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Smoke, Obscurants, Non-Lethal and Flame Weapons

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Smoke, Obscurants, Non-Lethal and Flame Weapons FM 3-100/MCWP 3-3.7.1 Smoke and obscurants are used on the battlefield to logistics over the shore (LOTS) operations, dams, enhance friendly operations and degrade enemy locks, and critical areas on MSRs. Large, obscurant operations. All forces on the battlefield use smoke clouds and dummy smoke can support deception plans and battle-induced obscurants, such as HE at the operational level. Large-area smoke increases artillery-generated dust. When coupled with survivability of key logistics and transportation assets naturally occurring obscurants, such as rain, snow, or by degrading missile and air attack guidance systems. fog, limited visibility becomes the normal battlefield Smoke can conceal facilities necessary to sustain the operating condition. force, such as ports, terminals, and critical rail Friendly and enemy surveillance and weapon systems facilities. use visual, infrared, or radar sensors to see the At the tactical level of war smoke supports the battlefield. Smoke and obscurants provide low-cost movement and positioning of forces on the battlefield. countermeasures to these systems. Smoke and It covers the logistical support of forces before, obscurants can change the relative combat power of during, and after engagements. Friendly forces use opposing forces by changing the effectiveness of their smoke to support the commander’s concept of weapon systems. In addition, smoke and obscurants operations or counter an immediate enemy threat. increase survivability and enhance force effectiveness Smoke disrupts enemy command and control. It by— degrades enemy reconnaissance, intelligence, ● Degrading the enemy’s ability to see. surveillance, and target acquisition. It counters ● Disrupting the enemy's ability to send visual signals. antitank guided missiles (ATGMs), directed-energy ● Concealing friendly forces. ● Deceiving the enemy. ● Sending friendly signals, including identification of forces and targets. ● Attenuating energy weapons. ● Enhancing the effectiveness of friendy weapon systems. OPERATIONAL AND TACTICAL LEVELS OF WAR At the operational level of war, corps and echelons above corps use smoke to conceal the location or size of mobile forces. Smoke can be used to conceal 5-1 FM 3-100/MCWP 3-3.7.1 weapons, and laser range-finding and designating breach), countermobility, and survivability operations. systems. It supports battlefield deception operations. ● Extensive and redundant communication. FM 3-50 provides detailed guidance on conducting ● Alternate (back up) plans. smoke operations. ● Deception plans. During deliberate smoke operations forces conceal or SMOKE SOURCES protect large areas (several square kilometers) behind Forces tailor a variety of delivery means and the FLOT with smoke generators supplemented by smoke pots. They obscure point or small-area targets munitions to produce smoke screens. These sources in enemy-controlled territory with projected smoke include— assets (for example, artillery, mortars, naval gunfire, ● Projected smoke. Artillery, mortars, and multifunction rockets can deliver a dense, white and close air support rockets). Deliberate operations smoke using white phosphorus (WP), red phosphorus can consume large amounts of fuel, fog oil, and munitions. They require extensive use of relatively (RP), and hexachloroethane (HC). scarce smoke generator and artillery assets. ● Generated smoke. Smoke generators, smoke pots, and screening smoke hand grenades produce white Battalion task forces and smaller units conduct hasty smoke using fog oil (for generators) or HC (for pots smoke operations to counter an immediate enemy and grenades). Signaling grenades produce colored tactical threat. Forces conducting these operations smoke for identifying and marking. use the unit basic load of smoke- producing sources, ● Self-defense smoke. Some US vehicles have augmented by rapidly responding assets like mortars, vehicle engine exhaust smoke systems (VEESSs) that artillery, and smoke units if available. Hasty smoke use diesel fuel to create a smoke screen. However, operations are characterized by— JP8 fuel will limit VEESS effectiveness as little ● Minimal time available for planning and executing smoke is produced at temperatures above 32°F. the mission. Many vehicles also mount smoke grenade launchers ● Minimal coordination. that can create a self-protection screen within ● Relatively short duration (typically one or two seconds. Units predetermine whether to load the hours or less). launcher with a grenade that will screen unaided or ● Use of organic assets. unenhanced vision only (L8A3 RP grenade) or a ● Reliance in SOPs/battle drills. grenade that will screen thermal imagery (M76 During hasty smoke operations forces create local bispectral grenade). Friendly and enemy sensor and screens to support small unit maneuver or weapon system capabilities guide this decision. disengagement. Hasty smoke operations require When bispectral grenades are used, the screen can rapid planning and execution. Units must still break weapons lock on thermally-guided missiles. preplan the operational and logistical support for However, the screen will also obscure the vehicle’s using hasty smoke. own thermal viewer. LARGE-AREA SMOKE DELlBERATE AND Most deliberate smoke operations and some hasty operations require the generation of large obscurant HASTY SMOKE clouds which may cover many square kilometers, Units at every level should plan deliberate smoke Smoke units create large-area smoke clouds with operations to support the commander’s concept of stationary or mobile smoke generator systems operations using any available smoke source. supplemented with smoke pots. Deliberate smoke operations are characterized by— ● Extensive planning at the command level that Stationary and Mobile Smoke controls the affected area. ● Extensive coordination (including coordination with Generator Systems units adjacent to the areas being smoked). Smoke units with stationary generators develop ● Extended periods of operation (typically hours to smoke plans using primary and alternate unit days). positions. Other smoke sources are added to enable ● Significant logistics support. the unit to cover a specific area or stationary target ● Significant support for mobility (deliberate smoke under different weather conditions. Mobile with deliberate breach and hasty smoke with in-stride (motorized and mechanized) smoke generator systems 5-2 FM 3-100/MCWP 3-3.7.1 can make smoke while moving. To cover stationary artillery forward observers. The former Soviet Army or mobile targets they can quickly displace to create believed that obscuring (blinding) smoke on enemy successive screens. positions was more effective than concealing Echelons above corps normally use stationary smoke (camouflaging) smoke over friendly forces. Their systems assigned to smoke units or fixed sites in the writings stated that friendly forces can cut losses by COMMZ. Corps and divisions use mobile smoke more than 90 percent by obscuring enemy direct-fire units forward of the corps rear boundary. They use gunners and forward observers with smoke. motorized smoke in their rear and main areas and mechanized smoke forward. Projected smoke may Screening Smoke supplement huge-area smoke by shortening time Friendly forces conceal positions and activities from required to develop effective clouds. enemy ground or air observation by using screening smoke over their own operational areas or between Logistics Impact friendly and enemy forces. A smoke blanket, a Operations and logistics planners must consider the haze, or a curtain may be used to accomplish this requirement to supply fog oil to smoke generators. mission. Few substitutes exist for fog oil. Only basestock A smoke blanket prevents enemy observation from refined oil products ( 90, 100, or 150 neutral the ground or the air. A blanket provides excellent products), 10-weight and 75-weight motor oils, and concealment; however, it contains such dense smoke SGF1 may substitute; diesel fuel and JP8 cannot. that it restricts friendly movement and activity. Logistics planners should consider push packages of Smoke blankets are very resource-intensive and POL to smoke units. In general, only unit sometimes disruptive for friendly activities. As a distribution methods will sustain smoke units due to result, blankets are seldom used unless absolute their lack of transportation assets. Therefore, the concealment is needed. Friendly forces most often distribution scheme within a division may require use a smoke haze for screening. A haze is heavy extraordinary handling to sustain this valuable combat enough to restrict accurate enemy fires but is light support asset . enough to avoid significantly hampering friendly operations. On some occasions when weather conditions do not allow a haze, friendly forces may BATTLEFIELD use a smoke curtain. This vertical line of smoke APPLICATIONS AND between friendly and enemy positions restricts enemy ground observation of friendly positions and TYPES OF SMOKE activities. Smoke curtains may not always restrict enemy air observation. Friendly units use smoke and obscurants to attack and defeat enemy recon, intelligence, surveillance, and target acquisition efforts and to degrade the enemy’s Marking Smoke combat effectiveness. For example, we may fire Forces use marking smoke to identify targets or obscuring smoke mixed with high explosives onto an friendly forces during close air support, attack enemy ATGM position to defeat its target acquisition helicopter operations, and other fire support
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