)0, DOCLHEIVI 11E51. Mt ED 032 969 RC 003 701 lUte Unit with History. Suggested Activities. and Teachers' Guide.) Montelores Studies Center. Cortez. Colo. Sports Agency-Office of Education (DHEW). Washington. D.C. Bureau of Elementary and SecondaryEducation. Pub Date 1681 Note-75p. EDRS Price MF -$0.50 HC Not Available from EDRS. Descriptors-Activity Units. *American Indians. Curriculum Enrichment. Grade 4. History. *History Instruction. *Instructional Materials. Resource Materials. *Social Studies Units. Teaching Guides,'Units of Study (Sublect Fields) Identifiers -*Utes This curriculum unit for fourth grade students. developed by theMontelores Studies Center. Cortez. Colorado. which is funded by the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. Title III. presents a his tory of the Ute Indians. suggestedactivities for students. and a teachers' guide. The historysection *outlinesthehistorical development of the Ute Indians from the time of their migration from Asia to the present The activities section contains a set of suggested activities, reference to materials available from Montelores Studies Center. andan annotated bibliography. The teachers' guide lists organizations andresource persons to be contacted for additional information and resource materials. [Not available in hardcopy due to marginal legibility of original document.) (TL) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATIIJN Jr) (\I THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE p.r PERSON OR ORGABIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS C.) STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION w POSITION OR POLICY. Shor-f- 1--Ii_stor of-- e__ o ple die Morrte /ores S+-m.81;ez Cc/14+er- tDI g HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED WHERE THEPEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES CAMEFROM? MANY CAME HERE FROMOTHER COUNTRIES IN THE NOT-TOO -LONG AGO: MAYBE YOUR GRANDPARENTS CAME FROMANOTHER COUNTRY: MANY PEOPLE LIVED HERE BEFORETHE PEOPLE FROMEUROPE CAME, HOWEVER, PEOPLE HAVE ASKED WHERE THEINDIANS CAME FROM. No ONE KNOWS FOR SURE,BUT THERE IS ONEIDEAtTHAT MOST PEOPLE THINK ISLIKELY. MANY THOUSANDS OF YEARS AGOPEOPLE IN THE WORLD WERE HUNTERS INORDER TO GET THEIRFOOD: THESE BANDS OF HUNTERS WOULDFOLLOW THEIR GAME: WHEREVER THE HERDS MIGRATED.THE HUNTERS WOULDSTAY WITH THEM. IN NORTHERN ASIA SOME OFTHESE NOMADS(BANDS OF HUNTERS) CROSSED OVER THENARROW BAND OF WATERCALLED THEY CROSSED THEBERING STRAITS IN SEARCH OFGAME: BACK AND FORTHSEVERAL TIMES ANDFINALLY SOME FAMILIES BEGAN TO LIVE ONTHEAMERICAN SIDE: GRADUALLY THEIR GRANDCHILDREN ANDGREAT-GRANDCHILDREN BEGANMOVING FURTHER AND FURTHERSOUTH IN SEARCHOF 'GAME AND HUNTING DIRECTIONS GROUNDS. DIFFERENT BANDS WENT IN DIFFERENT AND THEN SETTLEDDOWN: GRADUALLY DIFFERENT LANGUAGES AND DIFFERENTHABITS DEVELOPED. IT IS THOUGHT THAT THIS IS HOW THEDIFFERENT TRIBES OFINDIANS DEVELOPED. YEARS TO IT WAS A LONG PROCESS ANDTOOK THOUSANDS OF COMPLETE (1) (2) THE FIRST PEOPLE IN COLORADO WERE THOSE-CALLED THE FOLSOM MAN WHO MOVED SOUTH INTONEW MEXICO: MUCH LATER, IN THE TIME OF CHRIST. THE_BASKET MAKERS LIVED ALONG THEDOLORES AND SAN JUAN RIVERS. SOME SEVEN HUNDRED YEARS LATER THESE PEOPLELEFT AND THE ANCESTORS OF THEPUEBLO INDIANS. THE CLIFF DWELLERS, BEGAN BUILDING THEIR CLIFFDWELLINGS LIKE THOSE IN IIESA VERDE: BECAUSE OF DROUGHT AND RAIDS BY UNFRIENDLY NEW INDIANS. THECLIFF DWELLERS HAD LEFT THIS AREA BY1300, MANY DIFFERENT TRIBES OF INDIANS LIVED IN DIFFERENT PARTS OFCOLORADO: THE TRIBE THAT LIVED MOSTLY ON THEWESTERN SLOPE WAS THE UTES: BY LANGUAGES AND CUSTOMS THEY WERERELATED TO A LARGER GROUP OF TRIBES CALLED THESHOSHONE: THIS GROUP INCLUDED THEUTES, SHOSHONE, SNAKE AND OTHER TRIBES WHO LIVED INIDAHO. UTAH. PARTS OF NEVADA,COLORADO, ANDWYOMING: THE UTE TRIBE HUNTED AND LIVED WEST OF THE CONTINENTAL DIVIDE OFTHE ROCKYMOUNTAINS INCOLORADO. AND IN PART OF EASTERNUTAH AND NORTHERNNEW MEXICO' BECAUSE THEY WERE RELATED IN MANY WAYS THE UTES GENERALLY WERE FRIENDLY AND TRADED AMONG THEM- SELVES AND THESE OTHER TRIBES: THEY WERE NOT AS FRIENDLY WITH OTHER TRIBES WHO LIVED TO THEIREAST AND SOUTH OHENAVAJO AND APACHE) (3) WHEN TWO OR MORE TRIBES WANTEDTO USE THE SAME LAND TO HUNT,THERE WERE OFTENCONFLICTS OF ONE TYPE OR ANOTHER. SOMETIMES BATTLES RESULTED. ALL PEOPLES HAVE HAD THEIRWAYS OF LIFE CHANGED BY DIFFERENT FORCES. THINK OF HOW PEOPLE LIVED BEFORE THEY HADCARS: ALL PEOPLES HAVE ACCEPTED IDEAS AND INVENTIONSFROM OTHER GROUPS ANDHAVE SHARED THEIRDISCOVERIES AS WELL. THIS IS HOW IDEAS ARE SPREADAND IMPROVED. THE UTE PEOPLE FOR MANY YEARSLIVED AS NOMADS DEPENDING ON THEIRTRAPS AND HUNTING TOGET THEIR SOUTHWEST FOOD. As THE NAVAJOSMOVED INTO THE THEY BROUGHTWITH THEM A STRONGERBOW THAN THE KIND IN USE BY THEUTES. THE UTES LEARNED HOW TO MAKE AND USE THISDOUBLECURVED BOW FROM THENAVAJOS, THEY, IN TURN,LEARNED BETTER WAYS OFTANNING LEATHER AND MAKINGBASKETS FOR STORAGEFROM THE UTES, LATER ANOTHER GROUP OF PEOPLE MOVEDINTO LAND NEAR THEUTES) HUNTING TERRITORY; THESE WERE THE FIRSTEUROPEANS IN THE SOUTHWEST THE SPANISH. THEY HAD MOVED FIRST INTOMEXICO AND THEN NORTH AND SOUTH FROMTHERE. EVENTUALLY THEY CONTROLLED ALL THE LANDSALONG THERIO GRANDE RIVER. ONE OF THE PLACES WHERESPANISH OFFICIALS VISITED AND TRADED WAS THETAOS PUEBLO. (4) AROUND 1640 SOME UTES WERE TRADINGTHERE AND CAME INTO POSSESSIONOF SOME HORSES. THEY BEGAN ACQUIRINGMORE HORSES ANDBECAME EXCELLENT HUNTING THEY RIDERS. BY USING HORSES FOR THEIR WERE ABLE TOCATCH FASTER ANDBIGGER ANIMALS. MANY CHANGES IN THEIR LIFECAME ABOUT BECAUSEOF THE USE OF HORSES. THEY NOT ONLY WERE ABLE TO OF THEIR BANDS HUNT DIFFERENTLYBUT FLOW THE SIZE INCREASED ANDTHEY FORMED BIGGERGROUPS, BEFORE Now ONLY FAAILYGROUPS LIVED ANDHUNTED TOGETHER, THEY WERE ABLETO HAVE MUCH LARGERGROUPS. THERE WERE SEVEN OFTHESE LARGER BANDSFINALLY. AGAIN, AS THEUTES LEARNED FROM ;THESPANISH. THE SPANISH LEARNED FROM THEM. IDEAS AND WAYS OF LIFE WERE EXCHANGED BACK ANDFORTH? THE UTES WERE WELL-OFF IN THISPERIOD AS THEY HAD GOOD HUNTINGGROUNDS AND WERE ALSOGOOD TRADERS. THEIR HERDS OF HORSESINCREASED AND THEY TRADED HORSES TO TRIBES INTHE1NORTH FOR MORE WEALTH, SOMETIMES ADDITIONALWEALTH WAS GAINED IN RAIDS ON OTHER TRIBES TO GETMORE HORSES OR OTHERGOODS THE BANDS LIVED AND TRAVELED TOGETHERAS A WHOLE. IN THE SUMMER THEYLIVEh AND HUNTED IN THE MOUNTAINS AND IN THE WINTERLIVED IN THE MILDER LOWER VALLEYS. IF THE HUNT AND TRADING WERE SUCCESSFUL. THEY ALL SHARED THEBENEFITS. (5) IF THE HUNTING SEASON WERE BAD. THEY ALL SUFFERED EQUALLY: SOON THEUTES WERE CROSSING TO THE GREAT PLAINS TO ADD THE BUFFALO TO THEIR BUCKSKIN CULTURE. THE SPANISH WERE CURIOUS ABOUT THE LANDS AND PEOPLE WHO LIVED NORTH OFTHEIR SETTLEMENTS IN NEW MEXICO. THEY SENT VARIOUS EXPEDITIONS OUT TO GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUTTHESE REGIONS. THE FIRST RECORDED EXPEDITION WAS LEDBY DON JUAN RIVERA IN 1765. (OVER TEM YEARS BEFORE THE UNITED STATES CAME INTOEXISTENCE.) HE WAS SEARCHING FOR GOLD AND SILVERBUT HIS ROUTE BECAME THE BASIS FOR SOME OF THEOLD SPANISH TRAIL. THE SAME YEAR AS THEDECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (1776) ANOTHER EXPEDITION LEFTABIQUIU,NEW MEXICO. IN SEARCH OF A NEWROUTE TOCALIFORNIA. THE LEADERS WERE TWO MISSIONARIES:ESCALANTE AND TOMINQUEZ. THEY HOPED ALSO TO CONVERT THEINDIANS TO CHRISTIANITY. THE TWELVE MEN TRAVELED THROUGH MOST OF1776 AND USED UTES AS GUIDES. FROM THESE CONTACTS THEY LEARNED ALOT ABOUT THIS TRIBE THAT BEFORE HAD BEEN LITTLEKNOWN TO THEM. THEY TRAVELED OVER1500 MILES AND SAW 50,000 SQUARE MILES OF TERRITORY THATNO EUROPEAN HAS SEEN BEFORE. THE WHOLE TRIP TOOK 158 DAYS: THE ROUTE _BECAME A BASIS FOR SOMEMORE OF THESPANISH TRAIL. (6) THE INDIANS BECAME MORE FAMILIARWITH THE SPANISH BUT HAD LITTLE CONTACT WITHTHE AMERICANS UNTIL THE1820's. MEN IN THOSE DAYS USED TO WEAR TALL HATS MADEOF BEAVER FUR. THEY WERE VERY POPULAR AND MEN WOULDPAY HIGH PRICES FORBEAVER FUR TO MAKE THEM. THERE WERE MANY BEAVER IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND TRAPPERS(CALLED MOUNTAIN MEN) MOVED INTO THEMOUNTAINS TO GET THEM, THESE MEN LIVED ALONE OR WITHA PARTNER AND RARELYWERE AROUND CIVILIZATION. ONCE OR TWICE A YEAR 'THEY -WOULD GATHER AT LARGEMEETINGS CALLED RENDEZVOUSWHERE THEY WOULD GETSUPPLIES AND TRADE THEIRFURS: THE FIRST RENDEZVOUS ONUTES TERRITORY TOOK PLACE IN THE1830's, IN 1848, THE UNITEDSTATES AND MEXICO FOUGHT A WAR. ONE OF THE RESULTS OF THIS WARWAS A BOUNDARY CHANGE. NOW THE TERRITORY OF THEUTES -VAS CLAIMED BY THEUNITED STATES. THE FIRST TREATY BETWEEN THEUTES AND THE UNITEDSTATES WAS SIGNED AT ABIQUIU, IN 1849. IT DIDN'T TRY TO DRAW LINES AROUND THE TERRITORY OFTHEUTES, BUT INSTEAD JUST PROMISED PEACE BETWEENTHE UTES AND THEUNITED STATES, GENERALLY THE UTES AND THEUNITED STATES HAD KIT CARSON A GOOD RELATIONSHIP. SOME AMERICANS LIKE LIKEDTHEUTES VERY MUCH. CARSON ENLISTED MANY UTES INTO THE ARMY TO SERVEAS SCOUTS FORBOTH MILITARY AND EXPLORATIONPURPOSES. (7) MANY OF THE UTES WHO CAME TO KNOWAMERICAN WAYS WELL LEARNED THEM BY CONTACTWITH THE ARMY. MORE AND MOREAMERICANS CAME WEST AT FIRST FOR FURS, THEN FORGOLD AND SILVER,AND FINALLY FOR LANDS THAT THE LAND. As THESE PEOPLE SETTLED ON UTES CONSIDERED THEIR OWN,THEUTES BECAME ANGRY. BY 1855. THERE WERE SOMEBATTLES WHICH TOOKPLACE BETWEEN THEUTE BRAVES AND THEAMERICAN ARMY AND SETTLERS.A TREATY OF PEACE WAS AGAINSIGNED, THE UTES NEVER HAD ANOUTBREAK OF WAR WITHTHE UNITED STATES AFTER THIS. THERE WERE SOME BATTLES BUT NEVER DIDTHE UTES BREAK THEIRTREATY AGREEMENT. IN RETURN FOR THEUTE LANDS WHICH WERE BEING USED BY THEAMERICAN SETTLERS,INDIAN AGENCIES WERE SET UP TO DISTRIBUTEGOODS TO THEM. ONE WAS FOR COLORADO, ONE WAS THEWHITE RIVER UTES IN NORTHERN FOR THEUNCOMPAHGRE