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REPRESENTATION OF THE ORDE LAMA SOCIETY THROUGH THE CHARACTERIZATION OF MOCHTAR LUBIS’ TWILIGHT IN DJAKARTA

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

By Brigita Padhangsih Jati Student Number: 091214129

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2014

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“A woman is like a teabag, you cannot tell how strong she is

until you put her in hot water.”

- Eleanor Roosevelt

This thesis is dedicated to :

1. Jesus Christ

2. My beloved parents :Y.Slamet and M.Yuni

3. My beloved brothers : Mas Galih and Mas Yesa

4. My beloved sisters :Mbak Pipin and Mbak Deasy

5. My beloved nephew : Dofa Jati

6. My beloved partner

ABSTRACT

Jati, Brigita Padhangsih (2014). Representation of the Orde Lama Society through the Characterization of Mochtar Lubis‘ Twilight in Djakarta. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Sanata Dharma University. Literary work can be a tool for the writer to represent some particular era. The story in the novel is not always the writer‘s imagination. This thesis analyzes the character in Twilight in Djakarta as the representation of Orde Lama era. The writer, Mochtar Lubis, also gives some criticisms in his novel. There are two research problems discussed in this thesis. The first problem is how is Orde Lama era represented through the characters in Mochtar Lubis‘ Twilight in Djakarta? The second problem is what social criticisms are conveyed through the characters on Mocthar Lubis‘ Twilight in Djakarta? The thesis used one approach, that is the socio-cultural historical approach, since the study focused on the representation of the Orde Lama society in economical condition and political condition. The method used for the analysis was library research. The primary data in this study is a novel entitled Twilight in Djakarta. The second data were taken from books on characterization, Orde Lama history, and representation which were used to analyze the novel. This study analyzes the representation of Orde Lama era through the characterization in the novel Twilight in Djakarta. In this study, the representation of Orde Lama era is categorized into two conditions. Those are economical condition and political condition. The economic condition is in poverty condition and the political condition is in corruption phenomena. The findings prove that the characters are representation of Orde Lama era. Besides the representation, this study also describes about the criticism of Orde Lama society. The criticism tells about the poverty as the economical condition and corruption as the political condition. Poverty and corruption happen frequently in this novel as the representation of Orde Lama era. Keywords: representation, Orde Lama era, society, characterization

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ABSTRAK

Jati, Brigita Padhangsih (2014). Representation of the Orde Lama Society through the Characterization of Mochtar Lubis’ Twilight in Djakarta. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Karya sastra dapat menjadi alat oleh penulis untuk menggambarkan suatu keadaan tertentu. Cerita pada novel itu sendiri, tidak selalu berasal dari imajinasi penulis tersebut. Skripsi ini menganalisa tentang karakter pada novel Senja di Jakarta sebagai representasi Orde Lama. Penulisnya sendiri, Mochtar Lubis, juga memberikan kritik di dalam novelnya, yang ditujukan pada situasi di Orde Lama. Dalam skripsi ini terdapat dua rumusan masalah untuk dianalisis. Rumusan masalah yang pertama adalah bagaimana Orde Lama era direpresentasikan melalui karakter pada novel Senja di Jakarta karangan Mochtar Lubis. Rumusan masalah yang kedua adalah kritik sosial apa yang diungkapkan oleh Mochtar Lubis melalui karakter pada novel Senja di Jakarta. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan sejarah social budaya. Dikarenakan penelitian ini fokus pada representasi masyarakat pada masa Orde Lama. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi pustaka. Sumber utama pada penelitian ini adalah sebuah novel yang berjudul Senja di Jakarta. Sumber kedua adalah buku-buku yang menjelaskan tentang karakterisasi, sejarah Orde Lama dan representasi. Skripsi ini menganalisa representasi Orde Lama melalui karakter pada novel Senja di Jakarta. Pada penelitian ini, representasi Orde Lama tersebut dikatagorikan pada dua aspek yaitu kondisi ekonomi dan kondisi politik saat itu. Kondisi ekonomi yang didiskripsikan pada kemiskinan dan kondisi politik yang didiskripsikan dengan adanya korupsi. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa karakter-karakter pada novel tersebut membuktikan representasi tentang Orde Lama. Selain itu, dapat juga ditemukan kritik-kritik tentang kondisi ekonomi dan politik pada masa Orde Lama yang mendiskripsikan tentang kemiskinan dan korupsi yang marajalela. Kata kunci: representation, Orde Lama era, society, characterization

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would like to thank Jesus for His blessing. I thank Him for giving me strength, health, spirit, and ideas so that I am able to finish this thesis entitled

Representation of the Orde Lama Society through the Characters of Mochtar

Lubis‘ Twilight in Djakarta.

Secondly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my beloved parents, my father, Yohanes Slamet, and my mother, Marina Yuni Triwaningsih for their support and love which cannot be replaced by anything. I also thank my beloved brothers and their family for their support and spirit.

Thirdly, I would express my deepest gratitude to my beloved lecturer,

Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for her guidance, suggestions, time, and patience in finishing my thesis. I also thank Sr. Margareth FCJ as my proofreader and Dr. Baskoro Tulus Wardaya, S.J., M.A., for his books and suggestions.

Futhermore, I would like to thank all PBI lecturers for giving me eternal knowledge during my study.

Fourthly, I would like to thank my super friends, Helen, Niken, Pipiet,

Sekar, Friska, Denny, and Berta, for their love and support when I am down. I also thank my partners in thesis consultation Rosi, Rini, Tyka, Wibi, Nico, Galih,

Angie, and Dimas. I also express my gratitude to my old friend, Yunas, for her wisdom. I thank to Alfian Wibisono, for his presence, support and companion. I realize that this thesis is not perfect, but I hope this thesis can be useful for readers.

Yogyakarta, January 23th, 2014

Brigita Padhangsih Jati

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... i APPROVAL PAGES ...... ii DEDICATION PAGE...... iii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ...... iv PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...... v ABSTRACT ...... vi ABSTRAK ...... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x TABLE OF APPENDICES…………………………………………………….. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 4 C. Objective of the Study ...... 4 D. Benefits of the study...... 4 E. Definition of terms ...... 5

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 7

A. Review of Related Theories ...... 7

1. Socio-cultural Historical Approach ...... 7 2. Character ...... 8 3. Characterization ...... 9 4. Representation ...... 11 B. Review of Orde Lama Society ...... 12 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 13

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CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 15

A. Object of the Study...... 15 B. Approach of the Study ...... 16 C. Method of the study ...... 17

CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS...... 19

A. Description of the Characters‘ Representation of the Orde Lama Society ...... 19 1. The Economical Condition in Orde Lama Society ...... 20 a. Saimun ...... 21 b. Itam ...... 23 c. Sugeng ...... 24 d. Pak Idjo ...... 25 2. The Political Condition in Orde Lama Society ...... 26 a. Raden Kaslan ...... 27 b. Husin Limbara ...... 28 c. Suryono ...... 29 d. Sugeng ...... 31 B. The Criticism of Orde Lama Society ...... 32 1. The Criticism of the Economical Condition ...... 33 2. The Criticism of the Political Condition ...... 34

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ......

A. Conclusion ...... 35 B. Suggestions ...... 38

REFERENCES ...... 41

APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………....42

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDICES

A. The Summary of Twilight in Djakarta ...... 42 B. The Biography of Mochtar Lubis ...... 44 C. Syllabus of Basic Reading II ...... 47 D. Lesson Plan ...... 48 E. Handout for Teacher ...... 54 F. Handout for Students ...... 52

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five parts. The first part is background of the study, which explains the reason for choosing the topic. The second part is problem formulation; I compose two problem formulations, which become the focus of the study. The third part is objective of the learning which state the objective of the study based on the problem formulation. The fourth part is the benefit of the study which discus the benefit by studying this issue. The last is definition of terms, which defines special terms that are discussed in this study.

A. Background of the Study

Literature is not only for enjoyment but also it can lead the reader to learn about other experiences. According to Henkle (1977, p. 6), in literature, we come to learn about other people, and the great advantage of literature is that we can enter into the lives of people whom we would not like if we met them in the flesh: the Macbeths and Heathcliffs and Scrooges, men alien to our experience. The reader can learn life not only from the real life but also from the literature. For example in the story of Twilight in Djakarta, the character brings the value of life in Orde Lama era. Thus, understanding the characters means understanding the moral value of life.

Besides learning about life, literature is not created from an empty space, but it embodies ideas of the culture that produces it (Rohrberger & Woods, 1971,

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2 p. 9). Literature is not only created from the imaginary, but it is also created from the representation of social life that happens. In this part, it depends on the writer‘s intention. It is to criticize a certain phenomenon or just to tell about a certain phenomenon. From this part, people create many types of literature, whether it is to entertain or to criticize some particular things. In the novel of

Twilight in Djakarta, it criticizes in the social condition of Orde Lama society.

Novel is one of the products of literature. According to Henkle

(1977), ―By reading a good novel critically, fully understanding its themes, its means of influencing a reader‘s attitudes and values, its use of characterization, imagery, and language‖. Most of the authors of novel, write the novel based on the real phenomena, they transfer the real phenomena into a story in a novel which help the reader to be broad-minded and critical.

This undergraduate thesis analyses a novel written by Mochtar Lubis, entitled Twilight in Djakarta. There are some reasons underlying the selection of this novel. The first reason, the novel describes as the portrayal of Jakarta in Orde

Lama era, 1950s. Through this novel, the writer describes not only the literature aspect, but also the historical aspect of Orde Lama era. The second reason, the story is unique; the author combines the characters into several different social layers, which are high layer, middle layer, and low layer of society. The characters in the novel Twilight in Djakarta represent the society in Orde Lama era. Every character has an important role to make an interesting story and represent each condition in Orde Lama era. The conditions which are taken in this thesis are

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3 categorized into two conditions; there are economic condition and political condition.

Mochtar Lubis is one of the famous Indonesian authors and journalist. He wrote many novels, such as Tidak Ada Esok (1950), Si Djamal (1950), Tanah

Gersang (1966), Senja di Jakarta (1968) and it was translated by Claire Holt as

Twilight in Djakarta, and this novel was written in the prison. The story tells about the social problem in Jakarta in that era, Orde Lama Era. Orde Lama was the authority of Soekarno (1950-1959). The story tells about corruption in the upper society, the intellectual circle, the middle social layer, and prostitution. It also describes the economic condition which is unstable. Besides describing economic condition, it also tells about nepotism and manipulation in political field.

Twilight in Djakarta is one of the social novels. According to Henkle

(1977), social novel presents lifelike characters in recognizable, probable social situation (p. 22). In the novel Twilight in Djakarta the readers discover social life which is represented by each character. Since social life cannot be separated from human life, the novel of Twilight in Djakarta clearly describes social life.

In this study, the thesis analyzes the characterization of the prominent characters in the novel Twilight in Djakarta. Each character brings their own representation about social life in several different social layers. Those are from the high, middle, and low social layers. The characters build up by their own problem related to their social layer. In this case, the study discusses the representation of Orde Lama Era in economic condition and political condition. It

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4 also discusses Mochtar Lubis‘ criticism through the characters in the novel

Twilight in Djakarta. The criticisms are concerned to unstable economy and corruption of politicians in Orde Lama era.

B. Problem Formulation

The problem formulations of this study are:

1. How is Orde Lama society represented through the characters in Mochtar

Lubis‘ Twilight in Djakarta?

2. What social criticisms are conveyed through the characters in Mochtar

Lubis‘ Twilight in Djakarta?

C. Objectives of the Learning

The aim of this study is to analyze all the characterization of the prominent characters in the novel. It is to reveal how the characters can represent the characteristics of Jakarta Society in the Orde Lama era. In addition, the social condition of Jakarta society in the Orde Lama era is represented in some prominent characters in Twilight in Djakarta. The representation is also to explain the criticism of social life in the Orde Lama era.

D. Benefit of the Study

I hope by reading this analysis the reader can get some information about the history of Orde Lama era, know the social life of Orde Lama era, the social problems, and understand about the criticism toward the society in Orde Lama

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5 era. Besides knowing about the history, the reader who will be a teacher, understand the moral value from this novel. So they can teach their students about the moral value which is contained in the novel. For the future researchers, I hope they can get some new ideas to continue this research, by finding other issues.

E. Defenition of Terms

There are some terms used related to the topic of this thesis.

1. Representation

Representation is a simple description, showing fairly and clearly what the work is and what it is like. It shows what the work as we experience it is

(Birenbaum, 1997, pp. 11-12). In other words, representation is the reflection of particular thing which is described in other format but the essence is same. In this study, representation of the characterization brings the reader to understand the social life in Orde lama era and the value that each character brings to show some particular phenomena which is described in the novel Twilight in Djakarta.

2. Character

According to Abrams (1981), ―character is a person in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say, e.g. the dialogue and what they do, e.g. the actin‖ (p. 20). In this study, the characters are described through their action and dialogue. By seeing those, it can be seen as the representation of some particular condition in Orde Lama era.

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3. Society

Society is a group that consists of people living together, who are in communication with each other, and who share a common culture was employed

(Zahn, 1964, p. 102). In other words, we can see that society is a human population with a civilization. In the novel Twilight in Djakarta, we can discover the social conditions of Orde Lama Society.

4. Orde Lama

Orde Lama is a Soekarno period. Actually, the term of Orde Lama is created by Orde baru which is Soeharto regime (Wardaya, 2006, p. 20). In this study, the writer uses a novel entitled Twilight in Djakarta. This novel tells about condition of Orde Lama society.

5. Criticism

According to Bertens (2001), criticism is to criticize the superficial,

rationalized, and commercialized, world live in. Literary criticism which seeks

out and preserves the very best of what millennia of writing have to offer,

functions simultaneously as social critique (p. 27). In this study, the criticism is

used by the author of the novel Twilight in Djakarta. The novel of Twilight in

Djakarta represents the criticism of Mochtar Lubis through the characters.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter reveals about the theories which are used in analyzing this study. It consists of three parts namely theoretical review, review of Orde Lama

Society, and theoretical framework. The theoretical review explains the theories which are used in analyzing. The second part describes the review of Orde Lama

Society about the political, social, and economic condition. The last part is theoretical review, which explains the using of theories in solving the problems formulation in this study.

A. REVIEW OF RELATED THEORIES

1. Sociocultural-Historical Approach

This study focuses on the representation Orde Lama society through the characters in the novel Twilight in Djakarta. Therefore, sociocultural-historical approach is applied in this thesis. According to Rohrberger & Wood (1971), sociocultural-historical approach is an approach that the real work is in reference to the civilization that produced it. Civilization as the attitude and actions of a specific group of people and point out that literature takes these attitudes and actions as its subject matter (p. 11). The story itself is the representation of Orde

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Lama society, the author writes this novel as the portrait of Orde Lama society which is related to the history.

Rohberger & Wood (1971) also state literature embodies ideas significant to the culture that produced it (p. 11). This approach also reveals cultural aspect that appears in literature. The story of Twilight in Djakarta tells about the behavior of the society in that time. Thus, the behavior becomes the culture of the society in

Orde Lama era.

According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971), the traditional historical approach to literature usually takes as its basis some aspects of the sociocultural frame of references, combining it with an interest in biographical as well as knowledge of and interest in literary history (p. 9). It can be concluded that the sociocultural-historical approach is an approach which deals with the social aspect, culture aspect, and history aspect. All these aspects are included in literature that I am working on.

1. Theory of Character

Characters have the important role to build the story. They will lead the reader to understand and include into the story. According to Rohberger (1971), characters must be credible that readers must accept them as believable people (p.

20). Thus, characters must be presented as natural as the real life occurs.

According to Abrams (1981), characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say in dialogue and by what they do in action (p. 20). From this aspect, characters can be

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9 seen from their behaviors which reflect their attitude. According to Foster (as cited in Abrams, 1981, p. 24), introduced popular new terms for an old distinction in discriminating between flat and round characters.

1. Flat character: build around a single idea or quality and is presented without

much individualizing detail, and therefore can be fairy adequately described

in a single phrase or sentence.

2. Round character: is complex in temperament and motivation and represented

with subtle particularity.

2. Theory of Characterization

According to NCTE/IRA (2004), characterization is the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character. It also can be seen from many aspects, as Murphy (1972) says, there are nine ways in revealing the characters understandable to the readers, as follows: a. Personal description

The author can describe a person‘s appearance. The author describes the

character through his or her personal description. It can be seen through his or

her appearance and their behaviour; for example their skin, their hair, or their

cloth. The personal description can give clues to the character personality

specifically. b. Character as seen by another

Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him through the eyes and opinions of another. The author describes the characters

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10 appearances or personalities from other characters tell and comment about the other characters that they contemplated.

c. Speech

The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what that person says. From the character‘s conversation, the reader can know some information which is brought by the character. Thus, the reader can draw conclusion about the character‘s characterization. d. Past life

By letting the reader learn something about a person‘s past life, the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person‘s character. The events in past life may have contribution to build the personalities of the character. It can be observed through the direct comment from the author, through the character‘s thought, his conversation, and through the medium of another character. e. Conversation of other

The author can also give us clues to a person‘s character through the conversations of other people and the things they say about him. Some people often talk about other people. The thing the people say about the person can give a clue to that person‘s characterization. It will help the reader to imagine what the character is. f. Reaction

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The author can also give us a clue to a person‘s character by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events. By using this kind of characterization, the reader might expect to find their way in dealing with various events, situations, and problems that they encounter. g. Direct comment

The author can describe or comment on a person‘s character directly. The

author generally gives comments explicitly towards his character and the

author gives his opinion about the character in the story. h. Thoughts

The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about.

In this kind of characterization, the readers are given a privileged position by the author because the readers are taken inside to the character‘s mind. i. Mannerisms

The author can describe a person‘s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something about the character. The character reveals his or her habits both positive or negative one (pp. 161-173).

3. Theory of Representation

According to Gibson in his book Postmodern Theory towards a Postmodern

Theory of Narrative, there are two types of narrative representations, namely surface representation and deep representation (1996, p. 81). Surface representation reveals the representation as a rendering of individual phenomena, as documentation, description or evocation, a movement over or an experience of

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12 surfaces. It includes what is seen, heard, and felt by sense. Thus, surface representation just represents the appearance only. It just tells about what we just see in the surface.

Furthermore, deep representation is the representation of essences, general features, types which depend on and expresses ontological conviction. Deep representation is even prior to surface or empirical representation (1996, p. 82).

This type of representation shows the meaning and the fact of the object.

B. Review of Orde Lama Society

Orde Lama was Soekarno‘s regime (The first president of Indonesia). The period was in 1950 until 1965. Actually, the name of Orde Lama was created by

Orde Baru of Soeharto regime (Wardaya, 2006, p. 20).

This was the transition from colonialism era to an independent era. In the transition era, the government faced many unstable things. For example, the economy aspect was unstable and created many poor people suffering starvation because of the limit of food (as cited Mochar Lubis, interview, 9 September

1995).

As many people knew, country which already got its independence will focus on the political aspect. According to Lubis (1995), the government only focused on the politic aspect. There were many parties in Orde Lama era. There was also a lot of corruption in the Orde Lama society (as cited in Ramadhan, p.

270). In Orde Lama era, the politic party was being so wide. There were many parties which are easily formed. The controversial party was PKI (Partai Komunis

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Indonesia). In the end of Orde Lama Era, there was a holocaust in Indonesia.

There were many PKI members killed by Military.

The economic condition in Orde Lama Era was unstable because of serious inflation (Cribb & Brown, 1995, p. 64). The impacts were almost people suffered poverty. According to Abeyasekere (1987), many people uneducated went to

Jakarta to earn money (p. 173). It would be new problems because of the immigration. Almost the migrations did not have good skill and they just will be an unskilled labour.

C. Theoretical Framework

This study focuses on the representation of Orde Lama era in economic condition and political condition through the character in the novel Twilight in

Djakarta. I use sociocultural-historical approach to analyze this study, since the study is related to the historical background. I also use the theory of character and characterization to reveal the character in the novel Twilight in Djakarta.

The theory of character and characterization are used to analyze the prominent characters in the novel. Characters can express the idea that the author wants to inform to the reader. Then, I will match the characteristics of the Orde

Lama society with the characterizations of the character. After I prove that the characters in the novel are the representation of Orde Lama society, I examine the social condition of Orde Lama society.

Understanding the approach is also important in this analysis since the analysis deals with the actual condition of Orde Lama society. It also helps to

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14 analyze the social condition of Orde Lama era. The approach is to reveal the problem formulation which deals with the social, culture and history.

The historical reviews that refer to this analysis are the fact about the condition of Orde Lama Society. The historical review contains the characteristic of Orde Lama Society and it will help to prove that the characters in the novel are representation of Orde Lama Society. By using this representation, it also helps to find Mochtar Lubis‘ criticisms about Orde Lama regime.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter reveals the methodology of this study in order to discover the answer of the research questions. The methodology will be discussed in three parts namely object of the study which describes about the novel of Twilight in

Djakarta, approach of the study which describes the approach that used in analyzing the study, and method of the study which explains the steps in analyzing this study.

A. Object of the Study

The object of the study is a novel written by Mochtar Lubis. The title of the novel is Twilight in Djakarta which consists of 225 pages. The novel is divided into nine chapters. This is an Indonesian novel but it is translated by Claire Holt into English language in 1963 through The Congress or Cultural Freedom. The purpose of this congress is to cultivate the spirit of free inquiry and devotion to truth and defend intellectual liberties against infringement from whatever source

(Holt, 1963, para. 3). It also helps the writer from many countries which do not use English language to publish their writing into English language. Thus, many people in this world can read their writing. Twilight in Djakarta is the first volume in this series.

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Twilight in Djakarta tells the reader about social life which happen in Orde

Lama rra. There are several characters from different classes. The writer of the novel wrote this novel when he was in the prison. He described the social condition in Orde Lama era. The story is unique because the focus of the story is not only on one character but also on several characters. The author also includes some criticism in the story about the political situation in Orde Lama era.

B. Approach of the Study

The approach of the study is the Sociocultural-historical approach. This approach has relation between literature and society which is the study of works of literature as social documents, as assumed pictures of social reality (Wellek &

Warren, 1956, p. 102).

The study analyzes about the characterization which represents of the social life in Orde Lama era. It will describe the social life of each character. I choose this approach because it is appropriate to reveal the social characteristics of each prominent character.

The background of the novel Twilight in Djakarta is in Orde Lama.

Actually the story represents the Orde Lama Society. The author‘s intention is to reveal that. The focus of this study is about criticism in orde lama era and reveals the representation of the characterization in Orde Lama society. It is the reason why I choose sociocultural-historical approach to this study. Since the focus of the study is related to the historical background.

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C. Method of the Study

In this study, I used library research as the method which was collecting the data from books, articles and journal. According to George (2008), library research is form of structured inquiry with specific tools, rules and techniques, it is unpredictable, sometimes frustrating, but ultimately rewarding as you examine your findings, then add your own insights to make a compelling case (p. 13).

Library research is to discover sources (p. 36). The sources can be taken from books and journals.

The primary source of this study was a novel entitled Twilight in Djakarta written by Mochtar Lubis. The second source of this study was some books which were related to the study about characterization and social historical about Orde

Lama society.

There were some steps in conducting this study. The first step was reading and understanding the novel, Twilight in Djakarta. After reading and understanding about the Characterization which was related to the representation of Orde Lama society, I also analyzed the society which was represented through the character. Afterward, I wrote some points about each character. It would help the study in chapter 4. The second step was finding some books and articles which were related to the study about socio-historical of Orde Lama. In order to help the study efficiently, I made notes about the theories. Thus I still had the theories which were related to the study.

The third step was analyzing the characteristics of Jakarta society in Orde

Lama era. The forth step was analyzing the characterization of the characters in

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18 the novel Twilight in Djakarta. Then, the characterization of the characters in the novel Twilight in Djakarta would be compared with the characteristic of Jakarta

Society. This step was to reveal the characters in the novel Twilight in Djakarta who represented the social life of Orde Lama. Understanding about the characterization which was represented social life of Orde Lama also helped this study to know about the social condition in that era. Thus the last step was to reveal Mochtar Lubis‘ criticism of the Jakarta society in Orde Lama through the novel Twilight in Djakarta.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter is presented in two parts. The first part answers the first problem on how Orde Lama Society is represented through the characters in

Mochtar Lubis‘ Twilight in Djakarta. The second part is the criticisms of Orde

Lama Condition which are conveyed through the characters in Mochtar

Lubis‘Twilight in Djakarta.

A. The Character’s Representation of The Orde Lama Society

According to Abeyasekere (1987), Orde Lama era was the first era when

Indonesia has its own authority in government policy around 1950-1965.

Although Indonesia got its independence in 1945 but the period of 1945 to 1949,

Japan and Netherland still took some controls in Indonesia (p. 167). This era was led by President Soekarno. Jakarta becomes a capital city until this day. As a capital city, Jakarta offers a better life for many people. It led many people from villages to migrate to Jakarta make a life in there (p. 173).

Unfortunately, the economy of Indonesia was unstable. By the time of Ali cabinet, the economy was already showing signs of neglect and decay, including serious inflation (Cribb and Brown, 1995, p.64). Ali cabinet was one of the cabinet in Indonesia which was led by Ali Sastroamidjojo as the prime minister from August 1953- July 1955 (Feith, 1994, p.18). Besides the economy weakness, there were a lot of corruption happening in Orde Lama. According to

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Cribb and Brown (1995), The Ali government in particular was merred by a number of serious corruption scandals (p.64). Corruption was like a disease. It made many problems in this cabinet. The corruption did not only happen in this cabinet, but also in some political parties. In the party, some political parties did something fussy to make their party being the winner in the election.

Twilight in Djakarta is one of the novels which represent the society in

Orde Lama era. Since my study works on society of Orde Lama, I use deep representation. It represents the real condition of Orde Lama society in economical aspect and political aspect.

Those situations are described in the novel of ―Twlight in Djakarta‖ through the charaterization. In this study, the writer divides this part into two parts. The first part is the representation of the economy condition in Orde Lama era through the characterization of Saimun, Itam, Sugeng and Pak Idjo. The second part is the representation of the political condition in Orde Lama era through the characterization, which are Raden Kaslah, Sugeng, Husin Limbara, and Halim.

1. The Economic Condition in Orde Lama Era

The economic condition in Orde Lama era was poor, including serious inflation (Cribb & Brown, 1995, p.64). This inflation caused the economy unstable. Besides causing unstable economy, inflation and the undervalued exchange rates of the 1950s hurt exporters (mainly the Outer Islands) and benefited importers (Java, and Jakarta in particular) (Mackie,1994, p.32).

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According to Abeyasekere (1987), a lot of Indonesian people were also suffered by malnutrinition (p. 180). It indicates that the lack of food occurs in that time. People have difficulties to get food and it makes people were suffered malnutrinition. It was one of the effect of inflation itself.

The economy weakness caused many people to be poor people. Many immigrants were in Jakarta to make a better life there. Jakarta is like a magnet for many people. After the independence, people migrated to Jakarta as the capital city which could give prosperity for them especially people who are from village

(Abeyasekere, 1987, p.173).

From the explanation above, the economy condition in Orde Lama is very weak. The inflation causes many problem in economy aspect. In the novel of

Twilight in Djakarta, we can find some characters that represent Orde Lama condition in the economic aspect. Those are Saimun, Itam, Pak Idjo and Sugeng.

The explanation below describes the representation of economy condition in Orde

Lama through the four characters, Saimun, Itam, Sugeng, and Pak Idjo. a. Saimun

Saimun is one of the migrants in Jakarta from a village. He immigrates to

Jakarta because he wants to make his life better. Besides making a better life, he moves to Jakarta because he wants to avoid the gerombolan. His family were killed by the gerombolan. Gerombolan is the name of bandits in Orde Lama era.

In 1953, there was a news which told about the shooting of Mat Item by the soldiers, the leader of a criminal gang which had raged through the district of kali

Angke. The gangs are particulary likely to terrorize the Chinese, many of whom

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22 flee into the city (Abeyasekere, 1987, p.173). The phenomenon such of gerombolan happens in many regions in Orde Lama era. His past life is very hard.

His hard life forces him to make some changes in his life. It can be seen through his thought.

He remembered, when he was still in his village, before it was attacked by the gerombolan, and his father and mother died, slaughtered by the gerombolan, and he fled to the city, when the harvest was over, he didn‘t think twice before throwing away a half-smoked cigarrete (p. 17).

His life in Jakarta is not easy. In daily life, he always lacks of food because he does not have much money. Hunger always accompanies himself. It can be seen through the description of the Saimun.

Saimun tightened his belt. His stomach was again rumbling with hunger. He‘d had nothing to eat since morning. And it was still early. The drizzle which had started at dawn increased his hunger; Saimun blamed the rain. His bare and grimy foot-kicked a refuse- filled basket off the top of the rubbish heap. (p.15)

In order to satisfy his hunger, he is always in debt to Ibu Jom. Ibu Jom is one of the food seller in there. He is not only in debt to Ibu Jom but he also in debt to debt collector to fulfill his need. It can be seen through his speech.

Ah, she‘s just nagging, but her heart, that old woman‘s is good. When we‘re still in debt she never refuse. But the one I hate is that Tuan Abdullah and Mandor Besi. What‘s a body worth who doesn‘t come across with payment of a debt to them (p. 21). The lack of his money is caused by his job. Saimun is just a garbage- removing coolie. His wage is low. He is also the new garbage-removing coolie who only has low wage. It can be seen through his thought.

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Saimun calculated his wages. Garbage coolies were paid twice a month, every third and only eleven days, because there were two Sundays when people do not work and for which eighteenth day of the month. This was the third, and from the last eighteenth he had worked there was no pay. Because he was a new coolie, his wage was only four and a half rupiah a day. So he would get only eleven times four and a half, just forty-nine and a half rupiah (p.20).

Garbage-removing coolie is the only job of Saimun. He is an unskilled labour. He does not have any educational background. The only thing which he has is the willingness to work to earn money for his daily life although only to satisfy his hunger. It can be seen through Itam‘s opinion.

Yah, but we, what can we expect,‘Mun? If there‘s no other work at all, see? Me, I‘ve no schooling. Know nothing. Read-cannot. Write cannot. Become skilled-cannot. Most I have – two hands and two feet. Lu, bettr off, see. Only thing left to do for lu, apply for licence. Then lu can be sopir. Lu ‗lready can write and read some (itam, p. 160). The explanation above, indicates that Saimun is poor. Hunger and debt are his dominant problems in his life as a person from a lower class. Being unskilled also makes his life worse in Jakarta. Saimun‘s characterization bring the characteristics of Orde Lama society in Economy aspect. Saimun is one of the representation of economy condition of most people in Orde Lama era. Through his description and thought, it clearly describes that he is one of the example of poor people in Orde Lama era. b. Itam

Itam is Saimun‘s friend. Itam is also the portrayal of the poor who migrates to Jakarta for making a better life. In Jakarta, he just works as garbage-removing

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24 coolie who has a low wage. It can be seen through other opinion by Saimun‘s thought.

He remembered how in the first weeks after his arrival in Djakarta he wept when evening came and he knew not where to wander any more, and looked for a place to sleep under the awning of a shop. Until he met Itam who befriended him, and they got work as garbage-removing coolies. (p.18)

Syamsurijal has described that :

In an effort to beautify Jakarta, (he) took steps to clean it of homeless people.....Unlike now, they were sleeping in shop verandahs, under bridges, in little huts alongside railway lines, so that foreign people stared at them and they lowered the status of the nation...‘ (as cited in abeyasekere, 1987, p.198)

From the explanation above, in Orde Lama era, the economy weakness also causes homeless people exist there. The characterization of Itam represents of the homeless people. He goes to Jakarta without any well preparation. The homeless people indicate that the economy condition is not prosperous. This is one of the characteristics of the economy aspect in Orde lama era. c. Sugeng

Sugeng is a civil servant in a middle position. He has a wife Hasnah who asks him to get a house. In Orde Lama era, the housing project for civil servant wasvery limited. As Abeyasekere says that ―there were many complains about the lack of accommodation for civil servant. For the middle position, they need to wait for many years to get their own house. It happens because the construction of

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25 the house is very slow ―(Jakarta: a History, p.236). The representation of the limit of the house can be seen through Sugeng‘s thought.

It was a year now they had been staying in this crowded house with two other families. In the beginning there was always hope of getting another home, as promised by the ministry. But now it looked as if they would have to live like this forever. ( p. 30)

The difficulty of life does not only happen in the lower class but also in the middle class as a civil servant. The government still has difficulty to increase the prosperity for civil servant in the middle position. Sugeng faces a housing problem. The project of the house is very slow. It is the reason why many civil servants do not get the house quickly. It can be seen through Sugeng‘s speech.

Ah, before the baby is born we surely will get another house. My ministry keeps on trying and they say they‘re beginning to build houses for their employees in Kemayoran. Don't you be afraid! (p. 31).

The Housing problem is the sign of the unstable economy. Many obstacles happen through the developing of housing project. It is one of the example of the weakness economy condition in Orde Lama era. d. Pak Idjo

Pak Idjo is also one of the portraits of the poverty in Orde Lama era. Pak

Idjo is a delman driver. He is the backbone of his family. The difficulty of life make himself to be hardworker although it does not change anything for his

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26 condition. It can be seen through the conversation between Pak Idjo and Raden

Kaslan.

Raden Kaslah. Why did you run into my car which was parked at the side of the street? Pak Idjo. I dozed off, tuan , Raden Kaslah. Ha, dozed off! Whar sort of a driver are you! Dozed off? If you want to sleep, sleep at home, not in the delman, endangering other people. Why did you fall asleep? Pak Idjo. Because I am sick Tuan. Raden Kaslah. Ha, fell asleep, sick; if you are sick you should not work! Stay home! Take medicine! Otherwise you‘ll cause accidents! How if you run into a little child and kill him, how‘s that be? Pak Idjo. But I am hungry, tuan, and my wife and my children are hungry, tuan, and yesterday we had nothing to eat, tuan (P.64-P.65).

From the conversation above, Pak Idjo is a hard-worker person. Although he is sick, he still works to earn money for his family. If he has enough money , he will not go to work in that condition. Yet the condition forces him to go to work although he is sick. From this conversation, it also indicates that Pak Idjo is one of the poor in the novel Twilight in Djakarta. The difficulty of life forces him to do anything in whatever situation.

Pak Idjo is one of the examples of poor people. He works so hard but nothing is change in his life. His poor condition is also seen when he hits Raden

Kaslah‘s car. Raden Kaslah gets angry with Pak Idjo. He asks Pak Idjo to pay all of his loss. Unfortunately, Pak Idjo cannot pay anything although he works so hard. It can be seen through Pak Idjo speech. ―I admit my guilt, tuan, you may kill me, but I cannot repay, I am a poor man, it‘s best just to put me to death (p. 63).‖

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2. The Political Condition in Orde Lama Era

Corruption, nepotism and manipulation that happened since in Orde Lama era. Some of politicans and civil servants conduct those actions. According to

Cribb and Brown (1995), parliamentary in Orde Lama has two weaknesses, those are:

The first was corruption. The political parties‘ access to power quickly degenerated into undignified and poorly concealed scramble for the spoils of office. The Ali government in particular was marred by a number of serious corruption scandals. Although some upright leaders maintained a reputation for impeccable propriety, public respect for party politicians declined rapidly during the early 1950s and with it declined the reputation of the parliamentary system.Second, the feeling began to grow that the stalemate was preventing governments not only from imposing narrow political goals but from adopting the policies the country needed to progress (p. 64).

Here, the writer describes the representation of the political condition in

Orde Lama era. There are four characters who represent of political condition in

Orde Lama era ; which are Raden Kaslah, Husin Limbara, Sugeng and Suryono. a. Raden Kaslah

In Orde Lama era, a lot of civil servant committed coruption. It happens also in the party, the party itself makes money for their own party members. It is supported through Raden Kaslah‘s speech.

―Nah, it‘s my intention,‘ said Raden Kaslah when he had finished his tale, ‗to establish a number of corporations of different kinds, with Fatma becoming the director of one, you, Suryono, the director of another one and so on with other corporations, and in everyone of

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them we must have a part-interest, so that we get the largest possible share at the division of profits.‘ (p. 73).

Raden Kaslah has intention to recruit his son and his wife to be the director in corporations. Actually this is a kind of nepotism. His intention is to enrich himself by choosing his son and his wife as the director. b. Husin Limbara

Husin Limbara is the chairman of the Indonesian Party. He does everything to make his party win in the election. It can be seen through the Sugeng‘s opinion by his thought.

Husin Limbara was another matter, he was a politician. Didn‘t people always say that politics was a dirty game? What they were doing here was only a part of that dirty politics. The party needed ample fund for general elections (p. 120).

From Sugeng‘s opinion about Husin Limbara, it can be seen that Husin

Limbara is ambitious with his dream. He wants to win the election and enrich himself. He does anything to achieve his dream.

One of his actions to achieve his dream is by cooperating with press. He asks the editor of Suluh Merdeka, Halim. In this novel, Twilight in Djakarta,

Suluh Merdeka is one of the newspapers. This Husin Limbara‘s action can be seen through Halim‘s speech.

I have a great deal of experience in newspaper work and in how to influence public opinion. If we just let the opposition newspapers get away with the disclosure of secrets in this manner, our reputation will certainly suffer greatly. But fire must distinguish with fire. That‘s why we must counter-attack (p. 86).

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Husin Limbara cooperates with Halim in order to influence public opinion. He wants to make a good public image of his party, Indonesian Party. In Orde Lama era, there are a lot of party doing this kind of cooperation. For example Suluh

Indonesia affiliates to Partai Nasional Indonesia, and publish in 1953 (Smith,

1983: 95). Husin Limbara is the representation of this Phenomenon of the politic condition in Orde Lama era. c. Suryono

Suryono is a Raden Kaslan‘s son. He has worked in United Stated for several years and comes back to Indonesia being a civil servant. Then his father asks him to be one of the party members in Indonesia Party which is his own party. Raden Kaslan also recruits Suryono as the It is one of the nepotism. In the party, the recruitment of the members is not fair. According to Cribb and Brown

(1995),

The parties were hobbled, by the fact that they had never faced the people in general elections. The number of seats they occupied in parliament was a historical legacy of the independence struggle, not a product of popular support at election time; the status and influence which each party enjoyed in parliament, too (p. 62-63). Suryono commits the nepotism. He becomes the party member because of his father, Raden Kaslah. This kind of action aims to get many advantages for their own self, for example enrich them. It can be seen through Raden Kaslah speech,

To establish a number of corporations of different kinds, with Fatma becoming the director one, you, Suryono, the director of another one and so on with the other corporations, and in every one of them we must have

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a part interest, so that we get the largest possible share at the division of profits (p.73). Getting many profits is one of the purposes for Suryono. In the first time he does not want to join because he is a civil servant but after thinking again, he approves what his father‘s wants. It can be seen through Suryono‘s Thought.

The other parties are doing the same thing, he thought. Why shouldn‘t I?

(p. 73).

Form Suryono‘s thought, it also can be seen that almost the party do the same thing. It is one of the representations of the party condition in Orde Lama era.

Nepotism scandal becomes the phenomena in Orde Lama era.

Suryono also bribes Sugeng. He wants Sugeng to make the procedure in importing easily. It can be seen in his conversation between Suryono and Sugeng.

‗Have you bought a car already?‘ ‗Ah, not yet. I‘m still hesitant. If I buy a car, the people at the office will suspect there‘s something fishy.‘ ‗What are you afraid of? The minister will protect you. If people start asking question questions, couldn‘t you say that you got a present from your family? Put it down on your wife‘s name. How much did you get this month, s hundred thousand?‘ ‗A little less,‘ Suryono replied. ‗If you apply for priority to get a car, as head of a division you‘re sure to get it. On this priority you can get something like a Zephyr —costs only sixty-two thousand. You could resell his car for one hundred and twenty-five. Then you can buy yourself a second- hand car for about fifty thousand, they‘re decent enough, and you are left with a clear seventy-five thousand profit,‘ said Suryono (p. 132-133).

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In this case, Suryono has done something illegally by doing this action. He tries to bribe Sugeng to make the priority in import licence. The characterization of Orde Lama era in political condition is found in Sugeng. It describes corruption and bribe. d. Sugeng

Sugeng is a civil servant. Actually he is a good husband, but because of his wife asking for a new house, he commits a corruption. He does not want to see her wife sadness because of a house. He tries to do anything although he has to commit a corruption. It can be seen through sugeng‘s thought. It can be seen through the conversation between Sugeng and the arab.

The Arab. Nah, here I‘m helping you, tuan, and you, tuan, help me. You will get forty thousand rupiah for the licence which we are getting. I will retain twenty-five for the key money. You know that this house is owned by a friend of mine. We must pay off that Dutchman, we must pay the U.P.D. official to clear the permit. You understand. Sugeng. Yes, it doesn‘t matter.

The way to get house are in many way. One of the fastest way as a shortcut is giving the key money. Key money is used to extort large sums from the unhappy victims of shortage. It is the competition for houses that government regulations about minimum rents or prices were bound to fail, the notorious practice of demanding ‗key money‘ (Abeyasekere, 1987: 174).

Sugeng is one of the people who commit the corruption. He is forced to do this corruption because of his wife. She always asks to have her own house. The situation makes Sugeng had no choice and do the key money for getting the house

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32 for the Arab. In Orde Lama this kind of problem often happens and Sugeng is the example of this phenomenon through his characterization.

B. The Criticisms Brought by the Characters as the Representation of Orde Lama Era

The representation of Orde Lama society in the novel Twilight in Djakarta through the characters in the novel itself, presents about the portrayal of social condition in Orde Lama era itself. As a journalist, the writer wants to deliver about his opinion through this novel. The writer also wants to give some critics for several people in Orde Lama era, moreover the critic is addressed to people in government.

According to Wellek & Warren (1956), literary work can play as a document that record social realities, happen in society, which is artistically portrayed by the authors (p.102). In other word, literature can be a tool for representing of the real condition in particular era. Therefore, the novel Twilight in Djakarta not only represents a tale, but it also represents the social condition in

Orde Lama era through the characters in the novel itself. The writer also wants to present his opinion criticize of Orde Lama era.

Twilight in Djakarta is one of the novels which tell the social condition in

Orde Lama era. In this novel, the writer gives the negative perspective about the social condition in Orde Lama era. The reason why the writer presents the negative perspective is because of his history in his own life.

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In Orde Lama era, Mocthar Lubis was one of independence journalists in

Indonesia. He was a chairman in Indonesia Raya newspaper. Indonesia Raya newspaper was an independence newspaper without any corporation with political party. In Orde Lama, several political parties had corporation with newspaper. In his article, he always brought a criticism for Orde Lama society. In his novel

Twilight in Jakarta, through the characters, Mochar Lubis presents the condition in Orde Lama society. By the first problem formulation, the writer describes that some of the character have similarities with the fact of condition in Orde lama society.

There are two dominant characteristics of the condition in Orde Lama society which are represented through the characters in the novel Twilight in

Djakarta. The first character is about the economy condition which is unstable. It happens because of the inflation and the government policy. The second character is about the political condition in that time. There are a lot of corruption happening and manipulation of truth between party and newspaper.

1. The Criticism of the Economic Condition in Orde Lama Era

Mochtar Lubis in Twilight in Djakarta reveals about the social condition of

Orde Lama society. Some of people in Orde Lama era are in poor condition. The inflation which happens in that time leads this poor situation (Cribb and Brown,

1995: 64). A lot of people suffer the lack of money. Then it leads them to have a hard life. Mocthar Lubis through his novel, Twilight in Djakarta, wants to

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34 criticize this kind of condition. He wants to make some description about Orde

Lama condition in economy aspect through his novel, Twilight in Djakarta.

The representation of Orde Lama society through the characterization of

Saimun, Itam, Sugeng and Pak Idjo show the poor condition in Orde Lama era.

Saimun and Itam work as garbage-removing coolies with low wage. They try to do their best struggle in fulfil their needs, but their life is still difficult. It also happens in Pak Idjo‘s life. He is a back bone of his family, he works as a horseman. He works so hard although he gets sick.

From the explanation above, indirectly, Mochtar Lubis gives his critic that many people in Orde Lama era get difficulty in getting a good job. Because of unskilled labour and uneducated people are dominant in that time. From the representation above, Mochar Lubis wants to deliver his critic about the economical condition in Orde Lama era.

2. The Criticism of the Political Condition in Orde Lama Era

The representation of Orde Lama society in the characterization of Twilight in Djakarta also shows Mochtar Lubis‘ criticism toward the political condition in

Orde Lama era. Mochar Lubis wants to reveal how the political condition happens in wrong way. Most of politician in that time commit corruption, nepotism and manipulation of truth in newspaper.

Raden Kaslah, Husin Limbara, Suryono and Sugeng are the representation of the politic condition in Orde Lama era. From their characterization, Mochtar

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Lubis wants to give his critic about that condition. Raden kaslah is one of the businessmen who is involved in political party. The main purpose is that he becomes the treasure for the party itself. In fact, each party needs money for its movement to win the election. It is also seen in Husin Limbara characterization, he is the leader of Indonesian Party. In this case, Indonesian Party has coalition with Suluh Merdeka newspaper. Suryono and Sugeng are the characters in the novel who commit corruption and nepotism. Sugeng commits corruption to get his own house.

Those characters are being the tools to symbolize the characteristic of Orde lama era itself. Mochtar Lubis delivers his critic via those characters. He criticizes the political condition in Orde Lama era. He tells it in the novel Twilight in

Djakarta.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter consists of two parts. The first part is the conclusion based on the previous analysis. The second part covers suggestions for the future researchers and the teaching materials by using this literary work.

A. Conclusions

From the analysis in the previous chapter, it can be concluded that characterizations of the characters in the novel of Twilight in Djakarta represent the characteristics of Orde Lama era in economical condition and political condition. In the novel of Twilight in Djakarta, there are four characters who represent economical condition in the Orde Lama era. The first character is

Saimun. His life is hard because he cannot get a good job. He is a garbage- removing collie and he only gets a very low wage. He is one of the representations of the economical condition in Orde Lama era which is poor. The second character is Itam. Itam is also a garbage-removing collie. His life is also difficult.

He is one of the representations of the economical condition in Orde Lama era of poverty. The third character is Pak Idjo. He is a backbone in his family. He works so hard to fulfil his family need. He works as a horseman. Although he works so hard, it cannot change his life into a better life. He is also the representations of the economical condition in Orde Lama era of poverty. The fourth character is

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Sugeng. Sugeng is a middle civil servant. He gets some difficulties in getting his own house. There are some problems in housing project. Sugeng is also the representation of the economic condition in Orde Lama era which describe in housing problem.

From the explanation above, those four characters are the representations of the economical condition in Orde Lama era. They are the representations of lower class society at that time. The economical condition in Orde Lama era is unstable. The poor condition is also dominant at that time.

The second part is about the political condition in Orde Lama era. In the novel of Twilight in Djakarta, there are also four characters that represent it. The first character is Raden Kaslah. He is the party member in Indonesian Party. His character is described as a person who wants to enrich himself by doing nepotism.

He is one of the representations of political condition in Orde lama era of corruption. It is also seen in Husin Limbara‘s characterization. He also does anything to make his party being a winner, such as conduct manipulation in newspaper. He is also the representation of political condition in Orde Lama era.

The third character is Suryono. Suryono is Raden Kaslah‘s son. He becomes the party member because of his father. It is nepotism and he is also the representation of political condition in Orde Lama Era of corruption. The last character is

Sugeng. He is a middle civil servant. He commits the corruption because of his wife ask him to have own house. After getting the house, he feels that he wants to

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38 enrich himself by the easy way, corruption. He is also the representation of political condition in Orde Lama era which is corruption.

The finding above is only the characterization of the prominent characters who show the representation between the characterizations of the characters with the characteristics of Orde Lama era. After proving that characters in the novel are the representation of the Orde Lama era, the analysis moves to answer the second problem formulation. The first problem formulation does not only answer how these characters represent Orde Lama era but it also analyzes how Mochtar Lubis brings his critic about Orde Lama condition in each characters. Mochtar Lubis wants to show about the social condition in Orde Lama era which is poor and unstable economy. He also wants to show that corruption exist in Orde Lama era.

B. Suggestions

There are two parts in this section. The first part gives suggestions for future researchers. There are many aspects which can be described in the novel Twilight in Djakarta. In this study, I discuss the representation of Orde Lama Era through the characterisation in the novel Twilight in Djakarta. I also discuss the Mochtar

Lubis‘ criticism of Orde Lama society through the characters in the novel Twilight in Djakarta.

The second part is for the English teachers to use this literary work as the material for teaching and learning activities. By using literary work, the teacher will get some benefits. The teacher can elaborate literary work with the learning

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39 activity. The English teacher can help the students to encourage them in reading comprehension. The English teacher also can teach moral values to the students. It also help the students to know the history of Indonesia and love Indonesia‘s literary by using this novel Twilight in Djakarta.

1. Suggestions for Future Researchers

Twilight in Djakarta is not only a story but also a history. In this novel, the writer uses the history of Orde Lama era to be his main source in the story. We can learn history of Indonesia by analyze this novel. In this study, I discuss the representation of Orde Lama era through the characterization and the criticism of the writer through the characterization itself.

However, there are many issues which can be analyzed in this novel. For future researcher, I suggest to analyze the portrait of Communist Party (PKI) in this novel or about the love affair motivation between Suryono, Fatma and Dahlia.

2. Suggestions for The English Teacher

There are many benefits by using literary work as teaching materials. First, the students can improve their reading skill. Second, the students can learn the moral value from the story. By using Twilight in Djakarta, the students also can learn the history of Indonesia in Orde Lama era.

By improving reading skill, it is not only to improve the comprehension in reading but also it is to get the new knowledge from the passage. This novel entitled Twilight in Djakarta is one of the history novels which can refresh the students‘ memory of Orde Lama era. Thus, I suggest this novel to be used in

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Basic Reading II Class of Sanata Dharma University. I suggest procedures for teaching-learning activities. There are three part activities which are pre-reading activities, whilst-reading activities and post-reading activities. The procedures are suggested as follows.

1. Pre-reading activities

In pre-reading activities, the teacher gives some clues about the topic. So, the students will have some pictures about the topic and make the students easier to understand it.

2. Whilst-reading activities

a. The teacher distributed the reading text to the students.

b. The teacher asks the students randomly to read the text which is taken from

Twilight in Djakarta.

c. The teacher asks the students to answer the question in pairs.

d. The teacher and the students discuss the answers together.

3. Post-reading activities

a. The teacher asks the students to give some comments on the topic.

b. The teacher states the concluding remark.

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REFERENCES

Abrams, M. H. (1981). A glossary of literary terms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.

Abeyasekere, S. (1987). Jakarta: A history. Singapura: Koon Wah Printing Pte.

Aditjondro, Wardaya & Adam W. A. (2006). Soeharto sehat. Yogyakarta: Galang Press.

Birenbaum, H. (1997). The happy critic. London: Mayfield Publishing Company.

Bourchier, D., & Legge, J. (1994). Democracy in Indonesia. Melbourne: Monash University Press.

Cribb, R., & Brown, C. (1995). Modern Indonesia a history since 1945. Singapore: Longman.

George, M. W. (2008). The elements of library research: What every student needs to know. New Jersey: Princeton University Press Princeton.

Gibson, A. (1996). Postmodern theory, toward a postmodern, theory of narrative. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press.

Henkle, R. B. (1997). Reading the novel an introduction to the techniques of interpreting fiction. New York: Harper and Row Publisher.

Lubis, M. (1963). Twilight in Djakarta. New York: Hutchinson of London.

NCTE/IRA. (2004). Defining Characterization. Retrieved December 10, 2012 from http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/lessonimages/lesson800/ Characterization.pdf

Ramadhan, K. H. (1995). Mochtar Lubis bicara lurus. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.

Rohrberger, Marry & Woods, S. Jr. (1971). Reading and writing about literature. New York: Random House Inc.

Wellek, R & Warren, A. (1956). Theory of literarture. New York: Harcout, Brace and company.

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APPENDIX A

SUMMARY

Twilight in Djakarta tells about the life of social condition in Jakarta. The story tells about poor condition which represent through Saimun, Itam and Pak

Idjo. It also tells about political condition through Suryono as an employee of the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Sugeng as a civil servant, and Raden Kaslan and

Husin Limbara as politcians. The plot of this novel is randomly. So, there are many stories with different characters. Saimun, Itam, and Pak Idjo are the characters which tell about the difficult of economy. They work so hard as labour but it cannot fulfill their needs completely. On the other hand, the story tells about the politician in that time. They can get money easily by doing corruption and other tricky way to win the election. This is really twilight. Twilight tells about

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43 bias condition. It is like twilight time, the transition between day and night. The light is dim without any bright light as the condition in the story of Twilight in

Djakarta.

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APPENDIX B

The Biography of Mochtar Lubis

Mochtar lubis was born in Padang, Sumatera Barat, on march 7, 1922. He was a man of letters, journalist, painter, orchid lover and publisher. After finishing his elementary school, he enrolled in economy school in Kayu Tanam.

He had worked as journalist in Antara, Merdeka, Mutiara magazine, Masa weekly newspaper, Indonesia Raya newspaper until 1974. Then, he was being the responbility of Horison magazine (1966), director of Yayasan Obor and member of Akademi Jakarta (1970-the rest of his life).

He was also the president of Press Foundation of Asia, the member of International Press Institute, the member of International for Cultural Freedom and the member of Federation Mondial pour sur le Futur. Mochtar Lubis also had covered Korea war (1951). Besides his writing about the Korea war (Catatan dari

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Korea, 1952), he also wrote some short stories about the war. His journalist book was Berkelana di Asia Tenggara.

His short story ―Kuli Kontrak‖ in first time was published in Siasat Baru magazine, No.650, Year XIII, November 25, 1959. He was a man of letters 45 generation.

Since Japan occupation, Mochtar Lubis was active in pers. In revolution era, as a young man, Mocthar Lubis Faced two choices: enrolled in military or being a journalist. He decided to be both of them. He was also one of the founders of ANTARA. Then he set up Indonesia Raya daily newspaper which was banned in Orde Lama Era and Orde Baru Era. He also became one of the founder of Horison magazine. In Soekarno regime, he was put in jail for nine years and he was released from jail in 1966. Then form his experiences in jail, he wrote a book ―Catatan Subversif (1980)‖.

His novel Jalan Tak Ada ujung is translated in English version by A.H. John became A Road With No End, London 1968, and got award from Hadiah Sastra BMKN 1952. His short story Musim Gugur also got awards from Kisah magazine in 1953. His short stories compilation Perempuan (1956) got awards from Sastra Nasional BMKN 1955-1956. His novel Harimau! Harimau! also got awards from Yayasan Buku Utama Departemen P & K; his novel Maut dan Cinta also got awards from Sastra Yayasan Jaya Raya in 1957. He also got awards Anugerah Sastra Chairil Anwar in 1992.

Moctahr Lubis was passed away in Jakarta, on July 2, 2004. The name of Mochtar Lubis is dedicated as the name of awards in journalist field, Mocthar Lubis award. This competition is organised by Lembaga Studi Pers dan pembangunan (LSPP).

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Bibliography

Tidak Ada Esok (novel, 1951)

Si Jamal danCerita-Cerita Lain (short stories compilation, 1950)

Teknik Mengarang (1951)

Teknik Menulis Skenario Film (1952)

Harta Karun (children story, 1964)

Tanah Gersang (novel, 1966)

Senja di Jakarta (novel, 1970; translated by Claire Holt entitled Twilight in Jakarta, 1963)

Judar Bersaudara (children story, 1971)

Penyamun dalam Rimba (children story, 1972)

Manusia Indonesia (1977)

BerkelanadalamRimba (children story, 1980)

KuliKontrak (short story compilation, 1982)

Bromocorah (short story compilation, 1983)

Journalistik:

Perlawatan ke Amerika Serikat (1951)

Perkenalan di Asia Tenggara (1951)

Catatan Korea (1951)

Indonesia di Mata Dunia (1955)

Mochtar Lubis juga menjadi editor:

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Pelangi: 70 Tahun Sutan Takdir Alisyahbana (1979)

Bunga Rampai Korupsi (with James C. Scott, 1984)

Hati Nurani Melawan Kezaliman: Surat-Surat Bung Hatta kepada Presiden Soekarno (1986) translation:

Tiga Cerita dari Negeri Dollar (short story compilation, John Steinbeck, Upton Sinclair,and John Russel, 1950)

Orang Kaya (novel F. Scott Fitgerald, 1950)

Yakin (written by Irwin Shaw, 1950)

Kisah-kisah dari Eropa (short story compilation, 1952)

Cerita dari Tiongkok ( translated by BebVuykdan S. Mundingsari, 1953)

Study about Mocthar lubis:

M.S. Hutagalung, JalanTak Ada Ujung MochtarLubis (1963)

Henri Chambert-Loir, MochtarLubis, une vision del'IndesieContemporaine (disertasi, Paris, 1974)

David T. Hill, MochtarLubis: Author, Editor, and Political Actor(disertasi, Canberra, 1989)

(Taken from : http://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2012/06/26/kumpulan-biografi-4- wartawan-terkenal-di-dunia- jurnalistik/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mochtar_Lubis http://mochtarlubisaward.blogspot.com/)

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APPENDIX C

KPE 115 Basic Reading II

Credit : 2 credits

Time Allocation : 2 x 50 minutes class meeting,

2 x 120 minutes independent work and structured tasks

Study Program : English Language Education Study Program

Lecturers : Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum.

Last updated: February 2013

Short Description of the Course:

KPE 115 (2 CR / 2 CH) Basic Reading 2 is designed to help students develop their basic reading skills (previewing, skimming for main ideas, scanning for details, guessing word meanings from context), summarizing skill, and literal/inferential comprehension skills. Throughout the course, students are encouraged to use appropriate reading strategies when reading various kinds of texts and to give simple critical responses to ideas presented in the texts. Online tasks to foster students’ independence in developing their reading skills are also provided at http://intensivereading2.pbworks.com. This course is compulsory and offered in Semester II. The prerequisite course for KPE 115 Basic Reading II is KPE 110 Basic Reading I.

Goals of the course

On completing the course, students are able to:

1. understand various reading strategies: previewing, skimming for main ideas, scanning for details, summarizing 2. use appropriate reading strategies to improve reading comprehension 3. develop English vocabulary 4. write summaries and simple responses to the ideas or issues presented in the texts

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Course Outline

Meeting Material Assignments

1 Syllabus and assignments; Review of Reading Skills

2-5 Reading articles/short stories . Reader’s response . Online assignments Class activities: group/class discussions , individual assignments

6 Progress Test 1 Reader’s Journal 1 submission 7-11 Reading articles/short stories/poems . Reader’s response . Online assignments Class activities: group/class discussions, individual . Quizz assignments

12 Progress Test 2 Reader’s Journal 2 submission 13-15 Reading short essays . Reader’s response . Online assignments Class activities: group/class discussions, individual . Quizz assignments

Final Test Reader’s Journal 3 submission

Learning Strategies

Class/small group discussions, individual assignments. Classroom Rules

a) Cellular phones must be switched to silent mode during the course. Receiving or reading messages, as well as receiving or making phone calls in class are not allowed. b) Students are to attend at least 75 % of class meetings. c) Tolerable late arrival is 10 minutes. d) T-shirts, leggings, and sandals are prohibited. e) Students must actively participate in the class activities.

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Grading Policy

Assessment Aspects Percentage

Progress test 1 25%

Progress test 2 25%

Final Test 30%

Reader’s responses, journals, and online tasks 20% (http://intensivereading2.pbworks.com)

Total 100 %

References

Blanchard, Karen and Christine Root. For Your Information. Book 4. Advanced Reading Skills. New York: Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Company, Inc., 1996.

Foley, Mark and Diane Hall. 2000. Distinction. English for Advanced Learners. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

Goshgarian, Gary. The Contemporary Reader From Little Brown. 2nd edition. Boston: Little Brown and Company. 1987.

Kay, Judith and Rosemary Gelshenen. Discovering Fiction. A Reader of American Short Stories. Book 1. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2005.

Mikulecky, Beatrice S., and Linda Jeffries. More Reading Power. Reading for Pleasure, Comprehension Skills, Thinking Skills, Reading Faster. 2nd Edition. New York: Pearson Education, Inc. 2004.

Moore, David W., Deborah J. Short, Michael W. Smith, Alfred W. Tatum. Edge. Reading, Writing & Language. California: National Geographic School Publishing, Hampton-Brown.

Jakarta post and other electronic sources.

Last updated by: Henny Herawati

February, 2013

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APPENDIX D

LESSON PLAN

University : Sanata Dharma University

Faculty : Faculty of Teachers Training and Education

Study program : English Language Education Study Program

Academic : 2013/2014

Subject : Basic reading II

Semester : II

Topic : Orde Lama era

Time allocation : 100 minutes

General Course Objectives

5. The students are able to understand various reading strategies: previewing, skimming for main ideas, scanning for details, summarizing

6. The students are able to use appropriate reading strategies to improve reading comprehension

7. The students are able to develop English vocabulary

8. The students are able to write summaries and simple responses to the ideas or issues presented in the texts

Specific Course Objectives

1. The students are able to read by scanning for details 2. The students are able to use appropriate reading strategies to improve reading comprehension by reading a text from a novel entitled Twilight in Djakarta. The text is excerpts from chapter 4. 3. The students are able to develop English vocabulary 4. The students are able to write simple responses to the ideas or issues presented in the texts.

Teaching Learning Activities

No. Activities Time

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allocation (minute) 1. Pre-reading activities The lecturer greets the students The lecturer shows some pictures related to the topic The lecturer asks some questions related to the topic The lecturer distributes the passage to the students 2. Whilst-reading activities The lecturer ask the students to read the passage loudly in a group of 4 The lecturer asks the students to answer the questions provided in the handout 3. Post-reading activities The lecturer and the students discuss the answer together The teacher asks the students to make simple response about the passage The lecturer gives the concluding remark The lecturer close the activities

Learning Strategies

Lecturer and group discussion

Material

Excerpts from Chapter August from a novel entitled Twilight in Djakarta by Mocthar Lubis

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APPENDIX E

Handout for Teacher

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TEACHING BASIC READING

I. Pre-reading Activities Pictures

Questions : 1. What is your opinion about those pictures?

II. Whilst-reading Activities (Reading passage attached)

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III. Post-Reading Activities 1. What do you think about Raden Kaslah‘s character? 2. What do you think about the corruption phenomenon? 3. What do you learn from the passage?

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Appendix F

Handout for students

A. Look at the pictures and share your opinion about those pictures with your partner. B. After sharing your opinion, read the passage below and answer the question

Reading passage Twilight in Djakarta By Mochtar Lubis Chapter 3 (69-73)

Raden Kaslan, director of the Bumi aju Corporation, member of the Indonesian Party, closed the door of his office in his home and turned to his visitor, Husin Limbara, chairman of the Indonesian Party.

‘Nah,’ he said. ‘Now no one can listen to our conversation. Please sit down.’

Husin Limbara sat down in a dark-brown leather arm-chair, leaned back comfortably and said,

‘Aduh, my shoulder still hurts. None of the doctors is able to cure it.’

Raden Kaslan picked up the cigar-box from his table, said something in sympathy with Husin Limbara’s shoulder trouble and, as his visitor helped himself to a ‘555’, Raden Kaslan held up to his cigar a silver lighter made by the Jogja silver-works.

Husin Limbara inhaled deeply, puffed the smoke slowly, his eyes steadly fixed on the faceof his host. For a moment Raden Kaslan felt uncomfortable, but he dispelled this feeling, after thinking; The party needs money again, and deciding for himself that this time he wasn’t going to give them more than one or two thousand rupiah. Having decided so, he felt ar ease again, and said to Husin Limbara,

‘Nah, what’s on your mind? On the telephone is sounded like a very important and pressing matter.’

With a little groan Husin sat up in his chair and said, lowering his voice,

‘The executive council has taken an important decision. As you know, the general elections are very near. Our party needs a lot of money. We must establish a trade organization to raise as much money as possible. Of all our members we have selected you to prepare a plan, because of your long experience in the business world. We want

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you, brother, to prepare a plan on a really large scale, to cover all economic activities. You needn’t worry about your own money. It’s not our intention to trade, really. But if some of the arrangements could remain permanent, all the better. Our members who are in positions of authority have already received instructions to support the party’s efforts. What do you think?’

Raden Kaslan looked at Husin Limbara. He had heard already of the party’s intentions to raise this money, for quite some time had been hoping that he would be invited to participate. Even though his name was being mentioned among the council’s members, he had not failed to solicit on his own the help of friends among the council members. And he had already spent several thousand rupiah in connection with these efforts.

‘If the members of our party in positions of authority will give their support it will not be too great a problem,’ said Raden Kaslan. ‘Of all the economic sectors, the easiest to get money from is certanly the import sector. Whereas the other sectors will ask for time, ask for organization, ask for industry –as for instance transportation, or export, or industry – the import sector will need nothing at all.

‘All it will need is a name of corporation, and that’s all. We’re just going to sell the import licences which obtain. I suggest that we make two plans. One quick results, that is via the import sector of business. And the other, a permanet plan,for establishing banks, industries and so forth.’

“ah, not in vain do people say that Raden Kaslan is an expert in economics,’ laughed Husin Limbara.

‘No, it’s really not so difficult,’ said Raden Kaslan. ‘Importers are willing to buy their licences, particularly for ordinary goods which are public necessities, for as much as 200 per cent more. So if, for instance, the price of all licenses is one hundred thousand rupiah they could be sold for up to three hundred thousand rupiah. And we get three hundred thousand rupiah clean without investing a single cent!’

‘Good!’ said Husin Limbara and clapped his hand on the table with delight. ‘According to our calculations our party, in order to win in the coming elections, will need at least thirty million. Do you think we can raise this amount within six months?’

Raden Kaslan was silent a while, calculating.

‘Ah, no trouble,’ he said.

‘Good,’ said Husin Limbara again. ‘I leave it to you to prepare the plans.’

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‘However, there is one more principle which ought to be settled,’ said Raden Kaslan. ‘What percentage does the party get, and how much for the people who implement the plan? This work involves risks, of course ….’

‘Ah, as for risks, don’t be afraid. Our ministers will protect them.’

‘Oh, that’s not what I meant,’ said Raden Kaslan suavely. ‘But even though these corporations we establish will be fake, there nevertheless will arise financial consequences such as taxes, certification fees and many other things.’

‘Ah, now what would be proper in your opinion, brother Raden Kaslan?’

‘I think fifty-fifty is fair. Fifty for the party and fifty for the names of the people we will use.’

‘Isn’t that too much?’ asked Husin Limbara distrustfully.

‘How come too much? The party will be sure to have the money in six months,’ Raden Kaslan answered.

‘Brother Raden Kaslan, you realize, of course, the importance of maintaining complete screcy in this matter?’ asked Husin Limbara.

‘Ah, certainly! I will exercise the greatest caution. Isn’t my own reputation involved too?’

Husin Limbara rose from his chair, and, stooping slightly to favour his hurting shoulder, stepped to the door, then turned to Raden Kaslan and said,

‘When do you think you can bring the plans?’

‘Give me a week,’ said Raden Kaslan.

‘All right, a week. Let me know.’

On the front verandah they saw Fatma who sat in a chair reading, and at the piano in the corner Suryono, lackadaisically playing some tunes.

‘Are you going directly home, mas?’ said Fatma. ‘Won’t you have something to drink?’

‘Ah, forgive me, mbakju, another time. Too much work.

‘Suryono, come here for a moment. Meet Pak Husin Limbara, chairman of the Indonesian party. This is my son, Suryono, just returned from abroad; works in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.’

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‘Ah, fine, fine! Have you joined the party too?’ asked Husin Limbara, while shaking hands with Suryono.

‘It’s quite enough with just father in it,’ answered Suryono.

They laughed heartily, and Raden Kaslan accompanied Husin Limbara to his car waiting in the yard.

When we had re-entered and closed the door he rubbed his hands, looked in turn at Suryono and Fatma. And laughed broadly.

‘We’re in!’ he then exclaimed in Dutch. ‘We’re made now,’ he said. Raden Kaslan sat down near Fatma, called Suryono over and spoke in confiding tones.

‘This is very secret; don’t tell anybody. A great catch for us!’

And very quickly he described to his wife and son the plans for raising money for the party.

‘Nah, it’s my intention,’ said Raden Kaslan when he had finished his tale, ‘to establish a number of corporations of different kinds, with Fatwa becoming the director of one, you, Suryono, the director of another one and so on with the other corporations, and in every one of them we must have a part-interest, so that we get the largest possible share at the division of profits.’

‘Ah, I cannot participate,’ said Suryono. ‘I am a government office.’

‘Don’t worry, just quit, or ask for a prolonged leave of absence. I’ll talk about it with the party. It can be arranged.’

The three of them talked for a long time, making all kinds of plans. Something he had never suspected in himself gripped Suryono, a joy at the thought that he would dispose of so much money.

‘Ah,’ he said, ‘why not? I have decided for myself that I want it. If I get tired of it I’ll make another decision, that I want something else.

By the time they had finished talking Suryono had already convinced himself that what he was doing was in no way reprehensible. The other parties are doing the same thing, he thought. Why shouldn’t I?’

A. Understanding the Story With a partner, answer these following questions 1. How are the party conditions in the passage? 2. What do you think about Raden Kaslan?

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3. What does raden Kaslan do to raise money for his party? 4. Does Suryono accept his father’s offer to join the corporation? 5. Why does Raden Kaslan choose Suryono and Fatma as the direction?

B. Vocabulary Comprehension Match the words with the definitions correctly! Words 1. Director

2. Party

3. Council

4. Establish

5. Election

6. Solicit

7. Licenses

8. Financial

9. Caution

10. Lackadaisically

11. Dispose

12. Taxes

13. Ease

14. Dispelled

15. certification fees Definitions A to give someone official permission to do or have something B an organization of people with particular political beliefs which competes in elections to try to win positions in local or national government

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C a group of people elected or chosen to make decisions or give advice on a particular subject, to represent a particular group of people, or to run a particular organization D a time when people vote in order to choose someone for a political or official job E to start a company or organization that will continue for a long time F relating to money or how money is managed G a manager of an organization, company, college, etc. H to ask someone for money, information or help I great care and attention J Lacking interest and enthusiasm K to make someone feel a particular way towards someone or something L (an amount of) money paid to the government, which is based on your income or the cost of goods or services you have bought M to make or become less severe, difficult, unpleasant, painful, etc N to remove fears, doubts and false ideas, usually by proving them wrong or unnecessary O an amount of money paid for a particular piece of work or for a particular right or service

E. Writing Response 1. Have you ever heard about the statement of “Never Leave History” by Soekarno? What do you think about that statement? ______

2. What do you think about Orde Lama era? ______

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______

3. What moral values do you get from the passage? ______

‘Never Leave History’

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