50 V.Chr. – 410 N. Chr.)1
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Oppida: a Settlement Phenomenon of the Later Iron Ages of Britain and Temperate Europe: an Analysis of Colchester, Titelberg, and Canterbury
Oppida: A Settlement Phenomenon of the later Iron Ages of Britain and Temperate Europe: An Analysis of Colchester, Titelberg, and Canterbury Volume Two The Sites: Later Iron Age Occupation at Colchester, Titelberg and Canterbury Emma Louise Jackson Classical and Archaeological Studies School of European Culture and Language Thesis Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Kent March 2017 7: Colchester The modern town of Colchester, (often referred to as Camulodunum in literature pertaining to the site’s later Iron Age, and Iron Age/Roman transitional period, occupation), has a long and vibrant history, with secure but not continuous evidence for occupation dating back to the Bronze Age (Crummy 1995b, 131-133). Flints dating to the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods have also been recovered through excavation (Brooks and Masefield 2006, 4; Brooks et al. 2007, 1); however, these are so limited in number that it is impossible to state definitively whether occupation was actually present at these times. Despite this early evidence for human activity it was not until the later Iron Age (Hawkes and Hull 1947, 5; Hawkes 1995, 4-6; Niblett 1985; 1-3) that Colchester truly became a flourishing centre of occupation. This is particularly true of the last c.50 years of the later Iron Age, (from c.15/10 BC1), when Colchester, (Figure 7.1), became one of Britain’s most significant settlements. Unsurprisingly, therefore, the archaeology associated with this period is both extensive and exciting; with, as N. Crummy rightly notes, ‘enormous research potential’ (2013, 38). Consequently, it was an ideal case study for the present thesis (see Chapter 1.2.3.1). -
The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography
Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid. -
Caesar and Tacitus Reading Introduction to the Caesar Reading Julius Caesar Wrote Accounts of His Campaigns in Gaul to Justify His Power and Actions
Caesar and Tacitus Reading Introduction to the Caesar Reading Julius Caesar wrote accounts of his campaigns in Gaul to justify his power and actions. Here he gives his most extensive accounts of the peoples of Gaul and Germany. What customs, values and practices among the Gauls and the Germans seem significantly different from customs, values and practices at Rome? Are there ways in which he may use these differences as a justification for the military campaigns he is carrying out? Caesar, Gallic Wars Book 6 (chapters 11-20) (Trans. by H. J. Edwards, 1917) 6.11 Since I have arrived at this point, it would seem to be not inappropriate to set forth the customs of Gaul and of Germany, and the difference between these nations. In Gaul, not only in every state and every canton and district, but almost in each several household, there are parties [= political factions]; and the leaders of the parties are men who in the judgment of their fellows are deemed to have the highest authority, men to whose decision and judgment the supreme issue of all cases and counsels may be referred. And this seems to have been an ordinance from ancient days, to the end that no man of the people should lack assistance against a more powerful neighbour; for each man refuses to allow his own folk to be oppressed and defrauded, since otherwise he has no authority among them. The same principle holds in regard to Gaul as a whole taken together; for the whole body of states is divided into two parties. -
“Celtic” Oppida
“Celtic” Oppida John Collis (Respondent: Greg Woolf) I will start by stating that I do not believe the sites our discussion. So, what sorts of archaeological feat which I am defiling with qualify as “city-states”; ures might we expect for our “city” and “tribal” indeed, in the past I have drawn a contrast between the states? city-states of the Mediterranean littoral and the inland The area with which I am dealing lies mainly “tribal states” of central and northern Gaul. However, within central and northern France, Switzerland, and their inclusion within the ambit of this symposium is Germany west of the Rhine (Collis [1984a-b], [1995a- useful for two reasons. Firstly, if a class of “city-state” bl). This is the area conquered by Julius Caesar in is to be defined, it is necessary to define the character 58-51 B.C.. In his Commentaries he refers on istics with reference to what is, or is not, shared with numerous occasions to “oppida”, sites often of urban similar types of simple state or quasi-state formations. character, and apparently all with some form of Secondly, the written documentary sources are some defences. Some of the sites he mentions are readily what thin, or even non-existent, for these sites; there recognisable as predecessors to Roman and modern fore archaeology must produce much of the data for towns (Fig. 1) - Vesontio (Besançon), Lutetia (Paris), Fig. 1. Sites mentioned by Caesar in the De Bello Galileo. 230 John Collis Durocortorum (Reims), and Avaricum (Bourges) - large size with the Gallic and central European sites while others have been deserted, or failed to develop - (Ulaca is about 80ha). -
The Commentaries of Caesar, by Anthony Trollope
Project Gutenberg's The Commentaries of Caesar, by Anthony Trollope This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license Title: The Commentaries of Caesar Author: Anthony Trollope Release Date: November 9, 2017 [EBook #55926] Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COMMENTARIES OF CAESAR *** Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from scanned images of public domain material from the Google Books project.) Ancient Classics for English Readers EDITED BY THE REV. W. LUCAS COLLINS, M.A. C Æ S A R The Volumes published of this Series contain HOMER: THE ILIAD, BY THE EDITOR. HOMER: THE ODYSSEY, BY THE SAME. HERODOTUS, BY GEORGE C. SWAYNE, M.A. Late Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The following Authors, by various Contributors, are in preparation:— VIRGIL. HORACE. ÆSCHYLUS. SOPHOCLES. ARISTOPHANES. CICERO. JUVENAL. XENOPHON. OTHERS WILL FOLLOW. A Volume will be published on the 1st of every alternate Month, price 2s. 6d. T H E C O M M E N T A R I E S OF C Æ S A R BY ANTHONY TROLLOPE WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS EDINBURGH AND LONDON MDCCCLXX CONTENTS. CHAP. PAGE I. INTRODUCTION, 1 FIRST BOOK OF THE WAR IN GAUL.—CÆSAR DRIVES FIRST THE SWISS AND II. 28 THEN THE GERMANS OUT OF GAUL.—B.C. -
Treasure Exhibition Objects
Treasure Exhibition Objects The main focus of the exhibition is the Coin Hoard found in 2012. This is displayed in a conservation laboratory in the middle of the exhibition. There is live conservation ongoing to the Le Catillon Hoard II. Coins are being taken off the main hoard, cleaned, identified and then catalogued and packaged. The rest of the exhibition contains items from Jersey, Guernsey, Sark , Alderney and France from both the Romans and the Celts. l The rest of the exhibition contains items from The ship timbers from Guernsey Jersey, Guernsey, Sark , Alderney and France from l The Orval Chariot Burial from France both the Romans and the Celts. l Coins from Le Catillon Hoard I from Grouville The amount of items from bothe the cultures l Paule Statues from Brittany show their similarities and differences. They l Kings Road burials from Guernsey also demonstrate the variety of objects found archaeologically in these areas. The below list gives you details of every artefact There are a number of artefacts of particular within the exhibition. significance: Orval Chariot Burial Iron ring bolts, possibly elements connected with the chariot shaft. Five copper alloy phalerae decorated with small carved coral plaques, mounted on their support Iron hoops intended to strengthen the hub of each with a birch resin-based glue, occasionally finished of the two wheels. off with a small bronze rivet. (metal disc used to Iron eye bolts and forked rod which were probably adorn the harness) used as shock absorbers between the axel and the Two rein rings. carriage. Two copper alloy harness rings. -
Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain
JOHN CREIGHTON Coins and Power in Late Iron Age Britain published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York ny 10011–4211, USA www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alarco´n 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain © John Creighton 2000 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2000 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeset in Plantin 10/12pt [vn] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library isbn 0 521 77207 9 hardback CONTENTS List of Wgures page viii List of tables x Preface xi Acknowledgements xii List of abbreviations xiii Note on translations used xiv Introduction 1 1 The Middle to Late Iron Age transition 4 2 Coin and the representation of individual authority 22 3 The Southern and Eastern kingdoms 55 4 Classical imagery and ideology in Britain 80 5 The location of Britain in the Roman world 126 6 Legends and language 146 7 Dynasties and identities 174 8 Conclusion and epilogue: from Britain to Britannia 216 Appendix: A brief introduction to Iron Age coinage in Britain 222 References 228 Index of coin types 238 General index 241 vii FIGURES Fig. 2.1 The development of coinage in northern Europe from the Phillipus to its regional successors page 27 Fig. -
The Gallic Wars Julius Caesar
The Gallic Wars Julius Caesar TRANSLATED BY W. A. MCDEVITTE AND W. S. BOHN ROMAN ROADS MEDIA Classical education, from a Christian perspective, created for the homeschool. Roman Roads combines its technical expertise with the experience of established authorities in the field of classical education to create quality video courses and resources tailored to the homeschooler. Just as the first century roads of the Roman Empire were the physical means by which the early church spread the gospel far and wide, so Roman Roads Media uses today’s technology to bring timeless truth, goodness, and beauty into your home. By combining excellent instruction augmented with visual aids and examples, we help inspire in your children a lifelong love of learning. The Gallic Wars by Julius Caesar translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn This text was designed to accompany Roman Roads Media's 4-year video course Old Western Culture: A Christian Approach to the Great Books. For more information visit: www.romanroadsmedia.com. Other video courses by Roman Roads Media include: Grammar of Poetry featuring Matt Whitling Introductory Logic taught by Jim Nance Intermediate Logic taught by Jim Nance French Cuisine taught by Francis Foucachon Copyright © 2015 by Roman Roads Media, LLC Roman Roads Media 739 S Hayes St, Moscow, Idaho 83843 A ROMAN ROADS ETEXT The Gallic Wars Julius Caesar TRANSLATED BY W. A. MCDEVITE AND W. S. BOHN BOOK 1 Chapter 1 All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in their own language are called Celts, in our Gauls, the third. -
Coins Or Money ?
VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT COINS OR MONEY ? EXPLORING THE MONETIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF ROMAN COINAGE IN BELGIC GAUL AND LOWER GERMANY 50 BC-AD 450 ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit te Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. T. Sminia, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de faculteit der Letteren op dinsdag 28 november 2000 om 13.45 uur in het hoofdgebouw van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Joris Gerardus Aarts geboren te Nijmegen promotor: prof.dr. W.A. van Es Preface This book is the final result of a research programme that started in 1992. I started writing fairly soon after that, and I wrote it pretty much in the form and sequence which it has now. My ideas about the subject matter and the waysit should be tackled it have of course evolved a great deal since the beginning, and this evolution will be evident to the close reader, or even the not so close reader. In a sense, the book is the story of my struggle with archaeological numismatics, and I have not tried to eliminate this aspect from it. I cannot even say that I emerged as the unambiguous victor; but I have attempted to sweep the battlefield as clean as I was able to. It was a complex affair, and involved knowledge of not only the field of ancient numismatics itself, but also of ancient history, archaeology, economic anthropology and statistics. As a consequence, it will no doubt occasionally many specialists in these various disciplines, to whom I apologize beforehand. -
Patterns of Continuity in Geto-Dacian Foreign Policy
69 HIRUNDO 2008 Pattern of Continuity in Geto-Dacian Foreign Policy Under Burebista Paul Vădan Following the death of Alexander the Great, the ancient world was affected by prolonged po - litical turmoil as many states emerging after 323 BC, both within and without Alexander’s former Em - pire, sought to impose their regional hegemony at each other’s expense in an attempt to restore stability. In the context of such discourse in power politics, the Geto-Dacian state emerged and sought to assert itself in the Carpathian-Danubian-Pontic region under the rule of Burebista in the 1 st century BC. De - spite modern claims that Burebista’s achievements were without precedent in the history of Geto-Dacia, 1 this paper will attempt to place the rule of Burebista in the context of a long tradition of Geto-Dacian foreign policy of assertion and interaction with the Hellenistic οιкоυµένη (oikoumene the perceived Greek world as opposed to barbarian lands). In order to do this, we will need to analyze Burebista’s political and economic goals in order to determine whether his rule conformed to an established pattern. Unfortunately, such a project is ir - reparably flawed because no Geto-Dacian written accounts (if there were any) have survived; all that has been passed on to us in terms of literary “evidence” are approximately four hundred Geto-Dacian words that are still in use in the Romanian language. As a result, scholars are forced to appeal exclu - sively (and with caution) to Greek and Roman written sources if they are to construct a generally co - herent history of the Geto-Dacians. -
Were Used by the Romans and in What Contexts Frisii and Frisiavones Used Their Own Ethnic Names
FRISII AND FRISIAVONES M.C. GALESTIN University of Groningen, Groningen Institute of Archaeology, Groningen, the Netherlands ABSTRACT: A study was made of the literary and epigraphical evidence referring to Frisii or Frisiavones, with the aim of assessing their relations with the Romans. The similarity of their names makes it difficult to distinguish between the two tribes. It emerges that the Frisii and Frisiavones probably were not related and lived in different territories. Both groups had contacts with the Romans, who made their names part of recorded history. Both Frisii and Frisiavones served in the Roman army and received Roman citizenship afterwards. The Frisiavones made their appearance around the middle of the first century and towards the end of the first century they formed an ethnic unit which served in Britain during the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Frisii were active in the Roman army from their first encounter in 12 BC, but their name did not become linked to an ethnic unit until the 3rd century, when several Frisian units were deployed in forts along Hadrian’s Wall. The Frisiavones had become incorporated into the Roman Empire, while the Frisii remained outside. The Frisii adopted some Roman habits but largely retained their own cultural identity. Members of both groups were present in Rome, as equites singulares, where their ethnic names are found combined with Roman names in their epitaphs. Their relations with the Roman Empire also provided new identities for Frisii and Frisiavones. KEYWORDS: Frisii, Frisiavones, Roman army, Roman Empire, ethnic identity. 1. InTRODUCTION were used by the Romans and in what contexts Frisii and Frisiavones used their own ethnic names. -
Caesar Thesis Final Draft
A Literary and Narratological Reading of Titurius Sabinus and Quintus Cicero in Julius Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum By Wesley J. Hanson Submitted to the graduate degree program in Classics and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. _____________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Anthony Corbeill _____________________________________ Dr. Emma Scioli _____________________________________ Dr. Tara Welch Date Defended: May 8, 2015 ii The Thesis Committee for Wesley J. Hanson certifies that this is the approved version of the following thesis: A Literary and Narratological Reading of Titurius Sabinus and Quintus Cicero in Julius Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum _____________________________________ Chairperson Dr. Anthony Corbeill Date Approved: May 8, 2015 iii Abstract This thesis argues that the characters of Titurius Sabinus and Quintus Cicero, as depicted by Caesar in his Bellum Gallicum, fulfill a narrative function that furthers the political aims of Caesar’s text. I start by arguing that there are three Caesars present in the Bellum Gallicum, employing Gérard Genette’s three definitions of “narrative” as a model: Caesar the historical author, Caesar the narrative voice, and Caesar the character. I also argue that Caesar the author writes in the “zero degree,” a term Roland Barthes created to describe a seemingly unadorned writing style. When characterizing Sabinus and Cicero, Caesar will occasionally break his degree zero style to pass judgment (frequently implicit rather than explicit) on the two men and their actions. Through this process Caesar establishes his narrative voice as an arbiter of proper military conduct: when an officer acts in accordance with what the narrative voice approves, he is shown to be successful in the field.