RIPICENI - POPOAIA: A NEW CUCUTENI B SETTLEMENT IN NORTH-EASTERN

Andreea Vornicu-Țerna, Stanislav Țerna

Keywords: Eneolithic, Cucuteni B, Ripiceni-„Popoaia”, aerial image, settlement, distribution patterns, research status.

Introduction The Ripiceni village in North-Eastern Romania is well-known to archaeologists dealing with the Copper Age Cucuteni-Tripolye culture thanks to an important Cucuteni A-B settlement, namely the one of Ripiceni-Holm (La Telescu). There, systematic investigations which have started in 2010 yielded rich archaeological remains such as various dugout and above-ground burnt features containing a large spectrum of finds (see Melniciuc, Boghian, 2010; Boghian et alii, 2015; Boghian et alii, 2016 with further literature). The excavations have been accompanied by interdisciplinary research including geophysical prospections which offered an insight into the settlement’s complex layout with a rather centripetal structure (Boghian et alii, 2016). Thus, Ripiceni- Holm, together with other Cucuteni A-B settlements from North-Eastern Romania and North-Western , seem to play a certain role in the process of formation of larger sites of the subsequent Cucuteni B - Tripolye B2 / C1 stage which have found their maximal expression in the giant settlements from the Bug - Dnieper interfluves (Müller et alii (eds.), 2016). In a meso-regional context, the outskirts of the Ripiceni village belong to the middle Depression, well-known for the high number of important

https://biblioteca-digitala.ro 98 A. Vornicu-Țerna, S. Țerna settlements from the late and latest stages of the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture’s evolution, some of which are eponymous for distinct Cucuteni B - Tripolye B2 / C1 and post-Cucuteni - Tripolye C2 local groups (Racovăț, Horodiștea- Gordinești, Brînzeni III, Bădragii Vechi) (see Дергачев, 1980; Маркевич, 1981; Черныш, 1982; Manzura, 1994; Dumitroaia, 2000; Boghian, 2001). There, the investigations of the left bank of Prut have been somehow more intensive, mainly due the activity of the Moldavian archaeologist V. Marchevici in the second half of the XXth century. On the right bank however, findings from sites as Ștefănești-Stânca Doamnei (Nițu, Șadurschi, 1994), Liveni (Diaconescu, 1995; 1996) and Miorcani (Nițu, 1969) proved the potential of the region for Cucuteni B studies, while materials from such settlements as Mitoc- Pisc, Mitoc-Valea lui Stan, Sadoveni-Valea Hotarului (Burtănescu, Șadurschi, 2013) – and, of course, Horodiștea-Păltiniș (Dinu, 1977) – provided extremely interesting materials reflecting the Tripolye C2 transition from Copper to Bronze Ages. Within this rich and intricate setting, of great importance is the identification and further investigation of new settlements, both in order to fill in the existing gaps on the archaeological map of Prut’s depression and to offer new insights into the research of the western border of the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture’s „complexity framework” which stood behind the appearance of larger and giant sites. In the following, we will present such a newly discovered settlement, located to the south of the Ripiceni village, in the Popoaia River valley (fig. 1). After the presentation of the site and the collected materials, we shall come back again to some archaeological problems and research directions concerning the late Cucuteni-Tripolye setting within the middle Prut’s Depression.

Location and description of the settlement The identification of the site was primarily made by analysing the Google Earth satellite imagery. A whitish feature of semi-circular shape caught our attention by its resemblance to the layout of an enclosed prehistoric settlement (fig. 2/A). In order to establish the accuracy of the image and our interpretation, we performed a field walk in the area. The site is located in Botoșani County, outside the built-up areas in the western part of the Ripiceni commune, at ca. 2 km south-west from the former village of Movila Ruptă (47°53ʼ30ʼʼ N; 27°08ʼ50ʼʼ E). In geomorphological terms, the region is part of the Moldavian Plain, more precisely of the hilly plain of Bașeu characterized by narrow valleys, large interfluvial plateaus and elevations of around 200 m (Păunescu, 1993, p. 17, 18; Boghian et alii, 2015, p. 626-629). Within this sub-unity, the site occupies a gentle slope near the headwaters of Popoaia stream, a small left tributary of Bașeu river, part of the

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Middle Prut Basin (fig. 1/B; 3/A, C). The absolute elevation here is of 170 m high and if we relate to the classification of V. Băcăuanu (1968, p. 147-161), we are in the proximity of the fourth terrace of Prut River. The area has a „flat slope” aspect, which becomes steeper in the western part, towards the watercourse of Popoaia and on the southern part due to the presence of a NE- SW oriented small ravine. From the satellite images, the north-eastern and eastern limits of the settlement are well visible showing a semi-circular enclosure (fig. 2/A, B-a). The siteʼs extent in the south and west was estimated by the distribution of the archaeological material. As seen in figure 2/B, the western limits correspond with the edge of the flat slope, though finds were also collected from the steeper region, their presence there being explained by the natural erosion processes. On the other hand, an interesting situation can be seen on the siteʼs southern limit that doesnʼt correspond to the small ravine as we would have expected. The site expands outside the upper part of the ravine (fig. 2/B) as indicated by the presence of an important quantity of archaeological material. Moreover, vitrified shards were collected from this area, which in our opinion could point out to the presence of a pottery kiln. Within these limits, the siteʼ size was estimated at ca. 5.7 ha. As regards the state of conservation, the site is affected by the presence of a modern construction – an abandoned irrigation channel with its adjacent water cistern system that cuts the site from north to south. The damages produced by the modern construction cannot be yet determined, but considering its central position within the settlement, there is no doubt that an important part of the built space was affected. Also, east of the channel, there is an intensive farming practice with deep ploughing, which brings to the surface large pieces of burnt daub from the prehistoric dwellings.

The finds The vast majority of the material was collected from the stubble west of the irrigation channel. The eastern part of the site provided a small quantity of artefacts due to the fact that the field was covered with crops remains. The finds consist mostly of potsherds and flint objects. Besides these, the recovered material includes a fragment of grinding stone and the lower part of an anthropomorphic figurine. The pottery counts 74 fragments representing two technological categories: fine pottery (63) and coarse ware of Cucuteni C type (11). The fine pottery, both painted and unpainted, is made of dense sandy clay with high concentration of mica, which on a simple naked eye examination shows no other type of inclusions. The firing in oxidation atmosphere at high

https://biblioteca-digitala.ro 100 A. Vornicu-Țerna, S. Țerna temperatures produced a high quality ceramic paste with colours varying from brick-red, light brown and yellowish. When painted, some of the potsherds’ surface was covered by a layer of engobe with a polished appearance specific for Cucuteni B pottery. In most of the cases, the engobe has a yellowish or whitish colour, and occasionally, light- brown. The painting is almost exclusively monochrome, made with black (fig. 4/1-16; 5/1-6), except for one fragment that displays fine red lines (fig. 4/17). Due to the fact that the collected pottery has mostly a high and medium degree of fragmentation with sherds less than 7 cm, a stylistic analysis is not yet achievable. The main ornamental elements consists of horizontal or oblique stripes composed of fine parallel lines bordered by thicker lines, curved lines, interspaces filled with black. One fragment displays an ornament that seems to be composed of metopes separated by vertical lines (fig. 5/4). Despite the high fragmentation, there are several fragments, especially parts of rims that served as diagnostic elements for the identification of vessel types. As it is the case of many of the Cucuteni B sites, the best represented type within the collected material is the biconical bowl (16 fragments). It varies in size and it is usually painted on one or both faces (fig. 4/1-5; 5/1, 6). Also in the bowl category, it is worth mentioning one painted fragment from a semispherical or carinated bowl (fig. 5/2). Four very fine fragments of walls and rims of around 5 mm thick, of which three painted, indicate the presence of cup type vessels (fig. 5/4). The collected material also includes several fragmented handles from amphorae and several rims bent outwards most probably coming from vessels that have the diameter of the body higher than that of the rim. The coarse-ware pottery recovered from the site of Popoaia is gray- yellowish and was tempered with crushed shells. One fragment is curved linear incised (fig. 5/12) and another, combined decorated. The flint objects collected from the site are made of local raw material specific for the Cretaceous deposits from the Middle Prut Valley. Some of the items have the surface covered by a white / white-blue patina. The finds can be attributed to different technological categories: cores and core maintenance elements (1 core with blade removal negatives and 1 flake for correcting the striking platform), debitage waste material (4), unretouched objects (1 blade and 5 flakes) and retouched objects. The last category comprises 4 retouched blades (fig. 5/8), 1 borer, 4 end scrapers, 3 arrowheads (2 of which have a concave base) (fig. 5/10, 11), and 2 flakes. A fragmented hammer stone completes the assemblage of flint objects. Within the collected finds we should also mention a clay miniature fragment representing the lower part of an anthropomorphic figurine. It was modelled from the same good fired sandy clay of yellowish-red colour used for the pottery

https://biblioteca-digitala.ro Ripiceni-Popoaia: a new Cucuteni B settlement in North-Eastern Romania 101 production. Stylistically, it belongs to the category of fusiform figurines with joined modelled legs, demarcated by incising at the thighs level (fig. 5/7). Unfortunately, the collected material is not quantitatively or qualitatively satisfactory for finer observations regarding the relative dating of the settlement. For now, based on the characteristics of the ceramics the site can be broadly attributed to the Cucuteni B stage. Excavations are required in order to obtain a higher quantity of datable material from precise archaeological context.

Further perspectives There are several research problems and directions raised by the Ripiceni-Popoaia settlement. First is the internal layout. The configuration of the satellite Google image with its narrow whitish lines coming from the western ditch to the centre would suggest a possible radial / centripetal structure, by analogy with larger sites from Moldova and Ukraine (see, for example, the satellite picture of Stolniceni I, located at just 20 km to the north-east) (Țerna et alii, 2016, fig. 2). This hypothesis however should be checked by geophysical prospections. Further insight into the settlement’s internal layout should be accompanied by archaeological excavations. The second one regards the natural environment and the geomorphological background. It shall be no accident that the settlers have chosen the stream source to place the settlement. The presence of the obviously natural ravine crossing the site’s territory could have been an advantage in technological terms; if it had water running on its bottom, then the confluence of the two geological structures, namely the ravine and the stream channel, could have offered easy two-side access to aquatic resources, while the proximity of larger fields on the top of the extensive fourth Prut terrace would be helpful in regard to agriculture. In order to test all this hypotheses, the archaeological investigations shall be accompanied by interdisciplinary research based on methods of natural sciences. Since the modern river channel is rather swampy, it could offer good conditions for pollen sample drilling. Geophysics should also reflect the possibility of pottery kilns presence near the small ravine, as shown by the above-mentioned vitrified pottery shards collected in that area. Third is the micro- and meso-regional context. In order to address it systematically, we made a simple mapping of Cucuteni B sites within the limits of a conventional 50 x 50 km cluster (e.g. a 2500 km2 that includes the territories lying within a range of 25 km in the four cardinal directions from the site placed in the centre) (fig. 6/A). In total, we mapped 79 settlements basing on site reports and repertoires from Romania and the Republic of Moldova (Маркевич, 1973; 1981; Bicbaev, 1993; Telnov, 1993; Roșca, Vâlcu, 1993;

https://biblioteca-digitala.ro 102 A. Vornicu-Țerna, S. Țerna Șovan, 2016). Thus, density of Cucuteni B sites is pretty high in this area and represents circa 3.16 settlements / 100 km2. On a larger regional scale, a higher concentration of Cucuteni B settlements in Prut area and especially in Prut and Siret Rivers Basins has already been noticed by specialists, who offered various social, economic and climatic explanations to this phenomenon, which we will not discuss here (see Manzura, 2005; Weninger, Harper, 2015; Müller, Rassmann, 2016, with further literature). How does this concentration look like on a smaller scale, e.g. the one from the closer proximity of Ripiceni-Popoaia settlement ? Our map displays a pretty uneven site distribution within the Prut’s fluvial system. The Delaunay triangulation of settlements (fig. 6/B) clearly shows their agglomerations on the banks of the six main Prut tributaries from the studied area, namely (from north to south) Volovăț, Bașeu and Jijia on the right bank and Racovăț, Ciuhur and Camenca on the left bank of the river. Do these agglomerations represent real site groups as socio-economical (and / or chronological) units ? This is one of the main questions to be answered in the future, although some considerations can be already done today. It is very possible, as Ripiceni-Popoaia shows us, that blank spaces in the map of settlement’s distribution could reflect rather an insufficient state of research and field walking in certain areas. If we would use a simplified Strahler Stream Order to classify Prut and its tributaries in the study region, than Prut would get the IVth order, the six tributaries listed above – IIIrd order, streams like Popoaia – IInd order and smaller brooks – Ist order. Therefore, site agglomerations mainly correspond to the water courses of IIIrd and IVth order and are underrepresented along the water courses of Ist and IInd order. In the case of Ripiceni-Popoaia, we can see that even larger or medium-sized sites of over 5 ha can be located on the banks of such smaller water courses. Most probable, they have not yet been discovered due to lack of systematic and extensive field walking aside from larger rivers and Prut’s tributaries. Thus, further research of the newly found Ripiceni-Popoaia settlement shall be focused both on the site itself (geophysics, excavations and environmental studies) and its surroundings, namely extensive field walking along the Popoaia stream and assessment of the site’s integration into the broader picture of Middle Prut region on the threshold of fourth millennium, within an extensive GIS-based approach.

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https://biblioteca-digitala.ro 104 A. Vornicu-Țerna, S. Țerna Dumitroaia, Gh. (2000), Comunităţi preistorice din nord-estul României. De la cultura Cucuteni pînă în bronzul mijlociu, Bibliotheca Memoriae Antiquitatis, VII, Editura „Constantin Mătasă”, Piatra-Neamţ. Manzura, I. (1994), Manifestări culturale în perioada de tranziție, in Thraco- Dacica, XV, 1-2, p. 103-120. Manzura, I. (2005), Steps to the steppe: or, how the North Pontic region was colonized, in Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 24 (4), p. 313-338. Melniciuc, A.; Boghian, D. (2010), Locul stațiunii Ripiceni – punctul la Holm (Telescu) în contextul fazei Cucuteni A-B, in Forum Cultural, X, 4, 6-9. Müller, J.; Rassmann, K. (2016), Introduction, in Müller, J.; Rassmann, K.; Videiko, M. Yu. (eds.), Trypillia-Megasites and European Prehistory 4100-3400 BCE, Leeds, p. 1-5. Müller, J.; Rassmann, K.; Videiko, M. Yu. (eds.) (2016), Trypillia-Megasites and European Prehistory 4100-3400 BCE, Leeds. Nițu, A. (1969), Ceramica Cucuteni B de la Miorcani (Botoșani), in Memoria Antiquitatis, I, p. 279-298. Nițu, A.; Șadurschi, P. (1994), Săpăturile de salvare de la „Stânca Doamnei” (sat Stânca - Ștefănești, județul Botoșani), in Hierasus, IX, p. 181-194. Păunescu, A. (1993), Ripiceni-Izvor: paleolitic și mezolitic. Studiu monographic, Editura Academiei, București. Păunescu, A.; Șadurschi, P.; Chirica, V. (1976), Repertoriul arheologic al județului Botoșani, vol. I, București. Roșca, A.; Vâlcu, V. (1993), Repertoriul monumentelor arheologice din Republica Moldova. Raionul Edineț, Arhiva arheologică a MNIM, nr. 20. Șovan, O. (2016), Repertoriul arheologic al județului Botoșani, Ediția a II-a, Muzeul Județean Botoșani, Botoșani. Telnov, N. (1993), Repertoriul monumentelor arheologice din raionul Glodeni, Republica Moldova, Arhiva arheologică a Muzeului Național de Istorie a Moldovei, nr. 23. Țerna, S.; Rassmann, K.; Vasilache, M.; Radloff, K. (2016), Stolniceni I – new research on a Cucuteni-Tripolye large site, in Zanoci, A.; Kaiser, E.; Kashuba, M.; Izbitser, E.; Băț, M. (eds.), Mensch, Kultur und Gesellschaft von der Kupferzeit bis zur frühen Eisenzeit im nördlichen Eurasien. Beiträge zu Ehren zum 60. Geburtstag von Eugen Sava, Chișinău, p. 137-148. Weninger, B.; Harper, T. (2015), The geographic corridor for rapid climate change in Southeast Europe and Ukraine, in Hansen, S.; Raczky, P.; Anders, A.; Reingruber, A. (eds.), Neolithic and Copper Age between the Carpathians and the Aegean Sea. Chronologies and technologies from the 6th to the 4th millennium BC, Bonn, p. 475-505.

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Дергачев, В.А. (1980), Памятники позднего Триполья (опыт систематизации), Штиинца, Кишинев. Маркевич, В.И. (1973), Памятники эпох неолита и энеолита, Археологическая карта Молдавской ССР No. 2, Штиинца, Кишинев. Маркевич, В.И. (1981), Позднетрипольские племена Северной Молдавии, Штиинца, Кишинев. Черныш, Е.К. (1982), Энеолит Правобережной Украины и Молдавии, in Массон, В.М.; Мерперт, Н.Я. (ред.), Энеолит СССР, Наука, Москва, p. 165-320.

RIPICENI-POPOAIA: O NOUĂ AȘEZARE CUCUTENI B ÎN NORD-ESTUL ROMÂNIEI

Cuvinte-cheie: eneolitic, Cucuteni B, Ripiceni-„Popoaia”, imagine aeriană, așezare, modele de distribuție, stadiul cercetărilor.

Rezumat

Articolul prezintă primele informații despre un sit Cucuteni B descoperit recent, grație imaginilor satelitare. Așezarea Ripiceni-„Popoaia” are o suprafață de peste 5 ha și este delimitată de unul sau mai multe șanțuri, vizibile pe fotografiile aeriene. Inventarul arheologic colectat de pe suprafața sitului include ceramică fină și grosieră cu decor, piese de piatră și o statuetă antropomorfă. Situl, situat într-una dintre regiunile mai puțin investigate din faza Cucuteni B, ridică câteva probleme de cercetare, care sunt puse în discuție pe un fundal mai amplu al distribuției așezărilor Cucuteni B - Tripolye C1 de pe cursul mijlociu al Prutului.

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LISTA ILUSTRAȚIILOR

Fig. 1. Ripiceni-„Popoaia”: A – amplasarea sitului pe harta fizică a regiunii carpato-nistrene; B – amplasarea sitului în raport cu actualul sat Ripiceni și barajul Stânca - Costești. Fig. 2. Ripiceni-„Popoaia”: A – imagine satelitară a sitului (Google Earth, 2016); B – interpretarea imaginii aeriene cu segmentul vizibil al șanțului (a), limitele probabile ale așezării (b), mica ravenă de pe suprafața așezării (c) și Pârâul Popoaia (d). Fig. 3. Ripiceni-„Popoaia”: A – amplasarea sitului pe harta umbrită SRTM de 30 m cu profilul transversal pe valea pârâului (steaua marchează poziția așezării); B – vedere dinspre sud asupra ravenei și părții de vest a sitului; C – vedere de pe sit asupra văii Pârâului Popoaia care se întinde spre sud-est. Fig. 4. Ripiceni-„Popoaia”: 1-17 – fragmente ceramice pictate găsite pe suprafața așezării. Fig. 5. Ripiceni-„Popoaia”: 1-6 – fragmente ceramice pictate; 7 – statuetă antropomorfă; 8-11 – piese de silex; 12 – fragment ceramic grosier. Fig. 6. Ripiceni-„Popoaia”: A – grupare pe 50 km a siturilor Cucuteni B - Tripolye C1 cartate pe o rază de 25 km de la sit spre cele patru puncte cardinale; B – triangulație Delaunay a așezărilor cu indicarea principalelor artere hidrografice (Râul Prut și afluenții săi).

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Fig. 1. Ripiceni-„Popoaia”: A – location of the site on the physical map of the Carpathian - Dniester region; B – location of the site in relation to the modern Ripiceni village and the Stânca - Costești reservoir lake.

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Fig. 2. Ripiceni-„Popoaia”: A – satellite view over the site (Google Earth, 2016); B – interpretation of the spatial photo with the visible segment of the enclosure (a), probable settlement limits (b), the small ravine on the territory of the settlement (c) and Popoaia stream (d).

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Fig. 3. Ripiceni-„Popoaia”: A – location of the site on the SRTM 30 m shaded map with an elevation profile over the stream’s valley (the star marks the position of the settlement); B – view from the south over the ravine and the western part of the site; C – view from the site over Popoaia stream valley running to the south-east.

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Fig. 4. Ripiceni-„Popoaia”: 1-17 – fine painted ware from the settlement’s surface.

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Fig. 5. Ripiceni-„Popoaia”: 1-6 – fine painted ware; 7 – anthropomorphic stattuete; 8-11 – flint implements; 12 – coarse ware.

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Fig. 6. Ripiceni-„Popoaia”: A – the 50-km cluster of mapped Cucuteni B - Tripolye C1 sites within a range of 25 km in the four cardinal directions from the site; B – Delaunay triangulation of settlements with the indication of the main river streams (Pruth river and its tributaries).

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