Cholera Neighborhoods." the Daily News [London], 14 Sept

Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Argus. "Cholera Neighborhoods." The Daily News [London], 14 Sept. 1854. ProQuest Historical Newspapers, newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/390820452/?terms=st%2Bjames&pqsid=Sbn9f95Ab

Ug9VNjUCAH9qQ:88000:704544472. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. This newspaper article,

published near the end of the Broad Street epidemic, gave an account of the effect of the

disease. The removal of the pump handle was not mentioned, and the only mention of

Snow's work was a short sentence crediting him for having "one opinion."

Cholera Art. 1 Oct. 1831. Wikimedia Commons, upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Cholera_art.jpg. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020.

This illustration showed a popular dramatization of how cholera was spread. I used it in

comparison with a later political cartoon to show the changes in how the spread of the

disease was looked at and talked about.

Cholera Belt. Wikimedia Commons, upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Cholera_belt.jpg/170px-Cholera_

belt.jpg. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020. This ad interested me, as I was unclear what a cholera

belt was or why it would be standard military issue. I found it interesting how

mainstream totally unhelpful "cures" had become by Snow's time.

Cholera Epidemic Notice. 9 Nov. 1853. Soho Memories, Westminster City Archives, sohomemories.org.uk/images/uploaded/scaled/WCA00044.jpg. Accessed 20 Feb. 2020. I

used this image in my discussion of the "less than scientific" cures of cholera. It supports

my claim that many of the cures are focused on the wrong method of treatment for

cholera, as this ad advises precautions which would protect against a respiratory disease

more easily than a waterborne one.

The Cholera Inquiry Committee. Report on the Cholera Outbreak in the Parish of St. James, Westminster, during the Autumn of 1854. London, J. Churchill, 1855. Internet Archives, archive.org/details/b21780778/page/8/mode/2up. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020. I used this

report from Snow's committee to better understand the methodology and results of Snow

and Whitehead's work. I found the conclusions impressive in that they were very

thoroughly researched, supported, and analyzed, and was astounded that, despite this

incredible amount of work, the report was not taken seriously until later.

"The Cholera Morbus and the Sanitary Movement." The Times [London], 13 Sept. 1849. ProQuest Historical Newspapers, newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/33038721/?terms=inscrutable%2Bsecrets&pqsid=5-

Btms4y3yztvOdoJ4wyEA:77000:1377411648. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. This article

detailed several of the theories for how cholera spread, including by miasma, proximity

to plague burial grounds, and habitation in poorer neighborhoods. I found the many

theories interesting, and saw them as an important reminder that correlation does not

mean causation. I quoted this in my discussion about the "wall of theories."

Cochrane, Charles. "Lodging-Houses in Field Lane." Poor Man's Guardian [London], 20 Nov. 1847. British Library, www.bl.uk/britishlibrary/~/media/bl/global/dl%20romantics%20and%20victorians/collec

tion-item-images/p/o/o/poor%20field%20m00009%2051.jpg. Accessed 21 May 2020.

This article describes the condition of several London boarding houses in-depth. I felt

that it complemented the article from the slum dwellers by providing an outside

perspective of the filth and overcrowding in the poorest parts of the cities.

Cross-Section of Cesspit. Museum of London Archaeology, www.mola.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/Victorian%20Cesspit.jpg. Accessed 19 Feb.

2020. I used this image to get an idea for how much debris was left in the cesspits, and

how little they were actually cleaned, a contributing cause of the filth on the streets of

Victorian London.

Dickens, Charles. Preface to the Cheap Edition of Oliver Twist. 1837. British Library, www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/english/all/oliver-tl.jpg. Accessed 21 May 2020. In this

preface, Dickens explains the inspiration for Jacob's Island, a filthy, poor neighborhood

in Oliver Twist. He explains that he believes that the filth surrounding the poorer classes of London's society created the root cause for their lack of success. Dickens was, and still

is, a well known advocate for the poor, and I included his description of the "Jacob's

Island" living conditions in my description of London's Persistent Problem.

"Dr. Snow's Report,' in Report on the Cholera Outbreak in the Parish of St. James, Westminster,

during the Autumn of 1854." UCLA Department of Epidemiology, U of California, Los Angeles, www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/drsnowsrepparishstjames.html. Accessed 19 Feb.

2020. This site contained the content of the paper which Snow read to the Cholera

Inquiry Committee in July, 1855. This was the third part of the report on the outbreak, the

original of which was dated December 12, 1854. This segment of the report detailed the

causes of the outlying deaths and the reasons for the outlying survivors.

Father Thames Introducing His Offspring to the Fair City of London. 1858. British Library, www.bl.uk/britishlibrary/~/media/bl/global/victorians/collection%20items/punch%20fath

er%201858%2007%2003%205.jpg?w=80. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. This illustration is a

satirical rendering of the Thames water showing the lack of sanitation in the city, with

cholera, diphtheria and scrofula approaching London threateningly. It was intended as an

attack on Parliament for not cleaning up the water. I used this image as it clearly showed

the shift from treating cholera as an airborne disease to a waterborne one.

Field Lane Lodging House. 20 Nov. 1847. British Library, www.bl.uk/britishlibrary/~/media/bl/global/dl%20romantics%20and%20victorians/collec

tion-item-images/p/o/o/poor%20field%20m00009%2050.jpg. Accessed 21 May 2020.

This image, which was originally featured on the cover of The Poor Man's Guardian, shows the cross section of a filthy, overcrowded boarding house in a poor district of

London. I included it in my discussion of the improper sanitation present in poorer

neighborhoods.

General Board of Health Medical Council. Appendix to Report of the Committee for Scientific Inquiries in Relation to the Cholera-epidemic of 1854. London, George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode, 1855. Internet Archives, archive.org/details/b20422234_0/page/148/mode/2up. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020. This

publication contained the instructions given to the Broad Street investigators, as well as

their exact findings on Broad Street. Combined with the actual "Report of the Committee

for Scientific Inquiries," this publication showed me how biased scientists were towards

the miasma theory and how subjective their supporting evidence was. I quoted some of

the directives employed during the examination of the street in my discussion of this lack

of an empirical process.

---. Report of the Committee for Scientific Inquiries in Relation to the Cholera-Epidemic of 1854. London, George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode, 1854. Michigan State University, kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/21/120/15-78-BE-22-1855-ReportCfSI.pdf. Accessed 19 Feb.

2020. I used this account to compare the Board of Health's methodology to that employed

by Snow. I also used it to better understand the rationale behind the Board's response to

the epidemic, or lack thereof. I found it especially interesting how they completely

discounted the presence of a waterborne contagion, despite the confirmed presence of

"organisms" in the Thames water, simply because they were so convinced that cholera

was spread through the air.

Hessler, John. Interview. Conducted by Laura Bliss. Collecting the Maps of the Coronavirus Pandemic, City Lab, 4 May 2020, www.citylab.com/life/2020/05/library-of-congress-archive-maps-coronavirus-cartograph

y/611038/?utm_medium=social&utm_content=citylab&utm_campaign=socialflow-organ

ic&utm_source=facebook&fbclid=IwAR2c6-67mK2U0lmdFSqEVddY-a2qhvhnrkl7lUb

6HEcgFtdKY8m8agvvPiE%3Futm_source%3Dfbb. Accessed 21 May 2020. During this

interview, John Hessler, the Library of Congress's cartography and GIS specialist,

answered questions regarding the use of maps in the current COVID-19 pandemic and his

own experience working with them at the Library of Congress. I found that he had a very

interesting perspective, as his main goal in collecting the maps is not to gain information

regarding the spread of disease, but rather to preserve them as a piece of history for

further generations. While this is very easily done with "traditional" paper maps, the

constantly evolving, "live," digital maps make this much more difficult. However, as

Hessler notes, despite the change in how the information is portrayed, the underlying goal

remains the same as it was in 1854: to record the spread of the disease, make inferences

about its cause or origin, and predict the next stage.

Johns Hopkins University and Medical. COVID-19 World Map. Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center, Johns Hopkins, 21 May 2020, coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html. Accessed 21 May 2020. Disease Map. Johns Hopkins keeps an up-to-date map of the COVID-19

cases throughout the world. I used a screenshot of this map as the background for my

thesis page.

Johnson, George. "Treatment of Cholera by Castor Oil." Jackson's Oxford Journal [London], 16 Sept. 1854. ProQuest Historical Newspapers, newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/389100637/?terms=cholera%2Btreatments&pqsid=1

oSWZC-tE2MMvz1wK4uvgA:716000:64133814. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. Even

knowing how little was understood about medicine, I was astounded that a laxative

would be prescribed to treat a disease for which loss of fluids is the primary cause of

death. It made me realize how all of the earlier articles claiming to know little to nothing

about how the disease affected the body weren't over-exaggerating. I used this article as

an example of the quack cures available for cholera.

Mayhew, Henry. London Labour and the London Poor. Vol. 1, London, Griffin, Bohn, and Co., 1861. 4 vols. Internet Archives, archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.7618/page/n21/mode/2up. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020. I

used this account of the condition of the London poor to set up the basis for my argument

about class distinctions in London. Mayhew's work contained some of the most detailed

accounts of life in the city, and it was very helpful for gaining an understanding of the

cities sanitation, especially the night-soil system.

---. Voices of the Poor: Selections from the "Morning Chronicle" "Labour and the Poor." Edited by Anne Humphreys, Frank Cass, 1971. Google Books, books.google.com/books?id=D_ArBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR20&lpg=PR20&dq=london+mor

ning+chronicle+sept+24+1849&source=bl&ots=BZhWWcVTcc&sig=ACfU3U2REU2-

E-oSfnCvbuQM78cR93KHXA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8u_2Ns_nmAhUBjVkK

HYYdCWAQ6AEwA3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false. Accessed 20 Feb. 2020. I

used this compilation to find newspaper articles written by Mayhew which pertained to

London's sanitation. This source contained the "muddy water" quote which I included in

my project and which was originally published in the Morning Chronicle. Monster Soup Commonly Called Thames Water. Monthly Review, monthlyreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Monster-soup-commonly-called-Thame

s-water-being-a-correct-representation-of-that-precious-stuff-doled-out-to-us.jpg.

Accessed 18 Feb. 2020. I used this political cartoon as an example of how dirty the

Thames water was known to be. I found it interesting that, despite the known presence of

microorganisms in the water, miasma remained the prevalent theory for cholera's

transmission.

Residents of Church Lane and Carrier Street. "A Sanitary Remonstrance." The Times [London], 5 July 1849. ProQuest Historical Newspapers,

www.newspapers.com/newspage/32884334/. Accessed 21 May 2020. This source was

perhaps the most interesting of all of the ones that I found, as it shares the perspective of

a a group which is often ignored by textbooks: the under-educated, poor, working-class

citizens of London. The phonetic spelling and faulty grammar attest to the fact that many

poorer citizens did not have the same educational opportunities of their upper class

neighbors, and so there are very few surviving first-hand accounts of their struggles,

making this letter even more interesting and helpful. While letters of the better educated

upper class show eloquent and thought-provoking descriptions of London's sanitation, I

felt that this simple, to-the-point letter did much more to share the plight of the largely

unrepresented slum dwellers. The colloquial descriptions and clear imagery left a clear

picture of these people's living conditions which I felt was difficult to gain from other,

more generalized appeals published by sympathetic gentlemen. The author did not give

his name, but rather attributed the letter to the "respeckfull servents in Church Lane,

Carrier St., and the other corts." 54 of these people signed below the letter. I quoted this

letter several times throughout my site.

Seventeenth Annual Report of the Registrar-General of Births, Deaths and Marriages in

England. London, George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode, 1856. Hathi Trust, babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924092995418&view=1up&seq=300. Accessed 19

Feb. 2020. In addition to keeping track of the total number of deaths in each region of

London, the annual report included a section dedicated to cholera. This section compared

deaths in areas of different elevations, with different water providers, and kept track of

meteorological data for each region. In looking at the information which was deemed

important enough to report on, I was able to get a sense of the confusion surrounding

cholera. I used a screenshot of the data on deaths per each water provider in my

discussion of Snow's methodology.

Sewage Spilling into the Thames. 1849. Smithsonian Institute, public.media.smithsonianmag.com/legacy_blog/Sewer-and-cesspool-overflow-Punch-18

49.jpg. Accessed 19 Feb. 2020. I used this image, which was originally published in

Punch magazine, in my discussion of London's sanitation problem. It depicts sewage

spilling into the River Thames from a primitive sewer.

Seymour, Robert. A London Board of Health Hunting after Cases like Cholera. 1 Mar. 1832. U.S. National Library of Medicine Digital Collections, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101393365-img. Accessed

19 Feb. 2020. I found this image of the Board of Health sniffing out cholera very

humorous, and also very indicative of the type of research employed by the Board. I

included this image in my discussion of the miasma theory.

Snow, John. Broad Street Disease Map. 1854. National Geographic, media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/photos/000/276/27636.jpg. Accessed 19 Feb. 2020. I

used Snow's map to support my claim that he used a new and more effective method of

tracking the path of an epidemic. I also used it to help myself visualize the neighborhood

and locate some of the outlying cases (or lack thereof).

---. Cholera and the Water Supply in the South Districts of London in 1854. London, 1856. Internet Archives, archive.org/details/b30477013/mode/2up. Accessed 19 Feb. 2020. This book is available under public domain, however the copy digitized on Internet Archives

does not contain reference to an original publisher or a copyright page. I used this source

to learn about Snow's concerns with the water supply, as well as his methods of

localizing the source of cholera to the water supply.

---. On the Pathology and Mode of Communication of Cholera. 1849. Internet Archives, archive.org/details/b30387218/page/n7/mode/2up. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020. This source

was available through Internet Archives, and the version available did not include a title

page with copyright information. I used it to find Snow's initial theories and concerns

about cholera, as this was one of his first monographs on the subject. I found it

interesting how ahead of his time Snow was, as his theories fit very closely with modern

medical thought.

"Sudden Ravages of the Cholera." The Observer [London], 3 Sept. 1854. ProQuest Historical Newspapers, newscomwc.newspapers.com/clip/16915263/the_observer_london_sep_3_1854/.

Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. This article was published near the beginning of the Broad Street

epidemic. I was astounded by the brevity in which it addressed the spread of cholera, as

the "upwards of forty fatal cases" reported only merited a short paragraph. I also found it

interesting that there was very little mention of what was being done to contain the

epidemic, only the complaint that the cause and solution were, as yet, unknown.

Sutherland, and Hawthorne. "Treatment of Cholera." The Liverpool Mercury, 16 Jan. 1849. ProQuest Historical Newspapers, newscomwc.newspapers.com/image/390649049/?terms=cholera%2Btreatments&pqsid=1

oSWZC-tE2MMvz1wK4uvgA:716000:64133814. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. This article

highlighted the tense disagreement which existed between medical professionals at the

time. It was co-written by two doctors seeking to promote their treatment for cholera,

which consisted of administering opium to affected patients. They appeared to be

responding to another doctor who had written that the opium treatment had killed several

of his patients. I think it speaks to the amount of fear and confusion surrounding cholera,

as even with these claims, the authors were unwilling to abandon their treatment.

Vibrio cholerae under a Microscope. Harvard, hms.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/assets/News/2012/images/Aug/Cholera--vibriosSIZE

D.jpg. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. I used this image of the Vibrio cholerae bacteria in my

discussion of Koch and his contributions to the treatment of cholera.

"The Virtues of Salt as a Remedy for the Cold, or Collapsed Stage of Cholera." Jackson's Oxford Journal [Oxford], 16 Sept. 1854. ProQuest Historical Newspapers, www.newspapers.com/image/389100637/?terms=the%2Bvirtues%2Bof%2Bsalt.

Accessed 4 Apr. 2020. This article detailed how salt could benefit cholera patients.

Considering that cholera kills primarily through dehydration, this theory was one of many

incredibly dangerous and incorrect assumptions. I used this image as the header of "A

Wall of Theories" because I felt that it easily displayed the confusion surrounding the

natures of the disease.

"A Visit to the Cholera Districts." The Morning Chronicle [London], 24 Sept. 1849. British Library, www.bl.uk/learning/images/makeanimpact/publichealth/large12720.html. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020. This section of the Morning Chronicle detailed the path of

cholera through a neighborhood. It helped me appreciate how devastating the disease

was, and how many people were killed.

Secondary Sources

Banner Avoid Dehydration with Apps. Water Logic, www.waterlogic.com/en-gb/media/shared/images/blog/banner-avoid-dehydration-with-a

pps.jpg. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020. I used this picture of a glass of water as the background

for my header on the "A Persistent Problem" page.

Barton, Marc. "John Snow and the 1854 Cholera Outbreak." Past Medical History, 23 Jan. 2018, www.pastmedicalhistory.co.uk/john-snow-and-the-1854-cholera-outbreak/. Accessed 16

Dec. 2019. I used this site to gain further insight into John Snow's life and work. I also

used it as a starting point for identifying lasting impacts of Snow's work.

Broad Street Pump Close-up 2. UCLA Department of Epidemiology, U of California Los Angeles, www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/broadstreetpumpcloseup2.jpg. Accessed 4 Apr.

2020. This photo shows the Broad Street Pump memorial, which commemorates Snow's

work. I used it as the background for the header of "A Broader Street View."

"Cholera." History.com, 21 Aug. 2018, www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-cholera. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. I used this site to gain an understanding of the history of cholera

in Europe, specifically in London. I used the dates it provided for the major global

cholera epidemics on my timeline.

"Cholera." Mayo Clinic, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/symptoms-causes/syc-20355287.

Accessed 19 Feb. 2020. I used this site to learn more about the symptoms, common

causes, and prevention of cholera.

"Cholera." World Health Organization, www.who.int/cholera/kit/en/. Accessed 16 Dec. 2019. I used this website to help get an idea of steps being taken to prevent cholera today. I was

then able to compare today's treatment standards to those in the 1800's, which gave me a

better idea of the problems faced by those attempting to treat cholera.

"Cholera - Vibrio cholerae Infection." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3 May 2018, www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html. Accessed 16 Dec. 2019. I used this site to gain

information on the modern understanding of cholera and its transmission. This allowed

me to further understand the problems associated with early cholera treatment. It also

allowed me to see how beneficial the breakthroughs made during the Broad Street

outbreak and in the time afterwards were to medicine as a whole.

"A Conversation with Experts: Perspectives on John Snow." EdX, HarvardX: PredictionX, 2015, d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/HarvardXSOC1.jsx-V001100_DTH.mp4. Accessed 21

May 2020. This video featured a discussion of the impact and modern-day (2015)

significance of Snow's work. I used a portion of the video, where Dr. Don Goldmann

discussed how Snow combined "shoe-leather" epidemiology and map-making on my

"Broader Street View" page.

Halliday, Stephen. "Death and Miasma in Victorian London: An Obstinate Belief." National Center for Biotechnology Information, 22 Dec. 2001, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1121911/#!po=79.1667. Accessed 17 Feb.

2020. I used this source to gain an appreciation for how deeply rooted the Victorian

belief in the miasma theory was. It also contained a quote from Edwin Chadwick which I

used on my website.

Hitchcock, Tim. "London, 1780-1900." Digital Panopticon, www.digitalpanopticon.org/London,_1780-1900. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020. This site

outlines the population growth in London, which I used to emphasize the sewage

problem faced by London in the 1800's.

Jackson, Lee. "Cesspools and Sewers: Toilets in Dirty Old London." Yale University Press Blog, Yale, 19 Nov. 2014, blog.yalebooks.com/2014/11/19/dirty-old-london-toilets-sewers/.

Accessed 19 Feb. 2020. This page was part of a series of posts written by author Lee

Jackson to promote his book, Dirty Old London. It provided an outline of London's sanitation systems, especially the lack of a unified sewer system and the repercussions of

this. It also dealt with the attempted, and often incorrect, solutions put forward by the

Board of Health to solve the problem of waste, smell, and disease.

---. "'Dirty Old London': A History of the Victorians' Infamous Filth." NPR, 12 Mar. 2015, www.npr.org/2015/03/12/392332431/dirty-old-london-a-history-of-the-victorians-infamo

us-filth. Accessed 19 Feb. 2020. Interview. I used this NPR interview with Lee Jackson,

the author of Dirty Old London, to better understand the role of the night soil men in Victorian London. The interview also went into detail about the living conditions for the

Victorian poor and working class families.

"John Snow and the Cholera Outbreak of 1854." EdX, HarvardX: PredictionX, 2015, d2f1egay8yehza.cloudfront.net/HarvardXSOC1.jsx-V000800_DTH.mp4. Accessed 21

May 2020. I used a portion of this video on my "Broader Street View" page, because I

felt that it did a good job of describing the chain of events that led to the 1854 epidemic. I

especially liked how it layered a period illustration of the cholera pump over the modern

street view.

"John Snow: Pioneer of Epidemiology." PBS Learning Media, PBS, www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/envh10.sci.life.nathis.johnsnow/john-snow-pioneer-

of-epidemiology/. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020. I liked that this video illustrated the chaos of

the Victorian era, and that it traced Snow's work from the immediate impact all the way

to the lasting effects still present today. I used two clips in my website: one which

described Snow's doubt in the miasma theory, and a second which outlined the

revolutionary methods Snow employed and how they are still the cornerstone of public

health today.

Johnson, Steven. Ghost Map: The Story of London's Deadliest Epidemic-- and How It Changed the Way We Think about Disease, Cities, Science, and the Modern World. New York, Penguin Group, 2006. I used this book as the starting point of my research. It provided

me with a basic outline of the Broad Street Outbreak, as well as with other pertinent

issues affecting London in the 1850's. I also used it to identify other sources, especially

primary sources, which I used to round out my research.

Kousoulis, Antonis A. "Etymology of Cholera." National Center for Biotechnology Information, Mar. 2012, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3309598/. Accessed 17 Feb. 2020.

This site gave an overview of the scientific and medical approaches to cholera through

history. I used this source to gain an understanding of the earliest mentions of cholera,

especially those by Hippocrates.

Lippi, D., and E. Gotuzzo. "The Greatest Steps Towards the Discovery of Vibrio cholerae."

UCLA Department of Epidemiology, U of California, Los Angeles, 12 Sept. 2013, www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/CMI_GreatestStepsDiscoveryVcholerae_Sept12_2013_ahead

ofprint.pdf. Accessed 19 Feb. 2020. I used this overview of the history of cholera

treatment to see how the scientific understanding of cholera has changed over time as a

result of Snow's work. I also used this source to gain further insight into Koch's

discovery.

"Location of Water Companies." UCLA Department of Epidemiology, U of California, Los Angeles, www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/watercompanies.html. Accessed 19 Feb. 2020. I

used this site to determine the exact locations of the water intake sites for the two water

companies Snow compared, Lambeth and Southwark and Vauxhall. I used this

information on my map of the water supply for London.

London Water Companies. Google Maps, Google, www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/edit?mid=1Bx6CD0dUiotSJTIbmngsAYv_IfI-b8KX&ll=5

1.462419194288%2C-0.19349869999996372&z=11. Accessed 20 Feb. 2020. Map. I

used Google Maps as a background to create my map of the London Water Companies in

1854. I used the intake locations I found on the UCLA site and used Google's "my maps"

feature to mark them on my map.

Mari. Dripping Water. 9 Nov. 2011. Flickr, www.flickr.com/photos/masano/6490425413/. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020. I used this photo of water dripping as the background of the

header for the "Beyond Broad Street" page.

Renbourn, E. T. "The History of the Flannel Binder and Cholera Belt." Cambridge, www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S002572730002128

1. Accessed 18 Feb. 2020. I used this source to gain a better understanding of the uses of

the cholera belt, since I was entirely unclear about its purpose. I found it interesting how

the belt's purpose fit so intricately into the miasma theory, as the belts were intended to

be a barrier between the skin and the "elements."

Ruths, Mitali Banerjee. "The Lesson of John Snow and the Broad Street Pump." AMA Journal of Ethics, American Medical Association, journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/lesson-john-snow-and-broad-street-pump/2009-06.

Accessed 17 Feb. 2020. This article talked about the lasting impact of Snow's work. I

used it to gain an understanding of more recent uses of Snow's tactics as a part of modern

epidemiology.

Vibrio cholerae. Creative Biolabs Vaccine, www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/images/Vibrio-Cholerae-as-Vaccine-vectors-1.png.

Accessed 16 Dec. 2019. I used this image as the background of my site logo, as well as

the headers for most pages.

"Water Pump Icon #428100 - Free Icons Library." PNGio, pngio.com/images/png-a330945.html. Accessed 4 Apr. 2020. I used this pump handle outline as the top of the pump on my

timeline.

WHO Cholera Kits. World Health Organization, www.who.int/mediacentre/infographic/cholera/Cholera-kits-310px.jpg. Accessed 16 Dec.

2019. This image provided a detailed list of the contents of a cholera kit, which is used to

18 treat cholera. These kits are readily available in developing nations, and greatly help reduce deaths from cholera. This image helped me see how far the treatment of cholera has progressed since Snow's time.