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Archbishop Laud, Religion, the Reformation and Soda/ Change

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Archbishop Laud, Religion, the Reformation and Soda/ Change THE LAST DAYS OF HITLER HuGH TREVOR-RoPER (Lord Dacre of Glanton) was born at Glanton, Northumberland, and was educated at Charterhouse and Christ Church, Oxford, where he read classics and modem history. From 1937 to 1939 he was a Research Fellow of Merton College, and subsequently a Student of Christ Church and Uni­ versity Lecturer in History. He was Regius Professor of Modem History, University of Oxford from 1957 to 1980, and Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge from 1980 to 1987. His books include Archbishop Laud, Religion, the Reformation and Soda/ Change, The Hermit of Peking, Renaissance Essays, Catholics, Anglicans and Puri­ tans and From Counter-Reformation to Glorious Revolution. HuGH TREVOR-RoPER THE LAST DAYS OF HITLER Seventh Edition ©Hugh Trevor-Roper 1971, 1978, 1987, 1995 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 7th edition 1995 978-0-333-66291-5 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Totten ham Court Road, london W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 1947 Seventh edition, with a new Preface, 1995 Published by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-14106-7 ISBN 978-1-349-14104-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-14104-3 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Transferred to digital printing 2003 CoNTENTS PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION ix INTRODUCTION TO THE THIRD EDITION XiX ONE HITLER AND HIS COURT I TWO HITLER IN DEFEAT J8 THREE THE COURT IN DEFEAT 66 FOUR CRISIS AND DECISION 95 FIVE THE SIEGE OF THE BUNKER 128 SEVEN THEDEATHOFHITLER I74 SIX ETTU BRUTE I46 EPILOGUE 205 NOTE ON SOURCES 2 I 7 INDEX 222 0 0 Grunewato Forest Tempelhof Alrf181d Fridenau WEST AND CENTRAL BERLIN Showing escape routes used 29 April-1 May 1945 lfl Reich Chancellery Escape routes 29 April General direction of attempted escapes 1/2 May PLAN OF HITLER's BuNKER UPPER LEVEL LOWER LEVEL STAIRS TO NEW CHANCEllERY ~ it 0 z GARDEN "'a:w f2 Bodies burnt here e X EMERGENCY EXIT DOGRUN D 'BULKHEAD L STAIRS TO FOREIGN OFFICE GARDEN 1-4 Diaetkueche (kitchen, etc.) 20 Hitler's bedroom 5-6 Lumber rooms 21 'Map room' or conference room 7-8 Servants' quaners 22 'Dog-bunker' or guards' room 9-12 Frau Goebbels' and children's 23 Power house (Diesel engine) rooms 24 Telephone and guard room 13 Electric light switchboard 25 Emergency telephone exchange 14 WCs 26 Drawing room 15 Private bathroom 27 Goebbels' bedroom (previously 16 Eva Braun's dressing-room Morell's) 17 Eva Braun's bed-sitting room 28-29 Stumpfegger's room 18 Hitler's study 30 Anteroom and cloakroom 19 Anteroom to Hitler's suite PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION It is now fifty years since I was appointed by the late Sir Dick White, then head of Counter-Intelligence in the British Zone of Germany, to find out, if possible, what had happened to Hitler, who, by that time, had been missing for over four months. I carried out my task and made my report to the Four Power Intelligence Committee in Berlin on 1 November 1945· That report, which is sometimes cited as 'The British Intelligence Report on the Death of Hider', completed my official duty. After­ wards, when I had been demobilized, Sir Dick White persuaded me to write this book, which was first published in March 1947. I then dedicated it to him. I now dedicate it to his memory, as its only begetter, and my constant friend. After fifty years a book which has never been out of print may celebrate a modest jubilee, and in this preface I shall give a brief account of its fortune over those years. I have already said some­ thing of this in the introductory chapter, which began as the introduction to the third edition; but even that chapter was writ­ ten nearly forty years ago, when the events of 1945 were still fresh in memory. Now, for most readers, they have sunk into history; so I can look back on the matter from a more distant perspective and take a somewhat longer view. The immediate problem which faced me in 1945 was the per­ sonal fate of Hider. That was my brief, and I kept to it. But in addition to this first problem, the German problem, there was also a second problem which, though distinct, could not be entirely disentangled from it, which dogged me throughout my inquiry, and which remained unsolved for several years thereafter. This was the Russian problem. For how was it possible, I asked myself, that the Russians, who had captured Berlin and occupied X THE LAST DAYS OF HITLER the ruins of Hitler's Chancellery, could have failed, or omitted, to establish the facts about Hitler's fate? They had the opportunity, and the means, perhaps the duty, to do so, and yet in September 1945 they were expressing complete ignorance, and thereby spreading the confusion, the speculation and the suspi<;:ion which I was called upon to dissipate. Since it was no part of my brief to unravel this second mystery, I did not, during my inquiry, address myself to it. But I could not fail to notice the paradox implicit in the situation. For while the Russian authorities professed their own inability to solve the problem of Hitler's fate, they showed no desire to see it solved by others. They neither sought evidence from us nor answered our legitimate questions. They seemed totally uninterested and avoided all discussion of the subject. When I made my report, the Russian general present, when invited to comment, replied laconically, and in a toneless voice, 'Very interesting'. All this seemed odd to me; but as the Russians were our allies, we had to respect their foibles, to which, by that time, we had become accustomed. The solution to this Russian problem came in 1955, when Nikita Khrushchev liberated the German prisoners of war held in Russia and sent them home. By questioning them I was able to establish the facts and dealt with them fully in the new introduc­ tion to the third edition of my book. That introduction has been an integral part of the book ever since, and I need not repeat its contents here. Thus by 1956 both the German and the Russian problems concerning the death of Hitler had been solved; but each of them had left behind it certain residual problems of which I felt obliged to take notice in annexes - prefaces or appendices - to successive editions of my book. In this edition I have decided to eliminate all such annexes. Progress reports in on-going controversies, they have become otiose in so far as those controversies are resolved. It will be enough ifl now resume them, in a more summary manner, and deal with them together. The residue of the German problem concerned the fate of Martin Bormann, who had also disappeared during the fall of Berlin. What had happened to him? My inquiry had satisfied PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION Xi me that he had been in Berlin to the end, and that he had intended to survive. He had proposed to make his way to the West and to offer the benefit of his advice to the successor appointed by Hitler, Admiral Doenitz, who was then in Ploen, on the Danish border. I knew that he had left the Bunker alive, but had never reached his destination. One witness, Artur Axmann, Reich Youth Leader, claimed, very circumstantially, to have seen his dead body in Berlin, but since his statement was uncorroborated, I could give it only provisional acceptance. So the question was left open. This uncertainty lit a long train of fanciful theories, which have spluttered intermittently for fifty years. In 1965 a licensed Soviet journalist, Lev Bezymenski, dutifully published 'evidence' that Bormann had escaped to South America to serve 'US imperialism' in the Cold War. In fact his own work was itself an exercise in that war, though a very weak one: correctly interpreted, his alleged evidence showed not that Bormann was moving from Germany to South America but that his office was being moved from Berlin to Tyrol. However, the South American thesis was kept going for another decade. Its last champion was an American writer, Ladis­ las Farago, an enterprjsing but rather trustful man. After follow­ ing an apparently hot trail through that large continent, he claimed to have run Bormann to ground in the hospital of a Redemptorist convent in Bolivia, and there to have listened to his dying words, issuing faintly from the bedsheets.
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