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Global Public Health An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t716100712 Policies around sexual and reproductive health and rights in Peru: Conflict, biases and silence C. Cáceres a; M. Cueto a; N. Palomino a a Cayetano Heredia University, School of Public Health, Lima, Peru

Online Publication Date: 01 January 2008 To cite this Article: Cáceres, C., Cueto, M. and Palomino, N. (2008) 'Policies around sexual and reproductive health and rights in Peru: Conflict, biases and silence ', Global Public Health, 3:1, 39 — 57 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/17441690801981159 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441690801981159

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Correspondence: minorities. sexual and women of sexual citizenship of full recognition the the and opposing powers rights conservative reproductive challenge and ‘‘the to individual failed marginalising but opportunities of and changes created garner sometimes rights legal discourses, groups to for the health’’ advocacy sexuality, order ‘‘public to for related in low-profile disregard policies official rights-based clear favouring in sexual’’ a By as evidenced (3) presented they and were fact, Policies citizens; the in (2) to when, years; approaches legitimacy contradictory) 15 political (even past different the very two within adopt issue to made governments health for reproductive possible concerning it frameworks institutional by national profile. in Weaknesses disdained the (1) institutional that: as and and long political trivialised as low occurred generally a changes were Positive given rights, ‘‘others’’, population. was diversity general issue by Sexual the made and rights. officials, demand HIV/AIDS-related politicians, a advancing activists often and in as advocates was allowed success perceived HIV/AIDS which some everyone, difficult. affect achieve rights to to reproductive potential contradictions. the in having many progress as its portrayed sexual made and which and shifts debates, 1990, policy treatment, and drastic since and the governments, as prevention Peruvian well HIV/AIDS subsequent as rights, rights, how diversity examining reproductive at addressed aimed have is study This Abstract Peru Lima, University, Heredia Cayetano Health, Public of School CA C. silence* and biases Conflict, and Peru: health in reproductive rights and sexual around Policies Health Public Global O:10.1080/17441690801981159 online DOI: 1744-1706 print/ISSN 1744-1692 ISSN h nlsso oiymkn n rgam mlmnaini hs he ra reveals areas three these in implementation programme and policy-making of analysis The controversies public deepest the generated consistently contraception and Abortion ´  EE,M UT,&N PALOMINO N. & CUETO, M. CERES, 112162.Emi:[email protected] E-mail: 6929. 241 1 51 crs aeaoHrdaUiest,A.Amnai 4,Lm 8 Peru. 18, Lima 445, Armendariz Av. University, Heredia Cayetano ´ceres, 08 (2:39 3(S2): 2008; , . Á 57 # SexPolitics 08Tyo Francis & Taylor 2008 ePltc:Rprsfo h rn Lines Front the from Reports SexPolitics: a efudoln at online found be can B edited , http:// Downloaded By: [Cáceres, C.] At: 00:21 14 July 2008 elh edr n eult,i eu ewe 90ad20,adteroles the and reproductive 2005, stakeholders. and and key sexual 1990 other by between and on used state Peru, events the are in and by sexuality, played such, pattern. discussions and this as the gender, exemplifies on and, health, 2005 focuses controversy and study 1990 sudden Such This between for 2006). experience Chesler potential Peru’s stands & politicians. and the liberal (Chavkin sexual relatively governments carry the region’s and issues despite the sexuality sensitive, by of adopted are recently issues rights and America, health Latin reproductive Catholic predominantly In Introduction health reproductive Keywords: 40 curdfo nenrrlaest h os.B h al 90,Lm was Lima 1980s, early migration the of By wave coast. a and the 1980s, to early from areas the threefold, rural in almost million Andean grew 20 from inhabitants to occurred of 1950 in number of million half total second seven The the century. during Peru 20th in the occurred have changes demographic Significant context political minorities. and sexual Historical and women of citizenship sexual full oppose the that powers and conservative rights challenge reproductive to and and fail agenda, they However, groups public political changes. advocacy the legal discourse, modify gain health’’ important ‘‘public for low-profile opportunities to a create sometimes of favour programmes in sexuality rights, rights-based to with citizen as a as framed impor- individual more were the legitimacy. and, for framework they policies these institutional although of national disregard the the of tantly, weakness the occurred reveal maintained. have been changes has HIV/ positive profile rights, institutional on low diversity and, made with a sexual treated been when everyone are In ‘‘others’’, has of politicians. to demand by progress a and threat as disdain Mixed stigma perceived potential rights, prevailing morals. diversity the Sexual a dubious of AIDS. of spite as in presumption among portrayed sympathy second the and is in concern it comes deserving HIV/AIDS therefore, since difficult. concerns been is reproductive of abortion generate has public that visibility of progress and and issue centrality debates, found attention the the rights of when more we Because so indirectly. or far particularly diversity, directly is raised with This sexual followed controversies. public always and deeper are treatment, rights and reproductive prevention HIV/AIDS h anagmnso hsanalysis this of arguments main The hr,b upesn rmriaiigte‘sxa’ nofca oiisrelated policies official in ‘‘sexual’’ the marginalising or suppressing by Third, areas these in implementation programme and policy-making the Second, rights, reproductive in policies government Peruvian comparing when First, .Ca C. ´ ee tal. et ceres eulrpoutv ihs I/IS euldvriy eu oiy sexual/ policy, Peru, diversity, sexual HIV/AIDS, rights, Sexual/reproductive 1 r threefold: are Downloaded By: [Cáceres, C.] At: 00:21 14 July 2008 neet ftesaeadohrpwru niis uha h ahlcChurch Catholic the the bodies, as with women’s such on mainly entities, powerful policies corresponded other groups. years, and have conservative state and 30 capacities, the last of reproductive interests the stakeholders, together and Over bring sexuality, interests. that issues and political powers, are reproduction and Sexuality rights reproductive its in Developments until Despite on, policies. staggered health administration Toledo reproductive 2006. the and in alliances, elections sexual blurred on and weakness views religious their errs ocs n19,aplc nelgneui atrdteSiigPath on Shining the attack captured military unit all-out intelligence an rule police launched a Guzma also Abimael 1992, a leader, and In led forces. investors, who neoliberal terrorist attract Llosa, embraced Fujimori Vargas to power, Mario assuming policies after novelist Shortly against coalition. neoliberal running election, presidential noua.Prilybcueo h nossec fhsrgm,Toledo regime, his of ultraconservative the inconsistency and to Dei related the physicians Opus over with groups of alliance presided democratisation, temporary became because a he for quickly maintained and However, hope Partially base, political independence. bringing solid unpopular. a judicial 2003), lacked mismanagement, and (Barr governmental year recovery, that economic poll Valentı presidential Congress, of Thomas 2005). took (Taylor leader & that 2001 elections (Crabtree April the new over in 2000) by presided place in lawyer, headed constitutional (Levitsky opposition moderate government, 2000 a the term Paniagua, in transition third of a ‘‘victory’’ term A seeking a and third 1999). in with a (NGOs), efforts ended for Fujimori’s organisations (that stand challenged parties to non-governmental political and groups, opposition election, Human-rights 1995 the 1999). win to on siae htaot7 0 etsocre uigtepro 90t 2000, to military. 1980 the period and Commission terrorists the Reconciliation the during both occurred and to deaths attributed Truth were 000 70 which a techniques about counterinsurgency later, that applied estimated years which military, these Some the undermine guerrilla indiscriminately. to to strategy rival turned a and Another elaborate groups to 1990). failed governments (Degregori Civilian Path rainforest. terrorist Tu Shining the deteriora- the control This Maoist to group, 2000). unable the (Arroyo were of poor that the regimes actions health by democratic under affected services occurred these which tion to violations, access and human-rights crisis. services of and period unemployment, new demands recession, a popular elicited of and increase state rapid authoritarian The an inhabitants. with million clashed four about to home 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highlighted that would In Peruvian fact conservatism. abortion the the moral and that of regulation, therefore, fertility 80% surprising, to The consider- resistance than 2004. high, political quite in more and are religious 46.7% rates service the prevalence and public-health contraceptive ing (Defensorı 2000, in These administration reduction 2002). in Carbone a Pueblo and 50% del by Solari the explained 1996, increased during be in supplies as methods can contraceptive 41% 2004 contraceptive However, in to modern seen 1992 debates. downturn of with in policy cause use 31% lost The a current from fighting contraception. is in Church to the alive regard indicate, surveys and health modern and that unchanged demographic position fears This remained up values. stir family has destroyed to and sought promiscuity encouraged leaders contraception Catholic conservative and hierarchy Church. Catholic society The in women of status services, the the health in for changes within 2004). called and (Palomino contraception organisations conditions to feminist living in addition, women, education, improvement In and sex sterilisation. men abortion, surgical for of including violate that access, decriminalisation control free for public birth called and in of methods and participation all women’s liberties, rejected and individual They justice policies. social health on for debates demands self- which with to reproduction, right and linked Their sexuality, the they bodies, on Peru. of women’s centred in to freedoms rights, respect active reproductive reproductive with and already determination and sexual were to sexual organisations regard the with feminist agenda, on 1980s, a debate the played the By movement women. initiating feminist The in 1970s. role the crucial during emerged rights reproductive movement. feminist The a Starting family-planning. 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Fund generous programmes, provided Population population (DFID) health Development UN International serious for the Department a if (USAID), offered only under hospitals services Development these public are access Peruvian could mid-1990s, women they the fertility. (previously, in their services history, regulate contraceptive to in free able time be first also the should For women programme poor contraception Fujimori, to surgical According The 1990s: late the in Debates (Palomino an sanction having symbolic for penalty, a as three-month act A to 1991. professional continued in 2007). of rape rape decriminalisa- from the of leaders resulting prevented cases Lawyers, abortion in conservative of the abortion cause. 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Nations final neglected neighboring in United addressed also new be to It the starting was that which promoted. antiretrovirals, vulnerability disre- had and on prevention, Programme focus programme to the the approach Moreover, biomedical/individualistic garded stage. clearly previous the a during adopted not activists struggle HIV/AIDS was their that prevented it dimension in political However, law the embraced HIV/AIDS. hurt sophistication, tackle it new some, To efficiency, to criticism. A measures the without government in cities. of improvement breadth, provincial an and patients’ was several AIDS stage protected in This and confidentiality. offices counseling, mandatory with established screen- discrimination, care, STI for and services free ing established PROCETTS programme, well-funded A uigtedsg rcs fteGAMfne I rjc,teMnsr of Ministry the Project, HIV GFATM-funded the of process design the During the namely, GFATM, the by required modality governance national The 2001, in York New in AIDS, on Session Special Assembly General UN The the in dismantlement PROCETSS’ with starts (2000-present) period fourth A .Ca C. ´ ee tal. et ceres eunsPositivos Peruanos i Libre Via oetv o aVida la por Colectivo onurls hi rtqe ftegovernment. the of critiques their neutralise to h euinNtoko LH,was PLWHA, of Network Peruvian the , osrimo Gsand NGOs of consortium a , Downloaded By: [Cáceres, C.] At: 00:21 14 July 2008 eti set ftesca n ea ttso GTcmuiismybe may communities Homosexual Code. Penal LGBT exclusion. 1924 the social of in reflect legalised status since were still characterise, adults legal others consenting to between and while easy acts not social progressing, is as the Peru regarded of in rights aspects diversity certain sexual of situation The rights diversity sexual of cost. in the the provision Developments despite the for it, to protection access Congress not of in of could testing opposition who measure HIV any people made a hardly to it ART was as however, There in time, supposedly child. legislation same unborn mandatory, AIDS the the half women At a modified right. and pregnant Two a Congress it. ART 90%. receiving making not reached 2004, were coverage but treatment treatment later, needed other years who new those of of the 50% for around implementation efforts the priority. the lost of activities Given prevention on programme, regulation tasks. as well project including as GFATM-funded systems, logistical activities, on ART consequences national normative a negative implementing had rapidly This of cost programme. the overestimated possibly Health of nentoa udr ospotMO o I-rvninwr.MHOL work. prompted HIV-prevention and for visible, more MHOL activism support LGBT to made funders It (Ca international rights. Peru in diversity (MSM), sexual men persons with sex transgender would have of and stigma weak, the community. reflecting was gay whose decades, middle-class travesties) two the of male within almost participa- (including for some the so persons all-female Conversely, remain (GALF), 1980s. the transgender late with of Lesbians the relation in tion members close Feminist MHOL a became of maintained members it Group inception, feminism. small, 1970s its Self-Consciousness of at implemen- a model and male the mainly activism, from Mostly gay derived was US workshops post-Stonewall consciousness-raising MHOL Initially, of ted elite. rhetoric time, intellectual/artistic the that local adopted the MHOL At to connected (MHOL). movement, middle-class the Lima with de keeping Homosexual in scandal’’. for not adversaries, misused sin, and forgives social ‘‘God rumours, or usually saying: of Peruvian crime. commercial, subject is to and the political, abuse, homosexuality restricted is drug blackmailing identity are media, prostitution, homosexual with homosexuality news on associated vice’’ Information of In ‘‘moral the a depictions to men. as attributed portrayed ‘‘feminine’’ media, norms and the (Ca sexual women transvestites In and ‘‘masculine’’ and gender 1999). men of ‘‘feminine’’ Rosasco settings, instance, adoption traditional for the in sex, while as opposite sex, same interpreted under- the is is and of persons homosexuality it regional between sectors, with acts modern sexual culture, as in stood local addition, the In in variations. stigmatised class-related remained has homosexuality eratrisicpin h ainlATpormehdahee coverage achieved had programme ART National the inception, its after year A h aalleegneo h ISeiei,wihwsafcigmnwho men affecting was which epidemic, AIDS the of emergence parallel The Movimiento the with 1980s, the in early started Peru in activism LGBT oiisaon euladrpoutv elhi Peru in health reproductive and sexual around Policies crs20) a motn mat on impacts important had 2002), ´ceres 6 However, crs& ´ceres 49 Downloaded By: [Cáceres, C.] At: 00:21 14 July 2008 ebrhpadls lxblt orlt ihisbase. its closed with a relate implied ‘‘not-for-profit to it a since flexibility as movement, less social restructure and a a membership to As for agency. had challenge Dutch MHOL a a organisation’’, NOVIB, funds, private from the support receive with to 1985, prerequisite in grant first its obtained salse h ai o eee,dvriidLB movement. LGBT diversified renewed, a for basis the established uigteery19s aldpooiinb ogesa ui ato left- out a stands Castro, marriage. Julio event same-sex Congressman political legalise by one proposition to Only failed physician, a wing profile. 1990s: low early a the the characterised during kept With that MHOL context design. demobilisation years, programme political Fujimori the or in discussions and which political funding, Programme, limited in Control NGOs involvement AIDS of National its 1990s, network SIDA-Peru the constrained new (Red from the a Network subcontracts during HIV/AIDS of accepted Peruvian also part years the became AIDS, several and on enhanced operations For working it its The tensions. back 1990s, secretariat. scaled local early regional MHOL the created American in the role Latin and, of association’s international Association some the Gay and over and faction, took Lesbian connection assembly political International strong a more an the more facilitated with with 1990, the (albeit, to around re-established, visibility, of MHOL’s approach legally members. base members elitist, GALF was mostly yet LGBT MHOL of politicised, 1989, comprised broader more In a politics. a to take LGBT whether to to on factions, or two connections entertainment-oriented), between media place MHOL’s took the conflict and emphasise internal an Health 1980s, the of in informant. Ministry key early the and stakeholder the both a In epidemic, movement development). the AIDS considered organisational the sex (for safe to hold NORAD and response hotline, from information and an establish workshops) (to USAID both from support 50 upr facmrhniepooiint rvn iciiaino h grounds the in on place, discrimination signatures prevent in gathered to coalition remained proposition a The comprehensive coalition legislation’’. a as a inclusive of failed, ‘‘an support but on initiative Congress, focus in This the with compromises protection. political of constitutional cause of of a result as need orientation in sexual for recognise called discrimination would Diez-Canseco, government, Toledo’s that issues, Constitution’’ in LGBT inclusive Early of ‘‘an successful. supporter were and which congressman, of left-wing some raised, been have institutions. sexual-health rights organisations, human women’s of and including organisations emergence of actors, PLWHA building the of NGOs, (3) variety and to a health; sexual related with theoretical and alliances exchanges, sexuality increasing gender, and on and programmes (2) thinking academic dialogue etc.); activist face-to-face LGBT groups, of of and left-wing sophistication number electronic students, a promoters, of of health emergence proliferation (1) former identified: (e.g. be subgroups could elements new several h eeegneo h oilmvmn,twrsteedo h decade, the of end the towards movement, social the of re-emergence The ihteegat,MO salse eia,lgl n te evcs Late services. other and legal, medical, established MHOL grants, these With mn h otipratrcn vns eiso eiltv propositions legislative of series a events, recent important most the Among .Ca C. ´ ee tal. et ceres 8 7 n18,MO received MHOL 1988, In 9 nti phase, this In ´ .MHOL ). Downloaded By: [Cáceres, C.] At: 00:21 14 July 2008 rgam oue nsria otaeto mdt-ae19s;adthe governmental and mass 1990s); a (mid-to-late to, contraception opposition surgical abortion and on of decriminalisation of, focused the implementation programme for 1990s); mobilisation phases: a (early three creating through strata, going social Peru. different within expressions the international cultural throughout increased diverse and of exist movements are mixture social that of role types subcultures commu- a new and sexual political and playing growth, policies, economic influence urban factors from neoliberal processes, also commerce, New and but migratory globalisation. activists, classes, reflect and social nication intellectuals changes of from mobility PLWHA cultural originate the on has only perspectives These not different Public which sexually improved. changes, decades. are two also who last those have the of in legitimacy improved and significantly Movement, visibility Revolutionary inclusive, truly Amaru Tupac the by 2005). (ILGA 1980s repudiated late were the in perpetrated nl ena rm mrtlrp a eonsdi 91.TeTruth The 1991). in recognised conflict. was during forces armed rape armed of the (marital by period rape increas- of crime the use is systematic a violence the Sexual demonstrated as Commission significantly. reproductive the improved seen in and in has even and, progress ingly gender services evident, women, to is hegemonic Among politics, access and the advances. health, law, labour, great in 20th education, to the of changes led fields throughout seeking has emergence, exclusion, structures, movements The of sexuality fragile questioned. systems social by be a of framed to within been century, starting set has social, now Peru The is are tensions. of Peru which complex history, in and political changes rights and abrupt cultural, reproductive to and subject system, sexual democratic for struggle The UN address. Discussion the special a give at to where an going Encounter, right to was LGBT aggressively National Ambassador reacted First human British they the the orientation of the 2005, sexual ceremony a for June opening a In the support to pedophilia. to as right to invitation Peruvian door the block orientation the that open to suggesting would sexual Rights, Affairs, Human Foreign on on sent of Commission they resolution Ministry 2004, In the Brazilian inauguration. to Toledo the letter since a Affairs Health on Constitution. heterosexual Constitutional the Committee and violated The homosexual Code between Justice discrimination. Military distinction of the which the in cause that Affairs, acts a ruled Constitutional as also on Tribunal orientation Committee sexual Congressional included the by developed of search in advisors their and parliamentarians visited support. and orientation, sexual of ntels 5yasi eu h erdciergt eaehsbe intense, been has debate rights reproductive the Peru, in years 15 last the In become to go to way long a have diversity sexual around norms cultural While ntengtv ie osraie aedmntdteCongressional the dominated have conservatives side, negative the On Procedures, Constitutional of Code new a approved Congress 2005, In oiisaon euladrpoutv elhi Peru in health reproductive and sexual around Policies 10 oercnl,teklig fsvrlMSM, several of killings the recently, More 51 Downloaded By: [Cáceres, C.] At: 00:21 14 July 2008 52 ihsiest aprtergt fwmna uooosmrlagents. moral autonomous as women rights of the human rights of equate the utilisation to smart hamper a the Attempts to represent beings, ideas possible. human undermine rights means of those all an values’’ to unborn’’, by of ‘‘the ‘‘moral of rights exercise these legitimate protecting of and sexual conception institutions autonomous Since the immorality. sexuality, to upon individual’s relate act a public to rights not the right reproductive the in is and reserve acceptable common, always is which very what institutions, contraception, from all away emergency are them values. work, keep that moral to on sex fact is discourse and goal The practices, the instruments) problem; sex international practices. framework of same influence legal common abortion, the evolving people’s to the susceptible both and more from much differs do is discourse that (which hegemonic sexualities, this of of framework Note, reproduction-oriented legitimacy All discourse. heterosexual, the challenges. the and to and conform autonomy, meanings not sexual political address of issues understanding three an rights to trans- human contribute and conceptual rights, health the a structural into also problem of and moral rejection communities, a issue. from and affected HIV/AIDS treatment, most of formation to the of access exclusion for widespread. movement was were abortion international even technologies and contraceptive population, the new by unwise although received Church, it well made causes, the usually rights’’, of progressive reproductive stand and embrace ‘‘sexual aggressive of to The abstraction rights. in intrinsic position reproductive the strong and and a assume sexual to of politicians, most defense among interest, limited a rhetoric, the at demands from on limitations resulting imposed compromises which level. to discussions, local remarkable and coherent Beijing the achieved, and implement progress Cairo to and the the develop both counter to responds to conservatives, specific agenda strategies transnational problematic by the rights a First, made reproductive arguments. effort support, analytical the three of identify than can trajectory community we rather Peru, the in observe, rights minorities. Here, sexual to accepting politicians). towards tendency seems and a set with limited media) activists more perspective, a Church, the among conflict (mainly of (including level actors high a field with of the peripheral, entered been HIV and has sexuality that (Ca rights of treatment shows field and HIV/AIDS the disease left on of they when debate simpler the became reproductive Conversely, debates attack to generally. scandal more sterilisation health, the used which backlash, conservative hs suseit u utsbi otepwradbnvlneo traditional of benevolence and power the to submit must but exist, issues These diversity sexual and HIV/AIDS, strong rights, reproductive across a commonalities The from results HIV/AIDS on work of impact higher the Third, rights pro-women’s Fujimori’s of context a in occurred process this Second, and health reproductive and sexual for struggle the of overview, this From .Ca C. ´ ee tal. et ceres crs20) ial,tedbt nsxa diversity sexual on debate the Finally, 2003). ´ceres Downloaded By: [Cáceres, C.] At: 00:21 14 July 2008 poiin lhuha h xes frdcn h iiiiyo eult and little sexuality with of need, visibility political the reducing a prevention. of hampering into and expense programme groups, the ART vulnerable to at an converged although drugs, for antiretroviral opposition, plans of and cost GFATM, the the the sustainability reduce transform as to and such processes implications mechanism, negotiation funding cost the a high of of favourable establishment climate spite The a in other concerns. in in treatment, working case to were the access they was towards that as 2001, perceived in activists meeting local UNGASS countries, the Since locally recently. Vatican, until least the and to lawmakers limited hierarchy. local usually Catholic to is the message by changes a expressed positive official sending positive to are more as Opposition countries, a well judges. as other At rights, diversity. in sexual changes sexual recognising legal of instruments normalisation TV international and a new commercially films level, to in and themes, contributing stereotypical and is characters While LGBT shows, role. positive of positive profusion more the oriented, a providers. played health have of media, self-censorship through frameworks, silently, legal occur national to opposed needed period, also it and Solari/Carbone so trends, the international during against programmes, set of programmes, was health undermining social reproductive the and Moreover, and to health variation. sexual element and programmatic second radical systems paternalism, for A institutional allowed authoritarian priority. of which of weakness a the cases not is both was note consent In main informed rights. the all, appropriate citizens’ above ensuring of that, that illustrates was policy fundamentalist absence Catholic a to approach in veiled or GFATM, showed no the Programme. found from they ART funding they seek National while subsequently to a project use, HIV/AIDS; co-funding AIDS condom an to and formulating in sex regard problem safe with promoting Carbone to opposition observed and was cause trend Solari opposite had would somewhat movement in a feminist government Interestingly, the decades. next which several for the for programmes fought the of of the provision one response the No of in democratising entirety. setbacks use its the in the made that surrepti- programme and, reproductive-health thought context, also the programme, fundamentalists that undermine contraception to the Catholic In tiously, validating attack level, tackled. to cynical framework a different be human-rights was a to rhetoric At rights barriers strategy. pro-women’s control, legal of demographic were utilisation through of poverty manipulative rights point of funda- reduction utilitarian individual the Catholic extremist and was an a goal the from represented where departed view, Carbone Fujimori and perspective, Solari mentalist While rights. reproductive nentoa rns ihrgr oHVAD,wr vnmr aorbe at favourable, more even were HIV/AIDS, to regard with trends, International the and actors, events, international rights, diversity sexual to regard With ‘‘neo-Malthusian’’ extreme an from transition a of paradox apparent The and sexual recognise to failed all Carbone, and Solari, Fujimori, Undoubtedly, oiisaon euladrpoutv elhi Peru in health reproductive and sexual around Policies 53 Downloaded By: [Cáceres, C.] At: 00:21 14 July 2008 54 ntttos codn oitrainlsinii,hmnrgt n legal stronger and Similarly, rights fidelity. human and scientific, and unborn’’ international consolidated. sexual ‘‘the be must to family, of already standards, is of according discussion as pleasure, notions and the institutions, diversity, inability choice, to advance the of in notions given part, to to most legitimacy the equal for ways give move- remain, to progress social new to resolved, Barriers obvious been rights. develop reproductive morality. apparently official their have traditional must an situations impose that than to ments extreme show strategy these a more also as that They discourse Now that public norms. of control reproductive found seek and religious forces complexity have sexual the the illustrate hegemonic we autonomy sexual of even to Peru, connections that shared their of differences, extent experience the of recent to standpoint. spoke charity campaign easier, a this from was the While connect could to access. consensus conservatives contributed for PLWHA, rights, campaign of for organised health desexualisation support an the international of as income, operation well by to as access limited where access, still country increased is a In therapies access. chronic treatment expensive to prevention from changed focus publicly to latitude are ample still retain discourse Church, rights homosexuality. the correct by against politically diversity led speak The conservatives, the sexual parliamentarians. the and of few silence, However, in favours improvement a in trends only significant frameworks. international by but committees legal to embraced slow the related Justice and a of largely in spaces diversity, media and observed towards privileged been Constitutional attitudes be the also public Progress in the has can HIV/AIDS. mostly It to or standards, occurred Congress. and has Tribunal, professional diversity rights sexual Constitutional over diversity to relation sexual prevail in in to events to powers paralleled the temporary by violated allowed were women, indigenous human and and poor state. options of Peruvian reproductive free those was People’s particularly right services. far rights, the reproductive mandate, Toledo’s of discourage attention half to to first little forced the with During were and rights. providers conditions, women’s unsafe health to public the in Fujimori, undermined sterilisation Under hindered and non-voluntary policies. perform rights, administrations their reproductive debate both and to the of administra- spaces equity Toledo’s of actions gender of half policies of The first development reproductive-health commonalities. the the and share government, nature, tion, Fujimori’s contradictory of half their second of spite In Conclusion ycnieigtetaetre fteedfeetbtrltdsbet nthe in subjects related but different these of trajectories the considering By the once progress unprecedented experienced agenda HIV/AIDS the Similarly, that weakness, institutional of context a in rights, reproductive of negation This .Ca C. ´ ee tal. et ceres Downloaded By: [Cáceres, C.] At: 00:21 14 July 2008 roo .(2000) J. Arroyo, References 10 Petchesky, Rosalind of Marı comments Corre thank Sonia useful Vianna, also We Adriana the Coe. Mauro, di acknowledge Diane Parker, to Richard pleased are We Acknowledgements h re ocsdrn h eido re oflc.Mn fteecie ounpunished, go crimes these not. do of victims Many the and conflict. influence armed political or of social period have aggressors the the during where especially forces armed the ciitfo PROSA. from activist ‘‘MHOL-Peru to refer simply and Lima’’ de Homosexual these ‘‘Movimiento with the to continue reference to avoid Toledo for unfeasible including politically alliances, it broader built make it to years, able two of was course policies. and the media, Over the Health. of with Vida Ministers de right Movimiento far the the branch: non-clerical its as well as 1971, in Cristiana. abortion 106). Peru of 1997: in concept (Rosas founded diluted woman organisation, the the included of code honour previous the The protect woman. to pregnant causa’’ the ‘‘honoris of PERU life suffered’’ or have health that those to recent support psychological and and Health; medical law; (1985). of provides of It Ministry abortion. texts the avoid official at others. Office; programmes among health Vigilance of of studies, analysis the policy texts Congressional the or official Peru; the involved academic also articles; of from study newspaper Gynaecology reports The PLWHA). selected and sources: of rights), (women’s data Obstetrics (rights DEMUS PROSA from of secondary activists and local Society rights), key Reproductive (LGBT and the Church; MHOL and Committee Catholic of Peruvian Constitutional Sexual the the president of on of secretariat president the Group former Congress; the Monitoring women; in the for ombudsman Ramos; Congressional adjunct the included: Manuela A Rights, Interviewees perspective. at policy conducted. public were programme and interviews science Vigilance informant social a key from of it number analysed limited and data research collect to sources h e nttto’ name. institution’s new the Notes Dı Manuel and Vargas Mery informants. Gutie Anamarı Pablo 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 h rt omsincletdtsioista eosrtdtesseai s frp by rape of use systematic the demonstrated that testimonies collected Commission Truth The neveswt og rcmne GTatvs rmMO,adPboAaai,PLWHA Anamaria, Pablo and MHOL, from activist LGBT MHOL. Bracamonte, from Jorge activist with LGBT Interviews Bracamonte, to Jorge adopted with was strategy Interview a process, the delay could that problems 1924. legal of of fears Code to Penal due Peruvian Moreover, the in stated As installed and 2001 in office took Toledo when advocacy conduct to began group monitoring The the to close the very preserve to were was aim Both its when only legal as abortion recognised 1924 of Code Criminal The women help to Health of Ministry the with coordinates measures, appropriate adopts State ‘‘The secondary and information qualitative used study this approach, methodological a of terms In nvria eun aeaoHrda autdd au Pu Salud de Facultad Heredia, Cayetano Peruana Universidad re,fraren ob nevee o hssuyi h oeo key of role the in study this for interviewed be to agreeing for ´rrez, a eneDdr ai eeaAaa rceaSolı Graciela Arana, Teresa Maria Dador, Jennie ´a, au,l eom iecoa Polı Silenciosa: Reforma la Salud, aEte Mogollo Esther ´a oiisaon euladrpoutv elhi Peru in health reproductive and sexual around Policies oaiimCrsineVitae Christianae Sodalitium a epdwt e nomn interviews. informant key with helped ´az ´ ia oilsyd au ne Peru el en Salud de y Sociales Ticas n uaaCha Susana ´n, osraieceia Catholic clerical conservative a , ´ lc Administracio y blica vz og Bracamonte, Jorge ´vez, a n Anna-Britt and ˆa, s n Miguel and ´s, ´ els90 los de ´n). (Lima: ´ ’as ’’ 55 Downloaded By: [Cáceres, C.] At: 00:21 14 July 2008 lno,R 18)E otxod formacio de contexto El (1984) R. Clinton, hvi,W n hse,E es (2006) (eds) E. Chesler, and W. Chavkin, LDM(1999) CLADEM (1998) CRLP CLADEM, Cha aea 19)Mmnod decisio de Momento (1990) Caretas Ca Toledo. to Fujimori From Peru? in Ca neopopulism of persistence The (2003) R. R. Barr, 56 rbre .adToa,J es (1999) (eds) J. Peru. Thomas, in and choice J. reproductive Crabtree, Restricting ultra-conservative: to anti-natalist From (2004) B. A. Coe, Ca Defensorı Defensorı (1990) I. C. Degregori, wg .(06 iakn lblfmns:Fmns,tectoi hrhadtefml planning family the and church catholic Iguin the Feminist, feminism: global Hijacking (2006) C. Ewig, nttt ainld Estadı de Nacional Instituto violacio y Aborto (1990) Comercio El nttt ainld Estadı de Nacional Instituto Defensorı nttt ainld Estadı de Nacional Instituto LA[nentoa eba n a soito](2005) Association] Gay and Lesbian [International ILGA eisy .(99 uioiadps-at oiisi Peru. in politics post-party and Fujimori (1999) S. Levitsky, iad,J n Yamı and J. Miranda, Pa gn ir 19)E xes ouiaoguo eiitss rnninsbelgldddel legalidad sobre pronuncian se feministas grupos comunicado extenso En (1990) Libre ´gina crs .adRsso .(99 h agnhsmn ie:Dvriyaogmnwohave who men among Diversity sides: many has margin The (1999) A. Rosasco, and the C. and ´ceres, America latin in men with sex have who men among HIV/AIDS (2002) C. ´ceres, crs .(03 apnei e IAe nmnogoaiao unrbldd ujtvddy subjetividad Vulnerabilidad, globalizado: mundo un en SIDA del pandemia La (2003) C. ´ceres, vz .adCseo,R (2004) R. Cisneros, and S. ´vez, .Dnye .Citn n .Snes(eds) Sanders T. and Clinton, R. Donayre, J. Bejing and Cairo, Vienna, after Years Ten etod aMjrPraaFoaTrista Flora Peruana Mujer la de Centro Lm:CneoNcoa ePoblacio de Nacional Consejo (Lima: Polı Pu realismo con discutir debe se que embarazoso Culture. Lima. in men other with sex (eds.) Vallenas Ame S. desde and Ramos M. epidemic? hidden A Caribbean: Quarterly erdcieHat Matters Health Reproductive oncepcio dia los Defensorı Peruanos). Estudios de Pacificon). seiiainsquiru esterilizaciones Peru. in debacle eae edetse eulddyreproduccio y 181 sexualidad en pendientes Debates Defensorı 1991 Defensorı la por Investigados Casos II. Reproductivos 27 1996 2000 oln] .. ..Acse 4Jl 06 vial t http://www.ilga.org/news_results.asp? at: available 2006, July 14 Accessed LanguageID s.l. S.n.: [online]. 6(42,68 363(9402), broprviolacio por aborto ˜ z .(07 naoimsycness llnuj elsdrco uao las y humanos derechos los de lenguaje El consensus. y Antagonismos (2007) R. iz, ´ .Ca C. lcsd au nPeru en Salud de blicos ´ Lm:Defensorı (Lima: ia eSldSxa erdciae lPeru el en Reproductiva y Sexual Salud de ticas Á Á 191). adlPel (1999) Pueblo del ´a (1998) Pueblo del ´a adlPel (2002) Pueblo del ´a lgsetel au pu salud la entre ´logos Lm:INEI). (Lima: Lm:INEI). (Lima: 1992 ´ Quiru n ´ ´ ´ e ubo ei nomsDfnoilsN.7 No. Defensoriales Informes Serie Pueblo. del a e ubo ei nomsDfnoilsN Defensoriales Informes Serie Pueblo, del a 4 1161 24, , ´ ee tal. et ceres iaLatina rica Lm:INEI). (Lima:  2&FileCategory ´ Á gc ne Peru el en rgica 69. aaProa.Rpred eehsHmnsSbel Aplicacio la Sobre Humanos Derechos de Reporte Personal. Nada eiitStudies Feminist n .E 20)Rpoutv elhwtotrgt nPeru. in rights without health Reproductive (2004) E. A. ´n, n 5Jl,Pa July, 15 ´n, Á adlPueblo). del ´a ´ lSriinod edr uioo ycco 1969 Ayacucho, Luminoso: Sendero de Surgimiento El 1178. gcse lPeru el en rgicas Lm:UiesddPraaCytn eei,195 Heredia, Cayetano Peruana Universidad (Lima: ´ iecoyCmlcdd ilni otaLsMjrse o Servicios Los en Mujeres Las Contra Violencia Complicidad. y Silencio siaeInforma e ´stica siaeInforma e ´stica siaeInforma e ´stica Lm,NwYr:CAE,CRLP). CLADEM, York: New (Lima, 2 56 12, , ´ Anticoncepcio Anticoncepcio lc o uvsmvmetsscae.I .Ca C. In sociales. movimientos nuevos los y blica ´ aAplicacio La  n od,tatroyaitsdlaot ne Peru el en aborto del aristas y trastorno Fondo, ´n. 1996 gn ir,Lima. Libre, ´gina 29&ZoneID 23,632 32(3), , AIDS unoe udmnaim eAoead a Polı las de Apodera se Fundamentalismo el Cuando n lauroe posible. es acuerdo El ´n: aSldcm eeh iddn:Prpcia Propuestas y Perspectivas Ciudadano: Derecho como Salud La Á Á 69. 1998 n 47 ´n, ´ hr ua ihsBgn elh eult,adWomen, and Sexuality, Health, Begin: Rights Human Where nN aoioadSl,M (eds) M. Sala, and Palomino N. In . 6 S23 16, , elhadSexuality and Health nd apolı la de ´n lPeru El ´ tc (1992) ´tica tc (1996) ´tica tc (2000) ´tica ´n). ´ NwBusik J ugr nvriyPress). University Rutgers NJ: Brunswick, (New Quiru n Quiru n ´ Lm:CLADEM). (Lima: el Anticoncepcio la de n ´ Á n 74).  Á ´ 659. Lm:UiesddPraaCytn Heredia, Cayetano Peruana Universidad (Lima: 19&FileID eFjmr:1990 Fujimori: de ¿ neeetsd aPolı la de Antecedentes Á ´ a violadas? las y ´ S33. gc outraII ao netgdsprla por Investigados Casos III. Voluntaria rgica ´ gc outraI ao netgdsprla por Investigados Casos I. 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(1985) PERU pu debate el Degree y feministas Masters organizaciones reproductivos. Las derechos (2007) N. los Palomino, y feministas organizaciones Las (2004) N. Palomino, euinEicplCmiso fteCtoi hrh(2005) (1997) Church I. Catholic M. Rosas, the of Commission Episcopal Peruvian alr .(05 rmFjmr oTld:Te20 lcin n h iistdso democratic of vicissitudes (2005) the Committee Rights and Human elections UN 2001 The Toledo: to Fujimori From (2005) L. Taylor, azc,M 20)Peru (2000) M. Zauzich, o 0.I .Plmn n aa .(eds) M. Sala, and Reproduccio Palomino N. In 90s. los Lima. Heredia, Cayetano Peruana Universidad Thesis, oln] ia ..Acse 0Spebr20,aalbea:http://www.iglesiacatolica.org.pe/ at: available 2005, September 10 Accessed s.l. Lima: [online]. 346. No. Legislativo Decreto Law), CCPR/C/85/D/1153 Peru. in government DEMUS). 1998 Lm:Comisio (Lima: ´ n Lm:UiesddPraaCytn eei) 163 Heredia), Cayetano Peruana Universidad (Lima: broprViolacio por Aborto .. ntdNations. 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