2013;9(6s) Journal of American Science Journal of American Science 2013;9(6s) http://www.jofamericanscience.org

Overview of the Sadra Philosophy

Mohammad salari

Ferdowsi University of , International Campus, Mashhad, . [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Mulla Sadra is one of the greatest Muslim scholars; He revived the in the seventeenth century. After two major philosophical systems that Suhrawardi and ibn sina were founders, he was innovator the greatest islamic philosophical system as transcendental Wisdom. He was the true representatives of Shi Wisdom, that his thought system was established based on three pillars: , Mysticism and argument. He was the inventor of more than 32 new philosophical issues, 12 quite new comments and 4 fundamental problem of Islamic philosophy. [Mohammad salari. Overview of the Sadra Philosophy. J Am Sci 2013;9(6s):128-130]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 19

Keywords: , wisdom, revelation, transcendent school, Sadra

INTRODUCTION differences from philosophical method. First, Before Sadra's philosophy, four ways of Principles of rational theology is different from the thinking about the existed in the Islamic principles of philosophy, second, philosophical world, these methods were: argument is an open discussion, on contrary of 1- Philosophical method of argument theologian, the first goal of Philosopher hadn't been 2- eshraghy philosophical approach to defend a set of certain idea but the obligations of 3- Mystical method the theologian were to defense of religion Privacy. 4- Theological method Pure thinking and reasoning was the feature of the The first method relies on demonstration and first period of Mulla sadra life. In the second phase of purely rational arguments. This approach has many his life he tasted the third way, self-purification and followers, as far as we can say that the majority of worship, tendency towards God and in a simple word, Iranian philosophers have followed this philosophy. mysticism. Then he entered the third stage of his life, kennedy, faraby and Ibn Sina were the followers of he built a new philosophical Structure, his system is peripatetic method, Ibn Sina was the representative of based on the merits of the Past methods. He chose the this Output in the Islamic culture. argument from the first path but he broke it The second method is based on two elements: monopoly.by his initiatives, mysticism was added to reasoning, rational arguments and self-purification. the resources of divine wisdom (Morteza Motahari, Under this method only by relying on the reasoning 1979). He looked to the Fourth way, Speakers way, and rational arguments could not be removed the but he refused their methods. He used three different Screens from the of the world, for this sources in his way, Quran, Nahjolbalaghe and purpose self-purification is necessary. This method Infallible sayings.in first he was focused on wisdom, had fewer followers than the first method. discovery and revelation and then he put together the Suhrawardi, al-Din Shirazi, Shahrooze, argument, and the Qur'an. Three pillars of His considered the followers of this path. innovative Wisdom were: revelation, reason and the The third method is a method of mystics that heart (Morteza Motahari, 1979). relied on self-purification and closeness to God to Philosophical significance of Mulla Sadra achieve the truth. Shirazi: He called his creative wisdom as the On this basis, the aim is not only to uncover the transcendental Wisdom (Avecenna, et al, 1996). The truth but also to achieve the Truth. The Sufi way had amplitude of Mulla Sadra Wisdom had a grate many followers that including the following persons: developing, and refers to the way that in which Bayazid bastamy, Mohye al den-arabi and achieves knowledge through demonstration; molavi. discovery and revelation become possible (Mulla Bayazid bastamy was the representative of Sadra, 1982). Islamic Sufism that took the theoretical Sufism as a There is no doubt that he had consideration a science and all of the mystics were under his special place for reasoning. He believed that influence. whatever that reasoning know as it impossible, will The fourth method is based on rational not be accepted, there will be the cases that mind is arguments. Theologian's reasoning methods had two incapable of understanding them. he believed that

128 128 2013;9(6s) Journal of American Science Journal of American Science 2013;9(6s) http://www.jofamericanscience.org anyone who did not accepted the religion of the 6- Principles of Revelation, especially the prophets, would not be wise so their words couldn't teachings of the Prophet and Amamn that had more had properly knowledge about the facts. He believed esoteric aspects. that one who follows the prophet did not refute the He extracted philosophical and metaphysical wisdom (Mulla Sadr, 1987). He likened the reason to themes from imam's expressions and sentences and the eye and likened the Quran to the sun without founded a new school of wisdom and he was the true eyes. founder of Islamic Philosophy. We will not have any interest from light and In the Islamic World, Mulla Sadra was founder without the Sun there is not a light to see things. He of a new wisdom that it is well known as the hoped to destroy the philosophy that hadn't rules and Transcendent wisdom. Mulla Sadra united together, principles according to Scripture and tradition (Mulla revelation, mysticism and philosophy. He considered Sadra and Asfar, 1981). the self-purification as a necessary and integral He believed discoveries that obtained without a condition for wisdom Study. He adorns the doubt was the findings of the prophets so by law and Philosophy with human virtues (Sharif, 1986). religion as a scale could be measured other Mulla Sadra separate theology from Ptolemaic revelation, as a result discovery that hadn't astronomy and Aristotelian physics, And was able to compatible with the religion will not had any value release the divine philosophy from medieval natural and price. In his view, for those who believed that philosophy. wisdom is incompatible with religion, it wouldn't be a New thought of Mullah Sadra: reasonable says because they hadn't the ability to Mullah Sadra was owner a new way in Islamic establish harmony between religious sermons and Philosophy, he initiating a new system considered as philosophical arguments and only those who are able the Wisdom of God, he adding new resources to the to make the matches that had these conditions: 1- resource of Philosophy and had a new views and Approved by God thoughts in philosophical thought (Mulla Sadra and 2- Excellence in Philosophical Sciences Mafatih ghayb, 1984). 3- Knowledge about the divine mysteries There are four categories of philosophical In the other words, a person had the ability to history: establish harmony that possesses sufficient 1- Issues that remain with no change Just as proficiency in the area like: mysticism, argument and they were translated from Greek and Syriac and no the Quran. Philosophy of Mulla Sadra, not a simple further changes has been made in them. combination but it is an innovative and independent 2- Issues that have been raised before , system that there has not been previously Exist, and although completed in Islamic philosophy, they couldn't be produced by aggregating and integrating seized strong foundations, changes their argument or from different systems. Mulla Sadra not an ordinary added a new argument to them. philosopher, he was the greatest wise in the field of 3- Issues that have retained their previous title, Islamic Philosophy. He was trying to create more but their contents have been changed and transformed harmony between religion and Philosophy. He into something else. believed that revelation and philosophy are 4- Issues that weren't raised at the pre-Islamic complementary to each other (Shayegan, 1992). and were introduced for the first time in the Islamic In the Islamic world, only Shia has been able to world. achieve the prophetic philosophy because finds New Issues in Islamic philosophy have three agreement between reason and revelation. According forms: the new argument, new content or new in all to Allameh Tabatabai views, full review of religious aspects. facts, content discovery and adapt them to the In some cases sometimes take an initiative in inductive argument, made most of new preparations the form and order of issues, may change the order, for Mulla Sadra and made a new facility for recency or priority of issues. The issues might developing a philosophical debate, create a new already exist in mysticism or theology but it isn't discussion and discovered new ideas and content.in a designed as a philosophical problem. new authoring system which was founded by Mulla New and innovative philosophical issues are Sadra, we have identified six key elements, which divided into two categories: are as follows: Issues that constitute the pillar and foundation 1- Philosophy of and his followers of the philosophy and the minor issues that doesn't 2- The teachings of Plato the greatness of the previous issues. 3- The teachings of Ibn Sina Now we're going to introduce Mulla Sadra's 4- Philosophy of Sheikh Ashraghy views and new ideas: 5- Mystical theories of the sheikh Arabie

129 129 2013;9(6s) Journal of American Science Journal of American Science 2013;9(6s) http://www.jofamericanscience.org

He had two new issues and innovative, the research on purgatorial statements Allama Tabatabai problem that he claimed the new issues and the believe that Mulla Sadra's philosophy began with problem that research cleared that they were new and originality of existence and doubts about existence, initiatives issues, although he attributes the problem then in each case takes advantage from this two to the last philosophers of Greece and Persia. New approach. ideas Mulla Sadra is divided into several distinct Allameh Morteza Motahari believes that Pillars sections: of Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy are: Originality 1- Issues that through his work had been of existence, Solving the mental Problem, Unity of received stronger pillars and more arguments. For existence, Research on aspects of God, Investigate example can be named, confirmed the obligatory, the need for a Cause, Research on causation truth and compulsory unity, unity of sane and sensible. how related causes to the effects, proof the Inky 2- The issues that had been raised before Mulla movement, Research on the relationship between Sadra and had a title but faced overall content fixed and variable, Proof alliance between sane and changes by him. For example Log in Plato's Sadraee sensible, Proof the Theorem of World 'engender over philosophy in time, Proof the theorem about body composition of 3- Problems of logic, physics, theology and matter, Proof of bodily resurrection, Time as fourth mysticism that he had designed as a philosophical dimension, research on purgatorial statements problem. For example moving topic by Mulla Sadra (Morteza Motahari, 1990). was introduced from physics to philosophy. 4- New issues that have arisen all through his REFRENCE innovation and creativity. For this case the following 1– Avecenna,H, Esharat and Tanbihat,Tehran, Iran, examples can be considered: 1996, page 401. 1- Originality of existence as a philosophical 2- Mulla Sadra, Alarshyh, Tehran, Iran, 1982, 41. problem 3- Mulla Sadra, Asfar, Beirut, Lebanon, 1981, page 2- Inky movement 205. 3-virginity of purgatorial existence 4- Mulla Sadra, Mafatih ghayb, Tehran, Iran, 1984, 4- Physical and spiritual aspects of nature page 285. 5- Solving the mental Problem 5- Mulla Sadr, an adequate description of the 6- Check inherent aspect of God principles, Tehran, Iran, 1987, page 388. 7- Establish a relationship between cause and 6- Morteza Motahari, familiarity with Islamic effect by eshraghy addition Sciences, Tehran, Iran, 1979, pages151-157. 8- Proof of bodily resurrection 7- Morteza Motahari, philosophical essays, Tehran, 9- Time as fourth dimension Iran, 1990, page73. Comments of Allama Mirza Abul Hossein 8- Shayegan, D, intellectual horizons Qazwini about new and initiatives issues of Mulla of thought in Iran, Tehran, Iran, 1992, pages Sadra's: 232-233-235. of existence, monotheism, inky move, 9- Sharif, M, History of Philosophy in Islam, alliance of sane and sensible, Proof of bodily Tehran, Iran, 1986. Pages 482-479. resurrection, physical and spiritual aspects of nature,

6/9/2013

130 130