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The Enlightenment

What’s the Connection? Meeting People As you have read, the Scientific Thomas Hobbes (HAHBZ) Revolution led to new discoveries. At the same time, it also led to many new (MAHN•tuhs•KYOO) ideas about government and society. (vohl•TAR) Focusing on the Building Your Vocabulary • During the 1700s, many Europeans natural law believed that could be used to make government and society better. social contract (page 681) separation of powers (DEE•IH•zuhm) • The Enlightenment was centered in France, where thinkers wrote about absolutism (AB•suh•LOO•TIH•zuhm) changing their society and met to discuss their ideas. (page 684) Reading Strategy Summarizing Information Complete • Many of Europe’s monarchs, who a table like the one below showing the claimed to rule by the will of God, major ideas of Enlightenment thinkers. tried to model their countries on Enlightenment ideas. (page 686) Thinkers Ideas Locating Places (PRUH•shuh) Austria (AWS•tree•uh) St. Petersburg (PEE•tuhrz•BUHRG)

1600 1700 1800 St. Petersburg 1643 1690 1792 Moscow London Louis XIV John Locke becomes king writes about calls for women’s Paris Vienna of France government rights

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New Ideas About Politics During the 1700s, many Europeans believed that reason could be used to make govern- ment and society better. Reading Focus What makes people get along with each other? Do they need rules, a strong leader, or to learn to work together? Read to learn how thinkers in Europe answered these questions.

During the 1700s, European thinkers were impressed by scientific discoveries in the natural world. They believed that rea- son could also uncover the scientific laws that governed human life. Once these laws were known, thinkers said, people could This illustration is from the title page of use the laws to make society better. Hobbes’s Leviathan. What sort of government As the Scientific Revolution advanced, did Hobbes support in Leviathan? many educated Europeans came to believe that reason was a much better guide than and demanded a greater voice in running faith or tradition. To them, reason was a England. The fighting finally led to “light” that revealed error and showed the Charles’s execution. This event shocked way to truth. As result, the 1700s became Thomas Hobbes, who was a strong sup- known as the . porter of the monarchy. During the Enlightenment, political In 1651 Hobbes wrote a book called thinkers tried to apply reason and scientific Leviathan. In this work, Hobbes argued that ideas to government. They claimed that natural law made absolute monarchy the there was a natural law, or a law that best form of government. applied to everyone and could be under- According to Hobbes, humans were nat- stood by reason. This law was the key to urally selfish and violent. They could not be understanding government. As early as trusted to make decisions on their own. Left the 1600s, two English thinkers—Thomas to themselves, people would make life Hobbes and John Locke—used natural law “nasty, brutish, and short.” Therefore, to develop very different ideas about how Hobbes said, they needed to obey a govern- government should work. ment that had the power of a leviathan, or sea monster. To Hobbes, this meant the rule Who Was Thomas Hobbes? Thomas of a king, because only a strong ruler could Hobbes (HAHBZ) wrote about English gov- give people direction. ernment and society. During his life, England was torn apart by civil war. Why Is John Locke Important? Another Supporters of King Charles I fought those English thinker John Locke thought differ- who backed Parliament. Charles I wanted ently. He used natural law to affirm to have absolute, or total, power as king. citizens’ rights and to make government Parliament claimed to represent the people answerable to the people.

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by jury and to freedom from cruel punish- ment for a crime. The Law In 1690 John Locke explained many of of Nations the ideas of the Glorious Revolution in a Montesquieu’s beliefs about government book called Two Treatises of Government. are still influential today. Locke stated that government should be “Again, there is no lib- based on natural law. This law, said erty, if the judiciary Locke, gave all people from their birth power be not separated certain natural rights. Among them from the legislative and were the right to life, the right to liberty, executive. Were it joined and the right to own property. with the legislative, the life and liberty of the Locke believed that the purpose of subject would be government is to protect these rights. exposed to arbitrary All governments, he said, were based control; for the judge on a social contract, or an agreement would be then the legis- between rulers and the people. If a lator. Were it joined to ruler took away people’s natural the executive power, the judge might behave rights, the people had a right to revolt and set up a new government. with violence and Montesquieu oppression.” —Montesquieu, Who Was Montesquieu? England’s govern- The Spirit of Laws ment after the Glorious Revolution was admired by thinkers in France. They liked it better than their own absolute monarchy. In According to Montesquieu, why should 1748 Baron Montesquieu (MAHN •tuhs•KYOO), judges be independent? a French thinker, published a book called The Spirit of Laws. In this book, Montesquieu said that England’s government was the best During Locke’s life, another English because it had a separation of powers. king, James II, wanted to set up an absolute Separation of powers means that power monarchy against Parliament’s wishes. In should be equally divided among the 1688 war threatened, and James fled the branches of government: executive, legisla- country. Parliament then asked Mary, tive, and judicial. The legislative branch James’s daughter, and her husband, would make the laws while the executive William, to take the throne. This event came branch would enforce them. The judicial to be called the “Glorious Revolution.” branch would interpret the laws and judge In return for the English throne, William when they were broken. By separating and Mary agreed to a Bill of Rights. In this these powers, government could not document, they agreed to obey Parliament’s become too powerful and threaten people’s laws. The document also guaranteed all rights. English people basic rights, like those the Explain According to Magna Carta had given to the nobles. For Montesquieu, how should government be example, people had the right to a fair trial organized?

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JOHN LOCKE 1632–1704 John Locke was born in Somerset, England. His father was a lawyer but also served as a soldier. Using his military connections, he arranged for his son John to get a good education. Locke studied classical languages, grammar, philosophy, and geometry at Oxford University. To Locke, the courses were not exciting, so he turned to his true interests— and medicine. After graduating, Locke went to work for governments in Europe. He continued to study science and philosophy. John Locke He particularly liked the work of Descartes. In 1671 Locke began recording his own ideas about how people know things. Nineteen years later, he published his ideas in In this book, “Law is not to abolish or An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Locke argued that people’s minds are blank when they restrain, but to preserve are born and that society shapes what people think and and enlarge freedom.” believe. This idea meant that if people could make society —John Locke, Two Treatises better, it would also make people better. of Government In 1683 Locke fled to Holland after the English government began to think his political ideas were dangerous. During that time, he was declared a traitor and was not able to return until after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. It was at that time that he wrote his Soon famous Two Treatises of Government. afterward, Locke retired to Essex. There he enjoyed frequent visits from Sir and other friends until his death in 1704.

Give examples of how Locke’s ideas have influenced our lives and ideas.

William and Mary being crowned following the Glorious Revolution

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The philosophes wanted to use reason The French Philosophes to change society. They attacked supersti- The Enlightenment was centered in tion, or unreasoned beliefs. They also dis- France, where thinkers wrote about changing their agreed with Church leaders who opposed society and met to discuss their ideas. new scientific discoveries. The philosophes Reading Focus What role do writers play in the believed in both freedom of speech and the today? Read on to find out what effect individual’s right to liberty. They used their writers had on Europe during the Enlightenment. skills as writers to spread their ideas across Europe. During the 1700s, France became the major center of the Enlightenment. As the Who Was Voltaire? The greatest thinker of Enlightenment spread, thinkers in France the Enlightenment was François-Marie and elsewhere became known by the Arouet, known simply as Voltaire (vohl•TAR). Born in a middle-class family, Voltaire wrote French name philosophe (FEE • luh • ZAWF), which means “philosopher.” Most phi- many novels, plays, letters, and essays that losophes were writers, teachers, journalists, brought him fame and wealth. and observers of society. Voltaire became known for his strong dislike of the Roman Catholic Church. He blamed Church leaders for keeping Voltaire

During the Enlightenment, upper-class nobles held gatherings of writers, artists, government officials, and other nobles in their homes to discuss and debate new ideas. How did the philosophes spread their ideas?

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knowledge from people in order to maintain the Church’s power. Voltaire also opposed Natural Rights the government supporting one religion and forbidding others. He thought people of Women should be free to choose their own beliefs. Mary Wollstonecraft argued that the natural Throughout his life, Voltaire rights of the Enlightenment should extend to women as well as men. was a supporter of deism (DEE• “In short, in whatever light IH •zuhm), a religious belief based I view the subject, reason and on reason. According to the fol- experience convince me that lowers of deism, God created the only method of leading the world and set it in motion. women to fulfill their peculiar He then allowed it to run itself [specific] duties is to free by natural law. them from all restraint by allowing them to participate in the inherent rights of Who Was Diderot? Denis mankind. Make them free, and Diderot was the French philo- they will quickly become wise sophe who did the most to and virtuous, as men become spread Enlightenment ideas. more so, for the improvement must be mutual.” With the help of friends, Diderot Mary Wollstonecraft —Mary Wollstonecraft, published a large, 28-volume encyclopedia. A Vindication of the Rights His project, which began in the , took of Woman:With Strictures on about 20 years to complete. Political and Moral Subjects The Encyclopedia included a wide range of topics, such as science, religion, govern- ment, and the arts. It became an important What did Wollstonecraft believe would happen if women were allowed rights? weapon in the philosophes’ fight against traditional ways. Many articles attacked superstition and supported freedom of reli- gion. Others called for changes that would make society more just and caring. In 1792 Mary Wollstonecraft wrote a book called A Vindication of the Rights of The Enlightenment and Women The Woman. In this work, she claimed that all Enlightenment raised questions about the humans have reason. Because women have role of women in society. Previously, many reason, they should have the same rights as male thinkers claimed that women were men. Women, Wollstonecraft said, should less important than men and had to be con- have equal rights in education, the work- trolled and protected. By the 1700s, how- place, and in political life. ever, women thinkers began calling for women’s rights. The most powerful sup- Rousseau’s Social Contract By the late porter of women’s rights was the English 1700s, some European thinkers were start- writer Mary Wollstonecraft. Many people ing to criticize Enlightenment ideas. One of today see her as the founder of the modern these thinkers was Jean-Jacques Rousseau movement for women’s rights. (zhahn zhahk ru• SOH).

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Rousseau claimed that supporters of the Enlightenment relied too much on rea- The Age of Absolutism son. Instead, people should pay more Many of Europe’s monarchs, who attention to their feelings. According claimed to rule by the will of God, tried to model to Rousseau, human beings were natu- their countries on Enlightenment ideas. rally good, but civilized life corrupted Reading Focus If you were given the chance to be a them. To improve themselves, he thought leader, how would you treat the people you ruled? As people should live simpler lives closer you read, think about the power of Europe’s kings and to nature. queens during the 1600s and 1700s. In 1762 Rousseau published a book called The Social Contract. In this work, During the 1600s and 1700s, many Rousseau presented his political ideas. European thinkers favored limits on govern- A workable government, he said, should ment power. However, powerful kings and be based on a social contract. This is queens ruled most of Europe. This system an agreement in which everyone in a was known as absolutism (AB•suh• LOO • TIH • society agrees to be governed by the zuhm). In this system, monarchs held general will, or what society as a whole absolute, or total, power. They claimed to wants. rule by divine right, or by the will of God. Describe Who were the This meant that rulers did not answer to philosophes? their people, but rather to God alone.

Music of the Enlightenment The 1700s was one of the greatest musical periods in history. Before this time, almost all music was religious in nature and was limited to church performances. During the Enlightenment, music was played in theaters for the first time, and some of the new pieces were not religious. Many types of music existed in the 1700s. Sonatas were performed with one instrument and a piano, and string quartets were played with four instruments. and symphonies were longer and involved an orchestra. Operas were full-scale theatrical performances using vocal and instrumental music. music emphasized drama and emotion. and George Frederick Handel composed baroque music. Bach composed A string quartet

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However, as the Enlightenment spread, Louis’s army fought and won wars to expand many of Europe’s absolute rulers turned to France’s territory, but these conflicts were philosophes for help in making their gov- costly in money and soldiers to France. The ernments work better. At the same time, king’s constant wars and excessive spending however, they did not want to lose any of weakened France and the monarchy. their power. Historians used to call these Frederick the Great During the 1600s and ienna/Dagli Orti, (b)akg-images/SuperStock rulers enlightened despots. Despots are rulers who hold total power. 1700s, Germany was a collection of over 300 separate states. Of these states, two— Louis XIV: France’s Sun King During the Prussia (PRUH • shuh) and Austria (AWS • 1600s, France was one of Europe’s strongest tree• uh)—became great European powers. nations. In 1643 Louis XIV came to the The most famous Prussian ruler was throne. As king, Louis XIV was the most Frederick II, also called Frederick the Great. celebrated absolute monarch. His reign of He ruled from 1740 to 1786. As Prussia’s

(t)The Art Archive/Society Of The Friends Of Music V Archive/Society Of Art (t)The 72 years—the longest in European his- king, Frederick strengthened the army and tory—set the style for Europe’s kings and fought wars to gain new territory for queens. Louis was known as the Sun King, Prussia. He also tried to be an “enlightened the source of light for his people and for ruler.” He supported the arts and learning Europe’s nobles and rulers. and tried to carry out enlightened reforms. Louis relied on a bureaucracy, but he was He permitted his people to speak and pub- the source of all political authority in France. lish more freely. He also allowed greater He is said to have boasted, “I am the State.” religious toleration.

many pieces of music that are still popular today. Handel wrote Wolfgang Amadeus many operas, but he is best known for Messiah, an oratorio, or Mozart religious composition that mixes voices, orchestra, and organ. Classical music emerged in the mid-1700s. Classical composers, inspired by the ancient Greeks and Romans, emphasized balance, harmony, and stability. Franz Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote classical music. Haydn’s use of instruments made the symphony more popular. Mozart composed a large number of musical pieces that remain popular today.

Connecting to the Past 1. What is the difference in tone between baroque and classical music? 2. What factors allowed music to thrive during the 1700s? Johann Sebastian Bach 687 680-689 C18S3-875047 9/21/06 9:06 PM Page 688

In Growth of Prussia and Austria c. 1525–1720 Motion

KEY KEY and possessions, 1618 Austrian Hapsburg lands, 1525 Land added, 1619–1699 Land added, 1526–1699 Land added, 1700–1720 Land added, 1700–1720 5°E 10°E 15°E20°E N North E lb SWEDEN e Sea R WE . 55°N Baltic DENMARK Sea 50°N S EAST EAST WEST POMERANIA PRUSSIA POMERANIA Vienna AUSTRIA Buda RAVENSBERG Berlin TYROL CARINTHIA Pest MAGDEBURG E Frankfurt TRANSYLVANIA lb MILAN e POLAND WESTPHALIA R . Po R. 50°N SILESIA SAXONY CROATIA Belgrade R. N Adriatic Sea Danube 0 200 mi. SERBIA . W R E e ITALY n 0 200 km i h Chamberlin Trimetric projection 0 200 miles S R 0 200 kilometers 40°N Chamberlin Trimetric By the 1700s, Prussia and Austria projection had emerged as10 the°E most powerful 20°E German states. 1. Which state did Prussia acquire Frederick between 1700 and 1720? the Great 2. During which of the periods shown on the map did Austria expand its territory the most? Joseph II

Austria’s Hapsburg Rulers By the 1700s, farmers, and allowed books to be published the other powerful German state—Austria— freely. Most of Joseph’s reforms failed, ruled a large empire of many different peo- however. The nobles opposed Joseph’s ples, languages, and cultures. This vast changes, and he was forced to back down. Austrian empire spread over much of cen- However, the former serfs, now farmers, tral and southeastern Europe. It was ruled were allowed to keep their freedom. by a family known as the Hapsburgs. In 1740 a young Hapsburg princess Russia’s Peter I and Catherine II To the named became Austria’s east of Austria stretched the vast empire of ruler. Clever and talented, Maria Theresa Russia. As you read previously, Russia was worked hard to improve the lot of Austria’s ruled by all-powerful rulers known as serfs, who worked for the nobles. She also czars. One of the most powerful czars was tried to make government work better. Peter I, also known as Peter the Great. After Maria Theresa died in 1780, her During his reign from 1689 to 1725, Peter son, Joseph II, became ruler. Joseph II tried to make Russia into a strong and up-to- admired Enlightenment ideas. He freed the date European power. He began reforms to serfs, made land taxes equal for nobles and make the government work more smoothly.

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Peter also improved Russia’s military and expanded Russia’s territory westward to the Baltic Sea. In 1703 he founded a city called St. Petersburg (PEE • tuhrz • BUHRG) in this area. A few years later, Russia’s capital was moved to St. Petersburg from Moscow. After Peter died, conflict erupted among Russia’s nobles. Then, in 1762 a German Russia grew more powerful princess named Catherine came to the during the reigns of Peter the throne of Russia. Early in her reign, Great (above) and (right). How did Catherine was devoted to Enlightenment Peter try to make Russia a ideas. She studied about and wrote letters European power? to the philosophes. She even thought about freeing the serfs, but a serf uprising the year Catherine died, the ideas of liberty changed her mind. In the end, she allowed and equality had spread across Europe. the nobles to treat the serfs as they pleased. These ideas seriously threatened the rule of Under Catherine, Russia gained even powerful kings and queens. more land and increased its power in Explain How did the ideas Europe. As a result, Catherine became of absolute monarchs conflict with the ideas of known as “the Great.” However, by 1796, Enlightenment thinkers?

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What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. Who were the French 4. Cause and Effect How did philosophes? Review the civil war in England affect Hobbes? • In the 1700s, many Europeans 2. What was the Encyclopedia, thought reason could make and what message did it attempt 5. Explain Do you think government and society better. to deliver to its readers? enlightened despots were Hobbes, Locke, and Montesquieu really enlightened? developed ideas about how to 3. Organizing Information 6. Conclude Which of the improve government. Draw a chart to list the Enlightenment thinkers • Enlightenment thinkers, such as rulers of the Enlightenment, discussed in this section Voltaire, Diderot, and Rousseau, their countries, and their do you think had the most described ways to make society accomplishments. impact on modern society? better. Explain your answer. RulerCountry Accomplishments • By the 1700s, most of Europe’s 7. Civics Link Describe how rulers were absolute monarchs. beliefs about people and Some, however, tried to create government during the governments based on Enlightenment are reflected Enlightenment ideas. in our government today.

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The

What’s the Connection? Meeting People Between the 1500s and 1700s, Pilgrim Europeans set up colonies in North George America. In the British colonies, English Tom Paine traditions and the Enlightenment gave colonists a strong sense of their rights. Building Your Vocabulary Focusing on the representative government • European colonies in North America constitution developed differently from each popular sovereignty other and from Europe. (page 691) (SAH•vuh•ruhn•tee) • Great Britain faced problems in limited government North America, because the American colonists objected to new British laws. Reading Strategy (page 695) Cause and Effect Complete a cause- • The American colonies formed a new and-effect diagram showing why the nation, the United States of America. British colonies declared independence. (page 698)

Locating Places Quebec (kwih•BEHK) Jamestown Boston Philadelphia

1600 1700 1800 Saratoga Boston 1620 1776 1789 New York Pilgrims found Declaration of U.S. Constitution Philadelphia colony in Independence is adopted Yorktown Massachusetts is signed

Charles Town

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Settling North America The Spanish in North America The Spanish did not ignore the lands north of European colonies in North America Mexico and the Caribbean. In the 1500s, developed differently from each other and from Spanish conquistadors explored the south- Europe. eastern corner of North America and the Reading Focus What would make you want to move lands north of Mexico. They had hoped to to a new place? In this chapter, you will learn why find wealthy empires like those of the Aztec Europeans settled in North America from the 1500s to and Inca. Instead, they found only small the 1700s. villages of Native Americans. As a result, Spain remained much more interested Previously, you learned that Spain in its colonies in Mexico, Peru, and the and Portugal built colonies in the Caribbean, because they provided large Americas in the 1500s. Beginning in the amounts of silver and gold. 1600s, the French, English, and other The Spanish did not completely ignore Europeans began setting up their own the rest of North America. They built settle- colonies in the Americas. While most of ments and forts along the northern edge of Spain’s colonies were in the Caribbean, their territory. These settlements, such as St. Mexico, and South America, most of Augustine in Florida and Santa Fe in New France and England’s colonies were in Mexico, were intended to keep other North America. Europeans out of Spanish territory.

Europeans in North America 1750

150°W 120°W

KEY

60°N British French Hudson Bay Spanish Disputed NEW N FRANCE NORTH W E Quebec S AMERICA M is s i PACIFIC s Boston s

i p Plymouth ATLANTIC OCEAN p Philadelphia i R New York OCEAN . Jamestown THIRTEEN LOUISIANA COLONIES Charles Town 30°N New Orleans NEW Gulf of FLORIDA By the 1700s, Britain, France, and Spain SPAIN Mexico TROPIC OF CANCER claimed much of the territory of North West Indies 0 2,000 mi. America. Mexico City 0 2,000 km 1. Which country controlled the area of Caribbean Sea Mercator projection

the Mississippi River? 90°W 60°W 30°W 2. What physical feature may have prevented expansion farther to the west? CHAPTER 18 Enlightenment and Revolution 691 690-700 C18S4-824133 7/16/04 4:21 PM Page 692

Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV. The French settlers in south- ern Louisiana also began bringing in enslaved Africans to grow sug- arcane, rice, and tobacco. The English Settle in America English settlers came to North America for many . While merchants set up some English colonies to make money, others were set up by people who wanted religious freedom. England’s colonies grew rapidly because of economic problems in This painting shows what the original settlement at England. Many people in England Jamestown may have looked like in 1607. What prevented wanted to move to America the Jamestown settlement from collapsing? because their landlords had evicted them from their farms. In Spanish priests also headed north. They America, they had a chance to own land for set up missions, or religious communities, themselves. Still others came because they to teach Christianity and European ways to were unemployed and needed work. the Native Americans. Missions were set up By 1600, England’s rulers had accepted in California, New Mexico, Florida, and the ideas of . Colonies and other areas of North America. trading posts in Asia and America were making Europe’s kingdoms wealthy. The France Settles North America The English government believed colonies were French came to North America to make needed to keep England strong. money from fur trading. By the 1600s, In 1607 the Virginia Company, an beaver fur had become very popular in English joint-stock company, set up the first Europe. In 1608 French merchants hired permanent English settlement in North explorer Samuel de Champlain (sham • America. The settlers named it Jamestown PLAYN) to help them. Champlain set up a after King James I. Jamestown was the first trading post named Quebec (kwih•BEHK) in town of a new colony called Virginia. what is now Canada. Quebec became the Life in Virginia was very hard. The capital of the colony of New France. colonists could barely find enough to eat. From Quebec, French fur trappers, Many settlers died from starvation and the explorers, and missionaries moved into cold winters, and others were killed in other parts of North America. In 1673 the clashes with Native Americans. explorers Louis Joliet and Jacques During those first years, the colony made Marquette found the Mississippi River. no money for the merchants who had Then in 1682 a French explorer named La invested in it. It might have collapsed had Salle followed the Mississippi all the way to not one of the settlers, John Rolfe, discovered the Gulf of Mexico. He named the region that tobacco could grow in Virginia’s soil.

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Tobacco was popular in Europe in the Church of Catholic rituals and allow each 1600s. Soon the colonists in Virginia were congregation to choose its own leaders. King growing it in large amounts and selling it for James I and his son King Charles I both a lot of money. Tobacco became the first cash believed Puritans were a threat to their crop of the English colonies. A cash crop is authority and persecuted them. grown in large quantities to sell for profit. In 1620 a group of Puritans known as Eventually, tobacco was grown on large the Pilgrims decided to go to America so Private Collection/Picture Research Consultants farms called plantations. Because planta- that they could worship freely. In 1620 they tions need many workers, the English began boarded a ship called the Mayflower and set bringing in enslaved Africans to work the out for North America. They landed just land. The success of Virginia encouraged the north of Cape Cod in what is today the state English government to set up more colonies of Massachusetts. They named their settle- in America to grow cash crops. The colony ment Plymouth. of South Carolina, for example, began grow- The success of the Pilgrims encouraged ing rice and indigo. The English also began other Puritans to begin leaving England setting up colonies in the Caribbean to grow for America. Led by John Winthrop, a sugarcane. group of Puritans landed in America and Not all English settlers came to North founded the colony of Massachusetts. America in search of wealth. Some came to Others soon followed. By 1643, more than find religious freedom. As you read in the last 20,000 Puritans had moved to America. chapter, many Protestants in England were They founded Rhode Island, Connecticut, Puritans. Puritans wanted to rid the Anglican and New Hampshire.

The Mayflower Compact The Pilgrims governed themselves accord- ing to this document. “Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the first colony in the northern Parts of Virginia; Do ...covenant [agree] and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick [political group], for our better Ordering and Preservation....And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws,...and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we The Pilgrims sign the Mayflower Compact. promise all due Submission and Obedience.” —Mayflower Compact, November 21, 1620

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Thirteen Colonies

By the early 1700s, the English 50°N KEY had created 13 colonies along the Cattle Lumber coast of North America. These Fish Rice colonies had different economies and Furs Rum societies, but they had one thing in Grain Ships Maine (Part of common: they wanted to govern Indigo Tobacco MASS.) themselves. Iron Whales

N.H. 45°N Self-Government in America The tradition of self-government began Boston Albany MASS. early in the English colonies. To N.Y. R.I. CONN. attract more settlers, the head of the

N Virginia Company gave the colonists 40° PA. New York City in Virginia the right to elect burgesses, S N.J. or representatives, from among the N I Philadelphia A men who owned land. The first T MD. DEL. N Baltimore House of Burgesses met in 1619. It U was patterned after the English O VA. ATLANTIC M OCEAN Parliament and voted on laws for the N Williamsburg Norfolk Virginia colony. A I H The House of Burgesses set an 35°N C A example for representative govern- L N.C. N A ment, or a government in which peo- P E P W ple elect representatives to make laws A Wilmington S and conduct government. It was not S.C. 0 100 mi. long before other colonies set up their

0 100 km own legislatures as well. GA. Charles Town Albers Conic Equal-Area Savannah projection A year after the Virginia House of Burgesses met, the Pilgrims arrived 80°W 75°W 30°N in North America and began their own tradition of self-government. The 13 American colonies produced Before going ashore, the Pilgrims a variety of goods. signed an agreement called the Mayflower 1. In general, where were fishing and Compact. They agreed to rule themselves whaling industries located? by choosing their own leaders and making 2. What was a major crop in Virginia and Maryland? their own laws. Over the years, most of the English colonies began drawing up constitutions, Other people seeking religious freedom or written plans of government. These doc- set up colonies as well. English Catholics uments let the colonists elect assemblies founded Maryland in 1634. The Quakers, and protected their rights. another religious group that had been per- Compare and Contrast secuted in England, founded Pennsylvania How was the founding of Jamestown different in 1680. from the founding of Plymouth?

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Scotland and became the United King- Trouble in the Colonies dom of Great Britain. The term British came Great Britain faced problems in North to mean both the English and the Scots. America, because the American colonists objected By 1750, Great Britain had become to new British laws. the world’s most powerful trading Reading Focus Do you like to make your own empire. It had 13 prosperous colonies decisions, without someone else telling you what along the Atlantic coast of America and to do? Read to find out why the American others in India and the Caribbean. For colonies wanted to make decisions without British years, Britain and its American colonies interference. seemed to get along well. This relation- ship changed, however, when the British During the early 1700s, there were tried to control trade and impose taxes many changes in England and its overseas on the colonies. These efforts angered colonies. In 1707 England united with colonists.

Colonial Trade Routes c. 1750 BRITAIN 60°N KEY N Colonial exports EUROPE WE British exports fruit rs, fish, Fu s Imports from Caribbean d good S ATLANTICfacture OCEAN 0 1,000 mi. Boston Manu s Route of slave traders store naval New York City acco, 0 1,000 km o, tob BRITAIN Philadelphia indig Mercator projection Rice, Fi Norfolk sh, fruit, meat Charles sses EUROPE m ola t Town a , m , frui n ar , fish m s F g r u u Fu s S f e l ds e o a oo a g Savannah s c u red 0 1,000 mi. s t ctu 30°N t , r ufa a n u , a l Boston R M l s r u f u re o to e i m s m s val m d a New York City h n b o, , c g , ac 0 1,000 km r e ob o , t a r go o di Mercator projection Philadelphiag in d e, u ic s R S Fi Norfolk sh, fruit, meat Charles sses m ola Town a , m n ar m F g u u s S f e l e o a a Savannah s c u s t 30°N t , r a u , l l R r u f u o WEST e i m m s d E m h nslav b ed pe , , rso g ns, gold du r e st o a r AFRICA o g d u s S 60°W 30°W 0°

WEST Enslave d persons, gold dust AFRICA

60°W 30°W 0°

Colonies shipped raw materials to Britain and received manufactured goods in return. 1. What was shipped from the colonies to West Africa? From West Africa to the colonies? 2. Which area do you think benefited most from the trade pattern shown here? The least? Why? 695 690-700 C18S4-824133 3/23/04 10:11 PM Page 696

The Road to Revolution

Riots against the Stamp Act broke King George III out in many American cities. Why was the Stamp Act unpopular in the colonies?

The Boston Massacre

Colonial Government and Trade For many the 1600s. Under these laws the colonists years, Great Britain had allowed the had to sell their raw materials to Britain American colonies the freedom to run their even if they could get a better price else- local affairs. In each colony, men who where. Any goods bought by the colonies owned property elected representatives to a from other countries in Europe had to go to legislature. Colonial legislatures passed England first and be taxed before they laws and could tax the people. However, the could be sent to the Americas. The trade governor of a colony could veto laws passed laws also said that all trade goods had to be by the legislature. The king appointed the carried on ships built in Britain or the governor in most colonies. colonies and that the crews had to be British Great Britain controlled the colonies’ as well. trade according to the ideas of mercantil- The colonists at first accepted the trade ism. The American colonies produced raw laws because it guaranteed them a place to materials, such as tobacco, rice, indigo, sell their raw materials. Later, the colonists wheat, lumber, fur, deerskin leather, fish, came to resent British restrictions. With and whale products. These were then population in the colonies growing, the shipped to Great Britain and traded for man- colonists wanted to make their own manu- ufactured goods such as clothing, furniture, factured goods. They also wanted to sell and goods from Asia, such as tea or spices. their products elsewhere if they could get To control this trade, Britain passed a higher prices. Many colonial merchants series of laws called the Navigation Acts in began smuggling, or shipping goods in and

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stating that the colonies could not be taxed except by their own assemblies. The British backed down for a while, but they still needed money. In 1767 Parliament placed taxes on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea.

Tax Protests Lead to Revolt The American colonists grumbled about the new taxes. They bullied the tax collectors, and journalists drew ugly cartoons of King George III. Worried, the British sent more troops to Boston, Massachusetts, where the largest protests had taken place. In March 1770, violence broke out. A crowd of colonists began insulting British During the Boston Tea Party, a group of soldiers and throwing snowballs at them. colonists, some dressed as Native Americans, The soldiers fired into the crowd. Five peo- dumped chests of tea into Boston Harbor. Many more colonists cheered them on from ple were killed. This event came to be called shore. What was Britain’s response to this the Boston Massacre. Shortly thereafter, all event? of the taxes were repealed, or canceled, except the one on tea. In 1773 Parliament passed the Tea Act. It allowed a British trading company to ship out of the country without paying taxes or tea to the colonies without paying the taxes getting government permission. colonial tea merchants had to pay. This allowed the company to sell its tea very Why Did the British Tax the Colonies? cheaply and threatened to drive the colonial Between 1756 and 1763, the French and tea merchants out of business. British fought for control of North America. In Massachusetts, angry colonists The British won, gaining nearly all of decided to take action. A group of protest- France’s North American empire. The war ers dressed as Native Americans boarded was very costly, however, and left the several British ships in Boston Harbor and British government deep in debt. Desperate dumped their cargoes of tea into the water. for money, the British made plans to tax the This event is known as the Boston Tea Party. colonists and tighten trade rules. To punish the colonists, Parliament in In 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act, 1774 passed laws that closed down Boston which taxed newspapers and other printed Harbor and put the government of material. All of these items had to bear a Massachusetts under military rule. It also stamp showing that the tax was paid. The said that British troops should be quartered, colonists were outraged. They responded by or given a place to live, in colonists’ homes. boycotting, or refusing to buy, British goods. The colonists called these laws the Finally, delegates from nine colonies Intolerable Acts, or laws they could not bear. met in New York to discuss the Stamp Act. The Intolerable Acts made the colonists They sent a letter to the British government more determined to fight for their liberties.

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In September 1774, delegates from 12 The War of Independence colonies met in Philadelphia. They called themselves the First Continental Congress. The American colonies formed a new The Congress spoke out against the nation, the United States of America. Intolerable Acts and called for their repeal. Reading Focus What causes people to go to war? Read Colonial leaders, however, were divided to find out how the war between Great Britain and the about what to do. Some, like George Americans shaped the course of world history. Washington of Virginia, hoped to settle the differences with Great Britain. Others, like Before the colonists could decide what to Samuel Adams of Massachusetts and do, fighting broke out in Massachusetts. The Patrick Henry of Virginia, wanted the British set out to destroy a store of weapons colonies to become independent. at Concord. On April 19, 1775, they met Identify What was the colonial troops at Lexington and fought the Boston Tea Party? first battle of the American Revolution.

The Declaration of Independence On July 4, 1776, Congress approved the Declaration of Independence. The preamble— the first part of the document—explains Congress’s reason for issuing the declaration: “When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another....they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.” The document also explained that people have certain basic rights: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” —Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776

Benjamin Franklin, , and Why do you think the Congress thought Thomas Jefferson, shown left to right, they had to issue a written declaration of worked together to write the Declaration independence? of Independence.

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The American leaders who met in Philadelphia in 1787 and wrote the United States Constitution were some of the nation’s greatest political minds. What sort of system of government did the Constitution create?

In May 1775, the Second Continental George III had violated colonists’ rights, and Congress met in Philadelphia. George so they had the right to rebel. Washington was named head of a new colo- The Declaration also drew from earlier nial army. The Congress then tried again to English documents, such as the Magna settle their differences with Great Britain. Carta and the English Bill of Rights. Both They appealed to King George III, who documents established the idea that govern- refused to listen. ments are not all-powerful and that rulers More and more Americans began to had to obey the laws and treat citizens fairly. think that independence was the only answer. In January 1776, a writer named How Did the Americans Win the War? Tom Paine made up many minds when he After the Declaration was made, the war wrote a pamphlet called Common Sense. between the British and Americans dragged Paine used strong words to condemn the on. The first important American victory king and urged the colonists to separate came in 1777 at the Battle of Saratoga in from Great Britain. New York. This battle marked a turning point in the war. France, Great Britain’s old The Declaration of Independence On enemy, realized that the United States might July 4, 1776, the Congress issued the actually win. In 1778 France agreed to help Declaration of Independence. Written by the Americans. Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, the The French were very important in the Declaration stated that the colonies were final victory. This came in 1781 at the Battle separating from Great Britain and forming a of Yorktown on the coast of Virginia. The new nation, the United States of America. French navy blocked the British from escap- In the Declaration, Jefferson explained ing by sea, while American and French why the colonists were founding a new forces surrounded and trapped the British nation. To do this, Jefferson borrowed the inside Yorktown. Realizing they could not ideas of John Locke. In Section 3, you win, the British laid down their weapons. learned about Locke’s idea that people have Peace negotiations began, and two years the right to overthrow governments that later, the ended the war. violate their rights. The Declaration stated that “all men are created equal” and have The United States Constitution In 1783 certain God-given rights. It said that King Great Britain recognized American

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independence. At first the United States Under the Constitution, the United was a confederation, or a loose union of States was a republic with an elected presi- independent states. Its plan of government dent instead of a king. Elections held in was a document called the Articles of 1789 made the first Confederation. The Articles created a president of the United States. That same national government, but the states held year, a Bill of Rights was added to the U.S. most powers. It soon became clear that the Constitution. The Bill of Rights set out cer- Articles were too weak to deal with the new tain rights the government could not vio- nation’s problems. late. These rights included freedom of In 1787, 55 delegates met in Philadelphia religion, speech, and press, and the right to to change the Articles. Instead, they decided trial by jury. to write a constitution for an entirely new The U.S. Constitution was also shaped national government. The new United by Enlightenment principles. One of these is States Constitution set up a federal system, popular sovereignty (SAH•vuh•ruhn•tee), or in which powers were divided between the the idea that government receives its powers national government and the states. from the people. Another is limited Following the ideas of Montesquieu, power government, or the idea that a government in the national government was divided may use only those powers given to it by the between executive, legislative, and judicial people. branches. A system called checks and bal- Explain Why did the ances enabled each branch to limit the pow- colonists decide to separate from Great Britain ers of the other branches. and create a new nation?

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What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. When and where was the first 5. Civics Link Which of John battle of the American Review the Locke’s ideas appeared in the Revolution fought? Declaration of Independence? • In North America, the French settled in Canada and along the 2. What is the Bill of Rights? 6. Explain How did the search Mississippi River, while the British Critical Thinking for religious freedom affect settled along the Atlantic coast. the founding of colonies in 3. Sequence Information America? • Americans protested when the Draw a time line like the one British government attempted below. Fill in events related to 7. Persuasive Writing Write to impose more control and the American Revolution. two letters to the editor at a more taxes on the colonies. colonial newspaper. One should support British involve- • The Americans defeated the ment in its American colonies. British in the American Revolution 4. Analyze Why did England’s The other should support and set up a republican form of colonies in America grow the colonists’ arguments for government with powers divided quickly? independence. among three branches.

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