International Conference 2020 New Research in International development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption
Program for Virtual International Conference 29 - 30/07/2020
Date&Time Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Session 5 Public session 29/07/2020 09:00 - 09:15 Opening remarks: Assoc. Prof. Ake Tangsupvattana, Ph.D (Dean of the Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University) 09:15 - 09:50 Keynote: Emeritus Prof. Surichai Wun'Gaeo Norms of Human Rights in regions Human Rights (Education) Human Rights (Children) Women and Politics Communities in Thailand Asst. Prof. Naruemon Thabchumpon, Chair: Peera Charoenvattananukul, Ph.D Jan Boontinand Nichan Singhaputargun, Ph.D Ph.D. TU - SGS Jaruwan Hatapus, Ph.D, Discussant: Wasin Punthong Asst. Prof. Carl Middleton, Ph.D Coeli Barry Khen Suan Khai, Ph.D Intro Intro Intro Intro Intro Paper 1 Paper 1 Paper 1 Paper 1 Paper 1 Li Yan Yap Arif R. Haryono Asma Al Amin Maya Dania Michael John Young Literature Review on Mediated Overcoming The Language And Protecting Children from Domestic Integrating Gender Into Disaster Building Resilient Communities: The Discourse and Framing of Human Cultural Barriers Of Refugee Children Violence at the Time of Disruption: Governance In Northern Thailand: Importance of Social Capital in Tourism Rights Issues in Malaysia Through School Preparedness Human Rights Concerns Opportunities And Challenges Development– A Case-Study in Program In Transit Country: A Study Of Northern Thailand Social Integration Of Refugee Family And Its Impact To The Children Education
Paper 2 Paper 2 Paper 2 Paper 2 Paper 2 SHAPESEA: Southeast James Gregory Alcaraz Villasis Samira Yasmin Thidar Soe Shraddha Pokharel Sarah DeLoach ‘Legal Transplants’ Phenomenon: The Informal Education As A Substitute: A The Impact Of Child Marriage On Girls Understanding The Female Political Ageing in Chiang Mai: Elderly Care and Asia, Disrupted: Role Of The Philippine Supreme Court Utopian Thought Or A Reality For The In Myanmar Leadership In Nepal: Experiences Of the Shifting Demographics of Examining Impacts of the In The Development Of Human Rights Displaced Rohingya Children Female Deputy Mayors Urbanizing Thailand Securitization of Covid- Norms 10:15 - 12:00 19 Paper 3 Paper 3 Paper 3 Paper 3 Paper 3 A K M Zakir Hossain Jeesoo Baek Zainab Nasir Saittawut Yutthaworakool Bavo Stevens, Karen Delfau In Plain Sight: Spiralling Free Speech The Role of NGOs in Promoting Child Domestic Labour In Pakistan Understanding The Right To Change A Community in Transition: And Legal Repression In Bangladesh Stateless Refugee Children’s Right to Legal Gender: A Case Study Of Trans Understanding the Conditions of Education in South Korea Women In Sri Lanka Vulnerability of a Thai Village along the Mekong Paper 4 Paper 4 Paper 4 Paper 4 Paper 4 Adetokunbo Johnson Celso Da Fonseca Sally Dizon Escutin Sui Hluan Sutima Detsakulrat Mind The Gap: Human Rights And The Right To Education: Barriers To Domestication Of Palermo Protocol Women’s Participation In Modern Chin A Comparative Study of Human Values Gender Digital Divide In Africa’s COVID Access To Education Of Persons With And Convention On The Rights Of The Parliamentary Politics of For-Profit and Social Enterprise 19 Era Hearing Impairment In Dili, Timor-Leste Child In Nepal: The Challenge Of Founders in Thailand Ensuring Child Victim’s Meaningful Participation In The Criminal Justice System Q&A Q&A Q&A Q&A Q&A Wrap up Wrap up Wrap up Wrap up Wrap up 12:00 - 13:00 Lunch break
21/07/2020 Page 1 of 5 International Conference 2020 New Research in International development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption
Program for Virtual International Conference 29 - 30/07/2020
Date&Time Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Session 5 Public session 29/07/2020 Green Politics Gender (Sexual representation) Minorities' well-being Peace, Conflict, Negotiation IR: Policy Chair: Naparat Kranrattnasuit Yuki Miyake, Ph.D Theerapat Ungsuchaval, Ph.D Bencharat Sae Chua Yanuar Sumarlan Discussant: Claus Meyer Thanikun Chantra, Ph.D Wasin Punthong Suphatmet Yunyasit Mike Hayes Intro Intro Intro Intro Intro Paper 1 Paper 1 Paper 1 Paper 1 Paper 1 Kwanchanok Kongchoksamai Vica K Larasati Michelle Soe Moe Cory Cook Ambassador Otto F. von Feigenblatt Enhancing Waste Sorting Behavior: A Integrated Safety And Security The Roles Of NGOs In The Internal Colonial and Crisis: Economic The Securitization Of Health: The Comparative Study Between Monetary Mechanism For Indonesian Lesbian, Development Of Inclusive Higher Exclusion as a Cultural Commodity COVID-19 Pandemic As A Foreign And Incentive And Nudge Theory Bisexual, Queer (LBQ) Women And Education For Persons With Domestic Policy Challenge Transgender Man Activists Disabilities In Thailand
Paper 2 Paper 2 Paper 2 Paper 2 Paper 2 Joanico Gusmao Alves Kwanruan Choosrichom Maria Rosa Xavier Ka Ji Jia Shrawani Shagun The Impact of Pelican Paradise Project Gender Representation In English The Ratification Process Of The Gendered Knowledge and Negotiations Responsibility Of WTO In Survival Of on the Livelihoods of Community in Textbooks At Secondary Level Convention Of The Rights Of Persons over Land Rights and Conservation Small Scale Industries Post Pandemic: CSDS: Haze and Social Tasi-Tolu, Timor-Leste With Disabilities By The Government Of Policy in a Tibetan Herding Community Case Of India (In)Justice in Southeast Timor-Leste in Xinghai County, Qinghai Province, China Asia: Past experience 13:00 - 14:45 Paper 3 Paper 3 Paper 3 Paper 3 Paper 3 and what next? Yunkang Liu Chitsanupong "Best" Nithiwana Chulit Nakornrattanachai Hsu Thiri Zaw Natchaya Chawalitchaikun Social Innovation And Inclusive Doing And Undoing Gender Of Kathoei An Implementation of community- The Peace Road of Myanmar during South Korea’s Foreign Policy As A Business Model For The Base Of The Under Heterosexual Discourse based disaster risk management in Pandemic Time – “Way Forward or Middle Power Pyramid: A Case Study Of Organic Mueang District, Ubonratchathani Backward for the Future Plans?” Tourism Ecosystem In Thailand
Paper 4 Paper 4 Paper 4 Paper 4 Paper 4 Yu Ju Lin Jantanee Kanto Le Thi Phuong Vy Saw Lin Htet Manotar Tampubolon Sustainability Transition In Taiwan - Intersectionality In Age-Gap Revealing The Role Of Migration In Sgaw Karen Students’ Experience In Coronavirus And The Crisis Of Human The Case Of Offshore Renewable Relationship Between A “Kin Dek” Livelihood Strategies Of Resettled Ethnic Langauge Maintenance In Karen Rights In Indonesia Energy In Miaoli Woman And A Younger Man Sampan People In Tam Giang Lagoon, State, Myanmar Central Vietnam Q&A Q&A Q&A Q&A Q&A Wrap up Wrap up Wrap up Wrap up Wrap up 14:45 - 15:15 Coffee break
21/07/2020 Page 2 of 5 International Conference 2020 New Research in International development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption
Program for Virtual International Conference 29 - 30/07/2020
Date&Time Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Session 5 Public session 29/07/2020
Gender (Women's role) Myanmar Indigenous people and livelihood IR: Thailand
Suphatmet Yunyasit Assoc. Prof. Dr. Amporn Jirattikorn Mike Hayes Coeli Barry Chair:
Naparat Kranrattnasuit Assoc. Prof. Dr. Amporn Jirattikorn Yanuar Sumarlan Bencharat Sae Chua Discussant: Intro Intro Intro Intro Paper 1 Paper 1 Paper 1 Paper 1 Koh Cai Ling Phanuphat Chattragul Lena Muhs Karntera Srimanote Feminization, Vulnerability, And Social Construction Of Shan Indigenous Self-Governance and the International Policy Aspects Empowerment Of Laotian Migrant Nationalism: A Case Study Of The COVID-19 Pandemic A Case Study of Associated With The Excise Sugar Tax Women In Thailand Shan State Army – South (Ssa-South) the Philippine province Agusan del Sur Policy: In The Case Of Thailand
Paper 2 Paper 2 Paper 2 Paper 2 Juvita Pereira Faria Mang Hre Lian Ankitha Joshy Reni Juwitasari Young Mother’s Economic Insecurity The challenges of ethnic media under Assessment Of Barriers To Mental Motives Of Japan’s Official Increases Vulnerabilities Of Women In in Burma: Analyzing press freedom and Health Treatment Among Indigenous Development Assistance (ODA) In Timor-Leste the rights to information in under Children Exposed To Severe Natural Rural Northern Thailand: A Case Study Burma transition Disasters In Kerala, India. Of Japan International Cooperation Agency’s Model Service In Amphoe Khun Tan, Chiang Rai Province (2013- 2017) 15:15 - 17:00 Paper 3 Paper 3 Paper 3 Paper 3 Ojaswi K.C Saw Than Min Htun Sharanya Chattopadhyay Muslim Dokho Social Enterprises: A Case Study Of Understanding barriers and coping COVID-19 and the Way Forward: A Thailand’s Engagement On The United The Economic Empowerment Of strategies of students from Karen story of Livelihoods from Coastal Rural Nations Guiding Principles On Women Artisans In Sri Lanka. education system in KNU-controlled Sundarbans, West Bengal Business And Human Rights (UNGPS): areas in accessing overseas higher Motives Behind The Implementation Of education The Action Plan Paper 4 Paper 4 Paper 4 Paper 4 Khine Zin Yu Aung Caio Gonçalves de Carvalho Feitosa Chandy Eng Perim Women’s Rights To Land, Claiming Youths’ Participation in Agriculture for A Human Rights And Conflict Rights, And NGOs’ Program Enhancing Sustainable Livelihoods: A Transformation Analysis Of Recent Case Study of Pa-O Self-administered Media Content On The Moken People Zone, Southern Shan State, Myanmar
Q&A Q&A Q&A Q&A Wrap up Wrap up Wrap up Wrap up
21/07/2020 Page 3 of 5 International Conference 2020 New Research in International development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption
Program for Virtual International Conference 29 - 30/07/2020
Date&Time Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Session 5 Public session 30/07/2020 Human Rights (Forced labour/Migrant Democracy And Authoritarianism State, human security, and SDGs Resource grabbing Sexual Violence workers)
Asst.Prof. Sunida Aroonpipat, Ph.D Dr. Mukdawan Sakboon Jan Boontinand Bencharat Sae Chua Duanghathai Buranajaroenkij Chair:
Charlie Thame, Ph.D Asst. Prof. Dr. Mukdawan Sakboon Naparat Kranrattnasuit Yanuar Sumarlan Coeli Barry Discussant: Intro Intro Intro Intro Intro Paper 1 Paper 1 Paper 1 Paper 1 Paper 1 Phattranit Yaodam Worayar Yuwapolthanakorn Achmad Firas Khudi Michael DeLoach Chathurika Sisimali Gunasekera The Derogation Of Rights During The Roles of Thai Community in Overseas: Mobility Tracking for COVID 19 and Hedging Hydro-Hegemony: The A Critical Analysis of the Contemporary Covid-19 Outbreak: A Case Study Of The Importance and Necessity of Thai Urbanite Protection: Policy Opportunity Canalization Of The Lancang-Mekong Legal Framework Pertaining to the Thailand Community for Thai Unskilled Migrant and Oral History in Jakarta & Agency Of The Chiang Kong Rights of the Child Victim in the Court Workers in South Korea Metropolitan Area Community In A Geopolitical Context Process in Sri Lanka: With Special Paper 2 Paper 2 Paper 2 Paper 2 Paper 2 Punnawit Tantirapan Sophea Try Mohammed Muqtadir, Bhumika Sharma Sirapat Puttachoo Ika Kurnia Riswandari Institute of Asian Studies: The Challenges Of Thai Citizens After Revisiting Transnational Advocacy Majoritarian Nationalism In South Asia Revitalize Adaptive Capacity of How To Purchase ‘Halal’ Sex? A Study New Researches on COVID Attitude Adjustment Or Intimidated By Networks After 20 Years: Promoting Vis-À-Vis An Egalitarian World Agricultural Community in the Of Contract Marriage In Bogor, 19 and Its Consequences: Military Government From 2014-2019 Right to Health for Agricultural Migrant Industrialized Economy: A Case Study Indonesia People, Planet and Inclusive Workers in Thailand of Banchang Community in the Eastern Economic Corridor Society 09:00 - 10:45 Paper 3 Paper 3 Paper 3 Paper 3 Paper 3 Balazs Szanto Fareha Jasmin Bimo Satryo Wibowo Zin Mar Soe Maria Agnes Bere Legitimacy, Economic Development Human Rights of Migrant Workers: Towards Disaster Resilience State: Artisanal Miners’ Resistances in Barriers Of Rape Victims’ Access To And The Status Of Hong Kong Recruitment and Exploitation of Female Policy Analysis on Disaster Risk Resource Exclusion: A Case Study at Justice In Timor-Leste Migrant workers from Bangladesh to Reduction in Indonesia Ler Kha Loe village, Mawchi mine, the Middle East Kayah State, Myanmar Paper 4 Paper 4 Paper 4 Paper 4 Paper 4 Jude Russel Ulatan Cuntapay Yakobus Fahik Ku Nurasyiqin, Ku Amir James Reinaldo Rumpia Natasha Rahman Narrative Policy Analysis Of Prevention Of Human Trafficking Coping Mechanisms in Food Insecure Power, Inequality and Participation in Barriers To Recovery Support Services Coronavirus Outbreaks: Lessons Through Community Education: A Households: a Human Security Environmental Impact Assessment:The For Child Victims Of Sexual Abuse: A Learned For Public Policy Agenda Case Study Of Jaringan Relawan Untuk Perspective Case of PT Semen Indonesia in Case Study Of Mae La Camp Setting On Covid-19 Kemanusiaan (J-RUK) In East Nusa Kendeng Mountain, Central Java, Tenggara Province-Indonesia Indonesia Q&A Q&A Q&A Q&A Q&A Wrap up Wrap up Wrap up Wrap up Wrap up 10:45 - 11:15 Coffee break
21/07/2020 Page 4 of 5 International Conference 2020 New Research in International development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption
Program for Virtual International Conference 29 - 30/07/2020
Date&Time Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Session 5 Public session 30/07/2020 Thai Papers Human Rights (Citizenship) IR: China Human Rights (Use of force) Chair: Bencharat Sae Chua Ladawan Khaikham, Ph.D Claus Meyer Dr. Shirley Worland Discussant: Jan Boontinand Theerapat Ungsuchaval, Ph.D Mike Hayes Dr. Shirley Worland Intro Intro Intro Intro Paper 1 Paper 1 Paper 1 Paper 1 Pakpoom Sawangkhum Anish Kumar Thokar Thi Thu Nga Tran Irshad Ahmed Understanding of Multi-Disciplinary Role Of Nepal Tamang Ghedung In Understanding China’s Involvement In A Comparative Analysis Of Policies Practitioners Involving in Victim Promoting Rights Of Tamang Vinh Tan Thermal Power Plant In And Legal Actions Against Enforced Identification of Forced Labour Indigenous Peoples In Nepal Vietnam And Its Nexus To Health Disappearance In Pakistan And Nepal Concerns. In Light Of The International Human Rights Instruments Paper 2 Paper 2 Paper 2 Paper 2 Chadaporn Chaimala Nyo Mar Than Panpaka Singkeewan Gubag Gubag Tactics Of Environmental Movement Right To Citizenship Of Burmese China’s Belt And Road Initiative: The The Use of Excessive Force by the Under Authoritarian Regime: A Case Muslim Minority: An Analysis Of Case Study Of Indonesia “Priority Of Police in Papua New Guinea 11:15 - 12:30 Study Of Sebai Conservation Group, Myanmar Department Of Immigration's Interest” Yasothon Province Discriminatory Citizenship Policy
Paper 3 Paper 3 Paper 3 Paper 3 Pathomporn Kaewnoo Prem Singh Gill Kasina Sundhagul Korima Begum State legitimization and citizenship: Assessing Stateless Thai Cave Victims Tracing The Thoughts Behind Xi Accessibility Of Justice For Intimate Reflection from the Returning to Of “Wild Boars” In Granting Legal Jinping's International Strategy: A Partner Violence Victims In The Happiness program Citizenships: Implications And Impacts Manifestation Of A Chinese School Of Customary Court At Rohingya Refugee On Constitution And Humanitarian IR? Camp, Bangladesh Crisis In Assam Q&A Q&A Q&A Q&A Wrap up Wrap up Wrap up Wrap up 12:30 - 12:50 Closing Ceremony
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Abstract List
Abstract List ...... i A K M Zakir Hossain ...... 1 Achmad Firas Khudi ...... 2 Adetokunbo Johnson ...... 3 Akkanut Wattanasombat ...... 4 Alisa Hasamoh ...... 5 AMB Otto F. von Feigenblatt ...... 6 Anish Kumar Thokar ...... 7 Ankitha Joshy ...... 8 Arif R. Haryono ...... 9 Aslam Abd Jalil, Patricia Blardony Miranda, Tashny Sukumaran, R. Herlambang W. Perdana ...... 10 Asma Al Amin ...... 11 Balazs Szanto ...... 12 Bavo Stevens, Karen Delfau ...... 13 Bimo Satryo Wibowo, Dr. Wanwalee Inpin, Dr. Thanikun Chantra ...... 14 Caio Gonçalves de Carvalho Feitosa Perim ...... 15 Celso da Fonseca ...... 16 Chadaporn Chaimala ...... 17 Chandy Eng ...... 18 Chathurika Sisimali Gunasekera ...... 1 9 Chayan Vaddhanaphuti, Helena Varkkey, Benjamin Tay, Tara Buakamsri ...... 20 Chitsanupong Nithiwana ...... 21 Chulit Nakornrattanachai...... 22 Cory Cook ...... 23 Fareha Jasmin ...... 24 Gubag Gubag ...... 25 Hsu Thiri Zaw ...... 26 Ika Kurnia Riswandari ...... 27 Irshad Ahmed ...... 28 James Gregory Alcaraz Villasis ...... 29 James Reinaldo Rumpia ...... 30 Jantanee Kanto ...... 31 Jeesoo Baek ...... 32
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Joanico Gusmao Alves ...... 33 ii Jose Lopes...... 34 Jude Russel Ulatan Cuntapay...... 35 Juvita Pereira Faria ...... 36 Ka Ji Jia ...... 37 Karntera Srimanote ...... 38 Kasina Sundhagul ...... 39 Khine Zin Yu Aung ...... 40 Koh Cai Ling ...... 41 Korima Begum ...... 42 Ku Nurasyiqin Ku Amir ...... 43 Kwanchanok Kongchoksamai ...... 44 Kwanruan Choosrichom ...... 45 Le Thi Phuong Vy ...... 46 Lena Muhs ...... 47 Yap Li Yan ...... 48 Ma. Josephine Therese Emily G. Teves, Sarah Grace L. Candelario ...... 49 Mang Hre Lian ...... 50 Manotar Tampubolon ...... 51 Maria Agnes Bere ...... 52 Maria Rosa Xavier ...... 53 Maya Dania ...... 55 Michael DeLoach ...... 56 Michael John Young ...... 57 Michelle Soe Moe ...... 58 Mohammed Muqtadir, Bhumika Sharma ...... 59 Muslim Dokho ...... 60 Natasha Rahman...... 61 Nithis Thammaseangadipa ...... 63 Natchaya Chawalitchaikun ...... 64 Nyo Mar Than ...... 65 Ojaswi K.C ...... 66 Pakpoom Sawangkhum ...... 67 Panpaka Singkeewan ...... 68 Pathomporn Kaewnoo ...... 69 Phanuphat Chattragul ...... 70 Phattranit Yaodam ...... 71
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Prem Singh Gill ...... 72 iii Punnawit Tantirapan ...... 73 Reni Juwitasari ...... 74 Saittawut Yutthaworakool ...... 75 Sally Dizon Escutin ...... 76 Samira Yasmin ...... 77 Sarah DeLoach ...... 78 Saw Lin Htet ...... 79 Saw Than Min Htun ...... 80 Sharanya Chattopadhyay ...... 81 Shraddha Pokharel ...... 82 Shrawani Shagun ...... 83 Sirapat Puttachoo ...... 84 Sophea Try ...... 85 Suebsakun Kidnukorn ...... 86 Sui Hluan ...... 87 Sumitra Thidar Soe ...... 88 Sutima Detsakulrat ...... 89 Tran Thi Thu Nga...... 90 Vica K. Larasati ...... 91 Worayar Yuwapolthanakorn, Yuki Miyake ...... 92 Yakobus Fahik ...... 93 Yu Ju Lin ...... 94 Yunkang Liu ...... 95 Zainab Nasir ...... 96 Zin Mar Soe ...... 97
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
In Plain Sight: Spiralling Free Speech and Legal Repression in Bangladesh 1
A K M Zakir Hossain Part-time Faculty at FGS Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Bangladesh deflects from the democratic path by introducing arbitrary law, stifling dissidents, oppressing political opponents, and providing impunity to the perpetrators of extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearance of thousands of people in the last decade (2009-2019). This article argues that structural dysfunctionality begets impunity and lawlessness in a state where authoritarianism is consolidated by manipulating the law and enforcing legitimacy. Based on the findings of empirical research and study of recent works of literature along with in-depth interviews of civil society actors, university students, and teachers in Bangladesh, this paper shows how an authoritarian rule of law dominates the political spectrum in Bangladesh. Further, the study demonstrates through the legal analysis of an arbitrary and politically motivated law that there is a clear sign of a one-party authoritarian state that outlines the democracy and human rights in contemporary Bangladesh. Research findings suggest several political measures including the creation of a civic space where free speech and rule of law catalyze to fortify democracy and thrive human rights.
Keyword: Free Speech, Authoritarian Rule of Law, Democracy and Human Rights, Legal Repression, Bangladesh.
AUTHOR’S BIO
A K M Zakir Hossain ([email protected]) is a part-time Faculty at FGS Mahidol University and recently completed his MA in Human Rights (International Program) from the Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies (IHRP) in Mahidol University, Thailand. He also holds an MBA degree from the Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh where he served as an adjunct Lecturer after graduation. He also contributed as a Research Assistant to Asia Democracy Network (ADN) and in a Business and Human Rights (BHR) applied research project collaborated by IHRP, ASEAN CSR Network (ACN), and Article 30. Recently, Zakir has presented his paper in the Asian Constitutional Law Forum (ACLF) in Vietnam National University. Before this career transition in academia, Zakir served in the Bangladesh Army as an officer with the infantry, a peacekeeper with the United Nations in the Democratic Republic of Congo and a stint under the ministry of land warfare in the United Kingdom. His research interests stem from his professional experiences and academic upbringing while serving in the culturally diversified communities and violent conflict areas in Asia, Europe, and Africa.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Mobility Tracking for COVID 19 and Urbanite Protection: Policy 2 Opportunity and Oral History in Jakarta Metropolitan Area
Achmad Firas Khudi Department of Social Science and Development, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Mobility tracking is a way of tracing and monitoring people movement in particular context. Its use has been popular in medicine and migration studies, but it can be utilized more to wider social sciences such as policy formulation and social protection. Moreover, the needs of identification of urban people or urbanite spurs as COVID 19 pandemic spreads. Some urbanite suspected COVID 19 are harmful to others and tracking them is good measure. In other function, the mobility tracking of citizen can be used in conjunction with smart city that nurture and utilize benefits from technological application. Smart city might use mobility tracking for providing a targeted social assistance based on specific age groups, social status, or other indicators to help urbanite prolong their existence. Such application requires a great support from policy setting and its emic perspective of citizens.
In the light of that background, this study identifies policy opportunity and citizens reaction to the proposed policy on mobility tracking in Jakarta Metropolitan area with qualitative method. It employs inductive exploratory approach with descriptive analysis and oral history. Descriptive analysis will be applied upon policy document whereas oral history will be designated for urban citizens. Data are intended on two categories including people- centered and governance respectively. People-centered consist of health, population mobility, and human rights issues whilst governance include smart city, urban policy, and regional cooperation in Jakarta Metropolitan area. Other issues might be focus of this study is metropolitan governance. The study takes national and local policy document from 9 local governments and oral history of urban citizen in its areas including Jakarta Province, Depok City, Bogor City, South Tangerang City, Tangerang City, Bekasi City, Bogor Regency, Tangerang Regency, and Bekasi Regency.
Keyword: mobility tracking, social protection.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Achmad Firas Khudi ([email protected]) is a junior development scholar who combine governance and social development works in professional and academic settings. With economic and social science educational background, he has been working in development sector for more than four years with Indonesia’s Ministry of National Development Planning and The World Bank to name a few. His academic outputs cover social sciences and international development such as a journal on Southeast Asian Studies: Between Narratives, Theory, and Emancipation (in Indonesian), a journal on scoping review for responsive city in Asian megacities, and a book review on Dead in the Water.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Mind the Gap: Human Rights and the Gender Digital Divide in Africa’s COVID 19 Era 3
Adetokunbo Johnson Postdoctoral Fellow, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
ABSTRACT
The digital divide is a human rights issue that has resonated significantly worldwide and particularly in Africa. Yet, the attention given to the gendered dimensions of this digital gap in African societies has remained largely limited and scattered. Regrettably, this gendered digital divide has been exacerbated and brought into sharp focus recently with the emergence of the coronavirus pandemic.
Similar to the rest of the world, the emergence of the coronavirus pandemic has birthed unprecedented times in Africa. Approximately, over eight million persons worldwide have reportedly contracted this deadly disease. With this chilling statistic comes empirical and anecdotal research that discuss the negative gendered impact of this pandemic particularly on African women. Unfortunately, the truth is that African women have been disproportionately affected by this crisis in a number of ways. With strict lockdown rules and economies shutting down, the coronavirus pandemic has reinforced and amplified women’s disproportionate disadvantage and inequalities in Africa. For example, evident in most African countries is women’s historic disadvantage of being more likely to live in abject poverty since they are usually the last ones to access adequate food, nutrition, education and health care services leading to the denial of basic human rights enjoyment.
Due to this pandemic’s brutal mortality rates, the World Health Organisation urgently proposed a fourfold strategy to containing and tackling coronavirus. This includes: One, preparation in readiness for the pandemic; Two; detection and protection; Three, treatments and ensuring there is a reduction of transmission; Fourth, innovation and learning. Using this fourfold strategy, the WHO insists all countries must ensure a balance is struck between reducing economic and social disruption, safeguarding health and respecting human rights.
With such fourfold strategy comes an erroneous assumption that there is much needed global internet access required for the containment of the pandemic. Yet, evidence demonstrates how more than half of the world population and mostly African women do not have access to the internet. Multiple reasons could be advanced for women’s disproportionate access to the internet in Africa. This includes the patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes about women and their inferior societal position that persist in Africa. Societal sanctioned wifely and motherhood functions ascribed to African women means that the number of women that have internet access are significantly lower than the number of men. This not only widens the digital gap but importantly underscores its gendered dimensions currently exacerbated by the coronavirus era. Tackling and containment of the pandemic would therefore entail closing the gendered digital divide that have been left to fester in African countries.
From the above, if it is possible to draw a strong correlation between African women’s online access to information and communication and the realisation of human rights particularly in this COVID 19 era, the need to close this gendered digital gap becomes obvious. Consequently, this paper portrays the gendered digital divide as a human rights infringement that has become exacerbated by Africa’s COVID 19 era. Drawing on the intersectional lens, I show how the African woman’s intersectional identities impacts on her internet access.
Keyword: Human Rights, Digital Divide, Coronavirus Pandemic, Intersectionality.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Tamsang-Tamsong: Social Distancing Promotion and Job Security for Motorcycle Taxi 4 and Food Vendors during the Covid-19 Crisis
Akkanut Wattanasombat Mekong Studies Center, Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The social-distancing measures that were implemented due to the outbreak of COVID-19 had drastic economic consequences to food vendors and motorcycle taxi drivers. Prohibited from dining-in, customers in quarantine can only order food through food delivery platforms that make a profit through charging fees from the vendors. To compensate, vendors are pressured to raise their prices. As a result, customers who are also struggling economically have to spend more. Motorcycle taxi drivers are heavily impacted by the reduced need for transportation as regular passengers now work from home. These challenges are the context that gave way to our action research, which links these three stakeholders together under the framework of solidarity economy.
Tamsang-Tamsong (Food Ordered, Passengers Delivered) is a community-based food delivery and ride-hailing platform. Operating in the Ladprao 101 area, Tamsang-Tamsong strengthens the wellbeing of the community by assisting food venders, motorcycle taxi drivers, and customers in transitioning to a platform economy. Currently, it works with over 60 food vendors and 50 motorcycle taxi drivers. The model based on solidarity economy that Tamsang-Tamsong uses can serve as a prototype for other areas in the country to increase job security and empower communities, even when social-distancing measures are no longer in effect.
Keyword: Social Distancing Promotion, Job Security, Motorcycle Taxi, Food Vendors, Covid-19 Crisis.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Covid-19, Civil Society in Thailand’s Deep South and the Weak State 5
Alisa Hasamoh Faculty of Humanities and Social Development, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
During a COVID-19 epidemic crisis, there is a window of opportunity for building peace in the Deep South of Thailand which the rival parties are the Thai government and BRN. On April 3, 2020, BRN-coordinate issued a statement ending violence in order to open the space for helping people who needed medical assistance with only one condition that the Thai state would not start military operations again.
This paper examines the roles of government and civil society organizations in responding to people living in the area of Deep South Thailand that faced difficulties during Covid-19 pandemic. It discusses challenges and possibilities of state’s capabilities to handle internal violence and distribute political goods to their citizens. It argues against the way Thai state handle the epidemic disaster in authoritarian manners such as collecting ordinary people’s DNA secretly during a critical situation with COVID-19 as an un-acceptable method and creates mistrust in the area. In comparison, the study also looks at the main objectives of the Civil Society Council of the Southernmost Thailand and their implemented activities in providing a platform for all public sectors regarding the enhancement of civil society, determining for resolving violent conflict, developing sustainable southern border provinces, communicating and creating public spaces for everyone.
Keyword: Covid-19, Civil Society, Thailand’s Deep South, Weak State.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
The Securitization of Health: The COVID-19 Pandemic as a Foreign and Domestic 6 Policy Challenge
AMB Otto F. von Feigenblatt Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain
ABSTRACT
The present exploratory paper tackles some of the challenges presented by the COVID-19 Pandemic from a public policy and foreign policy perspective. COVID-19 has resulted in unprecedented public policy challenges and has brought to the fore disciplinary cleavages in terms of how to frame the crisis and more importantly in terms of how to rise to the challenge. The paper concludes that a more holistic approach is necessary which takes a more macro level approach and which borrows from the disciplinary tool kits of sociology, anthropology, political science, and public health.
Keyword: COVID-19, Corona Virus, Public Heath, Foreign Policy
AUTHOR’S BIO
Ambassador Otto F. von Feigenblatt ([email protected]) holds a Master of Arts degree in International Development Studies from Chulalongkorn University, a Doctorate of Education in Higher Education Leadership from Nova Southeastern University, and a Doctorate of Philosophy in Conflict Analysis and Resolution from Nova Southeastern University. Dr. von Feigenblatt has received graduate level research training at Harvard University and has received nine honorary doctorates for his work as a public intellectual and scholar. His work in the field of historical preservation was recognized by Spain through a knighthood bestowed on him by His Majesty King Felipe VI. Dr. von Feigenblatt currently resides in Palm Beach, Florida and serves as professorat Marconi International University. Dr. von Feigenblatt currently holds an elected chair in the humanities section of the Royal Academy of Doctors of Spain. www.vonfeigenblatt.com.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Role of Nepal Tamang Ghedung in Promoting Rights of Tamang Indigenous Peoples in 7 Nepal
Anish Kumar Thokar Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Indigenous people’s rights in Nepal is one of the most dominant issues of ethnic social movements in Nepal after the political transformation of 1990. There are 59 Indigenous nationalities under their umbrella organization - Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN), who are struggling to promote and preserve their rights in the constitution. Among them, Nepal Tamang Ghedung is the national organization of Tamang indigenous peoples. This research is a study of Tamang Ghedung, a social movement organization that was formed in 1950 to secure more rights for the Tamang communities in Nepal. The Tamangs are the third largest indigenous ethnic organizations in Nepal. They are one of the most historically marginalized and socially excluded groups in the country. Adopting the method of analysis of published and unpublished literature related to indigenous social movements and Tamang Ghedung’s movement in Nepal, this research paper attempts to find out how the activism of Tamang Ghedung is promoting rights of Tamang people in Nepal. This research studies how Tamang Ghedung, as a social movement organization, struggles to secure the rights of the Tamang indigenous peoples in the constitution. This research focuses on four different areas to understand the role of Tamang Ghedung in promoting and preserving the rights of Tamang indigenous peoples through constitutional reform. First, it focuses on what sociopolitical context gave rise to Tamang Ghedung in Nepal. Then it analyzes the missions and goals of this organization. Thirdly, the method of activism this organization uses to achieve its goals. While studying their way of activism, the researcher also analyzes the strength and limitations of this movement. Finally, the researcher discusses the achievements of the movement Tamang Ghedung.
Keyword: Indigenous, Movements, Constitution, Tamang Ghedung, Activism, Indigenous Peoples’ Rights.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Anish Kumar Thokar ([email protected]) is a lecturer at Sagarmatha College, Kathmandu, Nepal, where he teaches sociology to MA level students. He is also a human rights activist. His focus is on the rights of indigenous people. He is author of several journal articles on the historical injustices faced by the Taman indigenous people of Nepal. Recently, he has completed the MA in Human Rights from Mahidol University, Thailand, under the European Scholarship. His MA thesis is titled The Role of Ethnic Social Movement Organization in Promoting the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Through Constitutional Reform: A Case Study of Tamang Ghedung in Nepal.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Assessment of Barriers to Mental Health Treatment among Indigenous Children 8 Exposed to Severe Natural Disasters in Kerala, India
Ankitha Joshy Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The southern State of India, Kerala, has witnessed severe natural calamities which created negative mental health outcomes in the victims especially for indigenous children who are the most affected group in the disaster. Research conducted among the victims of 2018 natural calamities shows that children are still under trauma and the measures taken by the government to address their mental health issues are not sufficient, accurate or appropriate. Semi-structured interviews conducted among tribal parents, teachers, and individual activists proved that barriers made by the social, political, economic and cultural circumstances created a deliberate silence in tribal parents, government officials and State which leads to the violation of right to mental health of tribal children. As a result, the State failed to address the issues of tribal children exposed to severe natural calamities like increased number of school drop outs after the calamities, to create awareness among the tribal parents and teachers about the negative mental health outcomes, follow-up medical camps/ treatments on mental health issues of the victims, and to provide a safe settlement for those who are living in the landslide sensitive areas. Moreover, the political decision of the government to restrict/deny any kind of research or data collection related to the tribes has limited the opportunity to bring the right violations happened to the children in front of the society and the justice system. Thus, the deliberate silence of parents, government officials and the State has not only violated the rights of tribal children to mental health, but also to education, get information, and to grow in a safe and healthy environment. To avoid geographical and cultural difficulties as well as language and accessibility barriers, the research is limited to the Uraly and Malai Arayans tribal communities in Idukki district of Kerala.
Keyword: Indigenous Children, Negative Mental Health Outcomes, Deliberate Silence.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Ankitha Joshy ([email protected]) is from India. Currently, she is pursuing a master's degree in Human Rights and Democratisation from Mahidol University, Thailand. She has completed the undergraduate studies in Physics from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala. She is interested in working on adolescent and children issues, especially for the development of tribal children. For the past 6 years, she has been working as a life skill development trainer.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Overcoming the Language and Cultural Barriers of Refugee Children through School 9 Preparedness Program in Transit Country: A Study of Social Integration of Refugee Family and Its Impact to the Children Education
Arif R. Haryono Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Indonesia is a non-state party to the Convention Relating to The Status of Refugee. This fact has affected the living condition of refugee children in Indonesia as a transit country. By the end of March 2020, UNHCR reported that Indonesia hosted more than 13,657 refugees, 28 percent of whom are children. Refugee children experience obscurity of a durable solution during their temporary living in Indonesia to the point it infringes on the rights to education of refugee children. This paper aims to describe the importance of overcoming cultural and language barriers through the school preparedness program as a means for refugee children to be locally integrated with the hosting community. This paper identifies that the difference of language and culture have adjourned the process of local integration of refugee children with the hosting community. This paper argues that overcoming language and cultural barriers can be achieved through the Refugees School Preparedness Program. In general, the aim of the School Preparedness Program is to prepare refugee children prior to their enrollment in public school by teaching them language skills as well as other social competencies. Moreover, it also provides capacity building for the school principals and teachers in order to build a better understanding of refugees in general and specifically managing the classes of which refugee children are participating. This paper uses a qualitative analysis method of literature and NGOs reports on School Preparedness Program conducted in Indonesia. This paper suggests that the School Preparedness Program is important to break the language and cultural barriers in the effort of accessing the child’s rights to education. Furthermore, overcoming language and cultural barriers is significant to achieve social integration of refugee children with the host community.
Keyword: Local Integration, Refugee Children, Rights to Education, Language and Cultural Barriers, School Preparedness Program.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Arif Rahmadi Haryono ([email protected]) has been actively involved with humanitarian activities, mainly the rights of impoverished people, and community empowerment for the last 15 years. His last activity is at Dompet Dhuafa Foundation, a faith-based philanthropy organization residing in Jakarta, Indonesia as the General Manager of Education Development Program, as well as the advocacy program. Arif is currently taking a Master Degree in Human Rights and Peace Studies of Mahidol University with his thesis entitled, the Social Integration of Refugee Family Living in Community-based Housing and Its Impact to The Children's Education.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Southeast Asia, Disrupted: Examining Impacts of the Securitization of Covid-19 10 Aslam Abd Jalil, Patricia Blardony Miranda, Tashny Sukumaran, R. Herlambang W. Perdana
ABSTRACT
Covid-19 exposes cracks not just in public health governance, but also in the treatment of vulnerable individuals and groups. In Southeast Asia, responses to the pandemic contain all the critical elements of securitization. What started with lockdowns, travel bans, border closures eventually led to police surveillance, arbitrary detention, control of access to information, and further shrinking of spaces for dissent and activism. Laws and policies granting emergency powers passed gave various heads of state the power to enforce peace, and security measures to address economic recession. These have aggravated the deterioration of democratic institutions and values, as well as, economic, social and gender injustices across the region. This panel will examine the impacts of the pandemic on peoples living in the margins, and will explore potential opportunities for and challenges to the protection of human rights and freedoms in the future.
Keyword: Covid-19, Civil Society, Thailand’s Deep South, Weak State.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Aslam Abd Jalil, PhD Student at the University of Queensland and Fellow at Universiti Malaya
Patricia Blardony Miranda, Head of Policy and Communications, Oxfam Philippines
Tashny Sukumaran, Journalist
R. Herlambang W. Perdana, Faculty Member, Faculty of Law, Airlangga University
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Protecting Children from Domestic Violence at the Time of Disruption: Human Rights 11 Concerns
Asma Al Amin Assistant Professor at Department of Law, BGC Trust University, Bangladesh.
ABSTRACT
Since early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought widespread injuries globally the situation of Bangladesh is of no difference. Particularly, children are at greater risk of experiencing violence, exploitation, and challenges at a time of lockdowns and home isolation. Inadequate staffed and unequipped child protection services and lack of law enforcement makes the situation worse. Alarmingly, different forms of violence against children have increased amid the coronavirus outbreak in the country. Recent research by Manusher Jonno Foundation (MJF), show that a total of 456 children had to face domestic violence in April during the coronavirus pandemic. Where 92 percent of them experienced domestic abuse for the first time. The right to live free from violence is a basic human right. Domestic violence against children is a violation of their human rights which have been enshrined in many international treaties. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child confirms in Article 19 that States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social, and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of violence. Moreover, it is necessary to take specific measures to protect children against domestic violence in situations of increased vulnerability like infectious disease outbreaks. In light of the above, the article examines the Bangladesh approach in protecting children from domestic violence during pandemic COVID-19 and concludes with certain recommendations.
Keyword: Human Rights, COVID- 19, Bangladesh, Domestic Violence.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Legitimacy, Economic Development and the Status of Hong Kong 12
Balazs Szanto Coordinator for the Master of Arts in International Relations programme, Webster University, Bangkok Campus, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Post-1989 the political system of the People’s Republic of China has been underpinned by a delicate balancing to maintain the legitimacy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It was obvious from the examples of the failing Eastern Block that repression would lead to regime failure. Rather, a focus on economic development has been integrated as a central pillar of CCP legitimacy. However, recent events in Hong Kong have revealed the inherent conflict between the PRC’s economic and political ambitions. Through the pushing of its political agenda, the CCP has contributed to a significant disruption to the economy of Hong Kong, including the potential for long-lasting harm if Hong Kong’s special status is withdrawn. This paper proposes to take a critical look at this conflict within China’s political and economic system. To do so, the paper proposes to examine (1) the post-Mao legitimacy of the CCP, including the focus on economic development, (2) the political challenged posed by the special status of Hong Kong and how the island fits into a larger nationalist/patriotic context, (3) the effects of recent events and potential implications for the crisis. The issue of Hong Kong presents an interesting case study for a scenario in which a non-democratic regime seeks to maintain legitimacy through economic development but then the economic interests conflict with political ones. The paper employs a qualitative research design. The issue is of particular relevance as the domestic politics of China continue to exert a growing influence on the international level, especially as China is becoming a great power within the system. Understanding the interconnectedness of Party politics with national interest is important to discern the behaviour of the PRC.
Keyword: Economic Development, Hong Kong.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Balazs Szanto ([email protected]), Ph.D., is the coordinator for the Master of Arts in International Relations programme, based at the Bangkok Campus of Webster University Thailand. Dr Szanto has earned a Bachelor of Arts Degree in International Affairs Management from University UTARA Malaysia, a Master of Arts Degree in Critical Geopolitics from Newcastle University, and a Doctorate in International and Security Studies from University Malaya. Dr Szanto specializes in international security and international relations in the Asia-Pacific, primarily China, Japan and the ASEAN states. He provides a realist interpretation of the role of military power in foreign policy, in particular in the context of maritime disputes in Asia such as the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands dispute.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
A Community in Transition: Understanding the Conditions of Vulnerability of a Thai 13 Village along the Mekong
Bavo Stevens, Karen Delfau
ABSTRACT
In the early 2000s, Seri Phongphit and Kevin Hewison observed that Thailand’s Northeastern region was experiencing significant -- and sometimes contradictory -- change. Despite economic development, life for many remained precarious as the region’s resource base dwindled and globalization left many increasingly marginalized. By 2020, these observations appear more relevant than ever. Thailand’s poverty rate has climbed for the first time in decades, and the country has slowly become one of the most unequal in the world. This paper seeks to revisit some of Phongphit and Hewison’s early observations by taking an in-depth look at how one village along the bank of the Mekong has been impacted by the political and social forces that have gripped the region. By using a variety of ethnographic tools, such as unstructured interviews, participatory observation, and transit walks, the paper explores how political and social change has exacerbated existing vulnerabilities in the community, and created new ones. These vulnerabilities have altered the community’s relationship with the local environment, particularly its relationship with the Mekong, changed its traditional way of life, and caused significant demographic change. This paper aims to show how a more focused look at single cases, such as the community studied in this paper, can help scholars better understand how a confluence of political and social forces come together to create conditions of precarity and vulnerability. Although the paper does not address the current Covid-19 crisis directly, it aims to show how underlying of conditions vulnerability can create significant risks to communities during times of disruption and crisis.
Keyword: Community, Vulnerability, Thai Village, Mekong.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Bavo Stevens ([email protected]) is a Lecturer at the Faculty of Political Science at Ubon Ratchathani University and an incoming PhD student at McGill University. Prior to becoming a lecturer, Bavo was a Junior Research Fellow at the United Nations University (UNU) in Barcelona, where he researched the dynamics of forced migration in Southeast Asia. Bavo holds degrees in War Studies and Political Science. His primary research focus is on democratization and the politics of repression in authoritarian regimes.
Karen Delfau ([email protected]) is an international consultant working to support improved practices related to water management, gender equality and social inclusion, and climate change resilience. Karen is currently a PhD student at Sciences Po, University of Toulouse researching the co-production of knowledge related to water governance. In addition, she is the Executive Director of the International WaterCentre Alumni Network, a Brisbane- based NGO with over 1000 researchers and practitioners working globally to implement Integrated Water Management. Karen holds University degrees and professional postgraduate certification in Geology, Public International Law, Integrated Water Management, and Nonprofit Leadership and Management.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Towards Disaster Resilience State: Policy Analysis on Disaster Risk Reduction in 14 Indonesia
Bimo Satryo Wibowo, Dr. Wanwalee Inpin, Dr. Thanikun Chantra International Development program, School of Social Innovation, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Understanding the increasing trend of disasters occurrence, exposure to the economy, and the people is getting more massive. The world has committed to reducing losses both in material and human lives. Center for Research and Epidemiology of Disasters has noted Indonesia as the state with the highest number of deaths in 2018 with 4,535 people died, meanwhile, Indonesia Disaster Management Agency recorded that there is an increasing trend of disaster occurrence in Indonesia. Through disaster risk reduction, though it can interchangeably with disaster risk management, the government of Indonesia would like to engage with the consequences of its geological and astronomical location. This article would like to mitigate how the government of Indonesia response towards ever- happened and –growing disaster through the public policy lens, using specifically the public policy model. Through documentary research, this article focuses on one of the formal dimensions of the policy: regulation which refers to any legal binding instrument issued by the government. First, it provides the relation between resilience, public policy, and disaster risk reduction. Second, it describes the development of disaster risk reduction in Indonesia in chronological order and its orientation. Thirdly, it highlights the public policy model on the development of disaster risk reduction in Indonesia. This article concluded that (1) the development of DRR in Indonesia is engaging to the increasing trend of disaster occurrence frequency and its diversity of disaster type; (2) the development also showing that Indonesia is participating in the world’s DRR; (3) in regards to disaster resilience, the development of the DRR has not shown consistent progress.
Keyword: Resilience, Disaster Risk Reduction, Policy, Indonesia.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Bimo Satryo Wibowo ([email protected]). Having a political science background on his undergraduate degree focusing on diplomacy, the author continues his master degree on International development focusing on public policy and disaster management. Besides, he has worked for one of Indonesia's strategic projects that is Light Rail Transit for Jakarta, Bogor, Depok dan Bekasi. Through this experience and studies, he hopes to engage more and leverage my knowledge, capacity, and professionalism on the idea of development both on political and social sight.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Human Rights and Conflict Transformation Analysis of Recent Media Content on The 15 Moken People
Caio Gonçalves de Carvalho Feitosa Perim Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
For the past few decades, de world has awakened to indigenous matters, by some means before neglected. Indigenous peoples’ issues have been more commonly debated, either in academic works or media platforms, even though distinct arguments are frequently presented. Nevertheless, indigenous peoples still face disrespect and have their integrity overstepped. And whilst advances take place on researches, indigenous existence is jeopardized by the lack of adequate policies, subjugation, undermining consequences of controversial actions oriented by the urge for visibility and essential human rights guarantee, among others, allied with the constant increase of relations with nonindigenous. The Moken people are an indigenous group inhabiting mainly in the Mergui Archipelago, with part of the population living in communities in Surin Islands, Thailand, within the territory of the Mu Ko Surin National Park. Therefore, this study explores academic literature on indigenous peoples and the Moken, the national framework concerning indigenous peoples in Thailand, as well as academic and media production in order to analyse some aspects of the current situation of the Moken people living in Koh Surin, shedding light on a few recent events through an analysis of the media content to identify the different stakeholders involved. The goal is to expand the knowledge regarding the Moken people and understand their conflict issues through human rights and conflict transformation approach, to identify the types of violence and to assess the achievability of the establishment of a more efficient participation between the stakeholders and a more adequate interaction between the Moken and the nonindigenous parties involved. Additionally, to briefly explore norms and mechanisms concerning indigenous peoples in Thailand, as well as existing policies adopted by the Thai government and the effects of them on the Moken community.
Keyword: Indigenous, Indigenous Rights, Media, Human Rights, Conflict Transformation.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Caio ([email protected]) is a student of Master of Arts program in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand, enthusiast of international development work, and experienced professional in communications, multimedia production, business management and promotion, and projects coordination, mainly on the topic of minorities and vulnerable groups, especially indigenous peoples. He has developed an extensive communications project in close collaboration with two indigenous communities from the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo, the Tupinikim and Guarani, in order to enhance the visibility of their cultures and diminish prejudice processes. Caio is currently developing his thesis on the topic of indigenous self-determination and the Moken people inhabiting in the Surin Islands, Thailand.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Right to Education: Barriers to Access to Education of Persons with Hearing 16 Impairment in Dili, Timor-Leste
Celso da Fonseca Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Despite the fact that the right to education as defined in international human rights conventions has been ratified by the government of Timor-Leste, such as ICESC Article 13 and CRC Article 23, children with disabilities still face barriers to accessing education. This research aims to identify institutional barriers that prevent children with hearing impairment from accessing the school. This research will use mixed data with the case study approach with the application of semi-structured interviews with parents and the members of the Timor-Leste Disabled Persons Organization (DPO).
There are various types of barriers faced by children with disabilities. One of the complex obstacles is an institutional barrier. People with different disabilities cannot access schools because schools lack facilities to provide accessibility for children with various disabilities to enroll in classes.
The implication of this research will enable the author to understand better the forms of institutional barriers that hinder access to schools of children with disabilities. Furthermore, this research will contribute to the literature on access to the rights of persons with disabilities to education. The findings of this research also will enrich the literature related to the right to education in Timor-Leste for the use of academics and policymakers.
Keyword: Institutional Barrier, Children with Hearing Impairment, Access to School.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Celso da Fonseca ([email protected]) is currently a student of Master of Arts program in Asia Pacific Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand. Celso da Fonseca is interested in working in national organizations as well as private institutions that related to human rights and development issues. Celso da Fonseca has been also involved working with various organizations in grassroots development areas including vulnerable people, focus on women, children with disabilities. The next plan is joining the National University of Timor-Leste-Human Rights Center, this is an opportunity to enhance the knowledge in human rights area which reflects to current education background.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
17 Tactics of Environmental Movement Under Authoritarian Regime: A Case Study of Sebai Conservation Group, Yasothon Province, Thailand
Chadaporn Chaimala Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
This thesis studies the political context in an authoritarian regime that has influenced the mobilization of social movement resources and the social movement tactics of the Sebai Conservation Group who has protested the sugar factory and the biomass power plant. This study uses qualitative methods including documentary research, in-depth interviews, participatory and non-participatory observation. This thesis argues that the authoritarian government has centralized economic development policies related to increased sugarcane plantation areas and sugar production. These policies accelerate approval process by reducing operational procedures to facilitate and benefit large groups of companies. Those process leave out participation of people who lived near the sugar factory project. The Sebai Conservation Group use various tactics in such a context. The contentious activities were restricted by, in particular, the Article 44 of the Interim Constitution which gave almost absolute power to the head of the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) and the Public Assembly Act (B.E. 2015). Considering these conditions, the group changed their strategy to focus on livelihoods issue and on integrating Isan culture into movement activities to sustain the vibe of the movement.
Keyword: Environmental Social Movements, Authoritarian Regime, Sugar Factory and Biomass Power Plant, Resources Mobilization, Tactics.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Women’s Rights to Land, Claiming Rights, and NGOs’ Program, Phnom Penh, 18 Cambodia
Chandy Eng Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
This study is to understand the difference between the actual purpose of law and the legal consciousness of law by the social actor. This can help identify the challenges of the fact that women do not receive a good understanding of law, and the must learn this quickly once they are evicted and influenced them on claiming their rights. The research can show how the law can be taken on better and faster and how law can really protect them for real, and find the way for NGOs to create program that can advocate for women’s rights better with the voice of women and contribute to their advocacy work with government, and to mainstream gender perspective into the laws itself.
The total of 17 in-depth interview (5 women rights defenders and 12 aggrieved women) were taken place in Phnom Penh where most high-profile land eviction cases and NGOs working on women and land rights are existed/located. Places and time of interview were based on the conveniences of respondents.
This research identified the agenda of NGOs on women’s issues on land rights since it was not part of the agenda of the many NGOs in Cambodia that were working with community people who were evicted from land. In this context, the program, leadership, and communications methods of NGOs are the center for creating better in preventing force evictions or the worse because of forced evictions with the focusing program. Furthermore, this research also draw attention about women’s different levels of understanding of the law and rights that influence them on claiming their rights after they started to feel differently about laws, about the roles of police and local authority, and the power of their husband after being evicted from the land which they always thought it legally belonged to them.
Keyword: Women’s Rights, Rights to Land, NGOs’ Program, Cambodia.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Chandy Eng ([email protected]) is currently an M.A student, majoring in international human rights at IHRP at Mahidol University. Chandy is also working as an advocacy and networking program manager of Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC) in Phnom Penh. She got her BA in law with both Khmer and English Program at the Royal University of Law and Economics in 2013. Then, she received a one-year fellowship program to study at Bowdoin College in Maine, USA. Chandy has been working to promote women human’s rights in Cambodia and ASEAN. With these experiences, Chandy believes that being feminist is her pride and journey to claim equality for everyone.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Haze and Social (In)Justice in Southeast Asia: Past Experience and What Next? 20
Chayan Vaddhanaphuti, Helena Varkkey, Benjamin Tay, Tara Buakamsri
ABSTRACT
Over the past couple of decades, various sources of air pollution have become major issues of public concern in Southeast Asia and risen to the highest levels of public policy and politics. For example, annual forest fires were especially severe in Northern Thailand this year and raised tensions between vocal urban residents and rural ethnic communities who are regularly blamed due to their use of fire in agricultural practices. Yet, the latter have tried to demonstrate that they themselves are some of the most severely affected and, far from being to blame, are actually at the front line of trying to manage the wildfires risking their lives in the process. Meanwhile, transboundary haze linked to burning peatlands in palm oil plantations in Indonesia causes harm – and frustration - in Singapore and Malaysia, also stoking inter-governmental tensions and blame games even as at least part of the responsibility links back to transnational companies based in Singapore and Malaysia. Also significant across the region is air pollution in expanding major and secondary urban areas produced by vehicles and other economic activities within them, including in Bangkok, Manila, Jakarta, Vientiane, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. Whilst it is commonly narrated that urban air pollution affects all residents, in practice there is a strong social justice dimension as those who work outdoors– such as motorcycle taxi riders or street vendors – are significantly more exposed and with less resources to protect their health. The recent pandemic, and resultant lockdowns, resulted in some respite for the typically harmful pollution even as it is only temporary, and at great cost to livelihoods in general. Within these heated public discussions, many types of knowledge are produced and circulated influencing contesting discourses – including scientific studies, monitoring apps, media analysis, and community knowledge. Whilst a range of divergent solutions are regularly proposed by government agencies, politicians, academics, civil society, and community leaders, year after year air pollution continues to remain a challenge.
This session will examine how various economic, social and political inequalities intersect in relation to air pollution in terms of its creation and exposure, and the consequences for individuals, families and society as-a- whole. We situate the analysis in relation to the past experiences of air pollution and the heated debates that have ensued, but also look to the future given that the COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting and has the possibility to transform many aspects of future society-environment relations.
Keyword: Social (In)Justice, Southeast Asia.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Prof. Dr. Chayan Vaddhanaphuti, Regional Centre for Social Science and Sustainable Development, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
Dr. Helena Varkkey, Department of Strategic and International Studies, University of Malaya, Malaysia
Benjamin Tay, PM Haze, Singapore
Tara Buakamsri, Greenpeace Southeast Asia, Thailand
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Doing and Undoing Gender of Kathoei Under Heterosexual Discourse 21
Chitsanupong Nithiwana Master of Social Science on Gender Studies & Women’s Studies, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The study aims to understand Kathoei’s Doing and Undoing gender in the different contexts throughout a life history under and its demystifying heterosexual discourse in Thailand in order to illustrate the diversity of Kathoei in Thailand for deconstruction of the stereotype, social expectation, and misunderstanding of Kathoei. Also, this would illustrate standpoint, and struggle of diverse Kathoei in Thailand had never portrayed in order to bring the inclusivity to Kathoei community, LGBT movement, and Thai society.
To understand Kathoei, “Doing gender” by West and Zimmerman shows that gender is done as an interaction in a wide variety of activities (West and Zimmerman, 1984). While Judith Butler used the term “Undoing gender” emphasizing the performativity of gender as the countless amount of the performance. Both Doing & Undoing gender have the same structure of the heterosexual discourse dictating the gender performance. To overcome the gender performance dictated by the heterosexual discourse, Butler emphasizes “gender trouble” or “gender blending,” “transgender” or “cross-gender has a way of moving beyond that naturalized binary (Butler, 2004). However, the previous study captures transgender people’s unique management of situated conduct as discordance between sex and sex category in order to overcome the dominant discourse (Connell, 2010).
However, the heterosexual discourse from the Western along could not be consider in Thailand in term of Doing and Undoing gender. Thai discourse continues to be framed in terms of the local category of Phet which includes sex, gender, and sexuality within single term (Jackson & Sullivan, 1999). Does Kathoei really overcome the heterosexual discourse? the study adopts Queer theory as analyzing mismatches between sex, gender and sexuality and its challenge to the heterosexual discourse (Jagose, 1996).
Hence, the lacking analysis of diverse Kathoei in terms of the mismatches of gender and sexuality remains. We need the further studies to discuss the whole life history of Kathoei in order to see the differences and sameness of gender performances within one person along with different contexts
Keyword: Heterosexual Discourse, Thailand.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Chitsanupong Nithiwana ([email protected]) is a transgender activist from Chiang Mai, Thailand. In 2017, she graduated with the first-class honor bachelor's degree in political science on international affairs from Chiang Mai University. She had experiences on digital marketing for 2 years. In 2018, she started her Master degree on Gender Studies & Women’s Studies at Chiang Mai University. She was selected for an US Embassy scholarship, YSEALI as well as represented transgender women as a speaker at UN Women, TedxChiangMaiWomen2018. Recently, she was one of the founders of “Young Pride Club," a youth club for gender equality, and Chiang Mai Pride 2019 & 2020.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
An Implementation of Community-Based Disaster Risk Management in Mueang 22 District, Ubon Ratchathani, Thialand
Chulit Nakornrattanachai Master of Arts in International Development, School of Social Innovation, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Thailand is vulnerable to flood due to its location on the tropical belt, where usually has storms and monsoons. Ubon Ratchathani locates on the Khorat Basin, where Chi River meets Moon River and has a higher degree of rainfall compared to other provinces in the Northeast. Thus, flooding occurs regularly. Mueang District, where is an economic area, is categorized as a flood monitoring area, and Ubon Ratchathani City Municipality is categorized as a special flood monitoring area. Community-based disaster risk management (CBDRM) is a part of the guidelines for disaster preparation in the National Disaster Risk Management Plan (2015). CBDRM enhances the community’s capacity to deal with disasters, which put the community as a center supported by government officials and volunteers. This study aims to examine the implementation processes and problems of CBDRM in Mueang District, Ubon Ratchathani. Qualitative methodology is employed through document research and semi- structured in-depth interview with local government officials, disaster prevention and mitigation officials, and civil defense volunteers. In terms of flooding, CBDRM is conducted in the flood-risk area where the community analyzes community risks, designs disaster management plan, but the plan in motions, and revises the plan, along with the government officials’ support. However, a few participants join CBDRM because it is usually held during planting seasons in the countryside, while people in urban are busy with their routines. Besides, to make CBDRM sustained, it requires more leadership, awareness, and support from community leaders and local governments.
Keyword: Community-Based Disaster Risk Management, Disaster Risk Management, Capacity Building.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Chulit Nakornrattanachai ([email protected]) is a student of the Master of Arts Programme in International Development, School of Social Innovation, Mae Fah Luang University. Chulit graduated from the Bachelor of Arts Programme in International Development, School of Social Innovation, Mae Fah Luang University. Chulit is now working on the thesis in the area of disaster management, focusing on the implementation of the action plan for flood in the pre-disaster stage.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Internal Colonial and Crisis: Economic Exclusion as a Cultural Commodity 23
Cory Cook Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The outbreak of the novel coronavirus was truly a crisis of global proportions. By the time it was discovered that covid-19 was universally infectious, it had already been spreading indiscriminately throughout populations across the world. The covid-19 pandemic was a health, economic, societal, and political crisis that amounted to an existential dilemma for countries that saw an eventuality of societal collapse in mitigating the virus’ exposure onto the public while awaiting a vaccine. The unorthodoxy of this contagion was that people needed to socially distance and isolate to protect themselves, but protecting society required complete social cohesion. The pandemic created a globally unifying moment where fundamental human rights needed to be universally applied at every level of governance, though instead showed that the socially excluded faced more serious consequences of crises than those who were included.
There were clear parallels between the acceleration of covid-19 cases and the marginalization of minority communities, as exemplified in countries like the US and UK where infection fatality rates were highest amongst racial and ethnic minorities. It is not that these groups were predisposed to covid-19, but were preconditioned to be more vulnerable through economic exclusion and it was limited resources, uneven development, and discriminative treatment that had already put them at a much higher risk. The focus is not on rights disparities in crisis management, but highlighting a pattern of peripheral groups being subordinated in societies that are led by a chauvinistic core group. Essentially, this is class domination where vulnerability is exploitable and minorities are not marginalized, but internally colonized. This is a dormant rights issue because the distribution of equitable rights uses the same institutional networks that sustain cultural inequity. This paper aims to show that economic exclusion is systemic and is an observable rights violation when seen as internal colonialism.
Keyword: Economic Exclusion, Cultural Commodity.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Cory Cook ([email protected]) is a Mahidol graduate student of the Human Rights and Democratisation program. The author has worked as an advocate, community organizer, and multimedia producer for a number of social justices, environmental, and human rights initiatives in the US. She has most recently conducted research into post-conflict reconciliation and reintegration policies for refugee returnees in Sri Lanka. The primary focus of the research is the intersectionality between human rights governance and marginalization processes in government.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Human Rights of Migrant Workers: Recruitment and Exploitation of Female Migrant 24 workers from Bangladesh to the Middle East
Fareha Jasmin Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Globalization has promoted labor migration from Bangladesh to various countries on a greater scale. Remittance from Bangladeshi migrant workers is considered to be a major determinant of the economic development of Bangladesh over the last decade. Female workers to the Middle East constitute a large portion of those Bangladeshi migrants’ workers. Domestic violence, abuse of the workers’ vulnerability, violation of their rights to information are some common stories with them. Focusing on the experience of Bangladeshi female migrant workers, this paper looks at the recruitment process of Bangladeshi female workers to the different states of the Middle East through various channels. This paper intends to trace the reasons behind the exploitative situation of the female migrants’ workers aboard. Migrant workers’ rights are human rights. By focusing on the exploitative practices during the recruitment of female migrant workers in Bangladesh for employment to the Middle East, this paper links the human rights and migrant workers’ rights. The recruitment process of migrant workers is complex and often bypasses official rules. Being vulnerable as women from a poor socio-economic background, female workers are at risk of paying high recruitment costs, debt bondage, deception, and human trafficking. The author argues that the emphasis on recruitment practices can improve the condition of workers at all stages of migration. Finally, this paper suggests measures to ensure better recruitment practices and the rights of migrant workers.
Keyword: Human Rights, Migrant Workers, Bangladesh, the Middle East.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Fareha Jasmin ([email protected]) is an Assistant Professor of International Relations at the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. She did her bachelor and master’s degree in International Relations from the University of Chittagong. Currently, she is studying MA in Human Rights and Democratization at the Institute of Human rights and peace studies at Mahidol University, Thailand. Her academic interests are Globalization, Human Rights, Refugee, Female labor migration, and International Politics. Her co-authored paper on Rohingya refugee titled “Durable solution to the protracted refugee situation: The Case of Rohingyas in Bangladesh” had been published from India in 2013. Currently, she is writing on the rights of female migrant workers from Bangladesh to the Middle East.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
The Use of Excessive Force by the Police in Papua New 25
Gubag Gubag Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The continuous use of excessive force by the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary that includes violence and brutality in most cases has greatly risen the gross violation of the basic citizens’ rights at large from allege crime suspects to their family members, friends including the general public. The Human Rights Act and Freedom as enshrined in Papua New Guinea’s National Constitutional safeguards and protects every citizen against any unlawful act and offenses. The legal framework that stipulates the judicial power and authority through the court system under the basic citizens’ rights and acts with accordance to the standard policing practice has always been ineffective to hold police officer accountable to their unlawful actions, and hence giving rise to impunity. The main aspect questioning the transparency and accountability of the police deliberates on the manner in which how they executive their duty at enforcing law and order. From various reports and assessments of police conduct has revealed certain acts classified to be unreasonable and unlawful while arresting and detaining suspects in reference to the universal human rights and international policing standard. The principles of human rights as adapted and engraved in Papua New Guinea Constitution under section 36, 37 (1) (17) that guides acts of the police department have been highly abused by the law enforcers on various cases which is the sole state agency bound by duty to uphold and protect the rights and freedom of the people as citizens. The concept of universal human rights with regards to the legal framework of the police institutions under Section 14, Subsection 1 (a) (i), and Section 17 (1) (b) of the Police Arrest Act of 1997 that recognizes the rights of citizens when being dealt by the police has been breached where officers get away easily without being held accountable for their actions. This research identifies the basic rights and freedom of the people as citizens and the ineffectiveness of the legal framework with the implications of misconduct and violations by the police use of excessive force. The method of data collection purposes to justify in comparative analysis of the violation of basic human rights and ineffectiveness of the legal frame work with the concept of accountability will be mainly based on secondary sources and desk research. The human rights and freedom as enshrined in the constitution is the legal framework that sets the foundation of the laws and acts for each state department with the disciplinary institutions to recognize the basic rights and freedom of every individual citizen.
Keyword: Excessive Force.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Gubag Gubag ([email protected]) is currently enrolled at a graduate degree program of Mahidol University, Thailand. The specific program is “Asia and Pacific Master Program of Human Rights and Democratisation” under the Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies. At present, he is working on secondary data collection of his thesis that is the use of excessive force by the police in Papua New Guinea. His interest is centered on the Policing and Human Rights in the context of the existing legal framework that promotes transparency and accountability within the police force.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
The Peace Road of Myanmar during Pandemic Time – “Way Forward or Backward 26 for the Future Plans?”
Hsu Thiri Zaw Lecturer, Department of Journalism, National Management Degree College, Myanmar.
ABSTRACT
Myanmar is well-known for its diverse cultures and traditions and also its over 135 ethnic groups. And, it has been at war with itself since its independence in 1948, an extreme struggle especially playing out in the country’s ethnic borderlands with the neighboring countries. During the time of the democratic government starting from 2011, President U Thein Sein announced an inclusive political process for all stakeholders and agreed to address some of the ongoing political concerns of ethnic communities. In April 2012, ceasefires had been reached with 10 out of 11 major ethnic armed groups. However, the peace process is still pending and the government cannot implement the absolute peace yet. Meanwhile, with the outbreak of Covid-19 global pandemic, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres gave the suggestions to the world for a ceasefire because of the international concerns about the threats of Covid-19 to humanitarian issues and conflicts in indigenous community. Despite of the suggestion by UN Secretary General, tensions have continued in some conflict zones especially in western part of Myanmar even in pandemic time. Along with the conflicts, the aids for Covid-19 pandemic are being obstructed in those conflict areas. Therefore, it is questionable concerning the coverage and guarantee of ceasefire agreement and the implementation of peace process by the government for those ethnic community and ongoing conflicts. So, this study will analyze the current situations of the peace process during the Covid-19 and present about the challenges for the stakeholders in peace process during this disrupted time. Moreover, it will also illustrate which are the best ways for the government, military and ethnic armed organizations to work together for the absolute peace in the future by focusing the fact that the current time can be leading the peace process forward or backward.
Keyword: Peace Road, Myanmar, Pandemic Time.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Dr. Hsu Thiri Zaw ([email protected]) is currently working as a Lecturer at Department of Journalism, National Management Degree College, Myanmar which is a public college offering Bachelor degree under Ministry of Education of the government of Myanmar. She graduated B.A (Journalism) from University of Yangon and Master degree majoring in Journalism from University of Hong Kong in 2015. And then, she completed her Ph.D. in Journalism and Communication from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, P.R. China in 2019. She published some research articles concerning communication and peace about Myanmar. Her research fields are culture communication, peace study, ethnic study and journalism.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
A Comparative Analysis of Policies and Legal Actions Against Enforced Disappearance 28 in Pakistan and Nepal in Light of the International Human Rights Instruments
Irshad Ahmed Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The crime of enforced disappearance is one of the global phenomena which violates several human rights of the person ensured under international and national laws. Since last one and half decade, enforced disappearance has been widely practiced under the war on terror in Pakistan, and Maoist Peoples War in Nepal. Silencing the open dissent and voice against anti-people policies, laws and harmful projects at the outset of alleged threat to national security, law enforcement agencies in both of the countries, enforcedly abducted and arbitrarily arrested hundreds of thousands of peoples, and subjected to deprive of liberty, life and security in secret detention centers. Although both of the countries have made some progress on policy and legal actions under their domestic laws on enforced disappearance. However, the desired results against enforced disappearance are still unachieved because of flawed and ineffective policy and legal actions. The extent of current research "A Comparative Analysis of Policies and Legal Actions on Enforced Disappearance in Pakistan and Nepal in the Light of International Human Rights Instruments" is an attempt to evaluate the implementation of national policies and legislative measures towards the prohibition of enforced disappearance in Pakistan and Nepal. Based on comparative analysis, the study examined the existing scholarship, reports of relevant agencies, national and international policy and legal instruments on enforced disappearance in Pakistan and Nepal. In this context, the study provides a brief analysis of the situation of enforced disappearance in both of the counties, and the current state of policy and legal practice under the recommendations of international human rights instruments given in the field of enforced disappearance. The study also reflects on the impact of the application of policy and legal actions, and the adoption of international treaties under domestic laws and policies on enforced disappearance situation in Pakistan and Nepal.
Keyword: Enforced Disappearance, Human Rights, Domestic Laws, Policy and Legal Frameworks, International Instruments/Treaties.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Irshad Ahmed ([email protected]) is currently enrolling in the Master degree in Human Rights Democratization Program at the Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand. Irshad Ahmed is graduated from University of Sindh in Criminology (M.Sc.), and had served for more than 10 years on senior management positions related human rights research, advocacy and campaigns with various non-government organizations, networks and social movements in Pakistan.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
‘Legal Transplants’ Phenomenon: The Role of The Philippine Supreme Court in the 29 Development of Human Rights Norms
James Gregory Alcaraz Villasis Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
This paper examines the existence of judicial legal transplants behavior by the Philippine Supreme Court and its impact on the development of domestic human rights norms. Judicial legal transplants exist when the Supreme Court, in deciding human rights cases, refers to foreign judicial decisions to resolve an issue. The paper draws on the analysis of select human rights cases promulgated by the Supreme Court between 1987 and 2019. It argues that legal transplants behavior is present in the judicial decisions and that it re-shapes the existing domestic human rights norms. It discusses the factors that motivate the Philippine Supreme Court in engaging with this behavior, the sources of foreign judicial human rights decisions, and the effect in the advancement of the local human rights norms. The paper concludes that the Supreme Court plays an important function in the development of domestic human rights norms in the Philippines. The role is justified by its expanded Constitutional mandate thereby emboldening the Supreme Court to engage in legal transplants by way of judicial borrowing. The borrowing is performed by referring to foreign human rights cases and transplanting it into the Philippine setting through judicial decisions. Furthermore, the paper finds that the Philippines relies heavily on the court decisions issued by the US Supreme Court and has contributed to the development of domestic human rights standards. As a drawback, however, the resulting norms are no better than their source since the borrowing purely involves copying and no transformation happens along the process.
Keyword: Legal Transplant, the Philippine Supreme Court, Human Right, Human Right Norms.
AUTHOR’S BIO
James Gregory Alcaraz Villasis ([email protected]) currently takes up his Master in Human Rights and Democratization at the Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University. He is a lawyer based in Manila, Philippines, and has an interest in the role of the judiciary in promoting and protecting the human rights of all. He formerly taught at the Faculty of Law of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines where he handled courses on human rights law and international humanitarian law. He co-presented papers in different national and international fora and authored refereed articles on various human rights areas such as indigenous peoples' rights, right to freedom of religion, and anti-trafficking in persons.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Power, Inequality and Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment: The Case of 30 PT Semen Indonesia in Kendeng Mountain, Central Java, Indonesia
James Reinaldo Rumpia Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
As the state is involved as both a guarantor and an industrial actor through a state-owned enterprise (BUMN), namely PT Semen Indonesia, the establishment of a factory by PT Semen Indonesia in the Kendeng Mountains in Central Java is where the power regulates and creates possible space for political participation. However, the communities around the Kendeng mountains are ignored and excluded from participation as actors who have the right to determine development.
This research aims to explore how power works in ensuring the imposition of the construction of the PT Semen Indonesia factory against local community’s true participation within the establishment of PT Semen Indonesia's Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) that becomes a point of contention to explain the a-symmetrical power relations. In the Indonesian Supreme Court’s decision Number 99 PK/TUN/2016, the EIA production has been stated as ignorant to the demands and rejection of peoples and local communities to the construction of the cement factory. Despite the fact that Supreme Court’s decision had canceled the environmental permit of PT Semen Indonesia, in February 2017, PT Semen Indonesia obtained a new permit with a note that it has resolved public participation issues. Similarly, to the previous case, the people got no information about this new EIA.
The research uses one of qualitative methods called case study with primary data and secondary data. Primary data consisted of interviews with the Indonesian government, villagers around the Kendeng mountains, community- based organizations, academics, and Non-Governmental Organizations. Secondary data includes the EIA document, Indonesian Law, court decision, International Law, book, and journal article related to the EIA and environmental decision-making process. This paper borrows the concept of John Gaventa related to local communities’ power and powerlessness in decision making processes with state apparatus. The suppressed voice of the people as actors with powerlessness is only a part of the larger protests supported by many other agencies.
Keyword: Kendeng Mountain, Cement Factory, Power, Powerlessness, Public Participation and Environmental Impact Assessment.
AUTHOR’S BIO
James Reinaldo Rumpia ([email protected]) is currently completing studies at the Master of Art in Human Rights International Program, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand. James received a Post Graduate scholarship and living allowance in 2018 for study at Mahidol University. The focus of the study and writing on issues of human rights, the environment, and law. James is active in the Indonesian Human Rights lecturers Union (2017-now). Another activity, as the president of the Indonesian Student Association in Thailand (2019-2020). James is also active as the Head of the Indonesian Institutional Center in the Overseas Indonesia Student's Association Alliance (2019-now).
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Intersectionality in Age-Gap Relationship between A “Kin DeK” Woman and 31 A Younger Man
Jantanee Kanto Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University (Lamphun Buddhist College), Thailand.
ABSTRACT
I believe that women identity can be different from one society to another depending on the way the members of society evaluate the role of females and males. Our gender identity can be influenced from the ethnicity of the group, their historical and cultural background, family values, religion and other factors. Crenshaw (2003) problematizes the intersections between race and gender as identity categories that cannot be separated. All people have a social location that is defined by their gender, race, social class, age, ability, religion, sexual orientation, and geographic location. Each group membership confers a certain set of social roles and rules, power, and privilege (or lack of), which heavily influence our identity and how we see the world. Therefore, my main argument here is that intersectionality allows feminist theorists to account for the differences between women because intersectionality rejects the universalizing of women’s identity. In this article, I would like to study lives of a “Puma” woman, who is widely regarded as a woman under 40 who prefers younger men who are under gender norms, sexuality discourses and etc. Intersectionality is another concept that will help the researcher sees factors and processes that a “Puma” woman uses to negotiate with family, partner and society in order to liberate herself. She suffers from social sanctions as violating social norms. Since having a younger boyfriend deviates from what is regarded as normal, the couple could be regarded as outsiders and receive less social support sometimes. The case study might be a good example of women oppression in this kind of relationship because in any relationship it is not about only two people, there are something more beyond that.
Keyword: Intersectionality, Puma Women, Age-gap Relationship.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Jantanee Kanto ([email protected]) is currently a Ph. D. student of Women’s and Gender Studies program at Chiang Mai University. She earned a Master Degree in English and Communication in 2014 and a Bachelor Degree in Mass Communication: Public Relations and Advertisement in 2009. She worked as an English lecturer for several institute. She is currently a Full-time English lecturer at Lamphun Buddhist College, Thailand.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
The Role of NGOs in Promoting Stateless Refugee Children’s Right to Education in 32 South Korea
Jeesoo Baek Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The presence of refugees and related issues in Korea was not a well-known issue until recently when refugees from Yemen started arriving to Jeju Island in June 2018. Since then, refugee issues have attracted attention in Korea. This paper will discuss issues affecting stateless refugee children within Korea. There are about 30,000 refugees living in Korea, of which around 1000 are children. About 300 of those children are stateless, without nationality. This in turn makes access to various services difficult. In particular, these children are not guaranteed the right to education. Education is one of the most important factors in shaping the present as well as the future of children. CRC clarifies children’s right to education, and Korean law also guarantees equal educational rights for all children. All children should be able to enjoy educational rights without any difficulties. However, these stateless children have to overcome many difficulties just to attend school. The government should act as a duty bearer to guarantee these rights. Although the Korean government does not directly infringe the rights of children, there is an indirect infringement considering that these stateless children are unable to access education. This paper will look at the difficulties stateless refugee children are having in education, how the Korean government and NGOs are working to solve the problems, and what legal and institutional arrangements should be revised to actually solve fundamental problems. Refugee issues in Korea still do not have the attention they deserve, and the ones that suffer the most are the stateless children of refugees. This paper will try to figure out how the Korean government or NGOs can give stateless children the necessary help right away in the short term, and also what kind of effort is needed for a complete solution in the long term.
Keyword: Children’s Right to Education, Stateless Refugee, Role of NGO, South Korea.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Jeesoo Baek ([email protected]) is a student at Mahidol University in Thailand. She is pursuing an Asia Pacific Master of Arts (APMA), in Human Rights and Democratisation. Her thesis focuses on stateless refugee children’s access to education in South Korea. She was born and raised in Seoul, South Korea. She completed the undergraduate degree at Seoul Women’s University. Later, she studied international development. Since then, she has worked in the international development field both in Korea and Africa. Through her thesis research, she hopes to find solutions to real problems affecting refugee children in my home country.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
33 The Impact of Pelican Paradise Project on the Livelihoods of Community in Tasi-Tolu, Timor-Leste
Joanico Gusmao Alves Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Many post-conflict countries pay much attention to the development, that pursues national, economic, and human development. Among them, Timor-Leste as the newest country in Southeast Asia that gained its independence in 2002 announced a Strategic Development Plan in 2011 and aimed to achieve it by 2030. One of government’s urban planning policies, Pelican Paradise project, is to transform Tasi-Tolu to tourism spots which will benefit local communities through creating job opportunities and economic. However, in practice, the government pays little attention to the voice of local communities and evicted and demolished homes forcefully. My thesis focuses on the process of a government development policy on to the communities in the case of Tasi-Tolu development. This paper is literature review of my thesis about The Impact of Pelican Paradise Project on the Livelihoods of Community in Tasi-Tolu, Timor-Leste. In the paper, I demonstrate my theoretical framework which draws on previous scholars’ findings regarding the impacts of development projects. development projects tend to have positive and negative impacts, which cover social, economic and environmental aspects. I will use social impact assessment tool to evaluate social, economic, and environmental impacts of the project. In addition, I will assess how local communities are affected differently in terms of risks, vulnerabilities, and securities between different groups.
Keyword: Pelican Paradise Project, Livelihood, Community, Tasi-Tolu, Timor-Leste.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Task Force Police’s Perspective on the Human Rights Training” 34
Jose Lopes Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Policia National Timor Leste (PNTL) is a young institution, comprising of different units and its members are individuals who come from various backgrounds, but have common experience of violence over a long period of brutal foreign occupation. Changing the attitude of police brutality and anarchism through continuous professional development in order to become highly professional police force, brings big challenges to PNTL, the United Nations, and the international and local non-governmental human rights monitoring organizations. The objective of this research is to examine the effectiveness of the Timor-Leste Police Development Program (TLPDP) and human rights training to the police Task Force members. This study aims to identify gaps in the current approach and implementation of the human right training under TLPDP and to provide recommendations on the necessary improvements to program.
This research will utilize Tibbitts’ accountability and professional development education model to examine the teaching and learning methodologies currently used by the TLPDP human rights training program. Therefore, this research, “Task Police’s Perspectives on Human Right Training” brings a more inclusive approach to human rights training. Human right training should involve the perspectives of both, the trainees and trainers.
This study will offer a new understanding, more effective and more sustainable human right training methods to help Police Task Force members become more professional law enforcement agents. Suggested improvements may include: (i) the revision of the human rights manual; (ii) inclusion of the extensive human training in initial training of the new police cadets; (iii) ensure that the remuneration package of the police officers is comparable to those in the region; (iv) provide continuous human rights training through refresher trainings every 12 months; and (v) conducting regular comparative studies to learn from the experiences of other countries to make improvements in the PNTL’s human right training program.
Keyword: Task Force, Human Right Training.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Jose Lopes ([email protected]) was born in Timor-Leste. He is a graduate of social science majoring in International Relations from Universidade da Paz, Timor-Leste. He is a Police Instructor in Police Academy where he provides training on Use of Force and Human rights to the police. He started delivered the training since 2015 and being awarded as an excellent trainer of police officers on the protection of Human rights by Provider Human Rights andJustice in 2019. He was selected by the United Nations Police in 2004 and became one of the Master Trainers for Police Training Centre.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Narrative Policy Analysis of Coronavirus Outbreaks: Lessons Learned for Public 35 Policy Agenda Setting on the COVID-19
Jude Russel Ulatan Cuntapay Southville International School and Colleges, The Philippines.
ABSTRACT
The recent developments on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19 response has revealed that the role of the public policies is on the forefront. The emergence of an infectious disease has brought different avenues to discuss implications in public agenda setting for the creation of policy responses to control and mitigate the spread of the disease. This study analyzes the narrative policies of recorded coronavirus outbreaks such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS- CoV). Content and Narrative Policy Analysis were done on both specific policies and policy research literatures to examine how affected countries enacted policies that will respond and mitigate the mentioned coronavirus outbreaks. The analysis has shown different considerations and factors on how different countries responded to the past coronavirus outbreaks. Also, it highlighted how these experiences shaped the literature on the recommendations on preparing for the possible spread of another coronavirus infection in the future. These experiences are equally important in identifying policy agenda in the future legislation and policies that will further improve the positioning of public health system specifically on preparedness, risk management, outbreak response, and prevention of infectious diseases specifically on the ongoing efforts to control and mitigate the spread of COVID 19.
Keyword: Public Policy, Coronavirus Outbreak, Policy Agenda Setting, Narrative Policy Analysis, Policy Cycle, Policy Response, Public Health System.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Mr. Jude Russel Ulatan Cuntapay ([email protected]), LPT is currently the Basic Education Subject Area Head on Social Living and Global Education (SLGE) and an International Baccalaureate History teacher in Southville International School and Colleges in the Philippines. He participated as an Academic Fellow on Global Environmental Issues and Natural Resources Management at the University of Montana, USA under the Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative (YSEALI). Among his exposure to development and public policy work, he has been part of the Philippine delegation to international educational policy and exchange dialogues like the First ASEAN Student Mobility Forum (2017, Manila) and SEAMEO Youth Leadership Forum (2016, Bangkok), among others. He graduated in the Philippine Normal University with a degree Bachelor of Secondary Education major in History, Cum Laude, and currently taking his Master of Arts in Development Policy in De La Salle University - Manila.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Young Mother’s Economic Insecurity Increases Vulnerabilities of Women in 36 Timor-Leste
Juvita Pereira Faria Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This research paper is partially contributed from my initial finding of my Thesis, which entitled “ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR YOUNG FEMALAES EXPERIENCING EARY PREGNANCY IN TIMOR-LESTE (AILEU MUNICIPALITY)” It was carried out to investigate the consequences and its correlation of young mother’s economic dependence in Timor-Leste. This research aimed to identify issue of young women’s economic situation and its consequences and providing critical analysis on women’s economic freedom, including promoting and empowering women’s rights in social, cultural, and economic sphere. The scope of this paper will be focusing on young mother’s financial insecurity in the household, which put them at risk and suffering from economic dependence and vulnerabilities.
Methods: The qualitative research with descriptive-analytical study was conducted with 8-10 young mothers, including young husbands, and other key informants in Aileu community using in-depth interview and personal observation.
Findings: Apart from gender economic inequality and gender-based violence that have discussed in this research, the researcher of this paper also finds that women economic insecurity under marital status become an influential factor leading to young mother’s economic dependency in Timor-Leste. Vulnerability of choices and male domination through Patriarchal norms and beliefs also have conservatively considered as a strong influence within a household.
Conclusion: Gender stereotype of women in household work contributing to economic insecurity, lacking decision making due to less educational knowledge have also contributed to the dependency of women. In addition, this circumstance has been challenging for women in TimorLeste to be economically empowered. It is believed that creating space for young mothers accessing to education, and empowering them in decision making will potentially increase their confidence in decision making process and advancing their self-development.
Keyword: Young Mothers Under Early Pregnancy, Sexual Decision Making, Economic Insecurity, Marital Abuse.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Juvita Pereira Faria ([email protected]) is a youth motivational speaker and current Human Rights master student at Mahidol University. I have been working and volunteering with many different youth groups, organizations, agencies and governments’ institutions. My professional work experiences started in 2008 with UNICEF in Timor- Leste, Ministry of Justice in Timor-Leste, and Youth Off the Street Overseas Relief Fund organization in Timor Leste. Founders of YLDP-TL (Youth Leadership Development Program – Timor Leste) and JPF-ECS (Educational Consultancy Service) agency. Volunteering work with RYLA-TL (Rotary Youth Leadership Awards). Apart from professional field of work, I have recently attended international events and conferences as a representative of Timor- Leste”.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Gendered Knowledge and Negotiations over Land Rights and Conservation Policy in 37 A Tibetan Herding Community in Xinghai County, Qinghai Province, China
Ka Ji Jia Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
With the advent of globalization, Tibetan herders have been confronted with different forms of challenges, difficulties, and unequal gendered power relations, including livelihood uncertainties, privatization and commercialization of land, and increasing market forces. In Ser Tang community of Qinghai Province, China, Tibetan herders are facing land scarcity including the grazing ban policy, inequality of land distribution and land commercialization. These transformations impose various challenges for the traditional communal grazing of local Tibetan herders. There are few cases where married women, widowed women, and divorced women are able to inherit land or gain their own land access from their husband’s family, and parents and siblings. Most women are involved in herding and pastoral food production for the family consumption and income generation. Women herders cannot produce traditional food and earn income for their families if they cannot access land and natural resources. This paper draws insights from feminist theories to explore changing gender relations and Tibetan women’s participation in the process of ongoing land privatization initiatives. To gain a deeper understanding of these processes, this paper argues that we have to take gendered knowledge and gendered differences in ways of responding to and coping with the impacts and changes wrought by the large-scale rangeland management policies and gendered property rights over land ownership seriously.
Keyword: Gendered Knowledge, Land Right and Conservation, Tibetan Herding Community, Xinghai, China.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
International Policy Aspects Associated with the Excise Sugar Tax Policy: in the Case 38 of Thailand
Karntera Srimanote Faculty of Political Science, Thammasat University
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to examine the significance of how well-intended international policy influenced other Intermediate countries’ national policy through the use-case of excise sugar tax on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages (SSB) in Thailand. In order to argue that excise tax on certain SSB does not result a significant public health benefits but does result long-term impacts toward the Thai economy – ranging from individual level such as sugar farmers up to businesses and corporates such as sugar mills, foreign investors etc. Collection of interviews and analysis of data had been collected from 2007-2019, ranging from pre-SSB policy to the implementation of excise tax on SSB. The paper clarified the paradox between the overall public health concerns and the economic concern, as well as a discussion on how well-intended international policy had influenced certain players to act accordingly to its will. Adding upon the power each country holds the pressure came in form of certain International Organizations (IO), in the case of SSB in Thailand the IOs involved included the World Trade Organization (WTO) and World Health Organization (WHO). The concept had been explained through the theory of Institutional Isomorphism – which gives clearer perspectives of Thailand’s position in the world, and why and what made Thailand act the way they did.
Keyword: Sugar Tax, Tax Policy.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Karntera Srimanote ([email protected]) is currently a Master of International Relations student at Thammasat University, as well as, an International Trade Specialist at Kasikorn Bank, Ratburana. Her interest has always been on social studies and development until these recent years where she found that International Relations and economic development plays a big role in influencing the direction of the nation’s economy – that was when she decided to take a degree on International Relations as well as work as an International Trade specialist at a bank. Her interest on the excise sugar tax policy in Thailand happened back in 2018 when she gets to talk with some farmers and the fact that they are suffering by certain burden, coupled with news during that time regarding Thailand’s implementation of the excise sugar tax policy on certain products in which she was interested in the paradox between the overall public health and the impacts toward the economy which led her to this thesis research.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Tracing the Thoughts Behind Xi Jinping’s International Strategy: A Manifestation of 39 A Chinese School of International Relation?
Kasina Sundhagul Faculty of Political Science, Thammasat University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to understand the way of thinking behind Xi Jinping’s international strategy that deemed existing Western-centric IRT irrelevant and deficient in their attempts to analyze it. As many scholars believe Xi Jinping draws inspirations for his international strategy from ancient Chinese philosophies namely Confucianism and Legalism, this research argues that Xi Jinping’s international strategy is a manifestation of a Chinese School of IR in its early stage that showcases China’s unique way of thinking that derives from the country’s own ideational legacies of Confucianism and Legalism.
This research inductively examined key themes of Confucius’s and Legalist’s teachings and compare them with key themes found within Xi Jinping’s international strategy. The result indicates that Xi Jinping’s international strategy reflects the characteristic of being “outside Confucian, Inside Legalist” that many historians use to describe China’s political tradition since ancient times. Xi Jinping’s international strategy, although discourse-wise aims at utilizing peaceful means in handling international relations which can be said to hold similar characteristic to Confucius’s teachings, the means utilized to ensure that the ultimate world order where peaceful handling of international relations can actually exist, at least at the moment, reflect that of legalist teachings. Legalistic means are employed to lay the foundational work in creating an international environment that will appreciate the Confucian way.
Contributing to the conceptualization of a Chinese School of IR, it is discovered that though there are noticeable similarities between Confucian and Legalist inspired way of thinking behind Xi Jinping’s international strategy and existing western concepts, there are key differences that play a crucial part in producing an alternative understanding to the ones that can be produced using existing international relations theories and concepts.
Keyword: Xi Jinping, International Strategy, Chinese School of International Relation.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Kasina Sundhagul ([email protected]) is a graduate student in the Bachelor and Master of International Relations Program at the Faculty of Political Science, Thammasat University. Kasina has always been interested in China Area Studies. As a master student, Kasina also finds herself developing an interest in seeking for alternative ways to understand the world. She finds herself holding on to the belief of there being endless possibilities of analytical lenses. Combining these two interests together, for her master thesis, Kasina embarked on the journey of finding a possible Chinese-inspired way of looking at the world.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Youths’ Participation in Agriculture for Enhancing Sustainable Livelihoods: A Case 40 Study of Pa-O Self-administered Zone, Southern Shan State, Myanmar
Khine Zin Yu Aung Master of Arts in International Development Students (MAIDS), Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Myanmar in which 70 percent of the population is rural people relies on agricultural sector for its economy. It contributes 37.8 percent of the country’s GDP and employs about 50 percent of the labors. However, Myanmar’s agricultural sector is not well developed and does not stand as reliable and attractive livelihood for the people, especially the youths, in rural areas. Due to the lack of development in agriculture, the people, especially youths, in rural areas have to seek more options of livelihood opportunities like leaving their farmlands and moving to other places for work.
This situation has impact both on the employment for youths and on the agricultural sector which needs youths’ capacities for its development. Therefore, this study focuses on the interrelation between youths and agriculture and their role in enhancing sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. This on-going study is conducted through qualitative research methods with the use of case study of Pa-O self-administered zone located in southern Shan state of Myanmar. Both primary data from interviews and secondary data from web-based resources are collected and content analysis will be used in analyzing those data.
In developing research design, the concept of DFID’s sustainable livelihood approach and Giddens’ structuration theory are applied to understand how the rural people achieve their livelihood outcomes through which assets and strategies under the influence of structure and agencies. Then, this study emphasizes on the agriculture and youths and explores what challenges and opportunities rural youths face in working on agricultural livelihoods and how they are related to each other. With the spotlight on the interrelation between youths and agriculture, this expects to find out how to enhance sustainable livelihoods in rural areas by promoting youths’ participation in agriculture.
Keyword: Agriculture, Youths, Sustainable Livelihoods.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Khine Zin Yu Aung ([email protected]) is currently studying in post-graduate program of Master of Arts in International Development Studies (MAIDS) at the Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand. She is from Myanmar and has worked as freelance researcher in the areas of rural livelihoods, media, peace, justice, social impact assessments, migration, agricultural sector and land issues in Myanmar.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Feminization, Vulnerability, and Empowerment of Laotian Migrant Women in 41 Thailand
Koh Cai Ling Master of Arts in International Development Students (MAIDS), Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
My research examines the migratory pathways of Laotian migrant women who travelled from Laos to Thailand for work. I aim to effect useful policy changes to labour migration policies for all migrant women working in Thailand. I use the concepts of feminization of migration, vulnerability, gender empowerment, and cross-border mobility. Feminization of migration provides larger context to large-scale migratory flows of Laotian migrant women. Vulnerability assesses their degree of vulnerability created by the conditions of feminization. Gender empowerment assesses their degree of empowerment using gender indicators. Cross-border mobility analyzes the impact of gender empowerment on various aspects of their cross-border mobility.
My research methodology uses qualitative research design and participant observation. I did semi-structured phone call interviews with 11 Laotian migrant women in various feminized work sectors and with 10 key informants, namely employers, network leaders, academics, experts, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society knowledgeable in the field of migration.
My key findings showed that Laotian migrant women are a vulnerable minority group of migrant workers. They face labour issues perpetuated by gender discrimination in feminized work sectors. As a result, they receive below- minimum wages, experience labour rights violations, and lack important healthcare services, including maternity and childcare. Their vulnerability is mainly caused by their lack of awareness of labour rights, including NGOs and civil society that help migrant workers.
In conclusion, I emphasize the importance of increasing Laotian migrant women’s knowledge of labour rights and connecting them to relevant NGOs and civil society. This enables them to be better protected in terms of labour rights and policy as female migrant workers. It is also important to empower them through skills training and mobilize them to improve their present circumstances, by moving away from low-skilled jobs in feminized work sectors. This serves as a first step in advancing their cross-border mobility.
Keyword: Feminization, Vulnerability, Empowerment, Laotian Migrant Women.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Cai Ling (Cassie) ([email protected]) is a Master’s candidate in international development studies at Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok. Prior to pursuing her master’s degree, she worked in a strategic planning role at the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy in Singapore. Cassie is also an alumnus from the National University of Singapore, where she holds a bachelor honours degree in Sociology. Cassie’s research interests are on cross-border labour migration, gender, and development issues in the context of Southeast Asia, particularly Thailand and its neighbouring countries (Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Vietnam). Her current research integrates gender and development issues with transnational migration.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Accessibility of Justice for Intimate Partner Violence Victims in the Customary Court 42 at Rohingya Refugee Camp, Bangladesh
Korima Begum Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Violence against women is a regular issue across the world, especially intimate partner violence, violates women’s human rights. The report shows that, in Rohingya refugee camp 74 percent of SGBV (sexual and gender-based violence) cases are committed by their intimate partners (Mamun, Baily, Koreshi, and Rahman, 2018). Altruistic organizations like UNHCR reinforce responses to violence against women in overcrowded settings of Kutupalong Rohingya Refugee camp, Bangladesh. Besides the UNHCR, GoB, humanitarian actors, and refugee community- based block and camp committee are also working to ensure access to justice of victims of Intimate Partner Violence.
This study was designed (1) to analyze the norms and mechanisms of access to justice regarding intimate partner violence; (2) assess the constraints or problems that affect refugee women when seeking redress for IPV; (3) to examine the experiences and views of justice providers providing access to justice to refugee battered women in customary court.
This is a qualitative study where purposive sampling was applied. Five, eight and four in-depth interviews with IPV victims, Justice Makers from BMC/CMC, and other concerning organizations were conducted respectively. Moreover, two key-informant interviews were also conducted. Data were analyzed utilizing thematic analysis.
The findings revealed that the multi-sectoral approach is the framework followed to respond to IPV cases by each actor including the BMC, CMC who are protecting the rights of IPV victims. However, this community-based committee is the first spot to mitigate IPV cases and the trial procedures are not consistent with national laws and international human rights standers, they used their life experiences, religious norms, socio-cultural values. IPV victims and customary court experienced obstacles in case reporting, trial processing and denial of legal justice. Moreover, the committee is more active to keep the family and societal harmony rather than individual (women) protection.
UNHCR should accelerate efforts to protect, respect and fulfill the needs of IPV victim at all sectors. Training on human rights and gender and determine the rules and regulation of customary court that protect IPV victims, develop appropriate sanctions for perpetrator and remedies for victims are suggestions from the research to get the justice for the IPV victims.
Keyword: Accessibility of Justice, Intimate Partner Violence, Customary Court, Rohingya, Refugee.
AUTHOR’S BIO
The researcher, Korima Begum ([email protected]), is a current student of Mahidol University, doing a master program in Human Rights and Democratization (International Program). Also, she completed four years honours and one-year master degree in Anthropology from a public university of Bangladesh. The researcher has worked with different NGOs and UNHCR, and now working as an assistant professor in a public university in Bangladesh.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Coping Mechanisms in Food Insecure Households: A Human Security Perspective 43
Ku Nurasyiqin Ku Amir School of International Studies, University Utara Malaysia.
ABSTRACT
Food insecurity is a persisting non-traditional security threat in countries around the world, specifically among low-income households and vulnerable communities. In the latest State of Food and Agriculture report, 821 million people are still malnourished (FAO, 2019). This showed the significance of food in our lives. Shortages of food impact the availability, yet the physical availability of food does not guarantee access. During stressful periods, individuals and households reacted with personalized strategies or ‘coping mechanisms to survive. Thus, this paper aims to explore coping mechanism in food insecure households from human security perspective. This review paper argues that coping mechanism is a manifestation of household resilience, yet the negative side effect of coping mechanisms needs to be addressed to prevent further harm. Previous works by Davies (1996) and Gebrehiwot & van der Veen (2014) had categorized the coping mechanisms into several groups based such as income-soothing and consumption-soothing. Bringing in human security perspective highlights the individuals as a referent for policymaking and uncovered the effectiveness of governmental policies. It is found that household resiliency is crucial to ensure that the individuals are ‘free from harm’ during crisis and peace. Despite the ‘top- down’ approach of most governments, there is still rooms for improvement. A people-centered approach using human security perspective in policymaking should be the way forward to achieve improved wellbeing among citizens.
Keyword: Food Insecure Households, Food Security, Human Security.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Ku Nurasyiqin Ku Amir ([email protected]) is a Ph.D. student at School of International Studies Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). She is currently working on her thesis on food security in Malaysia. Previously completed a Bachelor (hons) in Chemical Engineering from Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, she pursued a Master degree in Strategic Studies from UUM. Her interests include non-traditional security, food security, food sovereignty and human security.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Enhancing Waste Sorting Behavior: A Comparative Study between Monetary Incentive 44 and Nudge Theory
Kwanchanok Kongchoksamai Master of Arts in Social Innovation and Sustainability, School of Global Studies, Thammasat University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Unsorted waste at source is the origin of waste management problems. In 2019, the Pollution Control Department reported that only 8 percent practice waste separation at home in Bangkok (Pollution Control Department, February 2019). Lack of incentives to separate solid waste to recycling with the low and inconsistent prices is one of the critical situations in Thailand (Muttamara, Visvanathan, & Alwis, 1994). The unsorted, contaminated or dirtied, objects deliver to open dump landfills and incineration-which cost expensive investment and operation (Pollution Control Department, 2018). Those findings lead to this experimental research to hypothesize that behavior change mechanisms can enhance waste sorting behavior, which improves waste management.
The incentives are able to encourage behavior change for both monetary incentives and nonmonetary incentives like a nudge. However, regression found after monetary intervention removal (Vining & Ebreo, 1990).While nonmonetary intervention tends to demonstrate longterm practice (Milford, Øvrum, & Helgesen, 2015; Shearer, Gatersleben, Morse, Smyth, & Hunt, 2017; Thaler & Sunstein, 2009).
This study aims to identify a suitable constructive mechanism that increases waste sorting behavior for residents in Bangkok and compare the results of mechanisms. The guideline for waste sorting and waste sorting station, with information signage, are provided to all informants. While one group is treating as a control group, the other two would intervene with a different type of incentives: monetary and nudge. The data collecting process divides into two phases: 1) the first four weeks for increasing waste sorting practice 2) the following four weeks for monitoring the impact after intervention withdrawal. The weight of recyclables measures to compare the impact of the mechanism. Finally, this research aims to find the empirical evidence regards to support that, individual behavior change, to separate waste at the source is an opportunity to reduce the total waste amount in Thailand (Oliver Johnson (SEI), 2019)
Keyword: Waste Sorting Behavior, Monetary Incentive, Nudge Theory.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Kwanchanok Kongchoksamai ([email protected]) is a master's degree student in the program in Art of Social Innovation and Sustainability at Thammasat University. She is developing a master’s degree thesis research, which focuses on individual behavior change, waste sorting at home, influencing the waste management and social systematic change in the consequent. Kwanchanok received her Bachelor of Landscape Architecture from Chulalongkorn University. Currently, she is a professional landscape architect with a focus on community and public space development with social and environmental design approaches. Kwanchanok aims to develop the works into multidisciplinary integration and users participatory.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Revealing the Role of Migration in Livelihood Strategies of Resettled Sampan People in 46 Tam Giang Lagoon, Central Vietnam.
Le Thi Phuong Vy Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
This study focuses on resettled sampan people in Tam Giang Lagoon, who engaged the resettlement program of Thua Thien Hue Province after the storm in 1985. Sustainable livelihoods as theoretical approaches utilized to examine the role of migration as a livelihood strategy of two generations under the context of environmental, social- ecological changes. The study of the resettlement village of Trung Chanh, located to the southern part of Tam Giang Lagoon, examined the migration process between the first and second generation of sampan people during and after the resettlement process. Eight sampan households as case studies with 14 informants in both two generations chosen for life story interviews. The findings show that although mobile fishing is seen as a primary livelihood activity of the first generation, the second generation experienced out-migration as the main livelihood activity. Natural degradation and low income from fishing consider as migrant decision-making of the second generation of sampan people. Generally, there are two tendencies of migration as a livelihood strategy of resettled sampan people. The first is the return of migrants after migrant periods to make a living in their hometown. The second is the sampan household develops livelihood capital for destination communities to maintaining migration as the central strategy for their well-being. Thus, the migration provides three main profits for resettled sampan people: (1) Improve and develop livelihood capital of sampan households in the departure communities; (2) Create more opportunities and new livelihood capital for migrants in the destination societies; (3) Build up livelihood strategies in terms of reconstructing livelihood activities of sampan households.
Keyword: Sampan People, Out-Migration, Resettlement Program, Tam Giang Lagoon.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Le Thi Phuong Vy ([email protected]) has been a lecturer at the Faculty of Sociology and Social Work, Hue University of Sciences, Vietnam. Vy is recently studying Master of Art in Social Science (international program), with specialization in Development Studies at the Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. Vy has been an early-career academic with a research interest in caring for marginalized people, livelihood, natural resource management and sustainable development. Vy is looking to secure a teaching role aligned to the research area, most likely in the broader disciplines of social science.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Indigenous Self-Governance and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of 47 the Philippine Province of Agusan del Sur
Lena Muhs Program Officer, Forum Ziviler Friedensdienst.
ABSTRACT
During the COVID-19 pandemic, indigenous peoples have been identified as both disproportionately vulnerable to the virus and as part of its solution. Both of these factors – whether indigenous peoples are marginalized and therefore vulnerable as well as whether they are able to shape pandemic prevention measures – are closely related to issues of indigenous self-governance. The Philippines has been celebrated for legally recognizing indigenous peoples’ right to self-determination even before this was achieved on an international level with the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The lived experiences of indigenous peoples in the Philippines, however, prove that the enjoyment of their right to self-determination continues to be limited by the interests of powerful state and non-state actors. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures taken in response to it add to these limitations on self-determination while underlining the need for robust protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. By means of a case study of indigenous communities in three municipalities of Agusan del Sur, the Philippines, this paper traces the interplay between COVID-19 responses and indigenous governance structures. Based on interviews with indigenous leaders in these communities it assesses the effects of COVID-19 measures on indigenous self-governance and vice versa. The paper outlines not only how the pandemic affects existing structures of indigenous self-governance, but also approaches to dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic that arise out of indigenous governance and knowledge systems. Special attention is paid to the impact on indigenous conflict transformation mechanisms that have been disrupted by lockdown measures.
Keyword: Indigenous, Self-Governance, the COVID-19 Pandemic, the Philippine, Agusan del Sur.
AUTHOR’S BIO
As Program Officer for the international peacebuilding organization forumZFD, Lena Muhs ([email protected]) conducts applied peace research in the context of conflict transformation in the island of Mindanao. She holds a Bachelor degree in Liberal Arts and Sciences from University College Maastricht, the Netherlands, and a Master of Arts in International Law and Human Rights from the UN-mandated University for Peace in Costa Rica. Prior to her position with forumZFD, she worked in various human rights organizations including as a human rights observer in the Philippines. She has published on extrajudicial killings as well as counterterrorism and human rights.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Literature Review on Mediated Discourse and Framing of Human Rights Issues in 48 Malaysia
Yap Li Yan Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Malaysia has recently seen a lot of rapid changes in its government since the 2018 Grand Elections, which has changed the status quo in many aspects of the country.
During the pre-election campaigns, Pakatan Harapan (PH) had promised progressivism and a will to uphold human rights. When PH was elected as the government, human rights had been framed as a threat to the Malay-Muslim community by the then-Opposition party and detractors. In PH’s time in government, two Muslim women had been arrested and publicly caned under Terengganu state Syaria laws for allegations of same-sex relations. The representation of this case by mainstream media had an impact on discourse about LGBTQ+ rights and corporal punishment in the country.
This paper is a literature review aimed at updating and challenging some ideas found in research before 2018 about media ownership and framing in Malaysia. The bulk of research before the election had been focused on matters of media ownership and agenda-setting. However, PH’s time in power changed some of our understanding of the media landscape as some mainstream newspapers had shifted from politically-affiliated owners to private owners. While mainstream newspapers used to be perceived as a single cohesive unit that functioned to set political agendas, it could be observed that the newspapers were less cohesive when reporting the 2018 caning. There was an observable difference in the discourse in mainstream newspapers made by the Malay language papers compared to the English medium papers.
In light of these observations, this paper will also include a literature review to demonstrate the societal context of the caning and to understand the agenda and ideologies that these newspapers might have supported or capitalised on through its reports on the caning.
Keyword: Mediated Discourse, Human Rights, Malaysia.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Li Yan ([email protected]) is a student at the Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies in Mahidol University and was a recipient of the Asia Pacific Master of Arts scholarship in 2018. She completed her BA in International Communication Studies at the University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
How Should Main Actors Behave in A New World Order? Achieving Sustainable 49 Development Goals (SDGs) Despite the Pandemic
Ma. Josephine Therese Emily G. Teves, Sarah Grace L. Candelario
ABSTRACT
The current global SDG initiatives are mired of financial challenges as resources are reallocated to pandemic- related expenses. Careful reevaluation and substantial funding are necessary to simultaneously pursue the SDGs alongside pandemic-related programs and projects.
Multilateral institutions such as United Nations, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB), World Trade Organizations (WTO) and Asian Development Bank (ADB) have the primordial role to pursue proactive measures and lead the global development while states and other organizations should assert their role in preserving societal order, protecting from socio-economic fragmentation in the region and combatting the negative effects of the pandemic. There may be challenges in pursuing the process, but through its politics, and diplomacy, the organizations’ initiatives will always outweigh disadvantages. The current scenario presents bright prospects for pursuing SDG while building resilience in the global health sector. First, it brings an overhauled process as the concept of uncertainty allows states to welcome greater cooperation. Second, it serves as a cue to get our acts together and pave the way for members to welcome regulated and equitable initiatives. With global recession on hindsight, this signals reevaluation of existing global governance mechanisms, development theories’ legitimacy, and global socio-economic strategies. The main purpose of the study is to facilitate a new kind of thinking that will allow national, regional and global cooperation to move towards a more peaceful, transparent, cooperative, harmonious and equitable ideology using critical discourse analysis. First, this would study all the policies, and strategies created by multilateral organizations, such as IMF, WB, WTO and ADB related to SDGs. Second, this would facilitate stock-taking initiatives of multilateral organizations’ approaches in responding to the threats of pandemic. Third, this would analyze its concept of principle of common but differentiated responsibilities to encourage public health safety within the SDG framework. In general, this would create a scholarship that would offer a systematic and critical analysis of multilateral organizations’ response to the pandemic and the implication of its non- interference principle.
Novel recommendations that push for changes in the rules of the game, advances social values over material ones, advocates people-led growth should be considered to pursue SDGs and overhaul global cooperation framework towards transparent, cooperative, and harmonious one. There should be a coordinated monetary, fiscal, trade and social policies in the national, regional and global level. All should rebuild cooperation mechanisms founded by trust, diplomacy and equality. With the right mix of diplomacy, politics and improved governance mechanisms, SDGs would still be achievable despite the humps it encounters along the way
Keyword: Sustainable Development Goals, the Pandemic.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Ma. Josephine Therese Emily G. Teves ([email protected]) is currently a Graduate Student, Chulalongkorn University
Sarah Grace L. Candelario is currently a Graduate Student, University of the Philippines.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
The Challenges of Ethnic Media Under in Burma: Analyzing Press Freedom and the 50 Rights to Information under Burma Transition
Mang Hre Lian Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
After decades of military regimes, the quasi-civilian government came to power in 2011 through the result of General Election held in November 2010 in Burma. The newly government introduced a series of political reforms toward democratization that include press reform in its initial agenda. The government released political activists, journalists and human rights defenders jailed by the previous military regime. As a part of strengthening democratic changes, press freedom was initially improved by eliminating censorship on printed media and accommodating the return of exile media and ethnic media to take a foothold in Burma. One of the significances is the blossom of historically banned ethnic languages and media organization. Within the first three years of media liberalization, there is visibly increasing of press freedom, freedom of expression and information exercised by both media practitioners and individual citizens. In this context, media in Burma is functioning as a watchdog to help change, checks and balances on the administration to advance further improvement in the country reform process.
Despite the country’s reforms followed with plausible international communities, the government resumes to impose restriction and limitations on the press and journalists especially those who are reporting and seeking information from ethnic areas. The situation of media environment does not improve even after the NLD government led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi took the state power in 2016 after securing majority seats in 2015 General Election. They are under pressure in terms of lawsuits, charges, intimidation and threat that affect their work in promoting press freedom and the right to information in the transition period. This thesis argues that the oppression of press freedom is constraints for democratic change and media liberalization without democratization will not sustain in attempting democratic transition and genuine change in Burma.
Keyword: Burma Transition, Liberalization, Democratization, Press Freedom, Freedom of Expression, Right to Information, Ethnic Media.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Mr. Mang Hre Lian ([email protected]) worked as Field Coordinator at the Chin Human Rights Organization (CHRO) from 2010 - 2013. He is co-founder and Acting Director of ‘Fidi Foundation @The Chinland Post.’ Currently, he is pursuing M.A. in Human Rights (International Program) at Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Coronavirus and the Crisis of Human Rights in Indonesia 51
Manotar Tampubolon Law Lecturer, Christian University of Indonesia (UKI), Jakarta, Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
This article examines permissible limitation policies, specifically the right to be free, the right to health and the right to get food by the Indonesian Government due to Coronavirus (COVID-19) from a human rights perspective. As a result of government policies that impose lockdown has led to the loss of the livelihoods of some residents, especially those who work odd jobs, day laborers, online motorcycle taxi drivers in several regions in Indonesia. The loss of livelihood for the worker in question is the loss of the right to get food. Lockdown policy without providing food supplies to those in need is a limitation of illegal human rights / violations of human rights. This policy is considered as a disproportionate limitation of human rights because it creates a crisis with other human rights. If the government only adopts the Lockdown policy without providing food assistance, especially to those who are below the poverty line and day laborers, then that policy will cause a crisis of other human rights. Aside from conducting a lockdown policy, the government is obliged to meet the needs of the people who fall into the category of need until the lockdown policy ends.
Keyword: Restrictions on Freedom, Right to Food, Human Rights Crisis, Lockdown Policy.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Manotar Tampubolon ([email protected]) is a lecturer in Law, Christian University of Indonesia holding LL.B (1991), M.A (1997), LL.M (2010), PhD (2017), and currently a D.Phil Candidate (2019-2023) of Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Barriers of Rape Victims’ Access to Justice in Timor-Leste 52
Maria Agnes Bere Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
In 2018, 1036 criminal cases registered in court in Timor-Leste. Out of these cases, sixty were rape cases that all involved the alleged rape of a female victim by a male perpetrator. Out of the sixty rape cases ten cases, the court acquitted the defendant with the reasons that the victim had given consent because of having an intimate romantic relationship with the defendant. The literature review found that the rape victims encounter many barriers in access to justice; however, this research merely identified legal and institutional barriers.
This research examines the barriers of rape victims’ access to justice in Timor-Leste. By focusing on Dili District Court and the Court of Appeal, the research intends to understand the practice, role and procedure through which the courts handle gender-based violence, especially rape cases. To conduct this research, the researcher asks two research questions; what are the legal and institutional barriers to the rape victims’ in court proceedings? and, to what extent the courts consider international human rights law? By using the case study method, the research will reveal the barriers, problems, or concern in court proceedings in handling rape cases. The study conducts interviews with court actors such as judges, prosecutors and lawyers, as well interviews with NGOs, and the superior council of the judiciary and the public prosecutor. The research also analyzes courts verdicts that are access through the court dossiers. Court proceedings usually focus on the credibility of the victim rather than the truthfulness of the incident; and the courts lack of gender responsiveness procedure is one of finding barriers to access to justice for rape victims in Timor-Leste. This research helps to improve court practice and procedure in handling rape cases.
Keyword: Justice, Rape, Barriers, Victim.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Maria Agnes Bere ([email protected]) is currently a master degree student of Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand. She earned her Bachelor’s in Law from Universitas Nusa Cendana, Indonesia.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
The Ratification Process of the Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities by 53 the Government of Timor-Leste
Maria Rosa Xavier Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Even though Timor-Leste has already ratified seven Human Rights Conventions, there are pressures from International and National bodies for Timor-Leste to ratify the pending conventions such as International Convention Enforced Disappearance and Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Mostly International and National pressures are recommending Timor-Leste to ratify the CRPD through the UPR mechanism, the Special Rapporteur report, and other UN mechanisms. The pressure is also from the national stakeholders such as the National Human Rights Institutions and National NGOs, which recommended to the Government of Timor-Leste to ratify the CRPD through shadow reports to UPR Mechanism and treaty bodies mechanisms.
The study aims to identify what are the reasons and challenges facing by the Government of Timor-Leste to ratify the Convention of Persons with Disabilities as recommended during the first and second cycle of UPR by the United Nations Human Rights Council. Furthermore, this study also aims to present the findings regarding reasons why the Government of Timor-Leste delays to ratify CRPD. The researcher willing to recommend to the Government of Timor-Leste the advantages of the ratification of Human Rights treaties and why ratify the Convention and what are the benefits to the Government of Timor-Leste in ratifying the Human Rights treaties? As well as identify what efforts been made by the Government of Timor-Leste for the ratification process of CRPD?
The study is focusing on the ratification process of the CRPD by the Government of Timor-Leste, and the analysis will be focusing on who supports and who do not support the ratification process of CRPD? The study also explores the gaps between recommendations and performances by the Government of Timor-Leste in response to People with Disabilities in Timor-Leste. Furthermore, the analysis will be focusing on the Government of Timor-Leste’s efforts to ratify the CRPD and who supports and who does not support the ratification process of CRPD, and GAPs between recommendations and performances by the Government of Timor-Leste in response to People with Disabilities in Timor-Leste.
This research using a Narrative with a qualitative research approach. This research will investigate why the Government of Timor-Leste delays to ratify the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities? In this research project, the researcher using two steps of data collection with primary data from first-hand from different stakeholders by online interview and access to available reports UN, NGOs, and the state.
Keyword: Ratification, Efforts, Recommendations, Pressures, Persons with Disabilities.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
54 AUTHOR’S BIO
Maria Rosa Xavier ([email protected]) has graduated from the National University of Timor-Leste on social and political science and holder an International diploma on Humanities Study-Collective Memory and Divided Society from Cape Town University and currently a master candidate of Human Rights and Democratization (APMA), 2019 program at Mahidol University. Maria Rosa Xavier have experience in human rights for more than 20 years since the Timor-Leste struggle for its independence as an activist. Maria Rosa Xavier has worked with different institutions on the professional carrier with UN agencies, NGOs, and human rights technical persons to the Ministry of Justice of Timor-Leste.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Integrating Gender into Disaster Governance in Northern Thailand: Opportunities and 55 Challenges
Maya Dania Lecturer of School of Social Innovation, Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand
ABSTRACT
There have been several frequent small to moderate earthquakes occurred in the mountainous Northern part of Thailand from the Phayao active fault zone. In Chiang Rai province, the largest instrumentally recorded earthquake in modern Thai history was felt on May 5, 2014 at 18.08 pm with a magnitude of >M.6.0. The earthquake disrupted lives of the inhabitants, caused large damages in the affected area, and generated high casualties mostly among women and girls. Natural disasters affect the life of men and women differently, nevertheless, there was no gender- based assistance for female victims. There is a risk that women and girls become more disadvantaged in years after the earthquake. The purpose of this paper is to investigate disaster governance in Thailand and mechanism to integrate gender perspective into disaster management policy through an investigation to its emergency preparedness and disaster response operations reflected from the Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Act 2007. The act has been applied as the National Law to regulate, plan, strategize, and administer works in disaster management that empowers government agencies in the central, provincial, and local areas to manage unprecedented disasters that might occur. An exploratory case study is used to explore the various dimensions of gender vulnerability within post-earthquake in Tambon Sai Kao in Amphoe Phan, Chiang Rai Province as the epicenter of the 2014 Northern Thailand earthquake. Data were collected through an in-depth interview with the local chief SAO in Amphoe Phan and women beneficiaries who were involved during and after the earthquake. The findings revealed a number of challenges to disaster governance in local level to support emergency preparedness and disaster response operations that integrates assessment to gender vulnerability. Integrating gender perspective to disaster governance will be empowering women to be instrumental in rebuilding a resilient country in Thailand.
Keyword: Gender Perspective, Disaster Governance, Resilience, Earthquake, Chiang Rai.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Maya Dania ([email protected]) is a lecturer of International Development program in School of Social Innovation at Mae Fah Luang University in Chiang Rai, Thailand. She holds an M.A degree in Southeast Asian Studies from Chulalongkorn University (Bangkok, Thailand) and B.A in Philosophy from Philosophy Faculty at Gadjah Mada University (Yogyakarta, Indonesia). She has published several book chapters, academic journals, and articles related to Gender, Human Security, and Resilience. She is now working on her research topic about Gender and Disaster under UNESCO-Chair (Kobe) and MFU Research Fund.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Hedging Hydro-hegemony: The Canalization of the Lancang-Mekong & Agency of the 56 Chiang Kong Community in a Geopolitical Context
Michael DeLoach Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
For the quarter-of-a-century since the first upstream dam was constructed on the Lancang-Mekong river, the Chiang Khong community in Northern Thailand has been on the frontline of the ecological changes affecting the entire Mekong River. Adapting their way of life to the changing environment has been the only sense of agency available due to a lack of transboundary management. Yet, for the planned rapids blasting of the Thai-Laos stretch of the Mekong River that is central to the navigability development, the local conservation group Rak Chiang Khong has been successful in articulating the looming social and ecological effects and stemming this further development. Although an agreement to development the river’s navigability was signed twenty years ago by four riparian nations, the blasting of the rapids within Thai territory that is central to these plans has yet to happen. Chiang Khong community’s movement to preserve their local environment occurs at the intersection of a macro and micro phenomenon. At the macro-level, the growing regional influence of China, and changing nature of the Mekong that has accompanied this rise, provides the larger context for the significance of this local movement. The navigability development of the Lancang-Mekong is part of much broader changes that are reshaping the geographic, political, and economic landscape of Southeast Asia. At the micro-level, the Chiang Khong community has found their voce. Imbued with a sense of agency and empowered through the capability of capturing and articulating local knowledge, the community has been effective to-date in their campaign to prevent the local rapids blasting that is central to the plans for navigability development. This paper will explore the intersection of these micro and macro phenomena, discussing the geopolitical and environmental significance of one community’s campaign to preserve their local ecology in an era when one of the world’s great rivers is quickly being transformed in the name of regional development.
Keyword: Hydro-hegemony, Canalization, Lancang-Mekong, Chiang Kong.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Lieutenant Commander Michael DeLoach ([email protected]), United States Navy, graduated from the US Naval Academy in 2007. He has served onboard USS SIMPSON, RIVERINE SQUADRON ONE, USS MICHAEL MURPHY, and USS PHILIPPINE SEA and has deployed all over the world, including to Iraq, the Eastern Pacific, and the Persian Gulf. He is currently studying at Chiang Mai University as a part of the Olmsted Scholars Program, which sends selected US military officers to locations all over the world in order to learn the host nation's language and earn a graduate degree by studying in the host language. Degrees earned include a BS from US Naval Academy, MA from The Citadel, and MA from Naval Postgraduate School.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
“Building Resilient Communities: The Importance of Social Capital in Tourism 57 Development – A Case-Study in Northern Thailand”
Michael John Young Master of Arts in International Development Students (MAIDS), Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Tourism as a development tool is omnipresent, particularly in rural areas within lesser developed countries. However, tourism development, particularly alternative forms of tourism such as CBT have and continue to face a multitude of barriers. As communities globally are facing greater uncertainty and stressors to local systems, it is imperative to build resilient communities. Thus, community resilience should not be taken as an end-goal, yet an iterative process for such to absorb, adapt and ultimately transform in the face of and after change. However, the ability to enact change and transformability is contingent on equal and inclusive agency. Based on the case-study of Mae Kampong, analysis of the conceptual framework was conducted utilizing data source triangulation, whereby a thorough contextual analysis of the community’s development of CBT was derived from semi-structured interviews with experts, local resident’s, external stakeholders and complemented by literary review. This research suggests that social capital, and its domains, form the precursor to the implementation of CBT, that in turn, may produce undesirable ‘lock-in’ effects that hinder the greater resilience of the community. Utilizing resilience thinking as a lens and vehicle, this research aims to offer a unique insight into how the coupled concepts can not only explain the conditions of how Mae Kampong were able to transform, but how the feedback of implementing CBT has reinforced (positive and negative) nodes of social capital amongst the community. Thus, the starting point of sustainable tourism development, including CBT, must first look at the local social assets, attributes and capabilities. However, a fine line must be drawn between the importance of shared history and ‘what has worked’ in the past and structural embeddedness, in order to foster a stronger foundation for CBT development.
Keyword: Community-Based Tourism, Tourism, Development, Social Capital, Resilience, Community Resilience.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Originally from Melbourne, Australia, Michael John Young ([email protected]) is an avid traveller, whereby his travels have taken him to over 60 countries, motivated by the experiences, mutual learning and personal development derived from meaningful interactions with diverse people and cultures. These experiences, combined with his academic and professional experience in the tourism industry, have mutually informed his passion in people and the making of place. Through MAIDS, he has been able to combine his academic career with personal interests, whereby his travel history has not solely been performed through the tourist gaze, yet through a lens complemented and complementary of his academic interests.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
The Roles of NGOs in the Development of Inclusive Higher Education for Persons with 58 Disabilities in Thailand
Michelle Soe Moe Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
People with disabilities have been discriminated for many years and the education sector is no exception in that regards. The current Thai constitution and the national legislation recognise and guarantee the right for people with disabilities to have equal access to mainstream education as those without disabilities. Despite this, little has been done to elevate the current situation for people with disabilities to acquire inclusive education, especially at the tertiary level. Only a few students with disabilities are enrolled in higher education institutions. The difficulties in implementing inclusive education policies stem from the government’s lack of resources and knowledge. As a result, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) step in and fill the gaps of inequality that the government could not fill in. Therefore, this research focuses on the roles of NGOs in the development of inclusive higher education for people with disabilities. The main objectives of this study are, 1) to examine and evaluate the roles that non- governmental organisations (NGOs) have contributed in advocating and implementing inclusive higher education for people with disabilities, and 2) to identify the challenges and strengths of NGOs in advocating and implementing inclusive education. Data were collected from 9 participants from NGOs, the government and academia by means of interviews. The study reveals NGOs involve in promoting inclusive higher education for people with disabilities through advocacy, collaborating with the government and university administrations, providing financial and emotional support, and providing resources and materials such as braille, interpreters and portable ramps. The findings also reveal they face the attitudinal barriers and financial obstacles in promoting and implementing inclusive education policies in Thailand. This study concludes that NGOs are crucial for the development of inclusive higher education for people with disabilities, and without them, inclusive education would not have progressed as much as it is now.
Keyword: People with Disabilities, Inclusive Education, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Advocacy.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Michelle Soe Moe ([email protected]) recently completed her graduate studies on Human Rights and Democratisation at the Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University. She currently works at Asia Pacific Refugee Rights Network (APRRN) as their new Programme Associate where she supports all programme staff at the Secretariat and implement network activities across the Asia Pacific region. A strong believer in human rights, she had previously worked with FORUM-ASIA and interned with ACT Alliance. Outside of work, she enjoys exploring different cuisines from around the world but also can be found binging TV shows at home.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Majoritarian Nationalism in South Asia Vis-À-Vis an Egalitarian World 59
Mohammed Muqtadir, Bhumika Sharma
ABSTRACT
Universal Declaration of Human Rights along with other relevant international standards have become dead letter for an alarming number of religious persecutions and discrimination. The right of nationality for minorities is facing acute challenge across the world. Various studies conducted in the past years establish the fact that there has been a rise in hatred and injustice towards various minorities led by the political leadership of the countries. North Korea, China, India, Pakistan, Cambodia etc. are amongst those countries known for oppressing and marginalizing the minorities. The International Freedom Religious Report in 2020 highlights the violence against the minorities in a number of countries. The South Asia State of Minorities Report, 2019 affirms the instances of violence against the linguistic and religious minorities in South Asia. Actions such as mob-lynching, passing of the Citizenship Amendment Act, false legal cases etc. against the religious minorities, especially Muslims are on a rise in India. Sri Lanka follows the State-sponsored Sinhala colonialization of lands in the North and East since decades. Bangladesh has reported cases of attacks upon Hindus and atheists. Pakistan manifests attacks upon the Hindus, Christians and sectarian minorities. Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Maldives also join the list of oppressive majoritarian governed countries. An anti-religion framework and propaganda continue in South Asia even after the outbreak of novel Corona virus. India exemplified extreme Islamophobia attributing the spread to a particular group of Muslims. World Health Organisation recommended that countries should not profile Covid-19 cases in terms of religion or any other criteria. United Nations chief also appealed for common humanity across all faiths to deal with pandemic. The present world facing and fighting against the pandemic Covid-19 needs inclusive policies by all the countries of the world. The right approach is to embrace each human, irrespective of his community, ethnicity or religion. The international community should make such countries accountable for the brutal treatment of the minorities.
Keyword: Constitution, India, Minorities, Religious Freedom, South Asia.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Mohammed Muqtadir ([email protected]) completed his B. Tech from Lucknow University. He has completed his Masters in Mechanical Engineering from Singhania University in Automobiles. He has an established career as a Product Support Manager in Escorts Private Ltd. At the same time, he is also taking care of the administration of M.M. Public School, Ghaziabad. He plans to launch his start-up for the customers of Hydraulic slew cranes and other construction equipment.
Bhumika Sharma ([email protected]) has done her B.A.L.L.B(Hons.) and L.L.M. from Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla. She started her academic career in 2013 and her passion for writing has got reflected in her numerous publications of papers. Her research interests include clinical legal education, women-rights, rights of animals and cyber-laws. She is passionate about writing papers, articles and prose on socio-legal issues. Currently, her time is devoted to her Ph.D. thesis from Himachal Pradesh University.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Thailand’s Engagement on the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and 60 Human Rights (UNGPs): Motives Behind the Implementation of the Action Plan
Muslim Dokho Master of Arts in International Relations, Faculty of Political Science, Thammasat University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
This thesis has studied the motives behind Thailand’s commitment towards the implementation of UNGPs during an authoritarian government. It poses the question: Why has Thailand made concerted efforts and commitment towards the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) through the implementation of the National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights (NAP)? The historical background of business and human rights has been addressed and the role of the authoritarian government in implementing UNGPs by adopting the first NAP in Asia has been examined. The study is conducted through a qualitative case study, which is analyzed by an analytical framework through the multiple theoretical schools of thought to investigate the motives of Thailand to implement UNGPs. The data gained from the important documents and the semi-structured interviews with the key informants has been analyzed to enlighten a comprehensive understanding on this particular issue. The gathered data revealed that the motives behind the implementation of UNGPs by the Thai government has not been in line with moral obligations, but has been characterized by strategic motives. Notably, the motivation was often referred to as being not only beneficial for society or the country as a whole, but also for the stability of the authoritarian government itself. Consequently, the study has proven that the motives behind the implementation of UNGPs by the Thai government derived essentially from the national self-interest, particularly the interest of authoritarian regime, during which Thailand was economically and politically pressured by powerful states, meanwhile the government wanted to seize the right moment to restore a prominent reputation. Lastly, the knowledge gained from this study should be regarded as part of a larger body of the research on the state compliance with the international human rights obligations.
Keyword: United Nations Guiding Principles, Action Plan, Human Rights, Business.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Muslim Dokho ([email protected]) is currently a researcher at the Institute of Research and Development for Public Enterprises (IRDP). From 2017-2019, he had served as the assistant to the Representative of Thailand to the AICHR. Among his works in the AICHR are those that pertain to disability rights, access to justice and business and human rights. He was also responsible in facilitating three thematic studies relate to access to justice, namely legal aid, the right to life, and juvenile justice. He obtained his bachelor's degree from Fatoni University (Pattani) and is currently completing his master’s degree in political science at Thammasat University.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Barriers to Recovery Support Services for Child Victims of Sexual Abuse: 61 A Case Study of Mae La Camp, Tak Province, Thailand
Natasha Rahman Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The growing atrocities in the world cause acute suffering on displaced children who are confined in refugee camps. NGOs that are working towards providing recovery support to children lack adequate support which can facilitate the provision of better services to refugee children who have been subjected to sexual abuse. The camps along the Tak Province in Thailand present one such case. Refugee camps are prime sites for child sexual abuse, where both male and female children are at risk of sexual abuse. This thesis will try to test an assumption that recovery services for child victims of sexual abuse in refugee camps are significantly impacted when there is a combination of governmental barriers, limited policy objectives, lack of proper community structures and weak reporting mechanisms in place. The outcome of the findings will look at policy recommendations that can improve recovery support services for children. The reason for engaging in these activities is to identify the barriers that NGOs face and study these interventions. Also, this research is to identify any reported good practice, and to begin to understand and describe the challenges to supporting child victims of sexual abuse.
Primary data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with 6 research participants that are working in coalition with CCSDPT. The participants have discussed the already available child protection mechanisms in the camps, the provision of services that are being provided and the challenges faced by NGOs. A sample size of 6 members has been chosen. As this is a qualitative research, this sample size can get an in-depth scenario of the problem as experts in the field have been interviewed. This will result in a deeper understanding of the phenomenon and give this research new perspectives and explanations that can answer the research questions.This thesis studies services that are provided to the children based on the best interest of the child (article 3) and on protection from abuse and neglect (article 19), CRC.
This research finds that sexual abuse does take place in the camps, even after NGOs and community leaders have set in place reporting and protection mechanisms in the camps. The NGOs and CBOs operating in the camps are putting their best foot forward to provide rehabilitative care and medical support to child survivors of sexual abuse. However, the respondents themselves were not very positive about the policies, funds and structure of the camps, and wish for a better network of collaborations between the NGOs and the government.
As awareness of sexual and mental health is low in the camps, the state should strengthen its efforts to systematically train service providers on child sexual health and raise awareness among the camp residents, especially children. Also, these awareness programs should consider the children’s ethnicity and background and make awareness programs culturally appropriate.
Keyword: Sexual Abuse, Refugee, Mae La, Safehouse, Tak Province.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
AUTHOR’S BIO 62
Natasha Rahman ([email protected]) developed a keen interest in the humanities when she was volunteering for a non-profit for persons with disabilities in Dhaka, Bangladesh. After completing her bachelors in English Language from North South University, she decided to pursue a subject that would enhance her understanding on the theoretical and practical knowledge of the protection of human rights. This drove her to join the Master of Arts program in Human Rights at Mahidol University. Her thesis is focused on the barriers NGOS face while providing recovery support services to refugee children in the refugee camps along the Thai-Myanmar border.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Rethinking the Future of Thai Fisheries: COVID-19 and Vulnerable Groups in Thai 63 Fisheries Sector
Nithis Thammaseangadipa Asian Research Center for Migration, Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Fish and fish products are one of the most traded food products in the world, with 38 percent of fish and fish products in global trade. Therefore, fisheries are important to the livelihoods of many fishery dependent communities. In the face of the crisis, fisheries sector has been impacted quite early during the spreading of COVID-19 pandemic from the restrictions and closures of seafood supply chains in both global and domestic markets.
Thailand has been one of the top seafood exporters for over decades, which its sector has heavily relied on migrant labours from neighboring countries. Throughout 2010s, Thailand had been watched on situations of labour exploitations in seafood industries. Although the situations have been improved, however, it was stated in 2020 Trafficking in Persons Report that migrants working in fisheries are still in vulnerable situations. Moreover, since 1960, the Thai government has emphasized on supporting commercial fisheries. Thus, makes small-scale fishers have lacked of sufficient support.
Since the crisis has highlighted vulnerabilities, this presentation attempts to (1) examine impacts of COVID-19 pandemic to migrant labours in Thai fisheries and small-scale Thai fishers, who are vulnerable groups in the sector, as well as (2) to discuss the Thai fisheries prospects.
Keyword: Thai Fisheries, COVID-19, Vulnerable Groups, Thai Fisheries Sector.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
South Korea’s Foreign Policy as a Middle Power 64
Natchaya Chawalitchaikun Faculty of Political Science, Thammasat University
ABSTRACT
In 2008, Korea had an official self-identification as a middle power for the first time; furthermore, it was also during this period that middle power identity began to influence into Korea’s foreign policies. Thus, From the Lee Myung-Bak administration onward, Korea has continually carried out various foreign policies as a middle power. Several previous pieces of research studied Korea’s middle power policies by adhering to many different middle power concepts.
This study aims to apply the middle power concept, especially the five characteristics of a middle power, as presented by Swielande, Vandamme, Walton, and Wilkins in the Rethinking Middle Power in the Asian Centuries, New Theories, New Cases (2019) to explore Korea’s foreign policies as a middle power from President Lee Myung-Bak to Moon Jae-In. By using this new middle power concept, it will not only present the new perspective of exploring Korea’s middle power policies, but it would discuss Korea’s middle power qualifications and characters as well.
The results indicate that though Korea has steadily acted as a middle power through its international behaviour including foreign policies and oversee activities. Nonetheless, in response to the five characteristics of a middle power, it manifests that Korea does not fulfil all middle power qualifications. Moreover, it can be concluded that Korea’s middle power character is somewhat disparate from the others.
Keyword: Foreign Policy, South Korean, Middle Power.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Natchaya Chawalitchaikun ([email protected]) is a graduate student from the Faculty of Political Science, Thammasat University, who has a major in International Relations. Since her bachelor's study, Natchaya has always passionate to learn about East Asia studies, especially in South Korea. Furthermore, during the master coursework, she grew some interest in the middle power concept. Hence, she decided to explore and study more about this field. Then, she finally decided to combine two of her affection topics together and pursued a master thesis on "South Korea’s Foreign Policy as a Middle Power."
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Right to Citizenship of Burmese Muslim Minority: An Analysis of Myanmar 65 Department of Immigration’s Discriminatory Citizenship Policy
Nyo Mar Than Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Among Myanmar's current population of 53.37 million, almost a third do not have a citizen card. The Muslim minority religious group is not acknowledged in the 135 known ethnic groups in Myanmar. Burma's Muslim population, with four ethnic minority groups, is considered stateless.
This study questions Burma's Muslim minority plight in their attempts to access their citizenship through the application of citizenship [pink] card. The study analyzes the practice of the fulfillment of citizenship rights among Burma Muslim minority groups, who are either getting or not getting the citizenship card (pink card) from the Immigration Department of Yangon, Myanmar. The method is the qualitative research method, which is done through a case study design approach that analyses and observes both secondary and primary data. The study argues that discrimination in legal practice against the Burmese Muslim minority is to empirically existing.
The Burmese Muslim minority is a particular case in which identity does not lead to persecution and discrimination. That is to the deprivation of human's fundamental right; the right to a nationality. This possession of citizenship refers to the assurance to access fundamental human, political, economic, and social rights. Therefore, the right to have nationality is often regarded as the "right to have rights."
Keyword: Citizenship Right, Violation of Legal, Political and Social Analysis, Experiences of Getting and Not Getting Citizenship Card, Statelessness.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Nyo Mar Than ([email protected]) is currently studying Master of Peace Study in Myanmar Institute of Theology (MIT), Myanmar and studying in the Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization in Asia Pacific, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Social Enterprises: A Case Study of the Economic Empowerment of Women Artisans 66 in Sri Lanka
Ojaswi K.C
ABSTRACT
After the decades of civil war, Sri Lanka stepped up in the economic ladder from a rural-based economy towards the manufacturing and services economy. The formal labor force statistics of Sri Lanka reveal that the participation rates are 73 % for males and 33.6 % for females, even though the literacy rate is almost equal. Participating in the labor force is a prerequisite to bridging the gender disparity gap.
In recent decades, research has shown that there has been increasing visibility of women in the formal sectors, especially in the garment industry in Sri Lanka. However, women are still vulnerable to labor exploitation from low wages to cultural trends, which adversely affects meaningful participation. Whereas in the informal labor sector, there has not been adequate research owing to which assessing women's participation in the informal economy has been challenging to researchers, including the author. This gap is especially prominent because, in recent times, there has been a boom of social enterprises in Sri Lanka. For instance, in the informal sector in Sri Lanka, Women Artisans are selling different products with the help of social enterprise. Historically, Sri Lanka has adopted welfare policies in business, but the social enterprises are relatively new models here, with no legal recognition.
This paper focuses on social enterprises that contribute mainly to women's empowerment. The paper uses the lens of economic empowerment—drawing from the experience of two social enterprises of Sri Lanka 'Selyn' and 'Cally Reusable Bags'. The paper elucidates a critical assessment of social entrepreneurs' and social enterprises' experiences and reflects on a women artisan's journey towards economic empowerment in Sri Lanka.
Keyword: Economic Empowerment, Social Enterprise, Sri Lanka, Women Artisans and Women’s Empowerment.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Ojaswi K.C ([email protected]) is a lawyer based in Nepal. She worked as a legal trainee at Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS) where she was involved in Protection, Gender, and Inclusion (PGI) assessment in the works of NRCS. Currently, she is pursuing her master’s degree in Human Rights and Democratisation from Mahidol University, Thailand. As part of her master’s dissertation, she is conducting research on “Social Enterprises: A case study of the Economic Empowerment of Women Artisans in Sri Lanka.” Her interest lies in human rights, disaster risk management, and constitutional law.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Understanding of Multi-Disciplinary Practitioners Involving in Victim Identification of 67 Forced Labour
Pakpoom Sawangkhum Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies (IHRP), Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The thesis entitled “Understanding of Multi-Disciplinary Practitioners Involving in Victim Identification of Forced Labour” aims to study personal understanding of multi-disciplinary practitioners involving in forced labour victim identification in fisheries sector according to the principles of international law and Thai law and study the operational pattern of multi-disciplinary practitioners against forced labour according to human rights-based approach concept. The research questions include how are understanding of multi-disciplinary practitioners involved in forced labour victims’ identification in the fisheries sector according to the principles of international law and Thai law. Secondly, how are the practices of multi-disciplinary practitioners in forced labour victims based on human rights based-approach concept.
This research is qualitative research. Method of study consists of document research and in-depth interview. The methodology focus on studying various professions in multi-disciplinary practitioners involving fisheries forced labour victims’ identification as unit of analysis. Consists of labour inspectors at Samut Sakhon Provincial Labour Protection and Welfare Office, Social worker and psychologist in Pathumthani Welfare Protection Center for Victims of Trafficking in Person, Investigation officers of Anti-Trafficking in Persons Division and lawyer and translator from NGOs in Samut Sakhon. The expected result is to understand the awareness and understanding of multi-disciplinary practitioners involving in victim identification of forced labour and know the operational patterns of multi-disciplinary practitioners involving in victims’ identification as well as guidelines for the development of forced labor victims’ identification of multi-disciplinary practitioners.
Keyword: Multi-discipline, Victim Identification, Practitioner, Forced Labour.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Pakpoom ([email protected]) graduated from Thammasat University with bachelor Degree in Laws and currently studying for a master’s degree in Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University. Through thirteen years in the human rights fieldwork with Raks Thai Foundation, He has experiences in providing legal assistances to vulnerable population in Thailand such as human trafficking victims, migrant population, stateless person, people who injection drugs (PWID) and people with HIV/AIDS. Nowadays, he is founder and president of Proud Association that empower vulnerable groups through social protection. His areas of interest include write and publish articles regarding human rights and anti-human trafficking policy.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
China’s Belt and Road Initiative: The Case Study of Indonesia “Priority of Interest” 68
Panpaka Singkeewan Faculty of Political Science, Thammasat University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
China’s charming diplomacy or charm offensive toward Southeast Asia has been appealing to Indonesia’s national interest that they want to develop their infrastructure. Indonesia now views China more as opportunity rather than threat particularly in terms of economy. Although there has been a great improvement of Indonesia and China, the two countries still have some problems. Indonesia’s domestic ambiguity perception toward China’s intention in Southeast Asian region, especially the South China Sea conflict, the Malacca Strait and Indonesia-China bilateral territorial overlapping, all these have been unsolved problems and somehow been an obstacle for their relationship as well.
However, under the current president Joko Widodo who has launched Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF) program in which the concept aims to enable Indonesia’s sea lanes and maritime traffic between the Pacific and Indian oceans as Indonesia is located at the center of the shift from the West to East Asia. This Global Maritime Fulcrum policy potentially provides a new coherence to Indonesia foreign policy and at the same time it also has potential in terms of synergizing between Indonesia’ s GMF and China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
Therefore, the researcher found it interest that in this kind of situation where there are uncertainties going on, how Indonesia can conduct their foreign policy in terms of cooperating with the Belt and Road Initiative of China despite their bilateral kind of problems with China and the conflict in the South China Sea , although Indonesia is not an official claimant state, the fellow ASEAN members are apparently involved. The thesis aims to analyze the basis of Indonesian foreign policy through the perspective of Domestic politics approach and focuses on how Indonesia conducting their foreign policy in regard to participating with the Chinese’s Belt and Road Initiative despite the South China Sea conflict. Moreover, this research aims to explain how and what factors of Domestic Politics relations between the foreign policy making and Indonesia’s national interest in the period of President Joko Widodo, who has promoted so-called “Global Maritime Fulcrum” (GMF) as Indonesia national development strategy, especially in the maritime sector.
Keyword: Belt and Road Initiative, China, Indonesia, Priority of Interest.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
State Legitimization and Citizenship: Reflection from the Returning to Happiness 69 Program
Pathomporn Kaewnoo Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies (IHRP), Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
This research studies the television program called “Returning Happiness to The People” produced by the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO)’s government led by General Prayuth Chan-ocha. The study reviews and analyses the content of all the 252 episodes using the conceptual framework of legitimacy, demonization, and citizenship and analyses how the government claims its legitimacy and constructs state-desired citizens. The study finds that the NCPO claims its legitimacy based on five grounds, namely, the government comes to stop violence and to keep peace and order; the government is loyal to the Monarchy; the government solves the problems created by its predecessors; the government is working toward complete democracy; and the government is building national reconciliation. Such legitimacy claims are presented along with five forms of desirable citizens, namely, the citizens who do not use social media to criticize the government; the citizens who respect the law and order; the citizens who are moral and be conscious of Thai history; the citizens who prioritize security over democracy; and the citizens who are loyal to the Monarchy. The research argues that the government uses legitimacy claims to produce obedient citizens. Civil and political rights are significantly limited in this process.
Keyword: Human Rights, Returning Happiness, NCPO., Citizenship, Legitimacy.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Pathomporn Kaewnoo ([email protected]) is a current student of the Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies (IHRP), Mahidol University, Thailand. She earned her Bachelor of Arts Program in Religious Studies at Mahidol University. Now, she is working at the Thai Lawyer for Human Rights Organization.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Social Construction of Shan Nationalism: A Case Study of The Shan State Army – 70 South (SSA-South)
Phanuphat Chattragul Student of BMIR graduate programme, Thammasat University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Despite various ceasefire agreements, violence in Shan state of Myanmar has not yet been vanished. The Shan State Army-South (SSA-South) is one of anti-government insurgents that dismiss ceasefire agreements and continue their fight despite their lack of external support, finance, as well as strong organized military forces to fight for a separate Shan state from Myanmar. This is due to the fact that the Shan nationalist movement is fragmented and divided into various groups. Many groups have chosen to give up their fight or even cooperate with the central government of Myanmar. However, in the case of the SSA-South, they not only refuse to surrender but also choose carry on their fight until they achieve Shan independence as promised in the first Panglong agreement. Their fight is sustained by a common myth and belief in the rights and legitimacy of Shan nationhood which is a product of social construction. There are multiple channels that have been used to construct and maintain Shan national identity by juxtaposing and contrasting Shan national identity with ‘the Other’. Therefore, Shan people who consume Shan nationalist content would inevitably find themselves on the opposite side to the Burmese. This thesis aims to examine how Shan nationalism and national identity are fortified through social constructivism but maintained and disseminated by multiple channels of social communication.
Keyword: Social Construction, Shan Nationalism, Shan State Army – South.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Phanuphat Chattragul ([email protected]) is currently a master student at BMIR graduate programme, Thammasat University. He graduated from the same programme from the same university with Governance and Transnationalism minor (Honours). He was an exchange student at the Faculty of Social Science at the University of Hong Kong and an intern at Department of South Asian, Middle East and African Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand in 2017 and 2018 respectively. In 2019, he participated in a summer school programme and an international symposium at East Asian University Institute (EAUI) Summer School, Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies (GSAPS), Waseda University.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
The Derogation of Rights During The COVID-19 Outbreak: A Case Study of Thailand 71
Phattranit Yaodam The School of Law, The University of Essex, England.
ABSTRACT
This paper aims to examine the derogation of rights implemented by the Thai government during the pandemic of COVID-19. The paper refers to Thailand as a case study which declared the state of emergency to derogate rights and pursue legitimately aim for public health under international human rights laws, especially Article 4 of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) for the period of 25 March 2020 to 15 June 2020. The research focuses on documentary review of policy and legal measures enacted to combat the COVID-19 by the Thai government following a declaration of the Emergency Decree on Public Administration in Emergency Situation B.E. 2548 (2005) then assess its impacts on rights recognised by the ICCPR, especially the right to freedom of movement, the right to freedom of expression, and the right to freedom of peaceful assembly with the principles of necessity, proportionality, and non derogable rights. The research finds that, first, the Thai government limits three rights by enforcing nationwide curfew, banning Thai citizens from entering their country, prosecuting peoples who gather for a political purpose or express their concerns over measures adopted over the pandemic period. The research observes that those operations not strictly apply as the least restrictive measures which result in disproportionately applicable to achieve the need for the public health. Second, the consequences of those repressive measures imposed across the country lead to the prosecution over individuals, including homeless people while illegal migrants are also not prohibited to access the alternative detentions during the pandemic time. The research thus concludes that derogating measures deprive certain non derogable rights, in particular, the right to life and the freedom from torture or ill-treatment which literally can never be restricted even in a state of emergency.
Keyword: Derogation, State of emergency, COVID-19.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Phattranit Yaodam ([email protected]) is currently studying LLM in International Human Rights Law at the University of Essex with the support of Chevening scholar for 2019/2020 academic year. She had been working with Thai Lawyers for Human Rights (TLHR), the Asian Human Rights Commission, and the Law Reform Commission of Thailand as human right lawyer for the past five years. She is also interested in the issue of marginalised people, including migrant worker and human trafficking in the Southeast Asia while she worked with Human Rights Development Foundation after her graduation of Bachelor of Laws from Thammasat University in 2011.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Motives of Japan’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) in Rural Northern 74 Thailand: A Case Study of Japan International Cooperation Agency’s Model Service in Amphoe Khun Tan, Chiang Rai Province (2013-2017)
Reni Juwitasari Researcher of Asian Research Center for International Development (ARCID), School of Social Innovation, Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Background – Japan started the project of Model Service in rural northern area in Thailand, Chiang Rai Province, as part of Japan’s Official Development Assistance (ODA) under Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The model service, called the LTOP project, was started in 2013 to 2017 and it aimed to raise awareness on aging society and care of the elderly to public. The project also planned to develop human resources on Care Management, including care managers, care workers, nurses, and volunteers in Khun Tan hospital in Amphoe Khun Tan, Chiang Rai Province.
Purpose – The purpose of this research is to investigate motives of Japan’s ODA in implementing Model Service to develop human resources in Amphoe Khun Tan, Chiang Rai Province. Japan’s ODA is principally aid in the form of capital, goods, and knowledge provided by developed countries and international institutions to improve the economic and social conditions of developing countries.
Approach – This research applies descriptive qualitative approach and document analysis. A systematic procedure will be applied to analyze sources and reports from the local government and JICAs official publications from 2013 to 2017. Data collected were repeated reviewed, examined, and interpreted in order to gain meaning around the assessment topic.
Findings – The results discovered three principal motives of Japan’s ODA to rural northern area in Thailand, which are: the motive of humanitarian and moral considerations, the motive of economy, and the motive of politics. For the case study of the implementation of human resource development on LTop Model Service in Amphoe Khun Tan, among the three motives analyzed, the motive of politics determined the Japan’s aid to the region. Considering the geographical location of Chiang Rai province as the door for Mekong region and ASEAN regional integration, ODA is also served as Tokyo’s main foreign policy tool, utilized as a form of investment, a confidence-building measure, a solution for bilateral problems, a manifestation of economic power and global leadership, and as a tool for buying power and influence in various international organizations, especially in political rivalry with China.
Keyword: Japan’s ODA, Human Resource Development, LTop Service Model, Aid Motives, Chiang Rai
AUTHOR’S BIO
Reni Juwitasari ([email protected]) is a researcher for Japan Program of Asian Research Center for International Development (ARCID) in School of Social Innovation at Mae Fah Luang University in Chiang Rai, Thailand. She holds an M.Ed. in Educational Administration program at Mahasarakham University and Bachelor of German Language Education from Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia. Her research publications include women leadership, Japan – Mekong relation, disaster risk reduction and education policy.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Understanding the Right to Change Legal Gender: A Case Study of Trans Women in 75 Sri Lanka
Saittawut Yutthaworakool Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand and Centre for the Study of Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka.
ABSTRACT
In Sri Lanka, the lives of trans women have faced discrimination, stigmatisation, marginalisation, and criminalisation. These legal and administrative and socio-cultural factors urge the state authorities to contribute to the policy on the right to change legal gender in 2016. In theory, this policy is aimed to uphold the lives of transgender people in different aspects. However, trans women in Sri Lanka, in reality, have experienced challenges of the policy implementation. At the same time, these challenges impact the lives of trans women in Sri Lanka. Drawing upon semi-structured interviews with four Sri Lankan trans women, who have experienced the implementation process and in-depth interviews with the lawyer and government officers working on trans women’s right, the research finds that although trans women are appreciable and enjoyable with the policy, which upholds their human rights through the new identity, they continue to face difficulties during the application process. Because of the bureaucratic process, the policy is inaccessible and unaffordable. The policy is not a legal provision, and trans women are forced to follow the discretion of the officers. Their birth certificate still indicates the previous gender because the state authorities refuse to issue the new document. The policy lacks standard procedures and protocols, which allows unequal treatment to take place during the service. They must follow the medical treatment, which is time-consuming and expensive before receiving the Gender Recognition Certificate. Last but not least, trans women do not have other alternatives, besides male or female gender. With regards to these challenges, the research suggests that the country demedicalises transgenderism, while establishes standard guidelines and protocols for the procedures under the enacted legal provision. It also urges the state authorities of Sri Lanka to decriminalise all laws that discriminate against LGBTIQ community, as well as to protect and promote their fundamental human rights. This research not only enables us to understand the right to change legal gender in Sri Lanka, but also contributes to the knowledge gaps of the gender and sexuality studies and LGBTIQ+ issues in Sri Lanka.
Keyword: Right to Change Legal Gender, Trans Women, Sri Lanka.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Saittawut Yutthaworakool ([email protected]) is a student of the joint MA programme in Human Rights and Democratisation at Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand and Centre for the Study of Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka from 2019-2020. He receives a full scholarship from the Global Campus of Human Rights, supported by the European Commission. Saittawut holds BA in Political Science (Hons) from Thammasat University, Thailand in 2014. He has extensive experiences in research and management in public, private, and not-for-profit organisations. His research interests are socio-political issues across South and Southeast Asia.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Domestication of Palermo Protocol and Convention on the Rights of the Child in Nepal: 76 The Challenge of Ensuring Child Victim’s Meaningful Participation in the Criminal Justice System
Sally Dizon Escutin Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Nepal is currently undergoing political and social transition after the overthrow of the monarchy and end of a decade long civil war, what remains constant is the problem of child trafficking. In 1963, Nepal criminalized slavery and trafficking in persons. On March 13, 2020, Nepal became a Party to the Palermo Protocol. it is also a Party to Convention on the Rights of the Child as well as its Optional Protocol on the Prevention Sale of Children, Prostitution, and Pornography.
Child Trafficking remains a thriving and lucrative criminal enterprise in the country. It is estimated that 26, 574 women and girls are working in the Adult Entertainment Sector in Kathmandu Valley, over half of them are below 18 years old and trafficked for commercial exploitation (Bauman and Dharel, 2014). However, in an interview conducted with the Anti-Human Trafficking Bureau of Nepal Police only 37 cases of child trafficking and only one case involved commercial sexual exploitation were registered for 2018-2019.
This paper examines how Nepal translates its international obligation to address child trafficking into its domestic laws. Amongst the legislation enacted by Nepal are the Human Trafficking and Transport Act, Acts Relating to Children 2018 and the Victim’s Protection Act of 2018 which all have a strong child protection component. Procedural law and Legal Aid Act were also analyzed as to how it effectively incorporates child protection in the criminal justice system. Interviews were conducted with the police officers, retired Deputy Attorney Generals, District Attorneys, legal aid lawyers from Non -Government Organizations and social workers.
The paper recommends the need for a shift from a purely criminal justice approach in prosecuting trafficking towards a more child-friendly and human rights based-approach. Thus, the need for strong coordination amongst police officers, public prosecutors, and NGO legal aid lawyers to ensure the successful prosecution of trafficking cases.
Keyword: Child Trafficking, Victim Protection, Child Participation.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Sally Dizon Escutin ([email protected]) is a graduate student of Human Rights and Democratization at Mahidol University. She obtained her BA in Public Administration and Bachelor of Laws from the University of the Philippines. She is a lawyer in the Philippines, amongst her areas of expertise are Human Rights, Gender Justice, Child Protection, Human Trafficking and Health Sector Policy Reform.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Informal Education as a Substitute: A Utopian Thought or a Reality for the Displaced 77 Rohingya Children
Samira Yasmin Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Bangladesh, sharing a maritime border with Myanmar, has a long history of hosting Rohingyas within its borders and the recent wave of refugees due to the ethnic insurgency in Myanmar has brought in a mass number of Rohingya people within its territory. Prior to the 2017 mass influx, there were already Rohingya population settled within the Bangladeshi border and together with this, at present the number of refugees stands at approximately 900,000, of which 55% are considered as minors. Currently, the government of Bangladesh strictly prohibits any form of formal learning which incorporates the usage of the local curriculum and the local Bangla language in a camp setting. Therefore, the only form of education that the Rohingya children have access to are the informal education models that exists inside the camps, as a response to Emergency Education. Although informal education is a substantial improvement over the lack of structured learning; however, it falls short in a number of obligations to ensure access to quality education for the Rohingya refugee children. Therefore, the research aims to study the existing informal education models at the primary education level that are operating in a camp setting, providing education for Rohingya refugee children in the absence of formal, accredited and structured learning, using a qualitative natured based research based on two approaches; using both primary and secondary data. The importance of conducting this study lies in its aim to propose a better informal education model at the primary level (in the absence of formal education models being allowed) while overcoming the present barriers that the existing education models encounter which hinders the access to quality education. Improving and widening existing informal models can ensure more Rohingya children would have access to better quality education. Hence, the question arises whether informal education models can substitute formal learning, which this research aims to study and determine whether it is a reality or merely a utopian thought. The utopian thought, in social science, refers to a vision that is more ideal than the actual scenario.
Keyword: Informal Education, Displaced Rohingya Children.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Samira Yasmin ([email protected]) is currently enrolling a graduate degree program under Mahidol University, Thailand. The program is titled “Master of Arts in Human Rights”. At present, she is working on the data collection of her thesis which focuses on right to education for the Rohingya children in Bangladesh. Her interests involve Rohingya refugee rights, particularly Education and Children Rights. Prior to this, she has gathered experiences working at an INGO that focuses on reducing poverty in developing and transition countries. Her work involved frequent field visits to some of the rural areas in Bangladesh to assist the market system development. Her other interest lies in learning languages, which has prompted her to take up a diploma in French language.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Ageing in Chiang Mai: Elderly Care and the Shifting Demographics of Urbanizing 78 Thailand
Sarah DeLoach Master of Arts in Development Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The sociology of ageing is an emerging field of sociological studies. Specifically, gerontology, the study of the social, cultural, psychological, cognitive, and biological aspects of ageing, has only been an academic discipline since 1975. Today, this field has grown in importance due to the ageing of societies across the world, especially with the ageing baby-boomer generation. Like many other developed countries across the globe, Thailand will become a full-fledged ageing society in the next two decades.
This ageing phenomena presents many challenges for families, communities, and for Thailand as a whole, as older adults require more support and care for their well-being, assistance in their daily lives, and plans for care in the last stages of life. This growing problem Thailand will increasingly face, coupled with the shrinking size of families—since the 1970’s when the average family size was 5.2 persons compared to 2017 when the average size was recorded as 2.7—will place many strains on Thai families who generally regard the family as the main network of support for caring for their elders. Although children still very much look after their ageing parents, the decrease in family size means there are less caregivers than there was in the past when large families were the norm and traditional roles of caregiving played a critical and necessary role for caring for one’s parents. With Thailand’s decreasing birthrate and rise in number of older adults, the question of caregiving presents itself as one of the most fundamental problems regarding Thailand’s ageing population. With less children as caregivers and the change in family dynamics, new ways for caring for older Thais must be adopted. This may be an increase in care facilities, older adults exercising their own agency to care for themselves, and or an increase and reliance on communities and other resources.
Keyword: Ageing, Chiang Mai, Thailand, Elderly Care, Urbanization.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Sarah DeLoach ([email protected]), social worker, from the United States. Sarah has a Master of Science in Social Work from the University of Louisville where she graduated in 2017. She has completed two one-year long internships, one in Hawaii and one in Massachusetts. In both of these positions she’s worked with homeless seniors and families in need. Sarah is currently a graduate student at Chiang Mai University with the Regional Center for Social Science and Sustainable Development program. Her research focus concerns ageing, elderly care, caregiving, and families in Thailand. She is currently researching and working on her thesis titled, “Ageing in Chiang Mai: Elderly Care and the Shifting Demographics of Urbanizing Thailand.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Sgaw Karen Students’ Experience in Ethnic Language Maintenance in Karen State, 79 Myanmar
Saw Lin Htet Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Language identity is the universal human rights as guaranteed by UDHR and subsequent human rights instruments such as ICCPR (Art. 27) and extended to the 1992 United Nations Declaration on the rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious, and linguistic minorities. Globally, ethnic or minority languages are disappearing and dying. Ethnic languages gradually disappear when they adopt the dominant language in their public and private life. Ethnic students’ languages are shifting when the State fails to respect and embrace appropriate measurers that enable the use of their language at least a certain possible level in education. Since Sgaw Karen language shifts to the Burmese language in the formal school curriculum, students have limited time to practice their language skills. According to the Myanmar Education Curriculum Framework, the primary students have only 40 minutes per day to learn or practice their language at the government school. Besides, this study is focused on micro-level practices of language maintenance by the Sgaw Karen students at the primary school level. It also explores the experiences of the students in maintaining their speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills at school and outside their school. The study uses document reviews, semi-structured in-depth interviews, and observation to explore the language maintenance environment. Finally, the study reveals the language policy and its practice for language maintenance for the Sgaw Karen students.
Keyword: Ethnic Language, Karen State, Myanmar.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Saw Lin Htet ([email protected]) is an Ethnic Karen from Myanmar and currently studies about the Human Rights and Democratisation at the Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies at Mahidol University, Thailand, which partnership with Kathmandu School of Law, Nepal. He has more than ten years of experience in working with the Human Rights-Based Organization. His major work focus on empowering youth and communities from rural areas, primarily ethnic minorities and vulnerable populations in Myanmar. He also engages with Civil Societies Organizations (CSOs), State and Non-State Actors for peace and development. He believes in justice in which everyone enjoys their rights to live with identity and dignity.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Understanding Barriers and Coping Strategies of Students from Karen Education 80 System in KNU-Controlled Areas in Accessing Overseas Higher Education
Saw Than Min Htun Master of Arts in International Development Students (MAIDS), Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The provision of education in KNU controlled areas is political as it is indispensable to development and national identity. In fact, issues of legitimacy are key to understanding education services in these areas. Through the Karen Education and Culture Department, the KNU has mainly been providing education services in its controlled areas with its own curriculum and administration for the past seventy years since the beginning of civil war in Myanmar. However, the students cannot access to universities in Myanmar due to the lack of recognition of their learning attainments by the Myanmar government and only a handful of students could pay their ways to universities abroad. As the KNU is the authority in the areas, it has the central roles and responsibilities to fulfill rights to education because the Myanmar government does not have control over these areas. Therefore, the study aims to identify major barriers and document the coping strategies of the students in accessing overseas higher education by using human rights-based approach to higher education, specifically pertaining to availability and accessibility of education. In this study, thematic analysis is utilized through case study approach under qualitative research methodology. The research finds that there is a lack of platforms and education programs that can bridge students to access overseas high education besides incessant lack of education recognition. The finding also indicates that the General Education Development (GED) is the most appropriated and affective bridging program to be implemented and integrated in the Karen education system in order to improve access for overseas higher education. Also, there is an institutional challenge as the curriculum and available options of schooling are founded to be KNU’s organizational oriented. Therefore, the students can only access bridging programs if they manage to learn and come to Thai-Burma border for better access. This suggests that migrant and refugee students from Thai- Burma border have more and better access to overseas higher education than the students in KNU-controlled areas.
Keyword: Higher Education, Karen Education, Myanmar.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Saw Than Min Htun ([email protected]) is a student of Master of Arts in International Development Studies (MAIDS) at Chulalongkorn University. Before joining the MAIDs, he was doing his undergraduate degree in Global and Environmental Studies at the Education University of Hong Kong. As a Karen and migrant student, himself, he has great interests in higher education overseas since my secondary education in Thailand-Burma border was not recognized by the Myanmar government or Thai government. This imposed huge challenges for me in accessing his higher education abroad because he cannot access to higher education in Myanmar due to the lack of recognition. Therefore, he is very curious about the issues related to higher education among students under Karen education system since their education is not also recognized by the central government.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
COVID-19 and the Way Forward: A story of Livelihoods from CoastalRural 81 Sundarbans, West Bengal
Sharanya Chattopadhyay Research Scholar at Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Maharashtra, India.
ABSTRACT
Globally around 2 billion people (⁓ 61% of the total world population) are engaged in informal sector, whereas the percentage rises to more than 80% in India (ILO, 2018). Since 25th March 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown in India due the COVID-19 pandemic has created an atmosphere of extreme uncertainty and raised several questions. Global analysts have already suggested that, for many developing countries, the economic consequences could be more crippling and devastating than the disease itself. Livelihoods are vital means of making a living. The terminology Livelihood is not synonymous to mere income generation. It encompasses people’s capabilities, assets and activities required to secure the necessities of life. Undoubtedly, globally COVID-19 has become an unprecedented shock; however, any kind of shock tends to reinforce the existing socioeconomic- political and environmental stresses, problems and inequalities. Therefore, there is a need to understand how and to what extent this pandemic has affected and going to affect the lives and livelihoods of a coastal rural community entirely dependent on rain-fed agriculture, small-scale fisheries (inland and marine) and other riverine as well as forest resources for their subsistence. This paper attempts to explore the impact of COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown the livelihood choices and daily lives in the coastal rural stretches of Indian Sundarbans delta region. This study incorporates a telephonic rapid assessment survey method to understand the impact of COVID-19; for assessing the minute detailing and pathways of livelihoods, this paper refers to findings from an interview schedule- based household survey of the concerned area carried out by the author herself. The findings support the argument that the shock of COVID-19 will further aggravate the preexisting socioeconomic issues. The long withstanding local problems as well as backwardness and COVID-19 are mutually reinforcing in nature; the social cost and economic cost of this pandemic is immense. Asset loss, changes in dietary pattern and consumption, increased indebtedness, increased dependence on natural resources are some of the major findings.
Keyword: COVID-19, Livelihood Diversity, Vulnerability.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Sharanya ([email protected]) earned M.Phil. in Rural Development, M.Sc. in Environmental Management, and B.Sc. in Botany. She is presently pursuing her Ph.D. in Rural Development from Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Maharashtra. India. Her research area encompasses climate change, slow- onset disasters, livelihood, ecosystem services, sustainability, vulnerability and resilience. She has been working in the coastal and forest fringe villages of Indian Sundarban Delta Region since 2017. She is a recipient of ICSSR Doctoral Fellowship and she has also qualified UGC NET Lectureship in Environmental Sciences. She has also been a paper presenter and panelist in several national and international seminars, conferences and summer schools.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Understanding the Female Political Leadership in Nepal: Experiences of Female 82 Deputy Mayors
Shraddha Pokharel Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
An unprecedented number of women got elected in the 2017 local level elections in Nepal as a result of the provisions in Nepal’s 2015 constitution. The newly formed local government is 40% female, where a remarkable 92% of the deputy mayors are women. These are women who belong to heterogeneous categories of intersecting class, ethnicity, religion and geography. Although a positive outcome, it remains to be seen if the constitutional development has translated into women’s political empowerment or if has amount to mere tokenism. The study tries to understand whether female deputy mayors’ experiences align with the constitutional imagination of a secure and active political space for the Nepali women. For this, the research examines how female deputy mayors exercise their official power and advance women’s issues. Using the conceptual framework of Intersectionality, the research analyzes their leadership experiences in their executive, legislative and judicial capacities. Employing primary data from in-depth online interviews with female deputy mayors from intersecting backgrounds, and an expert interview, the research argues that the constitutional aim of empowerment of women in politics, especially as leaders, is only partial as political leadership continues to be gendered. This, the research suggests, constrains the role in which women leaders can exercise their powers. In addition, it also asserts that even the extent of their involvement within those limited roles is determined by the intersection of their identities. As the debate on the substantive impact of the constitutional provisions of female representation in politics continues, the research will add perspectives from female leaders themselves in this recent field of inquiry.
Keyword: Women in Politics; Political Leadership; Intersectionality
AUTHOR’S BIO
Shraddha Pokharel ([email protected]) is a student of the Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratisation program at the Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University. She has previously taught academic research and writing to undergraduates and also worked as a researcher in Nepal, most recently as an observer during Nepal’s first federal elections of 2017. She is a freelance translator and occasionally writes for national and international news publications.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Revitalize Adaptive Capacity of Agricultural Community in the Industrialized 84 Economy: A Case Study of Banchang Community in the Eastern Economic Corridor
Sirapat Puttachoo Master of Arts in International Development Students (MAIDS), Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The community development derived from the opportunity for development. Yet, without capacity or mismatch capacity would be inconceivable to delivery development impact. The Eastern Economic Corridor in Thailand is more perceiving towards inclusive growth and development of the dual-economy where the agricultural sector is the main profession in the area. The EEC development scheme has established an associate strategy to promote inclusive growth in this dual-economy, for instance, the smart farmer, the Eastern Fruit Corridor (EFC), and the Eastern Economic Corridor of Innovation (EECi). These associated policies would become an opportunity for the agricultural community to obtain socioeconomic gain and explore the innovation-based profession. Whilst, the policy may provide abundant opportunities for community development. However, there are few studies on community capacity in accessing the new structural of development. Thus, the aim of this research is to access community capacity.
The agents in Banchang community are the potential agent-oriented development. The community forms the community enterprise and collective development initiatives to organize the development. By assessing community capacity will show how communities make it different and in which factors that drive them so. It will allow the research to further identify the capacity constraints and to access how communities enhance or deal with its limitations. The study will be conducted under the key theoretical framework of human-centered development, sustainable livelihoods approach and inclusive innovation, both from the policy innovation and the grassroots innovation.
By studying the community capacity would lead to identify the lack of policy coherence that can have a negative impact on livelihood security. This will allow policy to seek the prevention-oriented mechanism on both protection and empowerment. The empowerment strategy base on the capacity needed will endorse community capacity to better cope with the challenge as well as strengthen the capacity for achieving their development goals.
Keyword: Adaptive Capacity, Agricultural Community, Industrialized Economy, Banchang, Eastern Economic Corridor.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Revisiting Transnational Advocacy Networks After 20 Years: Promoting Right to 85 Health for Agricultural Migrant Workers in Thailand
Sophea Try Kathmandu School of Law, Nepal.
ABSTRACT
Migrant workers, in many countries, have been a matter of concern to human rights activists as well as governments because they as underserved populations and under-represented. Agricultural migrant workers in Thailand do not benefit from key provisions of the Labour Protection Act as well as the Social Security Act regarding healthcare and other social benefits. Workers in this sector are considered informal workers and the majority of them are employed as daily or seasonal workers rather than year-round workers. This hard-to-reach population often face “4A barriers: accessibility, availability, affordability, and acceptability” in accessing healthcare. This paper explores how do non-state actors assert the right to health for migrant workers in the receiving state. The paper applies the concept of Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs) to examine how transnational activists and scholars campaign for the right to health for these non-citizen groups. Based on desk research, this paper argues that while a considerable range of non-state actors engages predominantly in providing immediate support to migrant workers¬ as an enforcer of worker’s problems, either by acting alongside or in lieu of the government, NGOs and human rights activists often overlook the issue of agricultural migrants in accessing healthcare. Unlike other human rights issues, the right to health is hardly captured in the agenda-setting of TANs, suggesting its limited space in advocating on this particular issue. Instead, members of TANs are likely to advocate for the right to health in conjunction with other human rights violations.
Keyword: Migrant Workers, Informal Sector, Right to Health, Transnational Advocacy Networks.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Sophea ([email protected]) is from Battambang province, Cambodia. She graduated from Royal University of Law and Economics, majoring in Law in 2017. Sophea attained the Harpswell Fellowship Program to study in the United States for an academic year at Agnes Scott College. In 2019, Sophea obtained a scholarship to pursue M.A. of Human Rights and Democratisation at Mahidol University. Currently, Sophea is spending her second semester at Kathmandu School of Law, Nepal. Her thesis is about the roles of transnational advocacy networks in improving healthcare access for Cambodian migrants working in the Thai agricultural sector.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
COVID – 19: Risks of Lives and Emerging of Social Movement of Migrant Workers in 86 Chiang Rai Borderland
Suebsakun Kidnukorn Researcher, Area based – Social Innovation Research Center, School of Social Innovation, Mae Fah Luang University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
COVID – 19 pandemics in Thailand raises a number of concerns among Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), activists, and scholars about the economic suffering of migrant workers and question the government stigmatize them as a group of disease spreader. As such, migrant workers are viewed as the victim of inequality and discrimination. Instead, I shade lights on the risks of lives and emerging of social movement of migrant workers in Chiang Rai borderland. On one hand, migrant workers face 3 kinds of risks: work; health and cross-border. On the other hand, they are very active in participating with NGO and academic in aid providing and access to right of health and workers.
Keyword: COVID - 19, Emerging of Social Movement, Migrant Workers, Chiang Rai.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Women Participation in Modern Chin Parliament Politics 87
Sui Hluan Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
In Myanmar, after the 2010 election women have become more active in the political sector, the opportunity for women in governance is increased. Despite the increase, the number of women’s parliament is still extremely low - women’s political participation is marginalized and largely excluded in parliament. Even though around half of the population are women, Chin women continue to be underrepresented in the political sphere, and there are only two women parliamentarians in Chin State. The purpose of this research is to address the serious under- representation of women and their obstacles to participate in politics through a case study on political parties in Chin State. Also, it seeks to understand the contemporary situation in Chin. The main research questions include (1) what are gender-based recruitment policies applied by CLD when recruiting a parliament member in political parties? (2) How are Chin women’s experiences in dealing with normative institution recruitment? The researcher collects data through in-depth interviews with parliamentary members, political party members, and NGOs in Chin State. To understand the reason, the researcher applied the concept of double barriers lens to analyze the political condition of women in Chin State. The findings reveal that women face numerous obstacles to participate in the parliament, including bias against women leaderships, cultural norms, and no confidence in politics. The key argument is that several forms of obstacles for women to participate in politics are the 2008 constitution, public opinion, the nomination process of the party in Chin.
Keyword: Chin Women, Candidate Selection, Party Policy, Representation, Gender Quota, Double Barriers, Political Recruitment.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Sui Hluan ([email protected]) is from Myanmar, currently, pursuing a Master of Arts in Human Rights from Mahidol University, Thailand, and executing the thesis titled “Women’s Participation in Modern Chin Parliamentary Politics.” She has completed the Bachelor of Arts in English from Dagon University, Yangon. She has worked with many organizations such as Action Aid and CDES (Centre for Development and Ethnic Studies) where her interests particularly focused on women’s rights, indigenous rights, and governance issues. She has been an active EC member of Chin youth organization. She was also a member of the Youth Committee of Yangon Lai Baptist Church (YLBC), handling their financial and administrative duties.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
The Impact of Child Marriage on Girls in Myanmar 88
Sumitra Thidar Soe Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Child marriage is a critical issue in Myanmar with great impact to girls in the rural area although the incidents are under-reported. This study applies the narrative approach to explore how early marriages impact rural girls due to heavy economic dependence on their partners. The patriarchal society of Myanmar with strong traditional, social, and cultural norms have shaped girls’ and women’s life when parents allow marriage of their daughters at very young age. The research question for this study is how does early marriage impact girls in a rural area in Myanmar. The objectives of the study are to analyse impacts of marriage on girls on economic, social and cultural rights, and to explore the experiences of the girls. After conducting assessments data of six respondents, the researcher conducts six-in-depth interviews with girls who married early. This study also conducts interviews with four INGOs staff who work on child protection and child rights.
The study finds that early marriage drives the girls to extreme poverty due to the debts: no access to basic health service during the pregnancy and delivery of child. The girls’ economic, social and cultural rights are violated. The girls’ economic dependency even leads to domestic violence and gender-based violence. This research strive a better public awareness on this issue, and hopefully, push policy makers to address and change systemic causes that perpetuate this practice.
The research recommends that the State should promote gender equality, and made strong law enforcement to eliminate child marriage. State must train parents, children, community, and society as a whole about the rights of the child, and reproductive health. There should be an awareness-raising program for men about human rights and women’s rights to change their behavior.
Keyword: Child Marriage, Economic Dependence, Poverty, Debt, Patriarchal Society, Domestic Violence, Gender-Based Violence.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Sumitra Thidar Soe ([email protected]) graduated with honors from the University of Computer Studies, Mandalay with a degree of Bachelor of Computer Science B.C.Sc (Hons), and obtained her Master of Public Administration degree (MPA) at the Meiktila University of Economics, Myanmar. She is currently attending a Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization at Mahidol University, Thailand, from August 2019. Sumitra Thidar Soe has been worked as an accountant at Shwe Super Light Co., Ltd, from 2007 to 2010. After that, she has worked as a teacher at Nwe Sandar Boarding School from 2014 to 2019 in Pyin Oo Lwin Township, Myanmar. She has been worked as a vice president at All Myanmar Gurkha Hindu Religious Association, Women Affairs Department, Pyin Oo Lwin branch from 2014 to 2016.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
A Comparative Study of Human Values of For-Profit and Social Enterprise Founders 89 in Thailand
Sutima Detsakulrat Master of Arts in Social Innovation and Sustainability (MAS), School of Global Studies, Thammasat University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Along with growing concern for social and environmental issues and interest in market-based solutions, social entrepreneurship has emerged as a widely acknowledged practice and concept in Thailand. The formal concept of social entrepreneurship has been widely adopted in public and private sector discourse, yet there is still a lack of empirical studies that reflect the practical reality of social entrepreneurship in Thailand. Research on social entrepreneurship in the Thai context mostly considers its emergence and development, the laws, and obstacles, while micro considerations such as the intentions of enterprise founders and cultural factors shaping social enterprises in Thailand are neglected. In particular, this paper argues that there is a gap in the literature on social entrepreneurship in Thailand regarding the values and motivations of social enterprise founders. Research from other countries and sectors suggests that social entrepreneurs adopt prosocial values such as universalism to achieve equality for others, and share some common values with for-profit entrepreneurs such as a sense of accomplishment, security, and wisdom. Yet, distinctive cultural values in different countries also shape entrepreneurs’ motivations and values. These insights suggest that we should question the underlying motivations and values of founders. and how they differ between social entrepreneurs and for-profit entrepreneurs in the Thai context. To answer these questions, the author proposes research that focuses on the values of social enterprises founders and seeks to understand their motivations for founding their organizations. To understand the distinguishing values and features of social and for-profit enterprise founders, the research adopts the Schwartz Value Survey (SVS) to examine enterprise founders’ values while analyzing their demographic characteristics. The author argues that such research will help understand the direction of social enterprises and their potential impact while also enabling government agencies to identify and support potential founders.
Keyword: Human Values, For-Profit, Social Enterprise, Founder, Thailand.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Sutima Detsakulrate ([email protected]) received a bachelor's degree from the Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University. She is currently a graduate student in the Master of Arts program in Social Innovation and Sustainability at the School of Global Studies, Thammasat University, and also working as a research and project assistant at the school. She has three-year experience in assisting researchers in collecting and analyzing qualitative data, interviewing participants, organizing workshops, and training regarding social innovation and sustainable development. The projects and research she participated in include Fortune-telling Psychiatrist Skills Development Research, Government Innovation Lab (Gov Lab), Southeast Asian Social Innovation Network (SEASIN), and GLab Scaling Impact Program.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Understanding China’s Involvement in Vinh Tan Thermal Power Plant in Vietnam and 90 Its Nexus to Health Concerns
Tran Thi Thu Nga Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
China is the world’s largest coal producer and coal consumer and is the largest generator of coal-fired electricity. It has been taking dramatic steps to clean up and fight climate change by moving to stop or delay work on planned and under-construction coal plants inside of China. Ironically, it is also building hundreds of coal-fired power plants in other countries such as in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam. In neighboring Vietnam- a country highly dependent on coal- China is a significant investor in the energy sector. China is involved in at least twenty-three coal power plants in Vietnam. Vinh Tan Thermal Power Plant is one of them, which is coupled with negative impacts on people's health and livelihoods.
In 2014, the first unit of Vinh Tan Thermal Power Plant went on the operation, and it has caused the pollution in Vinh Tan area. The fishermen community reported to the government that dust from the factory cover their entire houses and village, and they faced breathing problems. Many of them said that their children had pneumonia. The well water is too contaminated to drink or water plants and trees.
China is engaging more and more in the overseas coal power sector, has helped Chinese companies alleviate domestic industrial overcapacity, find markets and opportunities for Chinese products, services, and investments, and generate additional profits. However, those investments also cause environmental pollution, which pose detrimental effects on human health and violate the local community’s human rights. In the case of the Vinh Tan Thermal Power Plant, six out of its nine units are funded by Chinese banks and corporations, contracted to be built and operated by Chinese standards and used technologies, caused the air and water pollution. It had aroused intense health concerns and faced a strong objection from the Vinh Tan community.
Keyword: Vinh Tan Thermal Power Plant, Health Concerns, Vietnam, China.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Tran Thi Thu Nga ([email protected]) graduated from Ho Chi Minh City University of Education and currently a student in Master Degree Program in Human Rights and Democratization, Mahidol University, Thailand.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Integrated Safety and Security Mechanism for Indonesian Lesbian, Bisexual, Queer 91 (LBQ) Women and Transgender Man Activists
Vica K. Larasati Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
This paper was developed based on author thesis for Master Arts in Human Rights and Democratization titled Self- Care and Personal Well-Being Concept in Security and Protection Mechanism for Women Human Rights Defenders (WHRD): Case of Indonesian Lesbian Bisexual Queer (LBQ) Women and Transgender Man activist.
The study was designed to get overview activism of defending personal and collective rights of LBQ women and Transgender man in Indonesia. In particular, to understand integrated security and protection mechanism while living and working as Indonesian LBQ women and Transgender man activists. The research conducted using participatory action research and data were collected through semi-structured interview, observation, and desk- research. Participants of the research are key person and/or chair of women and LBTQ organization that located in Banda Aceh, DKI Jakarta and Surakarta; also, Commissioner at National Commission on Violence Against Women.
Living and working as Indonesian LBQ women and Transgender man activists are highly targeted to risk situation related to their embodiment and sexuality in personal, societies and State level. Moreover, activists who are LBQ women and Transgender man tends to have high levels of chronic stress, exposure to trauma, enormous workloads, and compensation. Meanwhile, existing mechanism in women’s or LBTQ organization mostly still focused risk- prevention only related organizational securities and to respond violence or discrimination that happened at that time.
It is necessary for LBQ women and Transgender man activists to raise their awareness on risk situation that might affect their physical and mental life by develop self-care and self-security mechanism. Then, Women and LBTQ organization are urged to be a safe and supportive space for their staff/volunteer do their activism while still able to enjoy life without sacrificing livelihoods, health, or happiness. Last, State is urged to guarantee rights of Indonesian LBQ Women and Transgender Man activists as Indonesian citizen.
Keyword:
AUTHOR’S BIO
Vica K. Larasati ([email protected]) is from Indonesia. Currently, she has studied at the Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University. She is holding Bachelor in Psychology from Maranatha Christian University. She is also a co-Founder and Executive Director of Qbukatabu, online platform of resource centre on sexuality based on feminism and queer perspectives and approach. Previously, she was working as National Coordinator of Youth Interfaith Forum on Sexuality (YIFoS), Indonesia from 2012-2017 and was a Board Member of ILGA Asia period 2015-2017 as well as a volunteer in National Commission on Violence Against Women (Komnas Perempuan) in 2013-2015 and 2016-2017.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
The Roles of Thai Community in Overseas: The Importance and Necessity of Thai 92 Community for Thai Unskilled Migrant Workers in South Korea
Worayar Yuwapolthanakorn, Yuki Miyake International Development, School of Social Innovation, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The new paradigm of globalization has emerged from the late 1970s, which rapidly increased the mobility of people. Thailand is one among various countries that was on this pathway of change. For Thailand, South Korea is the second largest market for labour export in Asia in the year 2019. South Korea imports foreign workers from various countries under the state-to-state agreement or, so called, Employment Permit System (EPS). The foreign workers have brought cultural diversity and driven South Korea into multicultural society especially in industrial areas. They have an interaction among the community members that maintain both social and culture of their origin country. In case of Thai migrant workers, they are not isolated in the society. They have an interaction among group of people who have same background and interest as well. Most of them start gathering as a small group then enlarge the scale into a bigger group via chain networks. In order to avoiding any risks that could be happened in the host country, the migrants tend to seek for assistances from the community in both home country and host country. Through the field research in Ansan City, South Korea, this paper attempts to show the importance and necessity of Thai community for Thai unskilled migrant workers in South Korea at both individual and group levels. The results of this paper could fill the knowledge gap about Thai unskilled migrant workers’ community and its advantages for community members in South Korea. It could lead to the shortcut of a smooth life in foreign country as well.
Keyword: Labour Migration, Unskilled Workers, Thai Migrant Workers, Thai Community Overseas, South Korea.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Worayar ([email protected]) is now studying as a master degree student in International Development, School of Social Innovation, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand. She used to migrate to South Korea under the purpose of studying and working for 5 years. She experienced exchange student program in South Korea and finished the bachelor degree of Art in the Major of Korean Language from Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand. Worayar completed the Korean Language Teachers Training Program at the Language Education Institute of Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea. She has experiences working in the Embassy of the Republic of Korea, Bangkok and the Office of Commercial Affair, Royal Thai Embassy, Seoul.
Yuki Miyake is now studying as a master degree student in International Development, School of Social Innovation, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Prevention of Human Trafficking through Community Education: A Case Study of 93 Jaringan Relawan Untuk Kemanusiaan (J-RUK) in East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia
Yakobus Fahik Master of Arts in Human Rights and Democratization, Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
The problem of human trafficking prevention in East Nusa Tenggara Province (NTT) has been so far more focused on the aftermath of victims. And precaution from the state is not optimal because of internal problems such as lack of coordination between the central and regional governments, corruption of government employees and structurally there is the paradoxical point of views. Now, we need an alternative way to prevent human trafficking that is before having the victims of trafficking. It means human trafficking prevention is an effort to protect potential victims. That alternative way is through community education. Currently, prevention carried out by the Jaringan Relawan Untuk Kemanusiaan (J-RUK). Therefore, the question in this study is how J-RUK applied community education to prevent potential victims from human trafficking in the NTT context? The objective of this study is to analyze alternative approaches to prevent human trafficking in the East Nusa Tenggara province and to get to know the other way to protect potential victims from human trafficking. And the method used to answer the questions and achieve the objectives is in-depth interviews with J-RUK representatives and the community involved in J- RUK activities. Interviews conducted semi-structured. The data is then presenting with a description and analysis.
Through the concept of community education and the education concept of Paulo Freire, the data collecting will be described and analyzed. AONTAS defines community education is education and learning which is rooted in the process of empowerment, social justice, change, challenge, respect, and collective consciousness. And Paulo Freire's concept of education as a way to achieve what Freire called is conscientization, which is the ability of humans to organize themselves and fight for their rights. Community education as a way to let people know and can protect themselves from human trafficking. Prevention through education here, more emphasis on efforts to fight the fraud mode of traffickers during the recruitment process. Community education as a way for people to know identifying recruitment tactics and have a concern for the problem of human trafficking itself. And the concept of prevention is pre-emptive intervention before any of the forms of trafficking identified in the UN protocol occurrence. When people have knowledge and awareness, human trafficking can overcome.
From the data collected, it has found that community education can arouse the understanding of members and participants involved in J-RUK activities and awareness for fighting human trafficking. This understanding is demonstrating by knowing about the modes of human trafficking, and the requirement to become Indonesian Migrant Workers. And aware showing by the commitment of participant to become an agent to spread information about safe migrants to the community, especially family and neighbors. From this finding, it can conclude that community education conducted by J-RUK, can become, one alternative to prevent human trafficking in the recruitment process, especially in the province of East Nusa Tenggara.
The proposal submitted here is community education can adopt by civil society organizations and NGOs in working to strengthen the community itself. Civil society and NGOs can use this way to raise awareness and increase community knowledge. And also, community education can be used to overcome other social problems because the character of community education is to make the community able to self-organize and can fight for their rights.
Keyword: Human Trafficking, Community Education, Prevention, Indonesia.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Sustainability Transition in Taiwan - The Case of Offshore Renewable Eenergy in 94 Miaoli
Yu Ju Lin Master of Arts in International Development Students (MAIDS), Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
To deal with the challenge by balancing the environment, economy, and society, the concept of sustainable development stood out from a range of possible solutions. The study focuses on renewable energy in Taiwan, where the national energy security lacks robustness due to the high proportion of imported fuel raw materials and is eager to accelerate its transition, taking the country’s first offshore wind farm as an example to scrutiny its potential to achieve inclusive sustainability, especial in the social dimension, through the extent to which procedural and environmental justice are implemented during the planning, construction, and operation of the project. As a qualitative research, the primary data was carried out in Miaoli County, where the coastal fishing area is the site of the first and only wind farm completed a few months ago, and interviews with affected people, mainly fisherman whose work place was partly threatened, were taken for further analysis. After over two months of fieldwork, conducting key informant interview with 12 fishermen, 1 fishing association, 2 academics, and 2 local government officials, the findings showed that owing to the differences in fishing methods and areas, people have different perspective toward the development, and some of them had protested strongly because of the hopelessness of achieving livelihood recovery. Therefore, although the sustainability of offshore wind energy is relatively optimistic in terms of environment and economy, the social aspect still requires the government to take comprehensive measures to protect people's livelihoods, including the more transparent policy of compensation and rigorous review of actions promised by developers, in order to meet everyone’s expectations for a better future. In addition to policy changes and a more cautious attitude, project experience should be learned to contribute to further development and establish a practical transition mechanism.
Keyword: Renewable Energy, Offshore Wind, Sustainable, Taiwan.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Yu Ju Lin ([email protected]), a student of International Development Studies from Chulalongkorn University, is interested in environmentalism and sustainable development, climate change and renewable energy, and politics of environmental justice and policy.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Social Innovation and Inclusive Business Model for the Base of the Pyramid: A Case 95 Study of Organic Tourism Ecosystem in Thailand
Yunkang Liu Master of Arts in International Development Students (MAIDS), Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Social inequality and poverty issues as one of the major significant issues and challenges facing by all humans in the 21st century, and it is necessary for exploring new development models by promoting social innovation. At the same time, income gaps, uneven development of urbanrural, and poverty as the stumbling block of Thailand to achieving the UN 2030 Sustainable Development objective. In the past few decades, the private sector as the main contributor to the grossest domestic product (GDP) growth in the ASEAN region. It is important to encourage the private sector to assume more responsibilities for contributing to local development, the inclusive business model as an innovative business approach with a focus on the improved benefits of “Base of the Pyramid” communities, and promote sustainable development economically, socially, and environmentally. In this paper, a “Business- community partnership” case study will be selected which calls the "Sampran" project in the Nakhon Pathom provinces of Thailand. Based on the concept of justice, and the qualitative research method through interviews with different project stakeholders, which can establish the interlink between inclusive business and justice. This research finds out that innovative inclusive business is useful for improving the socio-economic circumstances of the “Base of the Pyramid” community in which leads to promoting justice in Thailand. In addition, this research may also help to investigate the limitations and challenges of implementing the inclusive business model in Thai society based on the case study.
Keyword: Inclusive Business, Base of the Pyramid (BoP), Justice, Organic Tourism, Nakhon Pathom.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Yunkang Liu ([email protected]) is a current student of the Master of Arts in International Development Studies (MAIDS) program student at the Faculty of Political Sciences, Chulalongkorn University. Now, he is working on the thesis entitled, “Social Innovation and Inclusive Business Model for the Base of the Pyramid.” Before joining the MADIS program, he received an MBA degree in Asia- Pacific Business from NIDA Business School and received a BBA degree majoring in International Business and Marketing. Beyond the study, he had work experiences in the private sectors and international Not-for-profit organizations.
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”
Child Domestic Labour in Pakistan 96
Zainab Nasir Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies, Mahidol University, Thailand.
ABSTRACT
Child domestic worker (CDW) is one of the most widespread, exploitative and hazardous forms of child labour in Pakistan and is also one of the most difficult to tackle. Thousands of childdomestic labourers are daily tortured, physically and mentally abused, raped and exploited but only a few reported. Child domestic labourers are hard to reach not only because they work behind the closed doors of their employers’ homes, but also because society sees the practice as normal. Pakistan has agreed to provide children with special protection, as a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the child (UNCRC), Convention No.138 Minimum Age and Convention No.182 Worst Form of Child Labour. According to the Constitution of Pakistan 1973, in line with the international standard, it is the fundamental right of every citizen to access health facilities and services, but in reality, it does not extend it for informal occupations such as child domestic labourers. As a result, children suffer from chronic physical, mental and emotional diseases. This paper highlights the deficiency in the law relating to the situation where the convicts of child domestic worker’s murderers are set free as a result of a settlement between the employer and the parents of CDW, outside the court. It argues that the deficiencies in the law allow the convicts of child domestic worker’s murderers to escape punishment and thereby leading to an increased level of exploitation of the rights of these children in Pakistan. It will then reaffirm the argument by quoting the most recent cases of child domestic worker’s killing and serious injuries inflicted by their employers, reaching settlements between the Parents and employers outside the court. Therefore, there is a need to study how the present laws regarding the protection of children can be effective in improving the quality of the lives of children with special consideration on child domestic labourers. There is a need to study the role and foundation of the present law considered to protect the rights of children and duties of state as well as parents. This paper proposes that criminal action should be filed by the state against child murderers and not on private behalf’s’ such as parents of child domestic workers.
Keyword: Child Labour, Domestic Labour, Pakistan.
AUTHOR’S BIO
Zainab Nasir ([email protected]) is from Afghanistan. She was born in Peshawar, Pakistan. Her grandparents had migrated from Afghanistan during the Soviet Union invasion in 1979. Since then her family including her three siblings lived in Pakistan. She holds a degree of bachelor in law from Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University (SSBWU) Peshawar, Pakistan. The subject of law fascinates her extensively. She is intrigued by developments in the legal system and the way it adapts to an ever-changing society. Being born and raised in a foreign nation with status of a refugee has raised her interest in, and given her the capacity to gain an intuitive understanding, based on her observation and experience, of the subjects related to the issues of protection of the rights of women, child and refugees. Her interest in law has also given her valuable insight into work in the legal domain and so, she puts foundation of an organization of female lawyers “Peshawar Women Legal Counsel Association.” It aims to provide online and telephonic legal counseling to those women who are lacking the opportunity to get an in person legal assistance due to cultural barriers. The organization is in its initial registration process. Her another subject of interest is issues related to protection of the rights of children and therefore, she based her thesis research on this subject with title of “Analyzing the Lived Experience of Child Domestic Labour in Peshawar, Pakistan.”
International Conference 2020 “New research in international development, human rights, and international relations at a time of disruption”