Defining Nature As a Common Pool Resource Jonathan Rosenbloom1 I
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Property Crime
Uniform Crime Report Crime in the United States, 2010 Property Crime Definition In the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, property crime includes the offenses of burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. The object of the theft-type offenses is the taking of money or property, but there is no force or threat of force against the victims. The property crime category includes arson because the offense involves the destruction of property; however, arson victims may be subjected to force. Because of limited participation and varying collection procedures by local law enforcement agencies, only limited data are available for arson. Arson statistics are included in trend, clearance, and arrest tables throughout Crime in the United States, but they are not included in any estimated volume data. The arson section in this report provides more information on that offense. Data collection The data presented in Crime in the United States reflect the Hierarchy Rule, which requires that only the most serious offense in a multiple-offense criminal incident be counted. In descending order of severity, the violent crimes are murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, followed by the property crimes of burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. Although arson is also a property crime, the Hierarchy Rule does not apply to the offense of arson. In cases in which an arson occurs in conjunction with another violent or property crime, both crimes are reported, the arson and the additional crime. Overview • In 2010, there were an estimated 9,082,887 property crime offenses in the Nation. -
Group Size and Collective Action: Third Party Monitoring in Common
COMPARATIVEAgrawal, Goyal / THIRD-PARTYPOLITICAL STUDIES MONITORING / February 2001 This article examines the hypothesis that group size is inversely related to successful collective action. A distinctive aspect of the article is that it combines the analysis of primary data collected by the authors with a game-theoretic model. The model considers a group of people protecting a commonly owned resource from excessive exploitation. The authors view monitoring of indi- vidual actions as a collective good and focus on third-party monitoring. We argue that the costs of monitoring rise more than proportionately as group size increases. This factor along with lumpiness in the monitoring technology yields the following theoretical conclusion: Medium-sized groups are more likely than small or large groups to provide third-party monitor- ing. The authors find that the empirical evidence is consistent with this theoretical result. GROUP SIZE AND COLLECTIVE ACTION Third-Party Monitoring in Common-Pool Resources ARUN AGRAWAL Yale University SANJEEV GOYAL Erasmus University his article examines the relationship between group size and collec- Ttive action in the following setting: There is a group of people who have to protect a common-pool resource from overexploitation.1 They formulate rules of extraction. Enforcement of rules requires monitoring of individual 1. Familiar examples of common-pool resources include forests, pastures, fisheries, and irrigation works owned and managed by villagers. AUTHORS’ NOTE: We are grateful to the late Mancur Olson for helpful suggestions that have significantly improved this article. We also thank James Caporaso, Geoffrey Garrett, Jana Kunicova, Elinor Ostrom, and four anonymous referees for their useful comments. -
Exclusivity and the Construction of Intellectual Property Markets
The Fable of the Commons: Exclusivity and the Construction of Intellectual Property Markets Shubha Ghosh* TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 857 I. LOOKING BEYOND THE COMMONS: TURNING HIGH TRAGEDY INTO LOW DRAMA .................................................................... 860 A. The Fable of the Commons................................................. 861 B. Governing the Commons Through the Goals of Distributive Justice ............................................................ 864 II. THE DIMENSIONS OF DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE.............................. 870 A. Creators ............................................................................ 871 B. Creators and Users............................................................ 876 C. Intergenerational Justice.................................................... 879 III. DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE IN PRACTICE .......................................... 880 A. Fair Use: Allocating Surplus Among Creators and Users .. 881 B. Secondary Liability: Spanning Generational Divides......... 883 C. Antitrust: Natural and Cultural Monopolies and the Limits of Exclusivity in the Marketplace ............................ 886 D. Traditional Knowledge: Expanding Canons and the Global Marketplace ........................................................... 888 CONCLUSION....................................................................................... 889 * Professor of Law, Southern Methodist University, Dedman School -
Introduction to Endogenous Growth
Introduction to Endogenous Growth The economics of ideas Econ 4960: Economic Growth Review of the Exogenous (Solow) Growth Model ! " Investment cannot be the source of long-run growth ! " Only TFP growth generates sustained growth ! " Where does TFP growth come from? We don’t know ! " Endogenous growth models seek to explain the behavior of TFP growth. ! " These are called “endogenous-”, exactly because TFP is determined within the model.. That is, “endogenously.” Econ 4960: Economic Growth Road Map for Coming Lectures ! " Economics of Ideas (CJ, Chapter 4) ! " Basic Endogenous Growth: The AK Model (Romer 1986, Lucas 1988) CJ, Chapter 8 ! " The Full Model in Romer 1990 Econ 4960: Economic Growth The Economics of Ideas ! " Ideas improve the technology of production: ! " Ford paid double the market wages and got much higher labor productivity. ! " Schwab made workers in different shifts compete to improve output per worker. ! " Japanese companies, Wal-mart and others developed and improved Just-in-Time (JIT) Production and Inventory management techniques ! " Amazon, Apple, Google, Facebook, etc. Econ 4960: Economic Growth Key feature of Ideas ! " Ideas are very different than most economic goods. They are non-rivalrous: ! " One person using an idea does not preclude others from using it. ! " Ideas are not the only non-rivalrous good: national defense, satellite TV, digital music, etc. ! " The key feature of all non-rival goods is that: (i) very high fixed cost and (ii) ~zero marginal cost of production ! " Non-rival goods are often called “intellectual property” ! " Paul Romer was one of the first to appreciate the importance of the non-rival feature of ideas for growth. -
An Introduction to the Digital Commons: from Common-Pool Resources to Community Governance Melanie Dulong De Rosnay, Hervé Le Crosnier
An Introduction to the Digital Commons: From Common-Pool Resources to Community Governance Melanie Dulong de Rosnay, Hervé Le Crosnier To cite this version: Melanie Dulong de Rosnay, Hervé Le Crosnier. An Introduction to the Digital Commons: From Common-Pool Resources to Community Governance. Building Institutions for Sustain- able Scientific, Cultural and genetic Resources Commons, Sep 2012, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. http://biogov.uclouvain.be/iasc/index.php?page=fullpapers. halshs-00736920 HAL Id: halshs-00736920 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00736920 Submitted on 30 Sep 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. An Introduction to the Digital Commons: From Common-Pool Resources to Community Governance Mélanie Dulong de Rosnay, Institute for Communication Sciences of CNRS, Paris Hervé Le Crosnier, University of Caen and Institute for Communication Sciences of CNRS, Paris Abstract This article proposes an introductory analysis of digital resources and commons-based peer production online communities with the framework of the common pool-resources. Trying to go beyond the classic economy dichotomy between physical resources scarcity and informational resources reproducibility, the approach allows to focus not only on the nature of the resources, but mostly on the governance by the communities to produce resources which remain available for all to share and build upon, while avoiding risks of pollution, degradation, underuse or enclosure by the market. -
Privatization and Property in Biology Joan E
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Washington University St. Louis: Open Scholarship Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship Biology Faculty Publications & Presentations Biology 6-2014 Privatization and Property in Biology Joan E. Strassmann Washington University in St Louis, [email protected] David C. Queller Washington University in St Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/bio_facpubs Part of the Behavior and Ethology Commons, and the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Strassmann, Joan E. and Queller, David C., "Privatization and Property in Biology" (2014). Biology Faculty Publications & Presentations. 49. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/bio_facpubs/49 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Publications & Presentations by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Privatization and property in biology 2 3 Joan E. Strassmann & David C. Queller 4 5 Department of Biology, Campus Box 1137 6 WasHington University in St. Louis 7 One Brookings Drive 8 St. Louis MO 63130 9 10 Corresponding autHor: Joan E. Strassmann 11 phone: 01-832-978-5961 12 email: [email protected] 13 14 6191 words 1 15 ABSTRACT 16 17 Organisms evolve to control, preserve, protect and invest in their own bodies. When 18 they do likewise with external resources they privatize those resources and convert 19 tHem into tHeir own property. Property is a neglected topic in biology, though 20 examples include territories, domiciles and nest structures, food cacHing, mate 21 guarding, and the resources and partners in mutualisms. -
41.01.01 Real Property
41.01.01 Real Property Revised September 21, 2021 Next Scheduled Review: September 21, 2026 Click to view Revision History. Regulation Summary This regulation provides uniform guidance for the acquisition, disposition, lease and license of real property and delegates authority to the chief executive officers (CEO) or designees of The Texas A&M University System (system). Definitions Click to view Definitions. Regulation 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS 1.1 System Real Estate Office. Except as otherwise provided in this regulation, all activities involving the acquisition, disposition, lease and license of a surface estate, except those activities and operations commonly associated with easements and right-of-ways, will be consolidated in the System Real Estate Office (SREO) and coordinated with the appropriate member or members. 1.2 System Energy Resource Office. Except as otherwise provided in this regulation, all activities involving the acquisition, disposition and lease of a mineral estate, and those activities commonly associated with easements and right-of-ways of a surface estate, will be consolidated in the System Energy Resource Office (SERO) and coordinated with the appropriate member or members. 1.3 Intrasystem Assignment of Real Property. Subject to any legal requirements or donor restrictions, real property used primarily for member purposes will be assigned to the using member for maintenance, operation and management purposes. Real property may be reassigned by the chancellor based on the primary use or proposed use of the property. The reassignment will be evidenced by a form prepared by SREO, signed by the chancellor and maintained by SREO. 1.4 Maintenance of Inventory and Records. -
Intellectual Property, Privatization and Democracy: a Response to Professor Rose Mark P
Notre Dame Law School NDLScholarship Journal Articles Publications 2006 Intellectual Property, Privatization and Democracy: A Response to Professor Rose Mark P. McKenna Notre Dame Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship Part of the Intellectual Property Law Commons Recommended Citation Mark P. McKenna, Intellectual Property, Privatization and Democracy: A Response to Professor Rose, 50 St. Louis U. L.J. 829 (2005-2006). Available at: https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship/266 This Response or Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Publications at NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, PRIVATIZATION AND DEMOCRACY: A RESPONSE TO PROFESSOR ROSE MARK P. McKENNA* The broad thesis of Professor Rose's article Privatization: The Road to Democracy? is an important reminder that no institution deserves all the credit for democratization, and that the success of any particular institution in promoting democracy depends to a greater or lesser extent on the existence and functioning of other political institutions.' While protection of private property has proven quite important to successful democratic reform, we should not be lulled into thinking private property can carry the whole weight of reform. That lesson has particular significance in the context of intellectual property, given proponents' general tendency to overstate the significance of intellectual 2 property rights (IPRs) in encouraging innovation. But even if they play a small role in promoting democracy, this Paper argues that IPRs can and do play a role that should not be overlooked. -
The Privatization of Public Lands
THE PRIVATIZATION OF PUBLIC LANDS Thomas A. More plans, all of which have been discussed under the general USDA Forest Service term “marketization” (Lehmann 1995). PO Box 968 Burlington, VT 05402 Today there are strong pressures toward privatization 1.0 INTRODUCTION and a more market-driven approach to the management of public goods. Groups like the Cato Institute, Reason In February, 2006, President Bush’s proposed budget Foundation, and Property Environment Research included a plan to raise money by auctioning 300,000 Center have argued that public lands are ineffi cient acres of national forests in 41 states for an estimated and that the country as a whole would be better off if $800 million. A half million acres of Department of they were transferred to the private sector. Such claims Interior land also would be auctioned to reduce the remain controversial, and understanding them requires national defi cit (New York Times, March 25, 2006, p. examining their theoretical basis. In this paper I present A22). In the past year, various members of Congress a brief history of the changing attitudes that led to the have proposed that public lands, and national parks that current interest in privatization, describe the theoretical attract fewer than 10,000 visitors annually, be sold to pay case for the private and public sectors, and discuss for damages from Hurricane Katrina. marketization--the middle position between these two extremes. At present, these sales appear unlikely as the American public seems deeply committed to its public lands. 2.0 HISTORICAL TRENDS IN This attachment may well increase as the population PUBLIC LANDS grows. -
An Introduction to the Law & Economics of Information
Columbia Law School Scholarship Archive Faculty Scholarship Faculty Publications 2014 An Introduction to the Law & Economics of Information Tim Wu Columbia Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Tim Wu, An Introduction to the Law & Economics of Information, COLUMBIA LAW & ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 482; COLUMBIA PUBLIC LAW RESEARCH PAPER NO. 14-399 (2014). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/1863 This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Scholarship Archive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Scholarship Archive. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Introduction to the Law & Economics of Information Tim Wu† Information is an extremely complex phenomenon not fully understood by any branch of learning, yet one of enormous importance to contemporary economics, science, and technology. (Gleick 2012, Pierce 1980). Beginning from the 1970s, economists and legal scholars, relying on a simplified “public good” model of information, have constructed an impressively extensive body of scholarship devoted to the relationship between law and information. The public good model tends to justify law, such as the intellectual property laws or various forms of securities regulation that seek to incentivize the production of information or its broader dissemination. A review of the last several decades of scholarship based on the public choice model suggests the following two trends. First, scholars have extended the public good model of information to an ever-increasing number of fields where law and information intersect. -
Commons Common Pool Resource
Commons From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Commons refers to the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth. These resources are held in common, not owned privately. The resources held in common can include everything from natural resources and common land to software. The commons contains public property and private property, over which people have certain traditional rights. When commonly held property is transformed into private property this process alternatively is termed "enclosure" or more commonly, "privatization." Common Pool Resource ‐ CPR DEFINITION A resource that benefits a group of people, but which provides diminished benefits to everyone if each individual pursues his or her own self interest. The value of a common‐pool resource can be reduced through overuse [or abuse] because the supply of the resource is not unlimited, and using more than can be replenished can result in scarcity. Overuse of a common pool resource can lead to the tragedy of the commons problem. From: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/common‐pool‐resource.asp From Ostrom, “Revisiting the Commons” We use the term common‐pool resources (CPRs) to refer to resource systems regardless of the property rights involved. CPRs include natural and human‐ constructed resources in which (i) exclusion of beneficiaries through physical and institutional means is especially costly, and (ii) exploitation by one user reduces resource availability for others. These two characteristics‐difficulty of exclusion and subtractability‐create potential CPR dilemmas in which people following their own short‐term interests produce outcomes that are not in anyone’s long‐term interest. -
Law of Property Regulation
Province of Alberta LAW OF PROPERTY ACT LAW OF PROPERTY REGULATION Alberta Regulation 89/2004 With amendments up to and including Alberta Regulation 240/2018 Current as of December 12, 2018 Office Consolidation © Published by Alberta Queen’s Printer Alberta Queen’s Printer Suite 700, Park Plaza 10611 - 98 Avenue Edmonton, AB T5K 2P7 Phone: 780-427-4952 Fax: 780-452-0668 E-mail: [email protected] Shop on-line at www.qp.alberta.ca Copyright and Permission Statement Alberta Queen's Printer holds copyright on behalf of the Government of Alberta in right of Her Majesty the Queen for all Government of Alberta legislation. Alberta Queen's Printer permits any person to reproduce Alberta’s statutes and regulations without seeking permission and without charge, provided due diligence is exercised to ensure the accuracy of the materials produced, and Crown copyright is acknowledged in the following format: © Alberta Queen's Printer, 20__.* *The year of first publication of the legal materials is to be completed. Note All persons making use of this consolidation are reminded that it has no legislative sanction, that amendments have been embodied for convenience of reference only. The official Statutes and Regulations should be consulted for all purposes of interpreting and applying the law. (Consolidated up to 240/2018) ALBERTA REGULATION 89/2004 Law of Property Act LAW OF PROPERTY REGULATION Definition for purposes of Act 1(1) In this section, “existing encumbrance or mortgage” means an encumbrance or mortgage that is registered and that has or will continue to have priority over or equal priority with the mortgage to be given.