last for the life of the 15 MW ESB power station. At the Arigna ESB station the coal is burned in the pulverised fuel boiler. MW ESB power station. At the Arigna ESB station the coal is burned in the pulverised fuel boiler. Because of the high ash it was felt necessary to grind the coal very fine and in fact, a standard of 90% Because of the high ash it was felt necessary to grind the coal very fine and in fact, a standard of 90% less than 200 mesh was adopted. less than 200 mesh was adopted.

Description of the station Description of the station The Arigna Generating Station in Co. Roscommon was erected on a 12.5 acre site, about 4 miles from The Arigna Generating Station in Co. Roscommon was erected on a 12.5 acre site, about 4 miles from Drumshanbo, on the western side of Lough Allen. The specification for the construction of Arigna Drumshanbo, on the western side of Lough Allen. The specification for the construction of Arigna Power Station was drawn up in October 1953 and formal tenders were invited in 1955. The contract Power Station was drawn up in October 1953 and formal tenders were invited in 1955. The contract for it’s construction was eventually awarded to Messrs John Paul &Co. from Donnybrook, Dublin. for it’s construction was eventually awarded to Messrs John Paul &Co. from Donnybrook, Dublin. Construction of the Station commenced in October 1958. The staff required for the running of the Construction of the Station commenced in October 1958. The staff required for the running of the Station averaged about 40, and 9 houses were originally constructed for the first group of staff and Station averaged about 40, and 9 houses were originally constructed for the first group of staff and

92 92 their families. their families.

The construction of the boiler house, engine room, offices and the site development of the fuel store, The construction of the boiler house, engine room, offices and the site development of the fuel store, drainage systems, roadways and ancillary works, cost approximately one million pounds. drainage systems, roadways and ancillary works, cost approximately one million pounds.

Coal for the Station was delivered by road from the mines to the fuel store at the Station. At peak Coal for the Station was delivered by road from the mines to the fuel store at the Station. At peak demand the Station had 20 lorries per day deliver the coal from the mines approximately 3 miles away. demand the Station had 20 lorries per day deliver the coal from the mines approximately 3 miles away.

From the store, which has a capacity of 10,000 tonnes, coal was passed through pulverising machinery From the store, which has a capacity of 10,000 tonnes, coal was passed through pulverising machinery before combustion in the boiler. Using about 45,00 tonnes of coal annually, the Station had an output before combustion in the boiler. Using about 45,00 tonnes of coal annually, the Station had an output of 70,000 million units. of 70,000 million units.

Electricity was generated at 10,000 volts and stepped up to 110,000 volts for distribution purposes. Electricity was generated at 10,000 volts and stepped up to 110,000 volts for distribution purposes. The boiler plant had a normal output of 132,000 pounds of steam per hour and drove a 15,000kW The boiler plant had a normal output of 132,000 pounds of steam per hour and drove a 15,000kW turbo-alternator. The cooling water for the Station was taken from Lough Allen through a pumping turbo-alternator. The cooling water for the Station was taken from Lough Allen through a pumping plant providing 12,000 gallons per minute. The Station had a chimney stack approximately 300 ft high. plant providing 12,000 gallons per minute. The Station had a chimney stack approximately 300 ft high.

Arigna power station, in operation since 1958 would shut down and the mines which had provided Arigna power station, in operation since 1958 would shut down and the mines which had provided work and prosperity to the people would virtually come to a standstill, unless, that is, the 15 million work and prosperity to the people would virtually come to a standstill, unless, that is, the 15 million tons of low grade coal known as ‘Crow Coal’ which lay deep in the mountains could be mined and tons of low grade coal known as ‘Crow Coal’ which lay deep in the mountains could be mined and utilised. The Laydon family, owners of the mines since 1870’s, believed that, with the right research utilised. The Laydon family, owners of the mines since 1870’s, believed that, with the right research and development methods of combustion presently being developed in other countries could be and development methods of combustion presently being developed in other countries could be utilised to successfully burn the crow Coal. utilised to successfully burn the crow Coal.

There are large resources of coal in the world, much of it with a high sulphur content which, when There are large resources of coal in the world, much of it with a high sulphur content which, when burned, produces sulphur dioxide. It cannot be used due to the problem of pollution and the stringent burned, produces sulphur dioxide. It cannot be used due to the problem of pollution and the stringent regulations regarding its use. regulations regarding its use.

Because of this problem research was carried out into methods of eliminating the sulphur dioxide Because of this problem research was carried out into methods of eliminating the sulphur dioxide during it’s combustion. during it’s combustion.

A new system of combustion based on the fluidized bed process - as used by the chemical industry A new system of combustion based on the fluidized bed process - as used by the chemical industry for mixing - developed for this purpose, which involved mixing a large percentage of limestone with for mixing - developed for this purpose, which involved mixing a large percentage of limestone with the coal before feeding it into the fire. the coal before feeding it into the fire. Tests indicated that the idea was technically feasible and the interesting fact was that the coal, although Tests indicated that the idea was technically feasible and the interesting fact was that the coal, although mixed with a high percentage of limestone still could be burned successfully. It was this facet of the mixed with a high percentage of limestone still could be burned successfully. It was this facet of the fluidized bed system which the Arigna Collieries became interested in. fluidized bed system which the Arigna Collieries became interested in. Brendan Laydon, their Development Engineer, started detailed investigations of the crow coal and its Brendan Laydon, their Development Engineer, started detailed investigations of the crow coal and its combustion, together with the ESB and a Dublin firm of consulting engineers. Samples were sent to combustion, together with the ESB and a Dublin firm of consulting engineers. Samples were sent to France and America to test sites involved in fluidized bed research. The results look promising and it France and America to test sites involved in fluidized bed research. The results look promising and it seems that the feasibility of building a commercial fluidized border is now a reality. The small drift seems that the feasibility of building a commercial fluidized border is now a reality. The small drift mines used with the existing coal seams will give way to a whole new concept in mining with large mines used with the existing coal seams will give way to a whole new concept in mining with large tunnels and highly mechanised cutting and conveyor systems. tunnels and highly mechanised cutting and conveyor systems.

They will need to produce 1,000 tons of coal per day to fuel the new 40 mega watt power station They will need to produce 1,000 tons of coal per day to fuel the new 40 mega watt power station envisaged by the E.S.B. This proposal was also a failure and never developed beyond the research envisaged by the E.S.B. This proposal was also a failure and never developed beyond the research stage. stage.

Proven reserves of crow coal are as follows Proven reserves of crow coal are as follows Location Tons Ash Seam Kilronan 3 million 32% Middle Crow Geevagh 1 million 32% Middle Crow Location Tons Ash Seam Kilronan 3 million 32% Middle Crow Geevagh 1 million 32% Middle Crow

93 93 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Altagowlan 3 ½ million 52% Lower Crow Bencroy 1 million 50% Lower Crow Slieve-an-Iarainn 7 Altagowlan 3 ½ million 52% Lower Crow Bencroy 1 million 50% Lower Crow Slieve-an-Iarainn 7 million 55% Lower Crow million 55% Lower Crow

Different types of employment involved in mining; Different types of employment involved in mining; Coal Cutter or collier Those who cut the coal. Drawer; Those who removed the coal. Brushers; Those Coal Cutter or collier Those who cut the coal. Drawer; Those who removed the coal. Brushers; Those who cleaned up the main roads. Explosive team; Those who drilled the rock and layed the explosives. who cleaned up the main roads. Explosive team; Those who drilled the rock and layed the explosives. The firemen or foreman; Those who supervised and measured the amount of coal removed in yards. The firemen or foreman; Those who supervised and measured the amount of coal removed in yards. In early times creels were used on the backs of horses to remove the coal from the mines also called In early times creels were used on the backs of horses to remove the coal from the mines also called ‘pits’ locally. Later when roads were made, carters delivered the coal around the countryside and from ‘pits’ locally. Later when roads were made, carters delivered the coal around the countryside and from the mines to the railway station at Mount Allen. the mines to the railway station at Mount Allen. Finally lorries became the main mode of transport from the early 1960’s. In modern times the mining Finally lorries became the main mode of transport from the early 1960’s. In modern times the mining company employed fitters, welders, electricians and carpenters/handymen for general repairs. company employed fitters, welders, electricians and carpenters/handymen for general repairs. removal of the coal removal of the coal In early times the coal was removed by using small picks by the coal cutter after the face was opened In early times the coal was removed by using small picks by the coal cutter after the face was opened with explosives. Screening had to be done by hand. The lump coal going to the Railway company by with explosives. Screening had to be done by hand. The lump coal going to the Railway company by carters, the slack (fire coal) sold to the lime burners, blacksmiths and local people and surplus would carters, the slack (fire coal) sold to the lime burners, blacksmiths and local people and surplus would be thrown back into the waste, thus denying the cutters their rightful wages. be thrown back into the waste, thus denying the cutters their rightful wages. In the modern era of coal mining a coal cutter was used to undercut the coal seam and left the collier In the modern era of coal mining a coal cutter was used to undercut the coal seam and left the collier the job of simply breaking out the lump coal. The other appliance used in the removal of coal was the the job of simply breaking out the lump coal. The other appliance used in the removal of coal was the mobile compressors and air picks The loose coal was loaded with hand shovels into small wagons mobile compressors and air picks The loose coal was loaded with hand shovels into small wagons called hutches. In Scotland, ponies were used to draw the hutches inside the mines but I can find no called hutches. In Scotland, ponies were used to draw the hutches inside the mines but I can find no records of this in Arigna, only manpower. To support the roof above the coal face where they were records of this in Arigna, only manpower. To support the roof above the coal face where they were working, the miners would erect timber supports commonly known as ‘pit props’. I hope the reader working, the miners would erect timber supports commonly known as ‘pit props’. I hope the reader will understand that mining methods, transportation and distribution are all inter-related and that it will understand that mining methods, transportation and distribution are all inter-related and that it is difficult to dwell on one without referring to the others. is difficult to dwell on one without referring to the others.

Description of open cast mining Description of open cast mining A number of years ago Arigna Collieries embarked on open cast mining. A number of years ago Arigna Collieries embarked on open cast mining. This consists of working around the perimeter of the coalfield with a large dragline machine where This consists of working around the perimeter of the coalfield with a large dragline machine where the overburden of the coal seam is not too great. Large quantities of explosives are used to loosen the the overburden of the coal seam is not too great. Large quantities of explosives are used to loosen the over burden for convenient handling by the drag-line machine. over burden for convenient handling by the drag-line machine.

The composition of the normal over burden would be rock 34ft, Slate 12ft, and bog 4ft. The composition of the normal over burden would be rock 34ft, Slate 12ft, and bog 4ft.

In 1975 Arigna Collieries employed 240 men. A good miner earns £65 to £80 per week and the annual In 1975 Arigna Collieries employed 240 men. A good miner earns £65 to £80 per week and the annual wage bill was £500,000. wage bill was £500,000. lighting lighting Candles were the only source of light in the early mines, they were eventually replaced by carbide Candles were the only source of light in the early mines, they were eventually replaced by carbide lamps. The carbide produce a flammable gas when water is added and this provided light for the lamps. The carbide produce a flammable gas when water is added and this provided light for the miners up to the early 1970’s. In the final years the miners used battery cap lamps, which they carried, miners up to the early 1970’s. In the final years the miners used battery cap lamps, which they carried, clipped to their helmets. But the main roads were lit by electricity. clipped to their helmets. But the main roads were lit by electricity. water water Miners could not remove coal from the middle seam in the Corry mountain below the level at which Miners could not remove coal from the middle seam in the Corry mountain below the level at which water drained away naturally until machines had been invented for pumping water out of the mine, water drained away naturally until machines had been invented for pumping water out of the mine, for raising the coal up vertical or inclined drifts. The O’Reilly’s tried to solve this problem by driving for raising the coal up vertical or inclined drifts. The O’Reilly’s tried to solve this problem by driving an adit under the mountain at Aghabehy. Position 6 Map 1 an adit under the mountain at Aghabehy. Position 6 Map 1

The long lifespan of the middle seam coal which started approximately in 1775 and ended in August The long lifespan of the middle seam coal which started approximately in 1775 and ended in August 1958 on Seltannasaggart (Corry Mountain) had a lifespan of 183 years, while taking into account there 1958 on Seltannasaggart (Corry Mountain) had a lifespan of 183 years, while taking into account there

94 94 were long lapses of inactivity at various stages. Below is a list of working shafts/ levels. were long lapses of inactivity at various stages. Below is a list of working shafts/ levels.

Seltinaveeny 14 Tullynaka 5 Knockateam 12 Tullymorry 1 Seltinaskeagh 4 Lugmore 4 Making a Seltinaveeny 14 Tullynaka 5 Knockateam 12 Tullymorry 1 Seltinaskeagh 4 Lugmore 4 Making a grand total of 40 grand total of 40 charlie mcDermott started work in February 1936, in Rover pit and earned 5/3 per shift, while charlie mcDermott started work in February 1936, in Rover pit and earned 5/3 per shift, while colliers would earn 6/- give or take a few pence. His work was as a drawer. Work in the mine had its colliers would earn 6/- give or take a few pence. His work was as a drawer. Work in the mine had its uncertainties for a number or reasons: the rope breaks, the haulage engine refusing to start, also lack uncertainties for a number or reasons: the rope breaks, the haulage engine refusing to start, also lack of sales. Down in the mine itself, there was rumbling and grumbling about low wages, long roads, non- of sales. Down in the mine itself, there was rumbling and grumbling about low wages, long roads, non- union labour, and conditions in general. union labour, and conditions in general.

Each miner’s safety depended on the quality of work of his neighbour, this resulted in a bond Each miner’s safety depended on the quality of work of his neighbour, this resulted in a bond developing because of the danger they faced each day. The constantly changing surroundings of the developing because of the danger they faced each day. The constantly changing surroundings of the workplace resulted in different working conditions (rockfalls, water incursion during the winter workplace resulted in different working conditions (rockfalls, water incursion during the winter months). Because of this “closed environment” strangers to the valley were treated with suspicion, months). Because of this “closed environment” strangers to the valley were treated with suspicion, and had to prove themselves before they were accepted into responsible positions within the mining and had to prove themselves before they were accepted into responsible positions within the mining hierarchy. Miners from the collieries on the Killronan Mountain rarely worked on the Corrie Mountain, hierarchy. Miners from the collieries on the Killronan Mountain rarely worked on the Corrie Mountain, and vice versa. Many families in the area enjoyed the same economic conditions of the time, and each and vice versa. Many families in the area enjoyed the same economic conditions of the time, and each perceived the others as being equal, there was little class distinction, this was especially evident during perceived the others as being equal, there was little class distinction, this was especially evident during a long strike as each struggled to survive. Most of the miners either purchased or inherited small farm a long strike as each struggled to survive. Most of the miners either purchased or inherited small farm holdings, or between ten and fifteen acres, which supplemented their income. According to Fr. Tynan, holdings, or between ten and fifteen acres, which supplemented their income. According to Fr. Tynan, parish priest of Kilronan, census figures available over the last hundred years indicate that the parish priest of Kilronan, census figures available over the last hundred years indicate that the population of the valley has remained static. population of the valley has remained static.

Housing was similar to the surrounding district, although the Arigna Mining Company built houses Housing was similar to the surrounding district, although the Arigna Mining Company built houses for their workers. But, after they lost the high court decision, as already discussed, they handed over for their workers. But, after they lost the high court decision, as already discussed, they handed over the mines to the Arigna Collieries (Laydon’s) who eventually demolished the houses after Roscommon the mines to the Arigna Collieries (Laydon’s) who eventually demolished the houses after Roscommon County Council had resettled the inhabitants in Arigna village. County Council had resettled the inhabitants in Arigna village.

With the closure of the mines and Arigna Generating Station, mining as a unique way of life, with its With the closure of the mines and Arigna Generating Station, mining as a unique way of life, with its long tradition is no longer an employment option in the valley. Many would say it is a positive long tradition is no longer an employment option in the valley. Many would say it is a positive development, although ex-miners, who I have interviewed, would return to the mines given the development, although ex-miners, who I have interviewed, would return to the mines given the opportunity. opportunity.

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95 95 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary sources Primary sources

Interviews with my Johnny Wynne RIP and Jim Mc Gourty RIP Interviews with my Johnny Wynne RIP and Jim Mc Gourty RIP McDermott Charlie, R.I.P. unpublished memoirs in fourteen handwritten chapters. McDermott Charlie, R.I.P. unpublished memoirs in fourteen handwritten chapters. Cruise Richard J. Geological Survey of Ireland (London 1878) Cruise Richard J. Geological Survey of Ireland (London 1878) Laydon Vincent ‘Coal mining in Leitrim’ Leitrim Guardian 1975 pp 88 - 89 Laydon Vincent ‘Coal mining in Leitrim’ Leitrim Guardian 1975 pp 88 - 89 Digges J.G. ‘Fighting Industries and Financing Emigration in Ireland’ - 1906. Article in the Irish Digges J.G. ‘Fighting Industries and Financing Emigration in Ireland’ - 1906. Article in the Irish Homestead (Dublin) 24 March - 9 June 1906. Homestead (Dublin) 24 March - 9 June 1906. O’Connor, C. Statistical Account of the Parish of Kilronan 25 August 1773. The British Library B321 O’Connor, C. Statistical Account of the Parish of Kilronan 25 August 1773. The British Library B321 (1) (1) Flanagan, P.J. Journal of the Irish Railway Record Society No. 34 Vol 7 Dublin Spring 1964 Flanagan, P.J. Journal of the Irish Railway Record Society No. 34 Vol 7 Dublin Spring 1964 Dunne, Angus. ‘From Pig Cros-Pruca to Crow Coal’ Leitrim Guardian 1980 P.52. Dunne, Angus. ‘From Pig Cros-Pruca to Crow Coal’ Leitrim Guardian 1980 P.52. Watson Frankie ‘Arigna new dreams and old fears in the mining community’ Leitrim Guardian (Carrick- Watson Frankie ‘Arigna new dreams and old fears in the mining community’ Leitrim Guardian (Carrick- on-Shannon 1991) P. 13 on-Shannon 1991) P. 13 Murray Hubert ‘Bencroy Miner’ P.48 Murray Hubert ‘Bencroy Miner’ P.48 Leitrim Guardian, 1982 (Carrick-on-Shannon 1982). Leitrim Guardian, 1982 (Carrick-on-Shannon 1982). McGourty, Jirn. Interview with Ex-miner of 34 years in July, 1997 McGourty, Jirn. Interview with Ex-miner of 34 years in July, 1997 Tynan, Rev. Fr. Sean. Interview with P.P. of Kilronan parish in July, 1997. Tynan, Rev. Fr. Sean. Interview with P.P. of Kilronan parish in July, 1997. official Publications: official Publications: Cockton, Peter. Subject catalogue of the House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, 1801 - 1900 Cockton, Peter. Subject catalogue of the House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, 1801 - 1900 (Cambridge 1988) volume iv (Cambridge 1988) volume iv Select committee on the Arigna Mining Company pp 16 - 21 3 April, 1827. Select committee on the Arigna Mining Company pp 16 - 21 3 April, 1827. Meehan Joseph Seventeenth Century Foundaries (1906) Paper on the O’Rourkes unpublished. Meehan Joseph Seventeenth Century Foundaries (1906) Paper on the O’Rourkes unpublished. newspapers newspapers Roscommon Herald, 25th July 1998. Paul Healy & Angela Doyle Roscommon Herald, 25th July 1998. Paul Healy & Angela Doyle Irish Times Irish coal will power new E.S.B. Station. 6 February, 1958. Irish Times Irish coal will power new E.S.B. Station. 6 February, 1958. Irish Independent New Era of Prosperity for Arigna. 6 February, 1958 Irish Independent New Era of Prosperity for Arigna. 6 February, 1958 Irish Times The men of Arigna hold Strike -March. 29 January, 1969. Irish Times The men of Arigna hold Strike -March. 29 January, 1969. Daybook for Lugmore 1942 held by Arigna Mining Committee Daybook for Lugmore 1942 held by Arigna Mining Committee Workmens Accounts from 18 January 1925 to 31 January 1925 held by Arigna Mining Committee. Workmens Accounts from 18 January 1925 to 31 January 1925 held by Arigna Mining Committee. Griffith R. ‘Survey of the Connaught Coal District’ 1818. Griffith R. ‘Survey of the Connaught Coal District’ 1818. Weld Issac Statistical Survey of Roscommon. 1832. Weld Issac Statistical Survey of Roscommon. 1832. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Ireland, Memoir on the Coalfields of Ireland 1927 and the Ordnance Survey 1837 and later 6’ and 25’ maps. Memoir on the Coalfields of Ireland 1927 and the Ordnance Survey 1837 and later 6’ and 25’ maps. selected secondary sources selected secondary sources Breifne Historical Society Breifne Vol. 1 V 1972 Cumman Seanchase Bhreifne. Breifne Historical Society Breifne Vol. 1 V 1972 Cumman Seanchase Bhreifne. Clancy Eileen Ballinaglera Parish’ (Dublin) P.P. 133 - 135 1974. Clancy Eileen Ballinaglera Parish’ (Dublin) P.P. 133 - 135 1974. D’Alton John -The Annals of Boyle’ Vol. 1 Dublin 1845. P.P. 164 - 180 D’Alton John -The Annals of Boyle’ Vol. 1 Dublin 1845. P.P. 164 - 180 Hayward Richard Where the flows 1940. London. Hayward Richard Where the River Shannon flows 1940. London. Lewis Samuel A topographical dictionary of Ireland. 2 vols London 1837. Lewis Samuel A topographical dictionary of Ireland. 2 vols London 1837. Maps Diocese of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise Atlas 1988 Maps Diocese of Ardagh and Clonmacnoise Atlas 1988 Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland Sheet No.26 Scale 1:50.00 Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland Sheet No.26 Scale 1:50.00

96 96 appendix 1 appendix 1 1 Lough Allen Canal 1 Lough Allen Canal 2 Cavan & Leitrim Railway 2 Cavan & Leitrim Railway 3 The Arigna Iron Works Tramway 3 The Arigna Iron Works Tramway 4 The Arigna Valley Railway on the line as the Arigna iron works tramway. 4 The Arigna Valley Railway on the line as the Arigna iron works tramway. 5 The Arigna Valley Railway 5 The Arigna Valley Railway 6 Position of ‘Adit’ at Aughabehy 6 Position of ‘Adit’ at Aughabehy 7 Site of Ironworks at Arigna 7 Site of Ironworks at Arigna 8 Site of Ironworks at Arigna 8 Site of Ironworks at Arigna 9 Seltannasaggart Coalfield 9 Seltannasaggart Coalfield 10 Drumshanbo Iron Works 10 Drumshanbo Iron Works 11 Arigna Station at Mount Allen 11 Arigna Station at Mount Allen 12 Spencer Harbour (site of brick works) and harbour for loading coal. 12 Spencer Harbour (site of brick works) and harbour for loading coal. The Navigation, a proposal to allow boats travel up theArigna River The Navigation, a proposal to allow boats travel up theArigna River acknowledgements acknowledgements

The staff of the Roscommon County Library in their prompt and efficient service. The staff of the Roscommon County Library in their prompt and efficient service. The staff of the Leitrim County Library, especially Sean O’Suileabhain for assistance and for their time The staff of the Leitrim County Library, especially Sean O’Suileabhain for assistance and for their time given generously. given generously. The members of the Arigna Mining Committee especially Rose McGuckian and Joe Rynn for The members of the Arigna Mining Committee especially Rose McGuckian and Joe Rynn for documentation and photographs given also information on mining equipment and indebted for the documentation and photographs given also information on mining equipment and indebted for the time given for same. time given for same. A special thanks to Fr. S. Tynan, P.P. Kilronan, RIP for his advice and his guide to the right sources. To A special thanks to Fr. S. Tynan, P.P. Kilronan, RIP for his advice and his guide to the right sources. To the ex-miners I have interviewed, my father-in-law, Johnny Wynne, Jim McGourty, and Joseph Christy the ex-miners I have interviewed, my father-in-law, Johnny Wynne, Jim McGourty, and Joseph Christy and to the family of the late Charlie McDermott, R.I.P. and to the family of the late Charlie McDermott, R.I.P. bibliography bibliography 1 Angus Dunne, ‘From Pig-Cros-Pruca to Crow Coal’ in Leitrim Guardian, Dec 1980, p.52. 1 Angus Dunne, ‘From Pig-Cros-Pruca to Crow Coal’ in Leitrim Guardian, Dec 1980, p.52. 2 C. O’Connor, Statistical Account of the Parish Of Kilronan, 25 August, 1773, pp 5-7. 2 C. O’Connor, Statistical Account of the Parish Of Kilronan, 25 August, 1773, pp 5-7. 3 P.J. Flanagan, Journal of the Irish Railway Record Society (Dublin 1964) Vol. 7, No.34, p. 34 3 P.J. Flanagan, Journal of the Irish Railway Record Society (Dublin 1964) Vol. 7, No.34, p. 34 4 J. Meehan, ‘Paper on the O’Rourkes’, Leitrim County Library Ballinamore, - 27 March 1906 pp 3 - 8. 4 J. Meehan, ‘Paper on the O’Rourkes’, Leitrim County Library Ballinamore, - 27 March 1906 pp 3 - 8. 5 Charlie MacDermott ‘Unpublished Memoirs’ pp 8 - 14 5 Charlie MacDermott ‘Unpublished Memoirs’ pp 8 - 14 6 ibid, pp. 14 - 16. 6 ibid, pp. 14 - 16. 7 Charlie MacDermott, Unpublished Memoirs, pp 17 - 18. 7 Charlie MacDermott, Unpublished Memoirs, pp 17 - 18. 8 Charlie MacDermott, Unpublished Memoirs, pp 20 -24. 8 Charlie MacDermott, Unpublished Memoirs, pp 20 -24. 9 Isaac Weld, Statistical Survey of Roscommon, (London 1832), pp 47 - 54. 9 Isaac Weld, Statistical Survey of Roscommon, (London 1832), pp 47 - 54. 10 Richard J. Cruise, Geological Survey of Ireland, (London 1878), pp 27 -32. 10 Richard J. Cruise, Geological Survey of Ireland, (London 1878), pp 27 -32. 11 idem., p. 27. 11 idem., p. 27. 12 Richard Cruise, Geological Survey of Ireland p. 27. 12 Richard Cruise, Geological Survey of Ireland p. 27. 13 idem., p. 28. 13 idem., p. 28. 14 Richard Cruise, Geological Survey of Ireland, p. 28. 14 Richard Cruise, Geological Survey of Ireland, p. 28. 15 ibid., p. 29 15 ibid., p. 29 16 ibid., p. 31 16 ibid., p. 31 17 Richard Cruise, Geological Survey of Ireland, p. 31. 17 Richard Cruise, Geological Survey of Ireland, p. 31. 18 Charlie MacDermott, Unpublished Memoires, Chapter 2 p. 42. 18 Charlie MacDermott, Unpublished Memoires, Chapter 2 p. 42. 19 See map 2. 19 See map 2. 20 J. Meehan, ‘Paper on the history of the O’Rourkes’, March 1906, pp 3 - 8. 20 J. Meehan, ‘Paper on the history of the O’Rourkes’, March 1906, pp 3 - 8. 21 ibid., p.6 21 ibid., p.6 22 ibid., p.7. 22 ibid., p.7.

97 97 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

23 P. J. Flanagan, Journal of the Irish Railway Record Society, (Dublin 1964) p.27. 23 P. J. Flanagan, Journal of the Irish Railway Record Society, (Dublin 1964) p.27. 24 Charlie MacDermott, Unpublished Memoirs, p. 42. 24 Charlie MacDermott, Unpublished Memoirs, p. 42. 25 John D’Alton, The Annals of Boyle, Vol. 1 p.p. 164 - 180. 25 John D’Alton, The Annals of Boyle, Vol. 1 p.p. 164 - 180. 26 Charlie MacDermott, Memoirs, p.49. 26 Charlie MacDermott, Memoirs, p.49. 27 Isaac Weld, Statistical Survey of Roscommon, p.42. 27 Isaac Weld, Statistical Survey of Roscommon, p.42. 28 Isaac Weld, Statistical Survey of Roscommon, p.43. 28 Isaac Weld, Statistical Survey of Roscommon, p.43. 29 Select Committee Report On The Arigna Mining Company, House of Commons, p.232 29 Select Committee Report On The Arigna Mining Company, House of Commons, p.232 30 P. J. Flanagan, ‘Journal of the Irish Railway Record Society’, pp 32 - 36. 30 P. J. Flanagan, ‘Journal of the Irish Railway Record Society’, pp 32 - 36. 31 J. G. Digges, ‘Fighting Industries and Financing Emigration in Ireland’, pp 3-8. 31 J. G. Digges, ‘Fighting Industries and Financing Emigration in Ireland’, pp 3-8. ,Digges J. ‘Fighting Industries and Financing Emigration in Ireland’ pp 5 - 8 ,Digges J. ‘Fighting Industries and Financing Emigration in Ireland’ pp 5 - 8 idem., pp 5 - 8 idem., pp 5 - 8 Digges, J.G. ‘Fighting Industries and Financing Emigration in Ireland’ p. 7 Digges, J.G. ‘Fighting Industries and Financing Emigration in Ireland’ p. 7 idem., p 8 idem., p 8 Digges, J.G. ‘Fighting Industries and Financing Emigration in Ireland’ p. 8 Digges, J.G. ‘Fighting Industries and Financing Emigration in Ireland’ p. 8 MacDermott, Charlie. Unpublished Memoirs Chapter 5 p.121 MacDermott, Charlie. Unpublished Memoirs Chapter 5 p.121 Flanagan, P.J. ‘Journal of the Irish Railway Record society’ pp 33 - 34 Flanagan, P.J. ‘Journal of the Irish Railway Record society’ pp 33 - 34 Flanagan, P.J. ‘Journal of the Irish Railway Record society’ p. 34 Flanagan, P.J. ‘Journal of the Irish Railway Record society’ p. 34 idem.,p. 35 idem.,p. 35 McGourty, J. Interview July 1997 McGourty, J. Interview July 1997 Laydon , V. Article ‘ Coalmining in Leitrim’ - Leitrim Guardian 1975 pp 88 - 89 Laydon , V. Article ‘ Coalmining in Leitrim’ - Leitrim Guardian 1975 pp 88 - 89 Dunne, Angus. Article ‘From Pig Cros-Pruca to Crow coal’ Leitrim Guardian 1980 p. 52 Dunne, Angus. Article ‘From Pig Cros-Pruca to Crow coal’ Leitrim Guardian 1980 p. 52 Laydon, V. ‘Coalmining in Leitrim’ Leitrim Guardian 1975 pp 88 - 89 Laydon, V. ‘Coalmining in Leitrim’ Leitrim Guardian 1975 pp 88 - 89

View from inside Lynn's Pit, Arigna View from inside Lynn's Pit, Arigna

98 98 99 99 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Francie Joe & May Mc Gourty with Fr McIntire Francie Joe & May Mc Gourty with Fr McIntire

Noel Murray and Brid Murray on their wedding day. Noel Murray and Brid Murray on their wedding day.

Andrew & Anne Boyle 1987 Andrew & Anne Boyle 1987

Tom Joe & Breda Keaney on their wedding day Sean & Helen Gallagher on their wedding day, 1986 Tom Joe & Breda Keaney on their wedding day Sean & Helen Gallagher on their wedding day, 1986

100 100 101 101 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. coal Mining in bencroy coal Mining in bencroy By Fr Dan Gallogly By Fr Dan Gallogly

The tradition of prospecting in the southern face of Sliabh an Iarainn goes back to the beginning of The tradition of prospecting in the southern face of Sliabh an Iarainn goes back to the beginning of the last century. It is preserved in the folklore of the area in stories like that of ‘Roaring Nixon’ the last century. It is preserved in the folklore of the area in stories like that of ‘Roaring Nixon’ supposed to have been a prospector from England who was abandoned by his mates on the mountain supposed to have been a prospector from England who was abandoned by his mates on the mountain and died of exposure. Ever afterwards his roar was said to have been heard along the rocks of and died of exposure. Ever afterwards his roar was said to have been heard along the rocks of Gubnaveagh and that ‘it would shake the plates on the dresser’. The threat of Nixon was used to Gubnaveagh and that ‘it would shake the plates on the dresser’. The threat of Nixon was used to frighten children to keep them from going out after dark. Most of the mining was on a non-commercial frighten children to keep them from going out after dark. Most of the mining was on a non-commercial basis and the people engaged in it were called ‘hoakers’. In 1877 Patrick Gallagher, Aghlin, opened a basis and the people engaged in it were called ‘hoakers’. In 1877 Patrick Gallagher, Aghlin, opened a mine or pit in Ballinameeltoge, the eye of which is still to be seen. It failed and in 1878 was marked mine or pit in Ballinameeltoge, the eye of which is still to be seen. It failed and in 1878 was marked ‘abandoned’. Mining was later carried on in Gubnaveagh by a family called Roache from Coalisland. ‘abandoned’. Mining was later carried on in Gubnaveagh by a family called Roache from Coalisland. bencroy colliery bencroy colliery In 1925 Tom Cull and Paddy Gannon, the latter an Arigna miner, opened the Bencroy Colliery. It In 1925 Tom Cull and Paddy Gannon, the latter an Arigna miner, opened the Bencroy Colliery. It reached its peak in the years of World War II (1939-1945) when it employed fifty to sixty men. The reached its peak in the years of World War II (1939-1945) when it employed fifty to sixty men. The coal was drawn by lorry and by a number of carters to the railway station in Ballinamore. The seam coal was drawn by lorry and by a number of carters to the railway station in Ballinamore. The seam of coal ranged from 13 to 18 inches with 21 inches in places and the blasted rock was used for of coal ranged from 13 to 18 inches with 21 inches in places and the blasted rock was used for ‘brushing’ or pit-propping. The coal was taken out on hutches running on rails – one man hutching ‘brushing’ or pit-propping. The coal was taken out on hutches running on rails – one man hutching for every two cutters. The men were paid by the quantity of coal cut. In 1947 Bencroy Colliery was for every two cutters. The men were paid by the quantity of coal cut. In 1947 Bencroy Colliery was turning out twenty tons a day. Initially the coal had to be carried down in creels to the road but later turning out twenty tons a day. Initially the coal had to be carried down in creels to the road but later a proper siding was put in for carts and lorries and also a weigh-bridge. Nearby there was a forge for a proper siding was put in for carts and lorries and also a weigh-bridge. Nearby there was a forge for sharpening coal picks and also a house or store for the explosives used in blasting the rock. sharpening coal picks and also a house or store for the explosives used in blasting the rock. By 1950 the demand for native coal was falling off. Bencroy Colliery was sold to Paddy Wynne who By 1950 the demand for native coal was falling off. Bencroy Colliery was sold to Paddy Wynne who continued to work the mines, producing coal for the ESB coal-fired electricity station at Arigna. The continued to work the mines, producing coal for the ESB coal-fired electricity station at Arigna. The decision to close the station put paid to mining in the Lough Allen basin. On 1 January 1990 mining decision to close the station put paid to mining in the Lough Allen basin. On 1 January 1990 mining ceased in Gubnaveagh. ceased in Gubnaveagh.

Towards the end of the last century a gentleman called Hinchcliffe opened a flag-quarry on Belbeg in Towards the end of the last century a gentleman called Hinchcliffe opened a flag-quarry on Belbeg in Knockacullion. Local tradition remembers very little about him, where he came from or how he Knockacullion. Local tradition remembers very little about him, where he came from or how he happened to come to Sliabh-an-Iarainn. The flags were cut and dressed with a ‘plug and feather’ and happened to come to Sliabh-an-Iarainn. The flags were cut and dressed with a ‘plug and feather’ and taken down the mountain on a four-mile track of railway, known locally as ‘the tram’, to a siding along taken down the mountain on a four-mile track of railway, known locally as ‘the tram’, to a siding along the main road in Frank Murray’s land. The bogies were returned drawn by asses. We do not know the main road in Frank Murray’s land. The bogies were returned drawn by asses. We do not know how long the operation lasted but it was still going in the early years of this century. It finally failed how long the operation lasted but it was still going in the early years of this century. It finally failed and the railway was sold off. The following items wee on offer at the auction: 25 steel bars, 9 large and the railway was sold off. The following items wee on offer at the auction: 25 steel bars, 9 large crow-bars, 18 valuable picks, 14 shovels, 5 hammers, iron wedges, a mile of railway track, quantity of crow-bars, 18 valuable picks, 14 shovels, 5 hammers, iron wedges, a mile of railway track, quantity of wire rope. wire rope. First published in Sliabh an Iarainn Slopes First published in Sliabh an Iarainn Slopes

Brian Wynne at Wynne’s Pit on Bencroy. Johnny Mahon with Padraig and Micky McTigue on Bencroy. Brian Wynne at Wynne’s Pit on Bencroy. Johnny Mahon with Padraig and Micky McTigue on Bencroy. 102 102 John Mc Greevy pushing the hutch at Eamon Earley pushing the hutch Jodie Barry filling the hutch John Mc Greevy pushing the hutch at Eamon Earley pushing the hutch Jodie Barry filling the hutch Rockhill Pit, Arigna Rockhill Pit, Arigna

Drawing coal from Opencast Vincent & Andrew Gilraine, Rockhill, Arigna Drawing coal from Opencast Vincent & Andrew Gilraine, Rockhill, Arigna

Andrew Gilraine, John Packie Mc Manus and Noel Flynn Michael McKiernan, Rockhill Pit, Arigna Andrew Gilraine, John Packie Mc Manus and Noel Flynn Michael McKiernan, Rockhill Pit, Arigna

Noel Mc Manus & Pauric Mc Padden, Rockhill Pit, Arigna Peter Mc Niff using the coal cutting machine Noel Mc Manus & Pauric Mc Padden, Rockhill Pit, Arigna Peter Mc Niff using the coal cutting machine

103 103 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. firsT memories of The PiT firsT memories of The PiT By Dominic Duignan By Dominic Duignan

My first memories of the pit are watching my father getting ready to go to work in the early morning. My first memories of the pit are watching my father getting ready to go to work in the early morning. He would have two boiled eggs for breakfast and I used to get the tops off his eggs. He would have two boiled eggs for breakfast and I used to get the tops off his eggs.

I remember my brothers coming home from the pit; Eugene worked in Noone’s in Gabbarudda and I remember my brothers coming home from the pit; Eugene worked in Noone’s in Gabbarudda and John James worked in Layden’s in Rockhill. As they came home my father asked them for news from John James worked in Layden’s in Rockhill. As they came home my father asked them for news from the pit. They would tell how such a one was on airpicks, some were on the machine, some drawing, the pit. They would tell how such a one was on airpicks, some were on the machine, some drawing, and some shovelling and some brushing. And brushing in mining terms is not sweeping up (which I and some shovelling and some brushing. And brushing in mining terms is not sweeping up (which I always thought). always thought).

Mick Noone started a pit in the early 1960s; his brother Jack already had a pit in Gabbarudda. Mick’s Mick Noone started a pit in the early 1960s; his brother Jack already had a pit in Gabbarudda. Mick’s two sons came to live in a bus that was converted into a mobile home. My two brothers Eugene and two sons came to live in a bus that was converted into a mobile home. My two brothers Eugene and John James used to go visiting them and watch television (there were very few TVs in the area at this John James used to go visiting them and watch television (there were very few TVs in the area at this time). The area where the bus was parked is still known as ‘the bus’. time). The area where the bus was parked is still known as ‘the bus’.

I could not wait to get into the pit. I had no heed on lessons. I knew men in the pit who could not read I could not wait to get into the pit. I had no heed on lessons. I knew men in the pit who could not read or write and they had plenty of money. When eventually I did get a job in the pit at 15, I soon realised or write and they had plenty of money. When eventually I did get a job in the pit at 15, I soon realised that drawing in money terms wasn’t what I thought. It meant shovelling coal into a hutch and pushing that drawing in money terms wasn’t what I thought. It meant shovelling coal into a hutch and pushing it out hundreds of yards to a place they called ‘the lie’. There it was clipped into a haulage rope and it out hundreds of yards to a place they called ‘the lie’. There it was clipped into a haulage rope and pulled out the rest of the way, which could be a couple of mile. pulled out the rest of the way, which could be a couple of mile.

Bushing was blasting the rock or slate and then shovelling some into the gob; the gob being the void Bushing was blasting the rock or slate and then shovelling some into the gob; the gob being the void left after the coal was extracted. The rest was taken out to the hill as can be seen by the heaps of slate left after the coal was extracted. The rest was taken out to the hill as can be seen by the heaps of slate or rock we call “bings”. or rock we call “bings”.

There were three types of road in the pit: the straight road, the side slopes going off the straight roads, There were three types of road in the pit: the straight road, the side slopes going off the straight roads, and the branches going off the slopes. and the branches going off the slopes. The straight road was straight, high and wide with room for two roads of hitches: full going out and The straight road was straight, high and wide with room for two roads of hitches: full going out and empty going in. empty going in.

Side slopes were mostly single but Side slopes were mostly single but sometimes you could have a double sometimes you could have a double slope. Branches were very low, slope. Branches were very low, every twelve yards or so. You could every twelve yards or so. You could be hitting your back against the be hitting your back against the roof as you ran along after the roof as you ran along after the hutch. At mass on Sunday you hutch. At mass on Sunday you would not be able to lie your back would not be able to lie your back against the seat as your back would against the seat as your back would be so sore. be so sore.

The good thing about the mines The good thing about the mines was that we were on piece work. was that we were on piece work. This meant you got paid by the ton. This meant you got paid by the ton. The quicker you did it the quicker The quicker you did it the quicker you were home when your place you were home when your place was cleaned. was cleaned. Dominic Duignan in Noone's old workshop Dominic Duignan in Noone's old workshop

104 104 105 105 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

When I went to the U.K., I had to leave for work at When I went to the U.K., I had to leave for work at 6 in the morning and didn’t get home until 8 in the 6 in the morning and didn’t get home until 8 in the evening, travelling hundreds of miles along evening, travelling hundreds of miles along motorways. Working in the cold and heat. I often motorways. Working in the cold and heat. I often wished I was back at home in the Arigna mine. wished I was back at home in the Arigna mine.

This cup and clay pipe were found by Dominic Duignan in an original This cup and clay pipe were found by Dominic Duignan in an original miner's bag miner's bag

Tea cup was found in an original miners bag in the mine Tea cup was found in an original miners bag in the mine

An original tea bottle found by Dominic Duignan This tea bottle was found by Dominic Duignan in Noone’s Pit. An original tea bottle found by Dominic Duignan This tea bottle was found by Dominic Duignan in Noone’s Pit.

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106 106 107 107 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. The sTrike The sTrike

From November 1968 to late February 1969, 230 miners in the Arigna valley went on strike for From November 1968 to late February 1969, 230 miners in the Arigna valley went on strike for increased pay, a five-day week and improved working conditions. The unofficial strike began shortly increased pay, a five-day week and improved working conditions. The unofficial strike began shortly before an official strike was due to start; a small number of miners walked out of one mine and all the before an official strike was due to start; a small number of miners walked out of one mine and all the men stopped work in support of them. men stopped work in support of them.

As a result of the strike being unofficial the striking workers had little or no means of support through As a result of the strike being unofficial the striking workers had little or no means of support through the four months of the dispute. However, they were members of the ITGWU (now SIPTU). Fund raising the four months of the dispute. However, they were members of the ITGWU (now SIPTU). Fund raising functions and collections were organised on their behalf and many of the local shopkeepers extended functions and collections were organised on their behalf and many of the local shopkeepers extended credit and often provided food for the miners’ families. credit and often provided food for the miners’ families.

The miners’ eventually won their rights to better pay and a five-day week and returned to work. The miners’ eventually won their rights to better pay and a five-day week and returned to work.

In ‘The Long Strike’ Vincent Woods talks to some of the men who took part in the strike and one of In ‘The Long Strike’ Vincent Woods talks to some of the men who took part in the strike and one of the men who broke it. The men also talk about working conditions in the Arigna mines and the long- the men who broke it. The men also talk about working conditions in the Arigna mines and the long- term effects of the work and the working conditions on their health. It’s an extraordinary story of term effects of the work and the working conditions on their health. It’s an extraordinary story of hardship and defiance, of people standing up for their rights and of a community united and divided. hardship and defiance, of people standing up for their rights and of a community united and divided.

Editor’s Note: This article refers to an article on the RTE website. For full article and related radio Editor’s Note: This article refers to an article on the RTE website. For full article and related radio interview, visit: http://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/2009/0819/646175-longstrike/ interview, visit: http://www.rte.ie/radio1/doconone/2009/0819/646175-longstrike/

Arigna Miners on Strike Arigna Miners on Strike

108 108 a Day in The life of a huTcher in PaDDy wynne’s PiT a Day in The life of a huTcher in PaDDy wynne’s PiT By Micky McTigue By Micky McTigue

On arriving at the pit in the morning the workers On arriving at the pit in the morning the workers would gather up at the pit entrance ready for a would gather up at the pit entrance ready for a day’s work. The lunch bags were put in an iron day’s work. The lunch bags were put in an iron hut, the same hut which was also used by the hut, the same hut which was also used by the weighbridge man. weighbridge man.

When your cutter arrived you would enter they When your cutter arrived you would enter they eye of the pit, allow your eyes to adjust to the eye of the pit, allow your eyes to adjust to the darkness of the black hole in front of you and turn darkness of the black hole in front of you and turn on you carbite lighter. (In later years these lights on you carbite lighter. (In later years these lights became battery operated.) You then took your became battery operated.) You then took your hutch which was left inside the pit eye on its side hutch which was left inside the pit eye on its side (coped) to keep it dry, threw it over onto the rails (coped) to keep it dry, threw it over onto the rails and set off down the hill into the pit, keeping a and set off down the hill into the pit, keeping a sharp look out in front of your hutch for any sharp look out in front of your hutch for any stones that may have fallen during the night stones that may have fallen during the night which could derail the hutch. As you made your which could derail the hutch. As you made your way into the pit, drops of water could be seen way into the pit, drops of water could be seen falling from the roof and the clatter of more falling from the roof and the clatter of more hutches coming behind you could be heard. hutches coming behind you could be heard. Further along the rails you came upon a metal Further along the rails you came upon a metal steel plate in between the rails which allowed you steel plate in between the rails which allowed you to turn your hutch left or right onto a branch road. to turn your hutch left or right onto a branch road. These branch roads were spaced about ten to These branch roads were spaced about ten to twenty yards apart, left and right of the main twenty yards apart, left and right of the main road/rails. When eventually you got to the gob road/rails. When eventually you got to the gob (where the coal was being cut) you filled your Micky Mc Tigue (where the coal was being cut) you filled your Micky Mc Tigue hutch with a number six coal shovel and then hutch with a number six coal shovel and then headed back out to the branch road, turned your hutch on the steel plate and went out onto the main headed back out to the branch road, turned your hutch on the steel plate and went out onto the main road. One had to contend with other hutches coming behind and others in front and also with hutches road. One had to contend with other hutches coming behind and others in front and also with hutches on their way back in after emptying their loads of coal. The person with the full hutch of coal always on their way back in after emptying their loads of coal. The person with the full hutch of coal always got the preference of the road. got the preference of the road.

The route was up and down hill slopes, but the last hill out of the eye of the pit was long and steep The route was up and down hill slopes, but the last hill out of the eye of the pit was long and steep and you had a “putter” – a man who helped you push your hutch to daylight and level ground. The and you had a “putter” – a man who helped you push your hutch to daylight and level ground. The hutch was pushed to the weight bridge, then over to the axel hook where you slid out the door of the hutch was pushed to the weight bridge, then over to the axel hook where you slid out the door of the hutch and heaved out the coal in a chute which ran into the breaker. The door was then put back onto hutch and heaved out the coal in a chute which ran into the breaker. The door was then put back onto your hutch and you headed back into the pit for another hutch of coal. your hutch and you headed back into the pit for another hutch of coal.

At about 11 o’clock (peace time) you would have a break at which time you would have about seven At about 11 o’clock (peace time) you would have a break at which time you would have about seven hutches of coal pushed out of the pit, and a second break at about 2 o’clock. These breaks were taken hutches of coal pushed out of the pit, and a second break at about 2 o’clock. These breaks were taken in the iron hut where you could have something to eat and lasted approximately fifteen to twenty in the iron hut where you could have something to eat and lasted approximately fifteen to twenty minutes. Then all the workers headed back into the pit to resume work again. In later years it was minutes. Then all the workers headed back into the pit to resume work again. In later years it was agreed to skip the second break and work through, which allowed the workers to finish earlier in the agreed to skip the second break and work through, which allowed the workers to finish earlier in the day. day.

Sometimes you would have to bring wooden pillars into the pit in your hutch so as to prop up the roof Sometimes you would have to bring wooden pillars into the pit in your hutch so as to prop up the roof

109 109 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

of the gob to the floor to of the gob to the floor to allow for safety of the allow for safety of the cutter and the hutcher cutter and the hutcher when the coal was being when the coal was being cut and drawn out. cut and drawn out. When you had drawn out When you had drawn out about two and a half about two and a half tonnes of coal the day’s tonnes of coal the day’s work came to an end. work came to an end. The cutter would cut one The cutter would cut one hutch of coal and leave it hutch of coal and leave it ready to start with in the ready to start with in the morning. morning. That was a basic day in That was a basic day in the life of a hutcher at the life of a hutcher at Aughacashel Colleries. Aughacashel Colleries.

As I look back twenty five As I look back twenty five 25 years on and the hutch hasn't changed at all! Padraig McTigue, Micky McTigue, Vincent Gilgunne, 25 years on and the hutch hasn't changed at all! Padraig McTigue, Micky McTigue, Vincent Gilgunne, Noel Murray and Sonny Murray with Micky's original hutch on Bencroy. years later, I have fond Noel Murray and Sonny Murray with Micky's original hutch on Bencroy. years later, I have fond memories of the time I memories of the time I worked in Aughacashel Colleries, the friends I made, the banter/debates we had at peace time and worked in Aughacashel Colleries, the friends I made, the banter/debates we had at peace time and collecting my wages at the end of the week in the hut at the road from Paddy or Brian Wynne. collecting my wages at the end of the week in the hut at the road from Paddy or Brian Wynne.

110 110 seconD hanD memories of mining seconD hanD memories of mining By Micheal Geoghegan By Micheal Geoghegan

It’s funny how a stored but long forgotten memory It’s funny how a stored but long forgotten memory can be jogged loose by some unrelated incident can be jogged loose by some unrelated incident years later. This happened to me in the spring of years later. This happened to me in the spring of 1997, when I was working on the planting of 1997, when I was working on the planting of Armstrong’s land. Maurice Shanley from Annaduff Armstrong’s land. Maurice Shanley from Annaduff was mounding the field adjoining the barrack turn, was mounding the field adjoining the barrack turn, when he called my attention to a black seam which when he called my attention to a black seam which he had noticed in the mounding drain. Looking at he had noticed in the mounding drain. Looking at it, I recalled the story my late father, Pearse, used it, I recalled the story my late father, Pearse, used to tell about a lorry that was bringing a load of coal to tell about a lorry that was bringing a load of coal from one of the pits on Mullaghgarve mountain. from one of the pits on Mullaghgarve mountain. The lorry had crashed through the ditch, scattering The lorry had crashed through the ditch, scattering its cargo of culm all over this same field. The driver its cargo of culm all over this same field. The driver Sean Mc Govern and his passenger had jumped out Sean Mc Govern and his passenger had jumped out of the cab, near the end of Flatley’s Road and of the cab, near the end of Flatley’s Road and miraculously escaped uninjured. The same, miraculously escaped uninjured. The same, however, couldn’t be said for the lorry. It was however, couldn’t be said for the lorry. It was completely destroyed. completely destroyed. Pearse Geoghegan, Aughacashel. Geoghegan Brothers' Collieries Pearse Geoghegan, Aughacashel. Geoghegan Brothers' Collieries

I related this story to Maurice, and we both agreed that we had unearthed a little bit of local history. I related this story to Maurice, and we both agreed that we had unearthed a little bit of local history. The story related the importance of mining to the local economy during the lean years of “the The story related the importance of mining to the local economy during the lean years of “the Emergency.” But in truth, the mining industry was a crucial prop of the local economy long before the Emergency.” But in truth, the mining industry was a crucial prop of the local economy long before the outbreak of the Second World War in distant Europe in 1939. Here, the industry had been providing outbreak of the Second World War in distant Europe in 1939. Here, the industry had been providing employment for locals since the late 19th century, and would continue to do so up until the closing of employment for locals since the late 19th century, and would continue to do so up until the closing of Wynne’s mine on Bencroy in 1990. Wynne’s mine on Bencroy in 1990.

As I was growing up, pits and mining were never far from any conversation in the area. My late mother, As I was growing up, pits and mining were never far from any conversation in the area. My late mother, Margaret, would always warn us to be careful of “Costello’s lorry” as it came and went between the Margaret, would always warn us to be careful of “Costello’s lorry” as it came and went between the pit and the power station at Lough Allen. My father worked in Layden’s Pit in Arigna for a number of pit and the power station at Lough Allen. My father worked in Layden’s Pit in Arigna for a number of years. I can remember him heading off to work with Mick and Stephen Gilhooly and Thomas Creamer. years. I can remember him heading off to work with Mick and Stephen Gilhooly and Thomas Creamer. But in 1969 he suffered a serious accident in the pit. Caught between two hutches on a continuous But in 1969 he suffered a serious accident in the pit. Caught between two hutches on a continuous wire rope after banging his head against the roof of the pit, he was left with fractured vertebrae and wire rope after banging his head against the roof of the pit, he was left with fractured vertebrae and a broken hip. He never fully recovered, and walked a broken hip. He never fully recovered, and walked with a pronounced limp for the rest of his life. with a pronounced limp for the rest of his life.

Mining was in my father’s blood; he and his Mining was in my father’s blood; he and his brothers Mick and Terry had operated a pit in brothers Mick and Terry had operated a pit in Mullaghgarve during and after the war. There was Mullaghgarve during and after the war. There was no coal being imported from Europe because of no coal being imported from Europe because of the war, and it made the previously uneconomic the war, and it made the previously uneconomic seams in Mullaghgarve viable. Many a time, when seams in Mullaghgarve viable. Many a time, when we were growing up, he would regale us with we were growing up, he would regale us with stories of the shenanigans that went on up there. stories of the shenanigans that went on up there.

He told us once about the time the parish priest He told us once about the time the parish priest arrived up to the pit to order some coal. My uncle arrived up to the pit to order some coal. My uncle The Mass Rock Altar Mick, overwhelmed by a fit of generosity – and The Mass Rock Altar Mick, overwhelmed by a fit of generosity – and

111 111 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. probably confident it wouldn’t be accepted – offered him probably confident it wouldn’t be accepted – offered him a cup of tea. To his surprise, His Reverence accepted. On a cup of tea. To his surprise, His Reverence accepted. On putting on the kettle to boil Mick discovered, to his horror, putting on the kettle to boil Mick discovered, to his horror, that they had used all the milk earlier in the day. Never that they had used all the milk earlier in the day. Never one to panic, Mick left my father to chat to the priest, while one to panic, Mick left my father to chat to the priest, while he sneaked around to the back of the hut to where the he sneaked around to the back of the hut to where the mare was standing with her recently filled cartload of mare was standing with her recently filled cartload of coal. He proceeded to strug a steaming jug of blue milk coal. He proceeded to strug a steaming jug of blue milk from her. Returning to the kettle, he duly made the tea from her. Returning to the kettle, he duly made the tea and the priest remarked that it was the nicest cup of tea and the priest remarked that it was the nicest cup of tea he’d had in years. he’d had in years.

Another story he told was of an evening, as he and Mick Another story he told was of an evening, as he and Mick left the pit, they witnessed a stoat – or, as we always called left the pit, they witnessed a stoat – or, as we always called them, a weasel – mesmerize and then kill a rabbit. They them, a weasel – mesmerize and then kill a rabbit. They decided that a bit of rabbit would be nice for dinner, so decided that a bit of rabbit would be nice for dinner, so they threw some stones at the weasel and took his rabbit. they threw some stones at the weasel and took his rabbit. As they made their way down the pit road they noticed As they made their way down the pit road they noticed that the weasel was following them. He stayed about 20 that the weasel was following them. He stayed about 20 yards behind them all the way down Mullaghgarve and in yards behind them all the way down Mullaghgarve and in Flatley’s Road, in defiance of the many stones they had Flatley’s Road, in defiance of the many stones they had thrown at him. Finally as they were crossing the river at thrown at him. Finally as they were crossing the river at the back of the house, my father said to Mick: the back of the house, my father said to Mick: “You had better give him the rabbit, for if you don’t, he’ll “You had better give him the rabbit, for if you don’t, he’ll cut your throat in the bed tonight.” cut your throat in the bed tonight.” Mick agreed with this assessment of the situation and Mick agreed with this assessment of the situation and threw the rabbit across the river, whereupon the weasel threw the rabbit across the river, whereupon the weasel picked up his dinner and headed back in the direction of picked up his dinner and headed back in the direction of the mountain. The moral of the story is: “Don’t mess with the mountain. The moral of the story is: “Don’t mess with a weasel’s dinner” a weasel’s dinner”

A quirky little mining-related incident occurred in 1980 A quirky little mining-related incident occurred in 1980 when I was introduced to my wife Mary Rose’s uncle-in- when I was introduced to my wife Mary Rose’s uncle-in- law, Joe Meaney, who lived in Arva town. On hearing my law, Joe Meaney, who lived in Arva town. On hearing my name, Joe – who had an incredible memory – asked me if name, Joe – who had an incredible memory – asked me if I had ever heard of Geoghegan Brothers’ Collieries. When I had ever heard of Geoghegan Brothers’ Collieries. When I explained the relationship he told me he had taught my I explained the relationship he told me he had taught my father and Mick how to drive a lorry they had bought from father and Mick how to drive a lorry they had bought from Cully’s in Arva. They had arrived in Arva on bicycles and Cully’s in Arva. They had arrived in Arva on bicycles and Joe, who was driving for Cully’s at the time, was Joe, who was driving for Cully’s at the time, was commissioned to teach the boys how to drive the lorry. commissioned to teach the boys how to drive the lorry. After a one hour crash course they headed for home in the After a one hour crash course they headed for home in the Michael Geoghegan of Geoghegan Brothers Collieries Michael Geoghegan of Geoghegan Brothers Collieries lorry; but they conked out on the hill at Drumbreanless went on to become the first man to swim the Campbell lorry; but they conked out on the hill at Drumbreanless went on to become the first man to swim the Campbell school and had to cycle back to seek Joe’s assistance to get River in Canada school and had to cycle back to seek Joe’s assistance to get River in Canada them on their way again. When I told my father he remembered the incident, but not Joe’s name. When them on their way again. When I told my father he remembered the incident, but not Joe’s name. When they met later they had a great time reminiscing about old times. Funnily enough one of the wheels of they met later they had a great time reminiscing about old times. Funnily enough one of the wheels of that same lorry still survives at the back of my shed and it still has its solid rubber tyre intact. They that same lorry still survives at the back of my shed and it still has its solid rubber tyre intact. They don’t make stuff like that anymore! don’t make stuff like that anymore! Of course the pit was dangerous work and my father, like all the other miners, had plenty of scars and Of course the pit was dangerous work and my father, like all the other miners, had plenty of scars and broken bones to prove it. His uncle James was killed in a mining accident in Abram, near Wigan in broken bones to prove it. His uncle James was killed in a mining accident in Abram, near Wigan in

112 112 An insurance renewal receipt for miner Pearse Geoghegan, 1963 An insurance renewal receipt for miner Pearse Geoghegan, 1963 England in 1908, in which 67 men died. When I did some research into this accident, I found many England in 1908, in which 67 men died. When I did some research into this accident, I found many Irish names on the list , and some like Guckian and Mc Greal, which may have been local. My father Irish names on the list , and some like Guckian and Mc Greal, which may have been local. My father didn’t know many details about James’ accident except that he was 27 years old when he died. This didn’t know many details about James’ accident except that he was 27 years old when he died. This coupled with the 1901 census was enough for Google and I found a lot of detail about the tragedy. coupled with the 1901 census was enough for Google and I found a lot of detail about the tragedy. Sadly this all took place after Dad died and he never got to know the full story of James’ death. I always Sadly this all took place after Dad died and he never got to know the full story of James’ death. I always thought it amazing that the knowledge that their uncle had died in a pit accident didn’t put his thought it amazing that the knowledge that their uncle had died in a pit accident didn’t put his

Michael Geoghegan - Annual Fitness Report Michael Geoghegan - Annual Fitness Report

113 113 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. nephews off mining. The contrary seemed to be the nephews off mining. The contrary seemed to be the case. Not only did three of them mine on Sliabh an case. Not only did three of them mine on Sliabh an Iariann, but Mick and Dad went on to work in a Iariann, but Mick and Dad went on to work in a tunnel in Canada in the fifties. And of course Dad tunnel in Canada in the fifties. And of course Dad was back underground again in Arigna in the late was back underground again in Arigna in the late sixties. sixties.

Sadly all the men who mined in Mullaghgarve have Sadly all the men who mined in Mullaghgarve have gone to their eternal reward, but it’s great to see the gone to their eternal reward, but it’s great to see the men who worked in Bencroy and the other pits come men who worked in Bencroy and the other pits come together to remember and celebrate the anniversary together to remember and celebrate the anniversary of the closure of the mines. The mines may be gone, of the closure of the mines. The mines may be gone, but they and the men who worked them have left an but they and the men who worked them have left an Geoghegan Brothers Mine, Mullaghgarve Geoghegan Brothers Mine, Mullaghgarve indelible stamp on this area and its indelible stamp on this area and its history. history.

Micheal Geoghegan Micheal Geoghegan 17-05-2015 17-05-2015

McLoughlin’s Mine on Mullagharve: Peter McLoughlin’s Mine on Mullagharve: Peter McLoughlin mined coal in a pit at the head of McLoughlin mined coal in a pit at the head of his farm in Mullaghgarve on Sliabh an Iarann, his farm in Mullaghgarve on Sliabh an Iarann, from about 1916 for approximately thirty years. from about 1916 for approximately thirty years. His mining began when his day's work was His mining began when his day's work was completed and his only light was a candle. He completed and his only light was a candle. He took his fuel home in bags carried on a donkey's took his fuel home in bags carried on a donkey's back.His grandson, of the same name, still back.His grandson, of the same name, still farms the same land. farms the same land.

114 114 coal mine memories coal mine memories By John Maguire By John Maguire

Our house is situated in the Our house is situated in the townland of Gubnaveigh. townland of Gubnaveigh. Three mile away on the upper Three mile away on the upper side of the townland is the side of the townland is the Bencroy or Gubnaveigh Bencroy or Gubnaveigh mountain. It is part of the mountain. It is part of the Sliabh an Iarainn range. We Sliabh an Iarainn range. We refer to it as ‘the rock’. It is refer to it as ‘the rock’. It is 518 meters high, while 518 meters high, while Bencroy is 463 meters high. Bencroy is 463 meters high. From this range of mountains From this range of mountains iron ore was mined in the iron ore was mined in the past. The iron ore was past. The iron ore was smelted in Ballinamore using smelted in Ballinamore using some of the natural forests of some of the natural forests of this area as firewood. The this area as firewood. The Halfpenny bridge over the Halfpenny bridge over the Liffey river in Dublin was Liffey river in Dublin was John Gilheany, Miskawn John Gilheany, Miskawn constructed from this iron. constructed from this iron.

In later years we had the coalmines. In Mullaghgarve we had Geoghegan’s pit. In Gubnaveigh we had In later years we had the coalmines. In Mullaghgarve we had Geoghegan’s pit. In Gubnaveigh we had the Bruens, Cull and Gannon and at the back of the mountain, as we head towards Slievenakilla, we the Bruens, Cull and Gannon and at the back of the mountain, as we head towards Slievenakilla, we had Watson’s pit. In later years it was run by McHugh and Gilmartin. had Watson’s pit. In later years it was run by McHugh and Gilmartin.

My late uncle John Gilheany of Miskawn worked for Cull and Gannon in the forties. He enjoyed his My late uncle John Gilheany of Miskawn worked for Cull and Gannon in the forties. He enjoyed his time there. He composed a song in honour of a man called McPartland who came to work on a crutch time there. He composed a song in honour of a man called McPartland who came to work on a crutch all the way from Ballinaglera. all the way from Ballinaglera.

As the years went by there was only one man running a coalmine on this mountain and his name was As the years went by there was only one man running a coalmine on this mountain and his name was Paddy Wynne. He started mining in Mullaghgarve mountain in 1942 and moved to Bencroy in Paddy Wynne. He started mining in Mullaghgarve mountain in 1942 and moved to Bencroy in 1948. Having left Knockacullion coalmine in 1963, Paddy purchased his new mine from the Cull and 1948. Having left Knockacullion coalmine in 1963, Paddy purchased his new mine from the Cull and Gannon families. Gannon families.

I have many memories of the lorries on their way to the pit during the sixties as I attended Tullybawn I have many memories of the lorries on their way to the pit during the sixties as I attended Tullybawn School. We always waved to Sonny Murray and Pat Costello as they drove by in their red and blue School. We always waved to Sonny Murray and Pat Costello as they drove by in their red and blue lorries. I remember arriving late for school one day as I was afraid of the lorries as they went the lorries. I remember arriving late for school one day as I was afraid of the lorries as they went the road. I waited at Cull’s bridge for over an hour before going onto the bigger road to the school. road. I waited at Cull’s bridge for over an hour before going onto the bigger road to the school.

I remember the blue Thames Trader sitting at Gallagher’s shop in Knockacullion for some time as it I remember the blue Thames Trader sitting at Gallagher’s shop in Knockacullion for some time as it had crashed into another lorry due to brake failure. Another lorry knocked the bridge at McCabe’s had crashed into another lorry due to brake failure. Another lorry knocked the bridge at McCabe’s due to brake failure. The wheel of the lorry was resting on the eye of the bridge. In later years Martin due to brake failure. The wheel of the lorry was resting on the eye of the bridge. In later years Martin Tiernan travelled up the road many times with his green lorry. Tiernan travelled up the road many times with his green lorry.

My family cut turf on the bog called Sceath, which surrounds the mines. At intervals we would hear My family cut turf on the bog called Sceath, which surrounds the mines. At intervals we would hear the sound of the coal as it ran down the shoots after being dumped there from the hutches. We could the sound of the coal as it ran down the shoots after being dumped there from the hutches. We could hear the engine running on the ford dexter tractor. It was running continuously giving power for the hear the engine running on the ford dexter tractor. It was running continuously giving power for the picks to cut the coal. There was constant activity and the mountain was alive. We would look forward picks to cut the coal. There was constant activity and the mountain was alive. We would look forward

115 115 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. to the cheer from the mines as the workers emerged at 2.30 to go home after their hard work to the cheer from the mines as the workers emerged at 2.30 to go home after their hard work underground. They were a happy group who would always wave as they passed by on the back of the underground. They were a happy group who would always wave as they passed by on the back of the pick up truck. pick up truck.

When the word came that the mines were closing everyone was sad as it had been the livelihood of When the word came that the mines were closing everyone was sad as it had been the livelihood of the people for a long time. Pat Joe Reynolds from Ballinamore auctioned the tractors and the steel the people for a long time. Pat Joe Reynolds from Ballinamore auctioned the tractors and the steel rails. I bought a dexter tractor and some rails. Robbie Boyle bought the coal shed. It is now used as rails. I bought a dexter tractor and some rails. Robbie Boyle bought the coal shed. It is now used as a byre. a byre.

In 2003 Ballinamore B.B.C. made a video of the coalmines. Dessie Wisely filmed Kevin Murphy and In 2003 Ballinamore B.B.C. made a video of the coalmines. Dessie Wisely filmed Kevin Murphy and myself as we visited the mines. myself as we visited the mines.

I remember many happy Sundays along with the McCabes looking for sheep on the top of the I remember many happy Sundays along with the McCabes looking for sheep on the top of the mountains. We always took care to avoid the air holes for the pit which were exiting on the top of the mountains. We always took care to avoid the air holes for the pit which were exiting on the top of the mountain. mountain.

There was a flag quarry on the Knockacullion side of the mountain near Bealbeag. This quarry was There was a flag quarry on the Knockacullion side of the mountain near Bealbeag. This quarry was owned by a man named Hinchcliffe. He had only one leg and he was transported in a horse and buggy owned by a man named Hinchcliffe. He had only one leg and he was transported in a horse and buggy by Patrick Keaney of Knockacullion, who was a granduncle of Tom Joe Keaney of Derrien who worked by Patrick Keaney of Knockacullion, who was a granduncle of Tom Joe Keaney of Derrien who worked for many years in Wynne’s pit. Hinchey would raise flags up along the rivers. Rails ran from the area for many years in Wynne’s pit. Hinchey would raise flags up along the rivers. Rails ran from the area across the upper road and down to the bigger road beside a house called Murray’s, near where Michael across the upper road and down to the bigger road beside a house called Murray’s, near where Michael Harvey is living. Hinchcliffe had a little tram on which he transported the flags. Hence the area above Harvey is living. Hinchcliffe had a little tram on which he transported the flags. Hence the area above Seamus Gallagher’s home is known as the tram. Seamus Gallagher’s home is known as the tram.

One day the hutch ran away and came down at speed to the main road. A man who had not left his One day the hutch ran away and came down at speed to the main road. A man who had not left his bed for fourteen years came out from a nearby house to see what was the commotion. He decided to bed for fourteen years came out from a nearby house to see what was the commotion. He decided to go to America and see the new world. go to America and see the new world.

Flags from this quarry were used in Aughnasheelin church and in Ballinamore town. My grandfather Flags from this quarry were used in Aughnasheelin church and in Ballinamore town. My grandfather Patrick Joseph Maguire brought flags from this quarry on a donkey across the river from Wynne’s Patrick Joseph Maguire brought flags from this quarry on a donkey across the river from Wynne’s house to fit on the floor of the house where I was born. They are still there today. house to fit on the floor of the house where I was born. They are still there today.

In Ballinamore the streets were not tarred and the last of the side walks was laid in 1896 by John In Ballinamore the streets were not tarred and the last of the side walks was laid in 1896 by John Gallogly, Drumrane. They consisted of large flags {three feet by three feet} brought from Sliabh an Gallogly, Drumrane. They consisted of large flags {three feet by three feet} brought from Sliabh an Iarainn mountain. People always talked of standing on the flags or walking down the flags but never Iarainn mountain. People always talked of standing on the flags or walking down the flags but never on the side walk. on the side walk.

Paddy Wynne and his brother Brian lived for some time in Hinchcliffe’s house when they came to work Paddy Wynne and his brother Brian lived for some time in Hinchcliffe’s house when they came to work in Knockacullion. Conditions were very poor and they left the dwelling after they found a strange in Knockacullion. Conditions were very poor and they left the dwelling after they found a strange presence in their midst. presence in their midst.

The Wynne’s had an old lorry which ran from the road [the Tram] to the pit. It was low to the ground The Wynne’s had an old lorry which ran from the road [the Tram] to the pit. It was low to the ground as the crown wheel used to make a track in the gravel. It was said it did not need a steering as the two as the crown wheel used to make a track in the gravel. It was said it did not need a steering as the two trenches were enough to keep it on track. trenches were enough to keep it on track.

Children would enjoy jumping onto the slow moving lorry as it headed up the incline. Children would enjoy jumping onto the slow moving lorry as it headed up the incline. At bonfire time the children would take tyres from the tram area. John Bernard Keaney had a difficult At bonfire time the children would take tyres from the tram area. John Bernard Keaney had a difficult job making sure that they did not take any which had tread on them as these were used for the old job making sure that they did not take any which had tread on them as these were used for the old lorry. I remember one time an old wheel ran away on the children and crashed through a wooden lorry. I remember one time an old wheel ran away on the children and crashed through a wooden gate making smithereens of the wood. gate making smithereens of the wood.

116 116 Watson built a house on the Slievenakilla side. The ruins are there today with a dale tree growing Watson built a house on the Slievenakilla side. The ruins are there today with a dale tree growing alongside the house. He mined for some years. During his early days in Leitrim he stayed at the alongside the house. He mined for some years. During his early days in Leitrim he stayed at the Commercial Hotel, formerly the Railway Hotel in Ballinamore. He had a big black car with a noisy Commercial Hotel, formerly the Railway Hotel in Ballinamore. He had a big black car with a noisy exhaust. exhaust.

Packie Dolan of Doon who lived in Gubnaveigh worked in Watson’s pit. He cycled to Cull and Gannon’s Packie Dolan of Doon who lived in Gubnaveigh worked in Watson’s pit. He cycled to Cull and Gannon’s pit and he walked across the mountain to Watson’s pit. As a child his daughter Annie McGovern of pit and he walked across the mountain to Watson’s pit. As a child his daughter Annie McGovern of Glangevlin visited Watson’s house and she enjoyed a meal and had jelly for desert served by Watson’s Glangevlin visited Watson’s house and she enjoyed a meal and had jelly for desert served by Watson’s wife Mabel. wife Mabel.

Many cars, walkers and cyclists visit the mountain each day. It is nice that a plaque is being erected Many cars, walkers and cyclists visit the mountain each day. It is nice that a plaque is being erected to let visitors know that this area has a history of coal mining dating back one hundred years. to let visitors know that this area has a history of coal mining dating back one hundred years.

SHorTT’S Bar SHorTT’S Bar BaLLInamorE BaLLInamorE Pool and Darts Pool and Darts Live Music at Weekends Live Music at Weekends

Best Wishes on Book Launch Best Wishes on Book Launch From Terry and Agnes Shortt From Terry and Agnes Shortt anTics aT The Tram anTics aT The Tram By Micheal Gallagher By Micheal Gallagher

The tram was an area where Paddy Wynne loaded mined coal and then loaded it onto a lorry for The tram was an area where Paddy Wynne loaded mined coal and then loaded it onto a lorry for delievery to Carlow, Tuam and Drogheda. The tram was half a mile above Gallagher’s Shop. All the delievery to Carlow, Tuam and Drogheda. The tram was half a mile above Gallagher’s Shop. All the loading was done by hand. loading was done by hand.

John Bernard Keaney worked for Paddy Wynne and was a self-styled foreman/boss. One day while John Bernard Keaney worked for Paddy Wynne and was a self-styled foreman/boss. One day while loading the lorry, Christy Dolan was on one side of the lorry loading it. He threw a shovel of coal so loading the lorry, Christy Dolan was on one side of the lorry loading it. He threw a shovel of coal so high it went right over and landed on John Bernard. high it went right over and landed on John Bernard.

John Bernard came round the lorry furious and said: “it’s on the lorry we want it!” John Bernard came round the lorry furious and said: “it’s on the lorry we want it!” Christy said: “When I’m your age, John Bernard, I won’t be fit to throw it so high.” Christy said: “When I’m your age, John Bernard, I won’t be fit to throw it so high.” Christy took off at high speed with John Bernard in hot pursuit, the shovel hitting the road behind him Christy took off at high speed with John Bernard in hot pursuit, the shovel hitting the road behind him as he ran. Christy finished up in America. John Bernard never made it there. as he ran. Christy finished up in America. John Bernard never made it there.

Best wishes to the Miners Historical Society. Best wishes to the Miners Historical Society.

Micheal Gallagher Micheal Gallagher

117 117 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Congratulations and Best Wishes Congratulations and Best Wishes to to the Miners Historical Society the Miners Historical Society From From Scollans’ Gala Scollans’ Gala Church St Church St Drumshanbo Drumshanbo Tel: (071) 964 0882 Tel: (071) 964 0882

118 118 coal mining coal mining By Jack Lee By Jack Lee

I remember people from I remember people from Knockacullion saying in the Knockacullion saying in the shop that two fine young men – shop that two fine young men – Paddy Wynne from Arigna and Paddy Wynne from Arigna and Paddy Conlon from Ballyfarnon Paddy Conlon from Ballyfarnon – were talking about opening a – were talking about opening a new coal pit on Bealbeag, up new coal pit on Bealbeag, up above John Bernard Keaney’s. above John Bernard Keaney’s. A few weeks later two red A few weeks later two red lorries pulled up in front of the lorries pulled up in front of the shop and the empty bodies shop and the empty bodies were filled with 45 gallon were filled with 45 gallon barrels. They were to help barrels. They were to help make the road for going up the make the road for going up the mountain to the mine. mountain to the mine. Little did we know of what Little did we know of what was to come in terms of Jack Lee sitting outside his shop in Aghacashel, June 2015 was to come in terms of Jack Lee sitting outside his shop in Aghacashel, June 2015 employment in the employment in the Aughacashel area. Aughacashel area.

The Wynne brothers employed thirty men in the local coal mines at Bencroy, Aghacashel. This was The Wynne brothers employed thirty men in the local coal mines at Bencroy, Aghacashel. This was welcome to men who needed work locally, as they could look after their cattle and stock as well as welcome to men who needed work locally, as they could look after their cattle and stock as well as being a miner. Before this the men had to emigrate to England, the U.S.A or Australia. Local shops and being a miner. Before this the men had to emigrate to England, the U.S.A or Australia. Local shops and pubs were well supported by those who stayed and lived in the area. pubs were well supported by those who stayed and lived in the area.

The Mountain Tavern provided music and entertainment at the weekends: it was the main social place The Mountain Tavern provided music and entertainment at the weekends: it was the main social place for the miners to meet at the weekend. And for the local people and visitors to the area. for the miners to meet at the weekend. And for the local people and visitors to the area. There were not many cars in use, but everyone had their bicycles for transport. There were not many cars in use, but everyone had their bicycles for transport.

During the war years 1939-1945 Cull and Gannon, Tom and Paddy, operated the pits with their During the war years 1939-1945 Cull and Gannon, Tom and Paddy, operated the pits with their workers. No coal was imported and this helped the local economy. The local pits supplied the Irish workers. No coal was imported and this helped the local economy. The local pits supplied the Irish Factories, Power Stations and local homes. Factories, Power Stations and local homes.

The Wynne Brothers started mining in Bealbeag in 1948. They made a road the whole way up to the The Wynne Brothers started mining in Bealbeag in 1948. They made a road the whole way up to the mine. The miners had no air-picks, as there was no electricity. They had to use hand-picks and candles mine. The miners had no air-picks, as there was no electricity. They had to use hand-picks and candles

Letterhead from Christy Lee's shop, circa 1950 Letterhead from Christy Lee's shop, circa 1950

119 119 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Letterhead for Jack Lee's shop, January 7 1965 Letterhead for Jack Lee's shop, January 7 1965 before carbide lamps came in. The workers had to load the lorries by hand before they went before carbide lamps came in. The workers had to load the lorries by hand before they went underground. The coal was sent to the sugar factory in Tuam, Co. Galway and to the cement factory underground. The coal was sent to the sugar factory in Tuam, Co. Galway and to the cement factory in Drogheda. Later on the Wynne Brothers moved over to Bencroy and mined there until 1990. They in Drogheda. Later on the Wynne Brothers moved over to Bencroy and mined there until 1990. They employed between 25-30 workers. When the power station in Arigna opened, the Wynne Brothers employed between 25-30 workers. When the power station in Arigna opened, the Wynne Brothers supplied coal to Arigna. The power station opened in 1958. supplied coal to Arigna. The power station opened in 1958.

The construction of the new power station in Arigna provided a local outlet for the coal mines in The construction of the new power station in Arigna provided a local outlet for the coal mines in Arigna and Aughacashel. While the power station was in use, it provided a great boost for the local Arigna and Aughacashel. While the power station was in use, it provided a great boost for the local economy. The mining stopped in 1990 when the power station stopped taking coal. economy. The mining stopped in 1990 when the power station stopped taking coal. Losing the power station and the mines was like losing a factory in the city of Dublin. Losing the power station and the mines was like losing a factory in the city of Dublin. Sadly the pits are closed in 1990. It was the end of an era. Sadly the pits are closed in 1990. It was the end of an era.

120 120 Sponsored by Sponsored by mulvey’s Hardware mulvey’s Hardware Drumshanbo Drumshanbo Co. Leitrim Co. Leitrim PHONE: (071) 9641568 PHONE: (071) 9641568 FAX: (071) 9641869 FAX: (071) 9641869

121 121 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. lighT in The mines lighT in The mines By Sean Wynne By Sean Wynne

In the early days the miner used a candle for light. It was a big In the early days the miner used a candle for light. It was a big problem for miners as they had to work in virtual darkness. He problem for miners as they had to work in virtual darkness. He placed the candle in a waste material along the wall of the mine placed the candle in a waste material along the wall of the mine and stuck it in the slack. This was a major cost for the miner: the and stuck it in the slack. This was a major cost for the miner: the candles were purchased in the local shop. candles were purchased in the local shop. A great invention was the carbide lamp. The first carbide mining A great invention was the carbide lamp. The first carbide mining lamp was developed in the United States on August 28, 1900 by lamp was developed in the United States on August 28, 1900 by Frederick Baldwin. Frederick Baldwin.

I remember as a child carbide (calcium carbide) was sold in I remember as a child carbide (calcium carbide) was sold in Timmy Moran’s shop, Convent Avenue. I remember collecting it Timmy Moran’s shop, Convent Avenue. I remember collecting it for my father on a Friday evening before he went on the night shift for my father on a Friday evening before he went on the night shift with my uncle Tommy P Fox and Jim Mc Gourty. Carbide produced with my uncle Tommy P Fox and Jim Mc Gourty. Carbide produced a gas when mixed with water called acetylene. It was usually made of brass which did not corrode a gas when mixed with water called acetylene. It was usually made of brass which did not corrode with the carbide. This lamp was clipped to the front of the miner’s helmet and afforded "hands free" with the carbide. This lamp was clipped to the front of the miner’s helmet and afforded "hands free" light. It was an ingenious device made up of two chambers. The lower chamber which screwed off light. It was an ingenious device made up of two chambers. The lower chamber which screwed off from the upper one contained the small cubes of carbide which were like cubes of sugar. A pocket full from the upper one contained the small cubes of carbide which were like cubes of sugar. A pocket full of these would keep a miner going for a shift. The miner was responsible for his own lamp. of these would keep a miner going for a shift. The miner was responsible for his own lamp.

The upper chamber had a little lid on it and was filled with water. A tap protruded into the lower The upper chamber had a little lid on it and was filled with water. A tap protruded into the lower chamber from here. On top of the lid was a small handle for the tap which, when turned on, allowed a chamber from here. On top of the lid was a small handle for the tap which, when turned on, allowed a small flow of water into the lower chamber and onto the carbide. This mixture of water and carbide small flow of water into the lower chamber and onto the carbide. This mixture of water and carbide produced a gas which travelled up through the upper chamber and out through a nozzle on the front produced a gas which travelled up through the upper chamber and out through a nozzle on the front of the lamp. There was a valve control at the top of the lamp. As the gas reduces in strength the fame of the lamp. There was a valve control at the top of the lamp. As the gas reduces in strength the fame disappears until more carbide is added. disappears until more carbide is added.

The front of the lamp consisted of a shiny reflector, the nozzle and a small flint similar to a cigarette The front of the lamp consisted of a shiny reflector, the nozzle and a small flint similar to a cigarette lighter. When the miner wanted to light his lamp he turned on the tap and flicked the flint and out lighter. When the miner wanted to light his lamp he turned on the tap and flicked the flint and out shot a burst of flame like a mini blow lamp. shot a burst of flame like a mini blow lamp.

What is calcium carbide? What is calcium carbide? Calcium carbide is a chemical compound formed by heating Calcium carbide is a chemical compound formed by heating lime and carbon in an arc furnace. It is a hard, greyish, rock- lime and carbon in an arc furnace. It is a hard, greyish, rock- like substance, and its molecular formula is CaC2. Calcium like substance, and its molecular formula is CaC2. Calcium The Carbide Lamp in detail carbide reacts violently with water, producing acetylene gas. The Carbide Lamp in detail carbide reacts violently with water, producing acetylene gas.

122 122 a few ThoughTs a few ThoughTs By David Wynne By David Wynne

It is over now. An era passed into history; men into memory. It is fitting It is over now. An era passed into history; men into memory. It is fitting that we record that history and those memories. that we record that history and those memories.

My father Paddy Wynne recounted his working life some years ago, and My father Paddy Wynne recounted his working life some years ago, and I could not put it into better words than he did. He commenced his I could not put it into better words than he did. He commenced his working life in Arigna in 1940 and concluded it on Bencroy in 1990. In working life in Arigna in 1940 and concluded it on Bencroy in 1990. In his own words it was a hard life, but one he had enjoyed and at the end his own words it was a hard life, but one he had enjoyed and at the end he liked to consider himself a good miner. he liked to consider himself a good miner.

At the end of his working life he took great pride in the fact that no man At the end of his working life he took great pride in the fact that no man who had worked in the coal mines on Bealbeag or Bencroy had suffered who had worked in the coal mines on Bealbeag or Bencroy had suffered serious injury, and that he was on good terms with all who laboured serious injury, and that he was on good terms with all who laboured Paddy Wynne there and with the local community. Paddy Wynne there and with the local community.

In the years since their closure I have often reflected on the mines he was associated with. These were In the years since their closure I have often reflected on the mines he was associated with. These were collectives or cooperatives in the purest sense of the word. In many ways they did not belong to anyone collectives or cooperatives in the purest sense of the word. In many ways they did not belong to anyone one man or group of men, but to the entire community. It was the assistance and goodwill of the one man or group of men, but to the entire community. It was the assistance and goodwill of the people on the mountain which sustained his efforts and those of his brothers in those early years on people on the mountain which sustained his efforts and those of his brothers in those early years on Bealbeag. It was that constant and ongoing support of the community that allowed the coal mines to Bealbeag. It was that constant and ongoing support of the community that allowed the coal mines to remain viable for the better part of forty years. remain viable for the better part of forty years.

The mines provided work for himself and his brothers, nephews, and the local men who sought it over The mines provided work for himself and his brothers, nephews, and the local men who sought it over the years. The twin pillars on which the mines operated were: 1.) that workers had to be paid a regular the years. The twin pillars on which the mines operated were: 1.) that workers had to be paid a regular wage on which they could live decently; and 2.) that their safety was paramount, and could never be wage on which they could live decently; and 2.) that their safety was paramount, and could never be sacrificed for either profits or productivity. sacrificed for either profits or productivity.

Humanity, dignity, basic decency, understanding and mutual support were the hallmarks of coal mining Humanity, dignity, basic decency, understanding and mutual support were the hallmarks of coal mining throughout the area. It is ironic to think that a generation ago, these values could prevail in the most throughout the area. It is ironic to think that a generation ago, these values could prevail in the most difficult of conditions in businesses which often struggled to stay afloat, whereas today modern family difficult of conditions in businesses which often struggled to stay afloat, whereas today modern family run businesses – some of which are making hundreds of millions in profit – refuse to offer a living run businesses – some of which are making hundreds of millions in profit – refuse to offer a living wage to their employees. wage to their employees.

The mines on Aughacashel The mines on Aughacashel proved successful because a proved successful because a happy balance between the happy balance between the needs of its stakeholders was needs of its stakeholders was achieved. People worked achieved. People worked together for the common good together for the common good and not against each other for and not against each other for personal benefit. personal benefit.

It was never about making It was never about making money. Daddy and his brothers money. Daddy and his brothers Brian, Joe and Estie always Brian, Joe and Estie always dreamed of striking a mighty dreamed of striking a mighty seam of coal. They enjoyed the seam of coal. They enjoyed the

Brian Wynne, Bencroy, 1990 independence that self- Brian Wynne, Bencroy, 1990 independence that self-

123 123 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. employment gives, and in their employment gives, and in their younger days the adventures younger days the adventures and mishaps they experienced and mishaps they experienced on the roads to Tuam, Nenagh, on the roads to Tuam, Nenagh, Drogheda and Poolbeag. I Drogheda and Poolbeag. I never heard Daddy complain never heard Daddy complain about his working life; he about his working life; he accepted the hand that fate had accepted the hand that fate had thrown him. Over the years thrown him. Over the years people suggested that he people suggested that he should have gone to America, should have gone to America, Britain or Australia – that a Britain or Australia – that a man with his ability would have man with his ability would have prospered there. His answer prospered there. His answer was always the same: success in was always the same: success in business was more about luck Jim Joe Dolan and Tony Tiernan bring the last hutch of coal from the mine on Bencroy (1990) business was more about luck Jim Joe Dolan and Tony Tiernan bring the last hutch of coal from the mine on Bencroy (1990) than ability or hard work; he than ability or hard work; he was lucky in Aughacashel, things had turned out well in the end and that might not have been the case was lucky in Aughacashel, things had turned out well in the end and that might not have been the case elsewhere. Over the years I have met many men who at various stages worked in the Aughacashel elsewhere. Over the years I have met many men who at various stages worked in the Aughacashel coal mines. All held Daddy, Brian and Joe in the highest of regard, and I value this above all else. I am coal mines. All held Daddy, Brian and Joe in the highest of regard, and I value this above all else. I am sure my father and uncles held them all in equally high regard. sure my father and uncles held them all in equally high regard.

I am delighted that the history of mining in the Connaught coal field is being recorded. It was a unique I am delighted that the history of mining in the Connaught coal field is being recorded. It was a unique way of life gone forever. I wish to acknowledge the great dedication Tony Tiernan and his committee way of life gone forever. I wish to acknowledge the great dedication Tony Tiernan and his committee have shown to this task. have shown to this task.

Wynne Brothers Collieries Wages Book, April 1967 Wynne Brothers Collieries Wages Book, April 1967

124 124 michael Price’s (carrick na brack, Drumshanbo, anD michael Price’s (carrick na brack, Drumshanbo, anD now liVing in souThamPTon) memories of working in now liVing in souThamPTon) memories of working in The arigna mines on The nighT shifT anD “Dealing wiTh The arigna mines on The nighT shifT anD “Dealing wiTh harD boTToms”. harD boTToms”. Michael Price speaking to Sean Wynne. Michael Price speaking to Sean Wynne.

Did you (Sean) ever hear about “hard bottoms”? Well hard bottoms were where Did you (Sean) ever hear about “hard bottoms”? Well hard bottoms were where your dad’s machine made the cut into the coal face, depending on how level the bottom rock was and your dad’s machine made the cut into the coal face, depending on how level the bottom rock was and the depth of the coal itself; sometimes it was so narrow that part of the roof had to come down. This the depth of the coal itself; sometimes it was so narrow that part of the roof had to come down. This task was called knocking down falling stone. task was called knocking down falling stone.

A similar machine is on display at the mining museum, which my father worked in Rockhill. A similar machine is on display at the mining museum, which my father worked in Rockhill.

The machine could travel through the cut and make the clearance. Someone had to use a hammer and The machine could travel through the cut and make the clearance. Someone had to use a hammer and a wedge to knock the roof, which was uneven, down. When I was brushing, the fireman (Foreman) a wedge to knock the roof, which was uneven, down. When I was brushing, the fireman (Foreman) Johnny Guihen (Whiney) – that is one of the nicknames that I must get on to later – well, Johnny would Johnny Guihen (Whiney) – that is one of the nicknames that I must get on to later – well, Johnny would travel the full length of the coal face to check for the height for the machine on his belly and fair play, travel the full length of the coal face to check for the height for the machine on his belly and fair play, wet or dry, he did the journey every shift. If I was lucky to be cleared and off home it was someone wet or dry, he did the journey every shift. If I was lucky to be cleared and off home it was someone else’s problem, but more than likely he caught me and the conversation would go like this: else’s problem, but more than likely he caught me and the conversation would go like this: mick: “Aye aye” mick: “Aye aye” Johnny: “It’s a bit low back there.” Johnny: “It’s a bit low back there.” mick: “Where?” mick: “Where?” Johnny: “You know it’s low; you’ve been in there as well. Peg me in the wedge!” Johnny: “You know it’s low; you’ve been in there as well. Peg me in the wedge!”

And mind you he had an injured hand, but he would manage to knock the bit down. He was another And mind you he had an injured hand, but he would manage to knock the bit down. He was another “diamond”. If it was a lot, then the bargaining would start; it was either a quarter or a half a shift. That “diamond”. If it was a lot, then the bargaining would start; it was either a quarter or a half a shift. That meant quarter or half the basic shift, except that was pretty good seeing as you might have it done in meant quarter or half the basic shift, except that was pretty good seeing as you might have it done in an hour; on the other hand you might be hammering the hell out of the roof and hear the machine an hour; on the other hand you might be hammering the hell out of the roof and hear the machine coming towards you and Joe Mc Loughlin would be beside me to set up the next anchor point for the coming towards you and Joe Mc Loughlin would be beside me to set up the next anchor point for the haulage rope ( Joe later left the mining industry to go to England and was replaced by Tommy P Fox) haulage rope ( Joe later left the mining industry to go to England and was replaced by Tommy P Fox)

125 125 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. and pull the electric cable and I had to shift the spoil out of the way – bedlam, but good craic. and pull the electric cable and I had to shift the spoil out of the way – bedlam, but good craic. Anyway Sean, to get back to the hard bottoms. Well the jib of your dad’s machine put a narrow slice Anyway Sean, to get back to the hard bottoms. Well the jib of your dad’s machine put a narrow slice into the coal face for about a yard in depth, depositing the culm caused by the cutting action of the into the coal face for about a yard in depth, depositing the culm caused by the cutting action of the chain with the metal picks on the jib into the space that the machine just travelled in. If it was dry chain with the metal picks on the jib into the space that the machine just travelled in. If it was dry conditions, dust – oh my God – was everywhere. Jim Mc Gourty, any breath he took in while he followed conditions, dust – oh my God – was everywhere. Jim Mc Gourty, any breath he took in while he followed the machine to put the wooden pillars was dusty. We took the pick home and put a point on them by the machine to put the wooden pillars was dusty. We took the pick home and put a point on them by heating them up in the fire in the kitchen and beating a point on them while red hot. I know that times heating them up in the fire in the kitchen and beating a point on them while red hot. I know that times have changed and when I was there we just accepted the conditions, but things were about change. have changed and when I was there we just accepted the conditions, but things were about change.

I think the first sign was when Bernie Keaveney arrived in Rockhill. His reputation got to us before I think the first sign was when Bernie Keaveney arrived in Rockhill. His reputation got to us before he did. He was noted as a hard man to work for. I think the anti-Keaveney feeling was there even he did. He was noted as a hard man to work for. I think the anti-Keaveney feeling was there even before he got there. Anything we could moan about, we did. There was lots of us drawers and we before he got there. Anything we could moan about, we did. There was lots of us drawers and we were a right motley crew: young buck’s from Dromahaire, Mostyns from Geevagh, two Leydon were a right motley crew: young buck’s from Dromahaire, Mostyns from Geevagh, two Leydon brothers, Seamus Leighan and Vincent Lynam from Ballyfarnon. From Arigna itself was Martin brothers, Seamus Leighan and Vincent Lynam from Ballyfarnon. From Arigna itself was Martin Gaffney, young Johnny Wynne, Paddy Joe Leydon (he kept us singing and strumming on his shovel Gaffney, young Johnny Wynne, Paddy Joe Leydon (he kept us singing and strumming on his shovel using a bit of slate for a plectrum), Sean Susan Wynne, a really young Seamus Faulkner and a lad called using a bit of slate for a plectrum), Sean Susan Wynne, a really young Seamus Faulkner and a lad called Plunkett (sorry can’t remember his first name), and Michael (Mohammed) Earley RIP, Tommy Dolan, Plunkett (sorry can’t remember his first name), and Michael (Mohammed) Earley RIP, Tommy Dolan, and Joseph Grogan. and Joseph Grogan.

A good few of the drawers came from the Drumshambo area: Owen Wynne, Paddy Power RIP, Pat Mc A good few of the drawers came from the Drumshambo area: Owen Wynne, Paddy Power RIP, Pat Mc Garry, Martin Reynolds RIP, Josie Foley, the two Mc Hugh brothers, Michael Mc Kiernan from the Garry, Martin Reynolds RIP, Josie Foley, the two Mc Hugh brothers, Michael Mc Kiernan from the Wooden bridge, Mick Lynch. Any lads that I forgot, sorry, but no doubt I will think of them somewhere Wooden bridge, Mick Lynch. Any lads that I forgot, sorry, but no doubt I will think of them somewhere along the line, bless them all. along the line, bless them all.

Myself and Mr Keaveney (RIP) got off on the wrong foot from the kick off. The slope that I was drawing Myself and Mr Keaveney (RIP) got off on the wrong foot from the kick off. The slope that I was drawing on, I was on the 3rd branch, and on the slope there was a jaw causing problems (a jaw was part of the on, I was on the 3rd branch, and on the slope there was a jaw causing problems (a jaw was part of the side wall that projected out) and as the days went by it got worse. As the mountain settled down it side wall that projected out) and as the days went by it got worse. As the mountain settled down it got so bad that you could not force the hutch past it on the way in. There was a bit of give, but on the got so bad that you could not force the hutch past it on the way in. There was a bit of give, but on the way out the full hutch would get bogged in the jaw sometimes. Charlie Smith (RIP) would chip a bit way out the full hutch would get bogged in the jaw sometimes. Charlie Smith (RIP) would chip a bit off with a hammer and wedge: just enough to get by the jaw. But next day the problem would be off with a hammer and wedge: just enough to get by the jaw. But next day the problem would be worse as the mountain settled. Well Sean, the day I had the first run in with Mr Keaveney (RIP) was worse as the mountain settled. Well Sean, the day I had the first run in with Mr Keaveney (RIP) was when my hutch got bogged under the jaw and no one could get in or out along the slope. Of course he when my hutch got bogged under the jaw and no one could get in or out along the slope. Of course he noticed there was a problem as there was no movement from that slope, so he came in to see what noticed there was a problem as there was no movement from that slope, so he came in to see what was wrong and all of us drawers were on a high with very bad tempers. He had to tell the lads with was wrong and all of us drawers were on a high with very bad tempers. He had to tell the lads with the incoming hutches to pull back out to the straight road so he could get in to see me, as there was the incoming hutches to pull back out to the straight road so he could get in to see me, as there was no room for him to squeeze past the hutches: everything was so confined. Well when he got to me I no room for him to squeeze past the hutches: everything was so confined. Well when he got to me I was at the back of the hutch and he was at the front. This is how the conversation went: was at the back of the hutch and he was at the front. This is how the conversation went: mr keaveney: “Oh lordy, Price (he never swore). What’s the problem?” mr keaveney: “Oh lordy, Price (he never swore). What’s the problem?” mick: “Are you blind c—-? My hutch is stuck in the jaw and I can’t get in or out. mick: “Are you blind c—-? My hutch is stuck in the jaw and I can’t get in or out. mr keaveney: “Oh lordy don’t swear like that” mr keaveney: “Oh lordy don’t swear like that” mick: “Why don’t you do your job properly and get an air pick in here? Take a rake off the jaw and mick: “Why don’t you do your job properly and get an air pick in here? Take a rake off the jaw and not be like a chicken scratching around. Do the job right! not be like a chicken scratching around. Do the job right! mr keaveney: “Price you’re a pup!” mr keaveney: “Price you’re a pup!” mick: “If I was as small as a pup, I’d be able squeeze past this hutch and bite your head off you p--k!” mick: “If I was as small as a pup, I’d be able squeeze past this hutch and bite your head off you p--k!”

I don’t think I ever had a polite conversation with him again. He sent Tom Flanagan (RIP) in to help I don’t think I ever had a polite conversation with him again. He sent Tom Flanagan (RIP) in to help to release the hutch, but as usual the basic amount was chipped off the “jaw”. The only time he spoke to release the hutch, but as usual the basic amount was chipped off the “jaw”. The only time he spoke to me after that was to tell me to pass on the news to Carman Gaffney that his wife had had a baby in to me after that was to tell me to pass on the news to Carman Gaffney that his wife had had a baby in Roscommon hospital. Roscommon hospital.

126 126 127 127 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Getting back to the hard bottoms. I know that a major Getting back to the hard bottoms. I know that a major problem for the shoveller was that the jib of the problem for the shoveller was that the jib of the machine made the cut about 3 inches high into the coal machine made the cut about 3 inches high into the coal face. The top bit sometimes just dropped into the cavity face. The top bit sometimes just dropped into the cavity left by the cutting of the jib. However the undercut 3 left by the cutting of the jib. However the undercut 3 inches had to be lifted from the bottom rock sometimes. inches had to be lifted from the bottom rock sometimes. It just lifted with the shovel on the other hand. It was It just lifted with the shovel on the other hand. It was really hard to lift the bottom 3 inches. The only way to really hard to lift the bottom 3 inches. The only way to get them was with a hammer and a wedge, to split the get them was with a hammer and a wedge, to split the coal from the rock. I know that every shoveller dreaded coal from the rock. I know that every shoveller dreaded this job; if the place was wet he had to contend with the this job; if the place was wet he had to contend with the hammer splashing in the water when it made contact hammer splashing in the water when it made contact with the wedge under the water. The water that with the wedge under the water. The water that splashed up contained particles of dust that more than splashed up contained particles of dust that more than likely ended up in the man’s eyes, up his nose or in his likely ended up in the man’s eyes, up his nose or in his ears. ears.

When I went brushing I found the job a lot easier than When I went brushing I found the job a lot easier than the drawer’s job. At least when I got to the coal face I the drawer’s job. At least when I got to the coal face I had only my place to contend with, unlike the poor had only my place to contend with, unlike the poor drawer: they had loads of problems every minute of the drawer: they had loads of problems every minute of the shift. Every day they were a yard further in from the shift. Every day they were a yard further in from the straight road, but the roof and the sides were a day straight road, but the roof and the sides were a day Display at the Arigna Mining Experience: Display at the Arigna Mining Experience: older and the roof was settling down and spitting every The main Road (Blue), the branch (Red), side road (Black) older and the roof was settling down and spitting every The main Road (Blue), the branch (Red), side road (Black) time you went in or out to the straight road. You could time you went in or out to the straight road. You could have a fall off the roof in front on the rails. Then we used carbide lamps. The carbide we had to have a fall off the roof in front on the rails. Then we used carbide lamps. The carbide we had to purchase ourselves, either in Seamus Murray’s or Moran’s in town or Spudlers Gilhooley’s. purchase ourselves, either in Seamus Murray’s or Moran’s in town or Spudlers Gilhooley’s.

We faced the same the same problem several times during the shift, Sean. Talk about road rage – I We faced the same the same problem several times during the shift, Sean. Talk about road rage – I think it was invented in the roads and slopes of the mines of Arigna! How many times tempers were think it was invented in the roads and slopes of the mines of Arigna! How many times tempers were lost, due to the confined places we worked in: no one could get at each other while the tempers were lost, due to the confined places we worked in: no one could get at each other while the tempers were high (lucky enough). high (lucky enough).

You would think that the drawer on the end of the slope had an advantage as his road was straight You would think that the drawer on the end of the slope had an advantage as his road was straight into the coal face. But no, he may have up to seven branches off the slope to contend with. Let me into the coal face. But no, he may have up to seven branches off the slope to contend with. Let me explain. The man that was pushing the full hutch out to the main road had the right of way because explain. The man that was pushing the full hutch out to the main road had the right of way because he usually had his head down, pushing the laden hutch and he could not see the light of the man coming he usually had his head down, pushing the laden hutch and he could not see the light of the man coming in. As I said we only had carbide lights, but usually we had a code of conduct and the man coming out in. As I said we only had carbide lights, but usually we had a code of conduct and the man coming out had a fair idea who was coming in, and if he was near the incoming drawer’s branch he would slow had a fair idea who was coming in, and if he was near the incoming drawer’s branch he would slow down and allow him to get into his branch. If not, and he carried on, the collision could take maybe a down and allow him to get into his branch. If not, and he carried on, the collision could take maybe a yard or two of the branch in question. That’s when the road rage would take place, and the usual yard or two of the branch in question. That’s when the road rage would take place, and the usual reaction was to derail both the hutches. Then a stand off. Loads of verbal abuse thrown at each other. reaction was to derail both the hutches. Then a stand off. Loads of verbal abuse thrown at each other. And, as I said, the roads were so tight it was near impossible to squeeze by and have a physical fight. And, as I said, the roads were so tight it was near impossible to squeeze by and have a physical fight. After a few minutes you could have a few drawers parked behind the full hutch, and the same parked After a few minutes you could have a few drawers parked behind the full hutch, and the same parked behind the next hutch every one wanted to carry on to do their work and depending on the vicinity of behind the next hutch every one wanted to carry on to do their work and depending on the vicinity of where the problem was we all knew who was at fault. It was usually the drawer with the full hutch. where the problem was we all knew who was at fault. It was usually the drawer with the full hutch. In the end the firesman would attend and sort the problem out. In the end the firesman would attend and sort the problem out.

Sean, the drawer’s task was so unpredictable. Every branch was different, every slope was the same. Sean, the drawer’s task was so unpredictable. Every branch was different, every slope was the same. It could be uphill, downhill, or level, depending on the bottom rock. If it was uphill sometimes you It could be uphill, downhill, or level, depending on the bottom rock. If it was uphill sometimes you

128 128 had to push the hutch with one shoulder and grab the rail with your free hand so you had the leverage had to push the hutch with one shoulder and grab the rail with your free hand so you had the leverage to get up the hill. Sometimes you had to use your head as well, to get over the hill. On the other hand, to get up the hill. Sometimes you had to use your head as well, to get over the hill. On the other hand, if it was downhill you had to use your feet to restrict the speed. And if it was really steep, you needed if it was downhill you had to use your feet to restrict the speed. And if it was really steep, you needed a snivelt hat (a piece of wood) to jam in the spoke of the wheel to slow the hutch down. If it was a wet a snivelt hat (a piece of wood) to jam in the spoke of the wheel to slow the hutch down. If it was a wet place, it was like an ice rink. The worst thing to happen to me was with a crown (that is a prop) that place, it was like an ice rink. The worst thing to happen to me was with a crown (that is a prop) that was a round tree trunk that was jammed up in the roof to support the roof. Sometimes during the was a round tree trunk that was jammed up in the roof to support the roof. Sometimes during the shift it split in the middle due to the weight it was bearing and it was so low that it swept my helmet shift it split in the middle due to the weight it was bearing and it was so low that it swept my helmet off, knocked my lamp, and took a welt of skin off my back. There I was in agony in the dark and as I off, knocked my lamp, and took a welt of skin off my back. There I was in agony in the dark and as I was at the start of the hill the hutch flew off down the slope. Lucky enough no one was in the way. I was at the start of the hill the hutch flew off down the slope. Lucky enough no one was in the way. I was in agony for days and had a massive scab on my back for weeks. was in agony for days and had a massive scab on my back for weeks.

The place where all the drawers pushed the full hutches to and collected the empty ones was called The place where all the drawers pushed the full hutches to and collected the empty ones was called the lie: that was the end of the haulage rope that was manned by a special man. He had to contend the lie: that was the end of the haulage rope that was manned by a special man. He had to contend with attaching the clip onto the full hutch as well as taking the clips off the empty ones; he had to get with attaching the clip onto the full hutch as well as taking the clips off the empty ones; he had to get the clips off before the clip got up to the wheel that the endless rope went around on the way back the clips off before the clip got up to the wheel that the endless rope went around on the way back out. That rope was a danger in itself as you sometimes got frayed strands on the rope and the strands out. That rope was a danger in itself as you sometimes got frayed strands on the rope and the strands were like giant needles. were like giant needles.

All the empty hutches were used up that could be dragged in by hand from under the rope. The rope All the empty hutches were used up that could be dragged in by hand from under the rope. The rope sagged between the hutches, so mighty effort was needed to push the hutch against the sag in the sagged between the hutches, so mighty effort was needed to push the hutch against the sag in the rope. Then, when the rope started up again, the lie was full of laden hutches so the backlog had to be rope. Then, when the rope started up again, the lie was full of laden hutches so the backlog had to be cleared and it could take some time for it to be cleared, and all this would have to be done without cleared and it could take some time for it to be cleared, and all this would have to be done without any extra pay or any time allowance. any extra pay or any time allowance.

Pins, this was the way to identify whose hutch was whose. These were not supplied by the company. Pins, this was the way to identify whose hutch was whose. These were not supplied by the company. You, the drawer, had to invent your own pins: bottle tops, washers, pig rings, bits of wellies, cut in a You, the drawer, had to invent your own pins: bottle tops, washers, pig rings, bits of wellies, cut in a square, bent staples, bits of bean cans, with the initials punched with a nail. Every drawer had there square, bent staples, bits of bean cans, with the initials punched with a nail. Every drawer had there own I D pins that would be tied on the bar on the front of the hutch. It was down to the poor miner to own I D pins that would be tied on the bar on the front of the hutch. It was down to the poor miner to feather the nest with sweat and blood and an honest day’s work. Talking about honest workers: when feather the nest with sweat and blood and an honest day’s work. Talking about honest workers: when you finished your shift, as you walked out the straight road towards daylight, you passed all the full you finished your shift, as you walked out the straight road towards daylight, you passed all the full hutches and never once was the ID pins on them interfered with. And on reflection it would have been hutches and never once was the ID pins on them interfered with. And on reflection it would have been so easy to discard the genuine pin and replace it with your own pin. So instead of 34 hutches recorded so easy to discard the genuine pin and replace it with your own pin. So instead of 34 hutches recorded at the weighbridge you would have had 35 and another shilling in your wage packet. But that never at the weighbridge you would have had 35 and another shilling in your wage packet. But that never happened. I wonder if it would happen these days; there is so much cheating in the world nowadays happened. I wonder if it would happen these days; there is so much cheating in the world nowadays

Pillars Pillars Pillars or should I say props; these were made from timber cut in the sawmill down at the siding. Pillars or should I say props; these were made from timber cut in the sawmill down at the siding. These were transported up to the pit head by one of the company lorries and when they arrived in These were transported up to the pit head by one of the company lorries and when they arrived in the lie they were treated as gold. They were scarce. You had the pillars, and the lids that went on top the lie they were treated as gold. They were scarce. You had the pillars, and the lids that went on top of the pillar to wedge between the bottom rock and the roof. They came in different lengths and it of the pillar to wedge between the bottom rock and the roof. They came in different lengths and it was up to the drawer to pick out the length suitable for the height needed that the shoveller was was up to the drawer to pick out the length suitable for the height needed that the shoveller was working in (and did he [the drawer] ever get a roasting if he picked the wrong lengths). Wooden working in (and did he [the drawer] ever get a roasting if he picked the wrong lengths). Wooden wedges were handy but even those were scarce. These pillars were really important to the safety of wedges were handy but even those were scarce. These pillars were really important to the safety of the man at the coal face. I saw pillars arrive in the lie in the hutches covered in ice and snow, frozen the man at the coal face. I saw pillars arrive in the lie in the hutches covered in ice and snow, frozen together together brushing brushing I did that job as well with no formal training, handling gelignite. From the start you depended on the I did that job as well with no formal training, handling gelignite. From the start you depended on the teaching of the older men. You had to drill a hole in the slate about a yard deep, and pack the hole teaching of the older men. You had to drill a hole in the slate about a yard deep, and pack the hole with how many sticks of gelignite you thought was needed to bring the amount that was needed. I with how many sticks of gelignite you thought was needed to bring the amount that was needed. I

129 129 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. always thought of the poor drawer that had to push the always thought of the poor drawer that had to push the hutches out and load them, so my branch was high and hutches out and load them, so my branch was high and wide much to the disgust of my father (Michael Price). wide much to the disgust of my father (Michael Price). He always kept his branch to the minimum size; that was He always kept his branch to the minimum size; that was not my way of doing the job. He never had the job the not my way of doing the job. He never had the job the drawer did, which would skin your arms, skin your back. drawer did, which would skin your arms, skin your back. I remember when John Joe Cullen came back from I remember when John Joe Cullen came back from England with Helen and the kids. He got the start in England with Helen and the kids. He got the start in Rockhill brushing. And he started with no training or Rockhill brushing. And he started with no training or anything like that. I was with him when we went to Peter anything like that. I was with him when we went to Peter Mc Niff to draw out the cap and strum and the sticks of Mc Niff to draw out the cap and strum and the sticks of gelignite. I think he went on to be a firesman. I never gelignite. I think he went on to be a firesman. I never asked for more than five sticks. Sometimes you needed asked for more than five sticks. Sometimes you needed five. You may have needed two shots because the slate five. You may have needed two shots because the slate that you intended to blow down was a mixture; the top that you intended to blow down was a mixture; the top half could be of a soft type of slate and the lower bit half could be of a soft type of slate and the lower bit could be really hard. If you drilled one hole and packed could be really hard. If you drilled one hole and packed the hole with five sticks it would not have the proper the hole with five sticks it would not have the proper effect as the soft slate would absorb the pressure. So we effect as the soft slate would absorb the pressure. So we would drill a top hole and a bottom hole. Then we would Acetylene Cap Lamp would drill a top hole and a bottom hole. Then we would Acetylene Cap Lamp erect some pillars on each side of the branch, in the erect some pillars on each side of the branch, in the cavity left from the extracted coal. We called these pillars cavity left from the extracted coal. We called these pillars “breakers”. The distance between these would give me “breakers”. The distance between these would give me how wide I wanted the branch. The height you drilled how wide I wanted the branch. The height you drilled the hole gave the height (near enough). Then we would the hole gave the height (near enough). Then we would continue to set the charge: this was called stemming the continue to set the charge: this was called stemming the shot, depending on the texture of the slate. As I said, the shot, depending on the texture of the slate. As I said, the texture could change in a week: hard, soft or a mixture. texture could change in a week: hard, soft or a mixture. If you had a mixture you needed two holes: one high and If you had a mixture you needed two holes: one high and one low. The low one was short and we cut the strum one low. The low one was short and we cut the strum (fuse) using the hammer to bash it against the rail to cut (fuse) using the hammer to bash it against the rail to cut at the length required. You lit the bottom fuse first, then at the length required. You lit the bottom fuse first, then the top one, then you’d shout “fire”. We all lit the fuse at the top one, then you’d shout “fire”. We all lit the fuse at the same time. the same time.

I remember Johnny the Clyde (RIP). He was on the next I remember Johnny the Clyde (RIP). He was on the next branch to me on the right hand side. He was a laugh a branch to me on the right hand side. He was a laugh a minute man. I know he was one of the funniest men I minute man. I know he was one of the funniest men I ever worked with. Well one day when I had already lit ever worked with. Well one day when I had already lit my fuse I heard him shout at me: “Price, Price I’m stuck!” my fuse I heard him shout at me: “Price, Price I’m stuck!”

I thought he was rising me, but I soon realised he was I thought he was rising me, but I soon realised he was serious. So I scuttled down the gob. I found him stuck serious. So I scuttled down the gob. I found him stuck with a lump of slate on his arm and he was unable to shift Instructions for maintenance of an Acetylene Cap Lamp. with a lump of slate on his arm and he was unable to shift Instructions for maintenance of an Acetylene Cap Lamp. it off. It looked a funny situation until I saw he had it off. It looked a funny situation until I saw he had already lit his fuse as well. It did not take me long to free him and both of us ran out away from the already lit his fuse as well. It did not take me long to free him and both of us ran out away from the shot. We had loads of time to get out of the way but we both panicked to get away. shot. We had loads of time to get out of the way but we both panicked to get away.

We often laughed years afterwards. Johnny the Clyde was one of the best men I ever met. We often laughed years afterwards. Johnny the Clyde was one of the best men I ever met.

130 130 131 131 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. arigna Power sTaTion (1959 – 1993) – an insighT arigna Power sTaTion (1959 – 1993) – an insighT By Angus Dunne (former manager) By Angus Dunne (former manager)

In the 1950s the ESB embarked on a major design and In the 1950s the ESB embarked on a major design and building programme of new power stations in the building programme of new power stations in the midlands of Ireland, using turf as fuel. This programme midlands of Ireland, using turf as fuel. This programme was to provide for the increasing demand for electricity. was to provide for the increasing demand for electricity. It included a station for the burning of Irish coal from It included a station for the burning of Irish coal from the Arigna mines. the Arigna mines.

The Arigna project was basically a turnkey job, with The Arigna project was basically a turnkey job, with Siemens-Schuckert of Germany as the main contractors. Siemens-Schuckert of Germany as the main contractors. This was the company who built the hydro station at This was the company who built the hydro station at Ardnacrusha near Limerick in the 1920s: Ireland’s first Ardnacrusha near Limerick in the 1920s: Ireland’s first major power station project. major power station project.

A site for the Arigna project was chosen on the west A site for the Arigna project was chosen on the west bank of Lough Allen, opposite Lough Allen Post Office bank of Lough Allen, opposite Lough Allen Post Office on the main road from Drumshanbo to Manorhamilton. Arigna Power Station - new stack with pump house beside on the main road from Drumshanbo to Manorhamilton. Arigna Power Station - new stack with pump house beside lake lake A site near a water supply was necessary in order to A site near a water supply was necessary in order to provide cooling water to the station. This location seemed ideal in that there was an access road to provide cooling water to the station. This location seemed ideal in that there was an access road to the shore, and the main road ran close to the lake, and was close to the Arigna mines. the shore, and the main road ran close to the lake, and was close to the Arigna mines.

In the mid-fifties John Paul, a major Irish civil works contractor, moved in on the site; and under the In the mid-fifties John Paul, a major Irish civil works contractor, moved in on the site; and under the supervision of the ESB’s resident civil engineer, Ian McCarthy, work started. Necessary excavations supervision of the ESB’s resident civil engineer, Ian McCarthy, work started. Necessary excavations were carried out to provide room for the station building which would house the boiler and turbo were carried out to provide room for the station building which would house the boiler and turbo generator and ancillary plant. Foundations were laid for the building, the chimney stack, transformers generator and ancillary plant. Foundations were laid for the building, the chimney stack, transformers and switch gear compound. A large pump house was built on the lake shore, with a pipe line running and switch gear compound. A large pump house was built on the lake shore, with a pipe line running into the lake and back up to the station building. At a higher level, behind the proposed building, a into the lake and back up to the station building. At a higher level, behind the proposed building, a coal yard was provided to give access to a coal conveyor for the boiler, and a new entrance from the coal yard was provided to give access to a coal conveyor for the boiler, and a new entrance from the main road to give access for the lorries supplying coal via a weighbridge. main road to give access for the lorries supplying coal via a weighbridge.

Provision had to be made for deposits of ash from the boiler, which came from the grit arrestor and Provision had to be made for deposits of ash from the boiler, which came from the grit arrestor and the bottom of the furnace. The the bottom of the furnace. The contour of the land adjacent to contour of the land adjacent to the station was ideal for this as the station was ideal for this as a large hollow existed. The ash a large hollow existed. The ash was transported to this area was transported to this area via a lorry and spread into the via a lorry and spread into the hollow. This system proved to hollow. This system proved to be impractical after a few years be impractical after a few years as the area filled and became as the area filled and became level. On dry, windy days dust level. On dry, windy days dust storms occurred. storms occurred.

A new wet system was A new wet system was installed. The ash was now installed. The ash was now discharged into a sump from discharged into a sump from the hoppers, mixed with water the hoppers, mixed with water and pumped via a long pipeline and pumped via a long pipeline Overhaul of turbines at Arigna power station Overhaul of turbines at Arigna power station

132 132 to the ash area which now became a pond which to the ash area which now became a pond which was kept flooded or wet, the surplus water was kept flooded or wet, the surplus water draining over a timber weir in the lake. In later draining over a timber weir in the lake. In later years a new ash pond was built on the lake shore years a new ash pond was built on the lake shore to cope with the output of ash. to cope with the output of ash. The last remaining civil works jobs were the The last remaining civil works jobs were the building of a large underground concrete siphon building of a large underground concrete siphon tank to allow the cooling water from the turbine tank to allow the cooling water from the turbine condenser to be discharged back into the lake via condenser to be discharged back into the lake via 3 ten meter steel pipes. Foundations were 3 ten meter steel pipes. Foundations were provided for a chlorine dosage pump house and provided for a chlorine dosage pump house and stores building and the steel chimney stack for the stores building and the steel chimney stack for the boiler was built. boiler was built. View of Lough Allen from Blackrock View of Lough Allen from Blackrock I arrived on site in 1956 from a small turf power station which I arrived on site in 1956 from a small turf power station which was built in Connemara and was now completed. I was the was built in Connemara and was now completed. I was the mechanical and electrical site engineer there and took up the mechanical and electrical site engineer there and took up the same job in Arigna. same job in Arigna. By now the major site works and the station building were By now the major site works and the station building were completed. The electrical and mechanical plant contractors completed. The electrical and mechanical plant contractors were already on site. Siemens-Schuckert, whose rep was Brian were already on site. Siemens-Schuckert, whose rep was Brian Sweeney from their Dublin office, were supplying and installing Sweeney from their Dublin office, were supplying and installing the steam turbine, its condenser, pumps, feed water heaters, the steam turbine, its condenser, pumps, feed water heaters, associated oil and pumps and pipe work, which was cut and associated oil and pumps and pipe work, which was cut and welded together on site. The company also supplied the 10 KV, welded together on site. The company also supplied the 10 KV, 15 megawatt generator with its associated wiring and switch 15 megawatt generator with its associated wiring and switch gear. Simon Carves, a British company represented by Billy gear. Simon Carves, a British company represented by Billy The old steel stack at Arigna power station Bridson on site, supplied and built the 40 inch high brick lined The old steel stack at Arigna power station Bridson on site, supplied and built the 40 inch high brick lined boiler, its associated prefabricated pipework, 2 boiler feed boiler, its associated prefabricated pipework, 2 boiler feed pumps (one electrically driven, the other a stand by steam driven), the feed water treatment plant, pumps (one electrically driven, the other a stand by steam driven), the feed water treatment plant, boiler air fan and flue gas fan. They also supplied the grit arrestor for extracting ash dust from the boiler air fan and flue gas fan. They also supplied the grit arrestor for extracting ash dust from the flue gas and the associated steel duct work and hopper. flue gas and the associated steel duct work and hopper.

The coal handling plant came from the obsolete North Wall power station in Dublin. A bucket conveyor The coal handling plant came from the obsolete North Wall power station in Dublin. A bucket conveyor would run from the coal yard to the top of the boiler’s 100 ton coal bunkers, which fed the 2 mills would run from the coal yard to the top of the boiler’s 100 ton coal bunkers, which fed the 2 mills which ground the coal to a fine dust which was then blown into the boiler furnace through four burners which ground the coal to a fine dust which was then blown into the boiler furnace through four burners by two cast iron exhauster fans. The mills were similar to a flour mill but used two cast of Ni-Hard by two cast iron exhauster fans. The mills were similar to a flour mill but used two cast of Ni-Hard steel which lasted no more than a year due to the hardness of the ash in the coal, which was mainly steel which lasted no more than a year due to the hardness of the ash in the coal, which was mainly pyrites. pyrites.

Brown Boveri, a Swiss company, was the main contributor for the transformers and switch gear. Brown Boveri, a Swiss company, was the main contributor for the transformers and switch gear. Most of the workmen with the German, English and Swiss contractors were locals except some Most of the workmen with the German, English and Swiss contractors were locals except some electricians and fitters who came from other ESB stations. For me, working there was a challenging, electricians and fitters who came from other ESB stations. For me, working there was a challenging, interesting experience which I enjoyed. interesting experience which I enjoyed. Work progressed steadily. There were no major accidents on site, and except for a few “setbacks” and Work progressed steadily. There were no major accidents on site, and except for a few “setbacks” and minor mishaps, the station was completed in 1956. The ESB now had a new 15 megawatt station minor mishaps, the station was completed in 1956. The ESB now had a new 15 megawatt station ready for commissioning. ready for commissioning.

1000 tons of coal per week would be needed to run the station, which amounted to 50 to 53 thousand 1000 tons of coal per week would be needed to run the station, which amounted to 50 to 53 thousand tons per year: a major boost to the mine owners. The quality of the coal was critical for the efficient tons per year: a major boost to the mine owners. The quality of the coal was critical for the efficient

133 133 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. running of the boiler: 25% ash and 10% moisture was an acceptable average for the coal. running of the boiler: 25% ash and 10% moisture was an acceptable average for the coal.

The suppliers were: Arigna Collieries (owned by the Layden families) The suppliers were: Arigna Collieries (owned by the Layden families) Flynn & Lehany (owned by the late Mick Flynn) Flynn & Lehany (owned by the late Mick Flynn) McTiernan’s McTiernan’s Noonan’s Noonan’s Wynne’s (on Sliabh an Iarainn) Wynne’s (on Sliabh an Iarainn)

A yearly quote was given to each supplier to be delivered by lorry to the station. On arrival each lorry A yearly quote was given to each supplier to be delivered by lorry to the station. On arrival each lorry would be weighed and a sample of coal taken. This was analysed in the station laboratory for the ash would be weighed and a sample of coal taken. This was analysed in the station laboratory for the ash and moisture content. Very wet coal could be sent back (or stock piled) as the boiler could not cope and moisture content. Very wet coal could be sent back (or stock piled) as the boiler could not cope with it. Poor quality coal admitted to the boiler would seriously affect the quality of the superheated with it. Poor quality coal admitted to the boiler would seriously affect the quality of the superheated steam used to drive the turbine, and lower its efficiency. steam used to drive the turbine, and lower its efficiency.

In 1959 a station manager was appointed to the station: the late Henry Mathews. Electricians and In 1959 a station manager was appointed to the station: the late Henry Mathews. Electricians and other staff who were selected to operate the station and sent for training to other stations returned other staff who were selected to operate the station and sent for training to other stations returned to Arigna and experienced shift engineers were appointed. Coal handling staff were appointed – to Arigna and experienced shift engineers were appointed. Coal handling staff were appointed – mainly from the site staff. Commissioning engineers arrived from the Head Office, and in due course mainly from the site staff. Commissioning engineers arrived from the Head Office, and in due course the station came on load without any major hitches in 1959. the station came on load without any major hitches in 1959. I returned to head office to work on other station projects. In 1960 an opportunity arose for me to I returned to head office to work on other station projects. In 1960 an opportunity arose for me to return to Arigna, which I took and ended up as shift engineer, then deputy manager and eventually as return to Arigna, which I took and ended up as shift engineer, then deputy manager and eventually as manager. I welcomed the new challenge, and – as the saying goes – from that day never looked back. manager. I welcomed the new challenge, and – as the saying goes – from that day never looked back. I became totally immersed in the operation and maintenance of the station. With the cooperation of I became totally immersed in the operation and maintenance of the station. With the cooperation of a very competent staff of 64 – every one of which I knew – and the mine owners, it was a relatively a very competent staff of 64 – every one of which I knew – and the mine owners, it was a relatively easy job which I found most interesting and satisfying. From an engineering point of view we had easy job which I found most interesting and satisfying. From an engineering point of view we had some problems associated with the plant, but this was par for the course and all part of the job. some problems associated with the plant, but this was par for the course and all part of the job.

The station ran at a very high load factor, and had an efficiency comparable to the ESB’s more modern The station ran at a very high load factor, and had an efficiency comparable to the ESB’s more modern plant, for 37 years (12 years more than the designed life of the station). It was a great achievement plant, for 37 years (12 years more than the designed life of the station). It was a great achievement for all our dedicated staff, and the many ESB personnel who “served time” in Arigna down through for all our dedicated staff, and the many ESB personnel who “served time” in Arigna down through the years. the years. Great credit is due also to the mine owners and their staff who on the Arigna mountain and on Sliabh Great credit is due also to the mine owners and their staff who on the Arigna mountain and on Sliabh an Iarainn; they kept the station supplied with coal day in and day out for 37 years and, in so doing, an Iarainn; they kept the station supplied with coal day in and day out for 37 years and, in so doing, produced around two millions tons of coal. This article is dedicated to the memory of all the deceased produced around two millions tons of coal. This article is dedicated to the memory of all the deceased members of staff who passed through the Arigna Power Station, and to the coal miners. members of staff who passed through the Arigna Power Station, and to the coal miners. Editor’s Note: “Load Factor” is the actual output of the plant versus the theoretical maximum output Editor’s Note: “Load Factor” is the actual output of the plant versus the theoretical maximum output

statistics froM the Mines at the tiMe of closure (1990) statistics froM the Mines at the tiMe of closure (1990) arigna collieries: At the time of closure Arigna collieries had 170 people, down from 350 at its arigna collieries: At the time of closure Arigna collieries had 170 people, down from 350 at its maximum. The power station took about 30,000 tons per year of coal. maximum. The power station took about 30,000 tons per year of coal. flynn and lehany’s: At the time of closure 35 men were employed here, producing 5,760 tons of flynn and lehany’s: At the time of closure 35 men were employed here, producing 5,760 tons of coal per year for the power station. coal per year for the power station. aughacashel collieries: At the time of closure, Aughacashel Collieries employed 35 men, aughacashel collieries: At the time of closure, Aughacashel Collieries employed 35 men, producing 5,200 tons of coal per year for the power station. producing 5,200 tons of coal per year for the power station. in a year expressed as a percentage. The Arigna coal ash contained a percentage of pyrites – a very in a year expressed as a percentage. The Arigna coal ash contained a percentage of pyrites – a very hard mineral. hard mineral.

134 134 Sponsored by Sponsored by Sponsored by ray Gilmartin Sponsored by ray Gilmartin Jones oil agricultural advisor Jones oil agricultural advisor Convent Avenue, Drumshanbo Convent Avenue, Drumshanbo Carrick on Shannon Carrick on Shannon Tel: 071 9640655/0878325519 Tel: 071 9640655/0878325519 Tel: (071) 962 0077 Approved REPS planners and forestry Tel: (071) 962 0077 Approved REPS planners and forestry consultants consultants

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135 135 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Roe Brothers Garage, Boyle - where the Large machine in Ballyfarnon on its way to The Humpback Bridge at McCrann's Pub, Mount Roe Brothers Garage, Boyle - where the Large machine in Ballyfarnon on its way to The Humpback Bridge at McCrann's Pub, Mount Wynne Brothers purchased their trucks Flynn & Lehany's mine (1990) Allen, which was built to allow for the Wynne Brothers purchased their trucks Flynn & Lehany's mine (1990) Allen, which was built to allow for the movement of barges from Lough Allen to movement of barges from Lough Allen to Arigna to buy coal Arigna to buy coal

Part of the Pit Road Part of the Pit Road

Paddy Reynolds (in lorry), driver for Flynn & Lehany Johnny Mahon working on Bencroy Paddy Reynolds (in lorry), driver for Flynn & Lehany Johnny Mahon working on Bencroy

Frankie Barry at Flynn & Lehany's Mines Miner Johnny Mahon McCabe's Bridge (On the way to Bencroy) Frankie Barry at Flynn & Lehany's Mines Miner Johnny Mahon McCabe's Bridge (On the way to Bencroy)

The statue over Noone's Pit Wynne's storage sheds - Gubnaveigh The road going across Bencroy Mountain The statue over Noone's Pit Wynne's storage sheds - Gubnaveigh The road going across Bencroy Mountain

136 136 Sponsored by Sponsored by David Gilmartin David Gilmartin agricultural Contractor agricultural Contractor Mullasallagh, Kilclare Mullasallagh, Kilclare Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim Tel: 071 9641275 Mob: 087 2449119 Tel: 071 9641275 Mob: 087 2449119

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137 137 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

sliabh an iarainn sliabh an iarainn By John Gildea By John Gildea

This is Sliabh an Iarainn, of rugged glen and pass, This is Sliabh an Iarainn, of rugged glen and pass, Where Fionn MacCumhaill and his warriors trained in the dim days of the past. Where Fionn MacCumhaill and his warriors trained in the dim days of the past. Where the tuatha de danann in their hour of need found refuge in its mists. Where the tuatha de danann in their hour of need found refuge in its mists. They brought their magic to this place and that magic still exists! They brought their magic to this place and that magic still exists!

Now those Sliabh an Iarainn mountains have raised heroes without par, Now those Sliabh an Iarainn mountains have raised heroes without par, Like the Great O’Boyle from Aughacashel who led the charge and freed our sacred chapel in lovely Like the Great O’Boyle from Aughacashel who led the charge and freed our sacred chapel in lovely . Swanlinbar. Nor shall we ever forget that day in Sliabh na Coille, Nor shall we ever forget that day in Sliabh na Coille, When the red coats broke and ran from the brave boys of Ballinaglera and the fearless men from Glan. When the red coats broke and ran from the brave boys of Ballinaglera and the fearless men from Glan. Or those great battles fought at Selton and Sheemore, Or those great battles fought at Selton and Sheemore, I’m so proud to recall those mighty men with battle skill and an Iron will I’m so proud to recall those mighty men with battle skill and an Iron will To the end they gave their all, from the slopes of Sliabh an Iarainn they were heroes one and all. To the end they gave their all, from the slopes of Sliabh an Iarainn they were heroes one and all.

I am standing now on old Bencroy, and the scenery is so serene. I am standing now on old Bencroy, and the scenery is so serene. I can see beautiful Aughnasheelin, just a stone’s throw down the road I can see beautiful Aughnasheelin, just a stone’s throw down the road I see Kiltubrid fair beyond compare, I see Aughagrainne too and the I see Kiltubrid fair beyond compare, I see Aughagrainne too and the Colouring of this haunting place gives a rich and radiant hue. Colouring of this haunting place gives a rich and radiant hue. The people of this mountainside are the finest in the land, The people of this mountainside are the finest in the land, Their descendants came from in the dark and dangerous times, Their descendants came from Ulster in the dark and dangerous times, Driven out by the cruel planter and the greedy savage Gaul. Driven out by the cruel planter and the greedy savage Gaul. My own people first came to Knockacullion, they were Gildea’s from Donegal. My own people first came to Knockacullion, they were Gildea’s from Donegal.

I am standing now on the western side in the early morning dew, I am standing now on the western side in the early morning dew, You would have to see this place for yourself, my words could never do. You would have to see this place for yourself, my words could never do. Glan Ollas, Drumshanbo and Ballinaglera are right there in my view Glan Ollas, Drumshanbo and Ballinaglera are right there in my view And looking down from Ben na Gogg, sure you would swear Lough Allen is blue. And looking down from Ben na Gogg, sure you would swear Lough Allen is blue. I see our little home place roofless and forlorn I see our little home place roofless and forlorn In my mind I see my father and mother standing in the door, my brothers and sisters too In my mind I see my father and mother standing in the door, my brothers and sisters too Ah that family were so true Ah that family were so true I see the little fields below the house where we ran and played our fill I see the little fields below the house where we ran and played our fill And I remember fishing in the stream near Myles the Tailor’s Mill. And I remember fishing in the stream near Myles the Tailor’s Mill.

I’m off to County Cavan now before I take a rest I’m off to County Cavan now before I take a rest And perched upon Ellen Loughlin’s lofty rock, sure Doobally looks its best. And perched upon Ellen Loughlin’s lofty rock, sure Doobally looks its best. I see Saint Feilim’s Hall in the distance far down below I see Saint Feilim’s Hall in the distance far down below And I think where are all my dear friends of youth I knew when I danced there many years ago. And I think where are all my dear friends of youth I knew when I danced there many years ago. At evening shadow time I reach great Glangevlin’s side, At evening shadow time I reach great Glangevlin’s side, Ahh sure Glangevlin and its people are known the world wide. Ahh sure Glangevlin and its people are known the world wide. To Corlough and Coraleehan too, I must visit when I can, To Corlough and Coraleehan too, I must visit when I can, So goodbye, good luck and health to all from this Sliabh an Iarainn man. So goodbye, good luck and health to all from this Sliabh an Iarainn man.

138 138 139 139 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Bruen's Pit, Bencroy Watson's Pit, Bencroy Bruen's Pit, Bencroy Watson's Pit, Bencroy

Rantogue Stores, Wireless Battery Advertisement Paddy Wynne at the pit face on Bencroy Rantogue Stores, Wireless Battery Advertisement Paddy Wynne at the pit face on Bencroy

A receipt for new hammers, from John A receipt for new hammers, from John Scollan of Drumshanbo (Purchased by Scollan of Drumshanbo (Purchased by Paddy Wynne, Aghacashel Collieries in Paddy Wynne, Aghacashel Collieries in 1986) 1986)

Docket for a New Airpick from Harold Engineering, purchased by Packie McGovern of Docket for a New Airpick from Harold Engineering, purchased by Packie McGovern of Aughacashel Collieries, (1985) Knockacullion, who Aughacashel Collieries, (1985) Knockacullion, who worked at Aghacashel worked at Aghacashel Collieries for a number Collieries for a number A Carbite Drum of years A Carbite Drum of years

140 140 Best Wishes to the Miners Best Wishes to the Miners Sponsored by Historical Society From Sponsored by Historical Society From Stephen reynolds Gerald mcTiernan - Stephen reynolds Gerald mcTiernan - Plant Hire mCT Engineering Plant Hire mCT Engineering Ballygawley, Co Sligo Ballygawley, Co Sligo Drumshanbo www. mctengineering.com Drumshanbo www. mctengineering.com Tel: 071 9641155 [email protected] Tel: 071 9641155 [email protected] 071 9167790 • 087 8231839 071 9167790 • 087 8231839

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Best wishes to the Miners Best wishes to the Miners Historical Society Congratulations and best Historical Society Congratulations and best From Pat and Joan Tiernan wishes to the From Pat and Joan Tiernan wishes to the Timber County Miners Historical Society Timber County Miners Historical Society Wood Flooring from Wood Flooring from Derrynargon, Keadue TZ motors Derrynargon, Keadue TZ motors Tel: 086 8385855 Tel: 086 8385855

Best Wishes to the Miners Best Wishes to the Miners Sponsored by Historical Society From Sponsored by Historical Society From The Harp and Vincent Conlon The Harp and Vincent Conlon Shamrock Bar Conlon Forklift & Commercial Shamrock Bar Conlon Forklift & Commercial Keadue [email protected] Keadue [email protected] Tel: (071)9647288 071 9143586 Tel: (071)9647288 071 9143586 087 9632589 087 9632589

141 141 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. scoTTish mining connecTion wiTh The lough allen region scoTTishminingconnecTionwiThThe lough allen region By Sean Wynne By Sean Wynne

While many Irish men went to Scotland during the harvest time each year to compliment the family While many Irish men went to Scotland during the harvest time each year to compliment the family income, local men from the Arigna area (including my great grand father John Wynne of Lurgan, income, local men from the Arigna area (including my great grand father John Wynne of Lurgan, Arigna, who was then know by the surname Guihen) travelled to Belfast, and from there to Gasglow Arigna, who was then know by the surname Guihen) travelled to Belfast, and from there to Gasglow where they worked for six months at a time. The skills which they learned in the Scottish mines were where they worked for six months at a time. The skills which they learned in the Scottish mines were then used around Lough Allen. Michael Laydon from Arigna learned his trade in Scotland and started then used around Lough Allen. Michael Laydon from Arigna learned his trade in Scotland and started his own mining industry which lasted until 1990. his own mining industry which lasted until 1990.

Unfortunately the history of these trips has long disappeared from local tradition, and stories like that Unfortunately the history of these trips has long disappeared from local tradition, and stories like that of my great grandfather John Wynne having to leave in a hurry from the wrong area of Belfast, or how of my great grandfather John Wynne having to leave in a hurry from the wrong area of Belfast, or how they had a large trunk to carry all their needs for the six months, have disappeared with it. It appears they had a large trunk to carry all their needs for the six months, have disappeared with it. It appears that the contacts existed over a considerable period of time with Scotland. After this book is completed that the contacts existed over a considerable period of time with Scotland. After this book is completed maybe someone in the area will follow up on this unfinished part of our mining past and the influence maybe someone in the area will follow up on this unfinished part of our mining past and the influence of the Scottish culture on local traditions. of the Scottish culture on local traditions. Note: The following article was published in Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine c1840, and concerns Irish Note: The following article was published in Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine c1840, and concerns Irish Coal Miners in Scotland Coal Miners in Scotland

The rapid development of the coal and iron trades in the west of Scotland led to an immense influx of Irish labourers The rapid development of the coal and iron trades in the west of Scotland led to an immense influx of Irish labourers between 1830 and 1850. The liberality, however, of the employers, in establishing schools at every colliery, is daily between 1830 and 1850. The liberality, however, of the employers, in establishing schools at every colliery, is daily effecting a change; and with the advent of another generation the traces of degradation will probably disappear, and effecting a change; and with the advent of another generation the traces of degradation will probably disappear, and there is evidence to lead to a hope that the miner will come to occupy a much improved position in society. In the there is evidence to lead to a hope that the miner will come to occupy a much improved position in society. In the Lothians, where the relations between master and servant have been little disturbed by strikes or fluctuations in Lothians, where the relations between master and servant have been little disturbed by strikes or fluctuations in trade, the miners are superior in every respect to the same class in Lanarkshire and the West of Scotland generally; trade, the miners are superior in every respect to the same class in Lanarkshire and the West of Scotland generally; and the same may be said of the Fife men. This arises chiefly from the fact that, while the eastern miners are almost and the same may be said of the Fife men. This arises chiefly from the fact that, while the eastern miners are almost without exception Scotsmen, whose forefathers for several generations have followed the same avocation in the without exception Scotsmen, whose forefathers for several generations have followed the same avocation in the same locality, a great proportion of those in the west are Irishmen. same locality, a great proportion of those in the west are Irishmen. The wages of miners, which are paid according to piecework, vary considerably in different districts, and are liable The wages of miners, which are paid according to piecework, vary considerably in different districts, and are liable to considerable fluctuation. In some cases the quantity of coal a man may put out in a day is limited by mutual to considerable fluctuation. In some cases the quantity of coal a man may put out in a day is limited by mutual consent, or in accordance with a rule of the Union; in others, the working hours are limited, each man being allowed consent, or in accordance with a rule of the Union; in others, the working hours are limited, each man being allowed to put out as much as he can in the stated time; and again, there are collieries at which there is no limitation as to to put out as much as he can in the stated time; and again, there are collieries at which there is no limitation as to time or quantity. time or quantity. For the most part miners reside in houses specially built for their accommodation in the vicinity of the collieries. In For the most part miners reside in houses specially built for their accommodation in the vicinity of the collieries. In the early days of coal mining the houses were of the most wretched description; and even yet a large proportion of the early days of coal mining the houses were of the most wretched description; and even yet a large proportion of them are deficient in the ordinary requisites of human habitations. To convey some idea of the present condition of them are deficient in the ordinary requisites of human habitations. To convey some idea of the present condition of the houses of the mining population, we shall give some account of what came under observation in a journey through the houses of the mining population, we shall give some account of what came under observation in a journey through the Mid-Lothian and Lanarkshire collieries, in both of which the best and worst classes of miners’ houses may be the Mid-Lothian and Lanarkshire collieries, in both of which the best and worst classes of miners’ houses may be seen. In Lanarkshire a great majority of the miners’ houses are of a very poor kind, and many of them have only one seen. In Lanarkshire a great majority of the miners’ houses are of a very poor kind, and many of them have only one apartment. They are arranged either in closely-built rows or confined squares, and the people are literally huddled apartment. They are arranged either in closely-built rows or confined squares, and the people are literally huddled together in them. It is no uncommon thing to find a family of six or seven persons living together in one room measuring together in them. It is no uncommon thing to find a family of six or seven persons living together in one room measuring not more than fourteen feet square, and who yet consider that they have accommodation to spare for one or two not more than fourteen feet square, and who yet consider that they have accommodation to spare for one or two lodgers. The Irish, it appears, are especially given to overcrowding their dwellings—against the ventilation of which, lodgers. The Irish, it appears, are especially given to overcrowding their dwellings—against the ventilation of which, too, they carefully guard. One favourable circumstance is that their furniture does not occupy much space. The sitting too, they carefully guard. One favourable circumstance is that their furniture does not occupy much space. The sitting accommodation rarely consists of more than two chairs or a rudely constructed “form.” The fire is kept burning accommodation rarely consists of more than two chairs or a rudely constructed “form.” The fire is kept burning continually, its use during the night being to dry the “pit-clothes” of the men; and as these are often wet, and always continually, its use during the night being to dry the “pit-clothes” of the men; and as these are often wet, and always dirty, the vapour they give out adds considerably to the pollution of the atmosphere breathed by the crowded sleepers. dirty, the vapour they give out adds considerably to the pollution of the atmosphere breathed by the crowded sleepers. The houses at some collieries are of very slim construction, and are constantly getting out of repair. Not infrequently The houses at some collieries are of very slim construction, and are constantly getting out of repair. Not infrequently they are wrecked by the subsidence of ground caused by the withdrawal of the coal beneath them. For these houses they are wrecked by the subsidence of ground caused by the withdrawal of the coal beneath them. For these houses a rent of from 3s. 6d. to 5s. a-month is charged. At some collieries one-half of the houses have two apartments, and a rent of from 3s. 6d. to 5s. a-month is charged. At some collieries one-half of the houses have two apartments, and these are occupied by the better class of work- people. The usual rent of a two-roomed house is from 6s. to 9s. a- these are occupied by the better class of work- people. The usual rent of a two-roomed house is from 6s. to 9s. a- month. These remarks, of course, apply to the worst class of houses. month. These remarks, of course, apply to the worst class of houses. On the whole, the Catholic Irish settled wherever muscle and strength was in demand, and as such they found their On the whole, the Catholic Irish settled wherever muscle and strength was in demand, and as such they found their way into coal mining, dock work and labouring of all kinds. It was estimated that in Great Britain in 1851, somewhere way into coal mining, dock work and labouring of all kinds. It was estimated that in Great Britain in 1851, somewhere between a half to three-quarters of all dock-labourers and two-thirds of miners were Irish. between a half to three-quarters of all dock-labourers and two-thirds of miners were Irish. http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/higherscottishhistory/migrationandempire/experienceofimmigrants/irish.asp http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/higherscottishhistory/migrationandempire/experienceofimmigrants/irish.asp

142 142 coorie Doon coorie Doon by Matt Mc Ginn (a popular Scottish mining song) by Matt Mc Ginn (a popular Scottish mining song)

Coorie doon, coorie doon, coorie doon my darling, Coorie doon, coorie doon, coorie doon my darling, Coorie doon the day (Repeat) Coorie doon the day (Repeat)

Lie doon my dear, and in your ear, Lie doon my dear, and in your ear, To help you close your eye To help you close your eye I’ll sing a song, a slumber song, I’ll sing a song, a slumber song, A miner’s lullaby. A miner’s lullaby.

Your daddy’s doon the mine, my darling, Your daddy’s doon the mine, my darling, Doon in the Curlby Main, Doon in the Curlby Main, Your daddy’s howking coal, my darling, Your daddy’s howking coal, my darling, For his own wee wean. For his own wee wean.

There’s darkness doon the mine, my darling, There’s darkness doon the mine, my darling, Darkness, dust and damp. Darkness, dust and damp. But we maun hae oor heat, oor light, But we maun hae oor heat, oor light, Oor fire and oor lamp. Oor fire and oor lamp.

Your daddy coories doon, my darling, Your daddy coories doon, my darling, Doon in a three foot seam, Doon in a three foot seam, So you can coorie doon, my darling, So you can coorie doon, my darling, Coorie doon and dream Coorie doon and dream

The Bank Bar The Bank Bar

Main Street Main Street Ballinamore Ballinamore

Opening Opening August Bank Holiday Weekend!! August Bank Holiday Weekend!!

143 143 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

Miners from Wynne's coal mines, Bencroy, reunited after 25 years. Miners from Wynne's coal mines, Bencroy, reunited after 25 years.

An Tostal Colleens of 2013 and 2014. Ciara McTigue An Tostal Colleens of 2013 and 2014. Ciara McTigue (daughter of Micky and Josephine McTigue) and Brianna (daughter of Micky and Josephine McTigue) and Brianna O'Loughlin (daughter of Charles and Sandra O'Loughlin) Glan Church O'Loughlin (daughter of Charles and Sandra O'Loughlin) Glan Church 144 144 Sponsored by Sponsored by Sponsored by Sponsored by Elphin agricultural Kellegher’s Shop Elphin agricultural Kellegher’s Shop Show and Post office Show and Post office Email: [email protected] Kilclare Email: [email protected] Kilclare Tel: 087 9471081 Tel: (071)9641031 Tel: 087 9471081 Tel: (071)9641031

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145 145 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. PhilosoPher PhilosoPher

Myles McPadden had his own way Myles McPadden had his own way of looking at things. of looking at things. Living around here, he’d say, Living around here, he’d say, It’s a bit like Purgatory and Heaven: It’s a bit like Purgatory and Heaven:

You spend a lock of years in the coal mines, You spend a lock of years in the coal mines, Working down the pit Working down the pit And then you go to America. And then you go to America.

© Vincent woods © Vincent woods

mckenna’s Tunes mckenna’s Tunes

The Pitman in the Mist The Pitman in the Mist A Trip to Cobh A Trip to Cobh The Sanctuary Reel The Sanctuary Reel The Long Island Set The Long Island Set Carry the Buttermilk Home Carry the Buttermilk Home

The tunes we’d make if only we had the ear, the turn, the heart, the road for home. Disconsolate of a The tunes we’d make if only we had the ear, the turn, the heart, the road for home. Disconsolate of a sports day, no one asks you to play, and heading away up the mountain you meet one man who stops sports day, no one asks you to play, and heading away up the mountain you meet one man who stops you, saves the hour, asks for a tune, what to play? The Colliers Reel, what better in this place where you, saves the hour, asks for a tune, what to play? The Colliers Reel, what better in this place where years and wheels of time on again the man as small as he once was big, strong, frail now, rock dust on years and wheels of time on again the man as small as he once was big, strong, frail now, rock dust on the lung, remembers meeting McKenna on the road and asks him to play and o the glory of it, the birds the lung, remembers meeting McKenna on the road and asks him to play and o the glory of it, the birds alight in the bushes, singing to match the man, and music catches time, holds it frail as moth or gable alight in the bushes, singing to match the man, and music catches time, holds it frail as moth or gable bat, flings it back to life, tosses it up and away and when the shadows gather in the half-set ruins, bat, flings it back to life, tosses it up and away and when the shadows gather in the half-set ruins, flitted under oak and lintel fiddle flute and dancing feet shout down the echoed moon and newrose flitted under oak and lintel fiddle flute and dancing feet shout down the echoed moon and newrose tune bursts into scent owl as white as pit is black and coal flies softly all is one all is tune all is silence tune bursts into scent owl as white as pit is black and coal flies softly all is one all is tune all is silence all is nettle all is fossil stone all is nettle all is fossil stone

© Vincent woods © Vincent woods

Hillview Transport Ltd Hillview Transport Ltd Glangevlin Glangevlin Phone: 071 96 43315. Phone: 071 96 43315. Mobile: Vincey: 087 2321698 Mobile: Vincey: 087 2321698 Mobile: Ann: 087 9046969. Mobile: Ann: 087 9046969. E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

146 146 Best Wishes Best Wishes to to

The Miners Historical The Miners Historical Society Society

From From Noel O’Rourke Noel O’Rourke Plant Hire Plant Hire

Corraleehan Corraleehan Ballinamore Ballinamore Co. Leitrim Co. Leitrim Tel: 071 9644522 Tel: 071 9644522 or 087 2526372 or 087 2526372

147 147 A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990. A Miners Reunion: A commemoration of the closure of the collieries in 1990.

148 148 Shannon Tackle Shannon Tackle

Jamestown Jamestown Carrick-on-Shannon Carrick-on-Shannon Co. Leitrim Co. Leitrim 071 9624692 071 9624692

Best Wishes to The Miners Best Wishes to The Miners Historical Society From Historical Society From Shivnan's Shivnan's Horseshoe Bar Horseshoe Bar Ballyfarnon Ballyfarnon Tel: 0862527627 Tel: 0862527627

149 149