The Linacre Quarterly
Volume 39 | Number 1 Article 9
2-1-1972 The rT agic Results of Abortion in England Norman St. John-Stevas
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Recommended Citation St. John-Stevas, Norman (1972) "The rT agic Results of Abortion in England," The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 39: No. 1, Article 9. Available at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq/vol39/iss1/9 THE TRAGIC RESULTS OF ABORTION IN ENGLAND
by Norman SI. John-Stevas
Norman 51. Jo},n·Slt'vas has been a It is stra nge that the century which memb("T of Parliamelll since 1964. Ill' has witnessed more talk about human was l'ducated 01 Radcli/fe College. rights. in general. and the right to life in Cambridge, Oxford and Yale Univer particular has seen more violation of sities. He is the author of a number of that right than any century in our hi s books. Among them are: Life, Death tory. And. yet. I think it is important and the Law: Obscenity and the Law; that however much the right has been The Right to Life; The Agonizing violated. we should maintain belief in Choice. Mr. SI. John-Slevas;s a widely the principle. Other centuries, of course, trow'lIed leclUrer bOlh here olld in Eu ha ve violated the right 10 life, but it has rope. He led the unsuccessful fight been left to our century 10 have the against liberalizing England's obonion dubious disti nction of denying the exist law. ence of that right altogether. And, if o ne asks oneself. what is the basis of civ From his viewpoint as a Membf!r oj ili zation. it certainly is not a technology, Par/iometll, Mr. SI. JoJm-Slf!VaS importanl as that is. because that is a QnQlyus the effects oj £ngland·s means not an end. It is not even the abortion law and draws on hi.s eX odds which renect the higher spirit of perience to offer suggl'slion.s Jor 'hose man. but rat her it is the agreement to "n volved in 'he right 10 life campaign ill live together in concord and amity re the Uniuc/ S,ates. specting certain basic moral va lues. The
30 Linacre Quarterly possession of those moral va lues con interes ts of what they mistakenly think stitutes the life of a society just as their of as advancing humanitarianism. But denial constitutes its death and dis there are terrible things happening in solution. So we should, I think, be on our society today. things of which we o ur guard when we sec the right to life should be deeply ashamed. Earlier this under this massive. unprecedented week, I was in Washington taking part attack in our own time. It should make in a symposium on the question of care us anxious about the fate of our civ of handicapped and mentally retarded ilization. where it is going and where it children and we discussed a case there is carrying us. The most prominent that took place in J ohn Hopkins Hospi attack on the right to life. the trend to tal. It concerned a child who was born a ward easier and easier abortion. is part mongoloid and with an obstructio n in of a wider problem in our society. Tech the digestive tract. whieh made it impos nology. like Janus. the ancient Roman si ble for the child to be fed . That second God. has two faces. One is a benevolent defect could have been put right by a face offering to mankind the chance to very simple operation, but the parents escape for the first time in hi story the of that child, who already have two chil dreadful treadmill of famine and want dren. decided that they did not want the and di sease and suffering, which, we operation to be carried out because they should never forget . has been the lot of felt it would be unfair to the existing the majority of the human race through children to be brought up with a defec o ut the ages and. indeed. is still the lot tive child. The doctors. fearful of a suit, of the majority of the human race to and because the consent of the parents day. Technology offers. in that respect. is legally required fo r such an operation, a benediction. refused to carry out the operation. The law courlS, too. turned aside. The But the other face of this contempo judges refused to intervene. And so, rary Janus offers us not a paradise but a what to me seems almost incredible, hell: because we are faced with prob happened; this child was put into a lems that no other age has faced ; be room on its own and left there to starve cause powers are being placed in the to death. Fifteen days this child sur hands of men which have never been vived before it finally became so dehy there before: choices are opening to drated that it died. mankind which were not presented to previous ge neratio ns. And this challenge What sort of a society is it that can is facing human beings at a time of tolerate such a happening) One sees the almost unprecedented moral confusion evasion of moral responsibility and the in society as a whole. If we can get a lack of humanity. the se lfishness. exhib hUmane and sensible and rational ited by everyone in this panicular case. attitude on the question of abortion. we No one can avoid censure who was in shall be making a major contribution to volved. Nor can we. responsible as we the maintenance of civilized life as we are for the form of society we have, know it. avoid being involved as well .
Abortion. Euthenasia - the two are connected. We have seen in Great Brit Grounds for Abortion in England ain how the abortion act was so speedily followed by a Euthenasia bill. It was the Now, as to our experience of revised same stage army. of course, which abortion laws in England. We have had. marched on and supported both in the for three years. a liberalized abortion
February. 1972 31 statute. It passed into law in 1968 and it That last horrific fact is one of the allowed abortion on three principal things that has caused the greatest pub grounds: First of all. the threat to the lic anxiety about what is happening. life or health of the mother: secondly. on eugenic grounds. if there is a risk Those figurcs arc important. Of that the child born would suffer from course. we don't know the number of il some physical or mental defect ; and legal abortions that were ca rried OUI be thirdly. on social grounds. if the child fore the act came into the courts but 1 would constitute a threat to the health doubt very much if there were more ille or well being of other children of the gal abortions than something between family, Three defined and very broad 10,000 and 20.000 a year. The legal grounds for aborti on. abortion rille was about 10.000 so you can see we have had probably an in It also contained a requirement that crease in the order of 50.000. two doctors should be in agreement that onc of these conditions was fu lfilled be Let me say this about the figures that fore an abortion could be carried oul. were used of illegal abortions carried But all they had to show was that they out in the Unit ed States. One gets this were of the opinion, formed in good figure of 1.000,000 abortions a year faith, that this was so. So you can see. which are carried out in the United in f:lc t. what a very sweeping measure States. That figure has no respectable that was since who can disprove the statistical basis whatsocver. It is a figure good faith of another person? Who can that was invented by a member of the look into the minds of men and see abortion lobby and has been repeated what is there? When you get an quite uncritically in the press and else approval of abortion on the grounds of where so that by the mere fact of repeti health. that is so broad a concept. tak tion it has become generally accepted. ing in as it does both the physical and But it is impossi ble to find any statis mental indications, that it offers no real tical cvidence that could be accepted by check at all. anybody looking at the qucstion objec tively and scientific'llly. One should im The effects of the statute have been. mediately challenge that type of figure first of all. that Ihe abortion rate has when it is presented to one and say, "On soared in England. It has gone up in what evidence is that basedT each of these three years on a steeply rising graph. and is still going up. so that certainly we have not yet seen the Becoming Abortion Minded end of the matter. Abortions are now running at the rate of 90,000 a yea r. Apart from the actual rise in the which is the equivalent of 400,000 number of abortions, the effect of abortions a year in the United States, if altering the law has been that it has one takes into account the difference in made people abortion-minded. This, I the tOlal populations of the countries. think, is the chief evil effect of a liber And of those abortions, the majority a li zed law, that all the pressure of (56%) have been carried out not on mar society is for an unmarried mother to ried. as we have been told would be the get rid of her child. Society provides the case by the sponsors of the act, but on means of doing so. It removes the legal unmarried women. And the fastest and social stigma from abortion. And growing category of abortions is that the pressures of the family, too, Which carried out on gi rls under the age of 16. will not want to be encumbered with the
32 Limtcre Quarterly difficulty or looking arter an illegitimate They. in rae!, opposed it; and neither child, all that pressure, too, is brought the British Medical Association no r the against the mother. You have a situ Royal Collegc ur Gynecologists have at ation where unless there is a woman any lime supported the provisions or who is extremely strong-minded and de this measure. In ract. in my campaign to termined. she will. in facl, give way in get Ihe law amended I have had the full these circumstances and take the short support or both those organizations. cut and get rid of the child. One can see, What has happened is thai we are get I th ink. how abonion is an attack on ling:t revolt in both the proressions and both mother and child. Both, in ract, particularly in the nursing profession are losers. Society. in raet , in a very real against carrying oul this act. Because sense is treating the mother punitively nurs,-'S and doctors say. "Well, we came by denyi ng her the opportunity of into this profes sion to heal peo ple; we bringing up her own child or rerusing to did not come into this proressio n to help her to do so. kill ."
8cc.lUse or the vcry broad nature of Somebody has to clear up the mess. these categories, particularly the health For a legislator a questio n of passing an ca tegory, we have had a ll sort s or rack abortio n law is a question of passing a ets in the private secto r. Because you get pri nted clause in a sta tute. But fo r a crooks, you know. in every profession. nurse in a n operating thealer arter an You get crooks amongst lawyers - that aborti on has been ca rried out. it is a wo n't be news to anyone - you get questi on or di sposing or the fe tus, crooks in Congress a nd in Parliament, which. in so many cases. is a perfectly and. or course, you get crooks in the formed human being and recognizable med ic:!1 prorcssion. What we have arc as such. She has to throw inlo the in doctors who are being paid .$100 a time cincrator the limbs. the body. Ihe head ror a second signature on a rorm with or the child that has. in fact . been de o ut ever seeing the patient. The woman stroyed. So. no wonder nu rses are say may sign the rorm and authori1.e the ing we will rerusc to lake pan in th is abortion and they arc paid $100 for go operation this is not anything we ing so. They say they were in good raith. were ever intended. by our ca ll ing, to this women needed the nbortion a nd do. As a result or this situation or Ihat is that. So we have had coming into abortion on demand in the private sec the cou ntry all sort s or people rrom tor, provid ed the price is righl - a nd abroad and. until the time New York you may have to pay as mueh as $500 liberalized its abortion law. a great for an abortion now in a priva te many rrom the United States coming to abortion clinic - the government has take adva ntage or these faci lities. had to appoint an inquiry into the whole working of the abortion act un The Act also has had a very unrortu der a judge, a woman j udge, Mrs. J us nate arrect in the medical a nd nursing tice Lane, which is investigating all the professions themselves. And J want to effects of this act. say a word about this because the Cath ol ic Physicians' Guild is so well repre I hope that you will be warned by this sented here tonight and has kindly experience not to rush into a situation joined together wi th the Right to Lire to of changing the law without heed for make this meeting possible. The medical the consequences which are likely to proression and the nursing profess io n in come about. And that before any England ne ver witnted thi s Aet at all. change in the law can be contemplated
Feburary. 1972 33 there must be the most thorough in maternal mortality rates, one wo uld vestigation of the existing situation and conclude that if the number of illegal a prognostication of what is lik ely to abortions was 100,000 a year, then the come about if the law is changed and standard of medical care of the illegal the effect it will have on medical re abortionist was as high as the standard sources which are scarce in every coun of medical care that was being given by try in the world. the legal abortionist in an advanced country like Sweden. Clearly here there But now I turn from the particular was something wrong, if you look at situation in England to raise an impor these maternal mortality figures. Either tant question which is of concern to a ll the account of the bad medical care that of us who are involved in this struggle. was being given illegally was inaccurate • Why is it that so many people are so or else the number of illegal abortions careless about this particular aspect of was very much lower than it was said to life? The people who are agitating for be. I think it is the second factor that is reform of abortion laws. as they call it. erroneous. I do not think you do get a are not. in fact monsters. They are high standard of medical care in an ille pe ople we know - they may be our gal abortion; but it is that figure of own neighbors. They are people who 100,000 or 1,000,000 illegal abortions are not immoral. Perhaps, they are that is wrong and that mu st be chal more moral, in many respects, in the lenged. If that is so, then the press ure sense that they are more concerned for legalizing abortion becomes ve ry about the state of society than the much less because the social need is re average person. What is it , then. that duced. I have convinced myself that motivates them in this way? If we can many people have been taken in by answer that question satisfactorily, we these phony figures and it is this that can prepare ourselves for the answers to has made them so anxious to bring the propositions that are being put about a change in the law. forward.
There is first of all the point 1 made about illegal abortions and the con conitance that goes with it, that the There is also the point which con standard of medical care is very low in cerns human equality. It is said there is illegal abortions and therefore it is bene one law here for the rich and one law ficial to the health of the mother to le for the poor; that if you arc rich you galize the situation, because she will go can go and pay for an abortion and get and have an abortion anyhow. That some do~tor to do it for you; but if you argument is a powerful o ne. It is a diffi are poor you cannot do thi s. What is cult argument to counter. But, I think, the answer to that? I think the only an you must take that statistical point and swe r one can give is a generali zed one. look at that, because the figure that we That, of course, money is power and , were given for illegal abortions in Brit money is opportunity. If you are rich, ain was 100,000 illegal abortions a year. then your power for doing good or But if you looked at the maternal mor doing ill is proportionately increased tality statistics, the deaths of those over those who are poor. But one surely women who had lost their lives in cannot make that an a rgument for facil abortions, you found that this was very itating the doing of evil so that everyone low indeed. So low, that if you looked will have, as it were, an equal oPPOrtu and compared the Swedish figures for nity to do wrong.
Linacre Quarterly Abortion and Womens' Liberation through the growth of population. But. let us not have cant a bout this in hy There is also this q uestion of wa mens' procrisy. You d on't relieve the po pula rights. The whole issue of abortion has tion problem in Calcutta by having an become confused wit h the issue of wom a bortion in Manhattan. The two sit u ens' liberation - so much so that o n ations 3re quite different. Whatever jus two previous visits to the United States tification can be put fo rward for an the Womens' Liberation Front demon abortion in Manhattan it is surely not slraled against me and a ppeared outside that this in any way is a hel p 10 the my meetings with slogans and banners people in Indi a or South America. telli ng me to go home. One of the ban ners th at a ppeared at Minneapolis had Fi nally, I think, one is faced with a I' wnllen upo n it "Norman St. J ohn kind of mentality that rejects what I call StCV3S has never had an abortion." I the costing princi ple: t hai people refuse said to the lady waving it at me that if I to accept nowadays the res ult of thei r had had an abortion that would be actions, the consequences of their something to write on her banner a nd it actions - they won't be faced with would have bee n wort h waving about. them. If they arc fa ced with suffering and trouble which they can avoid, they But the questi on of a borti on is some will avoid it at a lmost any price. That is thing q uite distinct from the movement the me ntal a nd moral climate in which for wamens' emancipatio n. One can be we live. In that ki nd of climate, an fully in favor of greater equality for abort ion is a pparently q uick and easily women and be totally against abo rt ion. compared with all the tro uble there because it isn't a q uestion of a woman's would be in raisi ng a child o r helping right to do what she wants with her own the mother to do so. body. Nobody is questioning that. Of course. a woman has a right to do what What are we to do in this situation? she wa nt s with her own body just as a Those of us who are concerned a nd feel man has, but what she doesn't ha ve a that moment ous issues are involved, I right to d o. or no one has a right to do, think, can do two thi ngs. Our action is is to d ispose of the life of another per twofold: in the sphere of law a nd in the son. And the fac t that the life in the un sphere of morals. I think you arc right born child is wit hin the womb really to resist changes in the law even tho ugh makes no difference to t he qualitative I freely admit that ill egal a bortions un si tuation. The chi ld happens to be inside der inadeq uate medical condit ions are the womb instead of outside it. But highly undesira ble. But yo u have to there is no more j ustification in dis wcigh against that, and those of us who , posi ng of the life in the womb, putting it are legislators have to weigh t he possi at the d isposal of the parents than there bility, that in getting rid of one evil we is of pUll ing the life of the child after will create a greater evil by changing the birth at the disposal of parents which, law a nd creating an abortion-minded of course. some civilizations have, in socicty. That seems to me, and , I think, fact, done. is proven by experience, a greater evil than the o ne gotten rid of. T he cure, in People seem to be very concerned other words. is worse than the di sease. about population problems a nd rightly But if you cannot resist changes in the so, because there a re the most immense law alt ogether, the n have a law which is problems which the world is facing par as li mited as possi ble and has effective tic ularly in under-develo ped countries limitations built into it; so that you do
February, 1972 35 nut ha w t he si tuat io n of ahortion on u n this iss lie of whic h we should all be d emand . [ thi nk, a lso, o nc must di:-. proud and we should be gr:llcful. I l ting ui sh sharply het wl.'cn abortion on think. Aftl.! r all. thl.: Catho lic C hurch the n ne ha nd a nd contracl' pt i,lll on the must bl.: ri!,! ln about someth ing. But till' ot h l.! L pro-aborti o ni sts want to present t hi s as a Ca tholic campaign because. in do ing
Whal ev~ r u nl" :-' VICWS 0 11 CO il - so. t hey move the whole d isc lission out tracept ion may bl.: . [ think I.: \'eryone ca n of thl' realm of humanity in to the realm he agrccd that it i:-. a prc-[ifc si tuation (If sectarian thl.! ol ogy and ethics. Once whereas a hortion is a post-[ife si tuatio n. that is dtllll.!, then Ihe case against So. t he order of idea :-. with in whi ch to abofti on is ve ry seriously weakenl.:d. Do d isc li ss the whole aborti on probl em is seck, and I' m sure this is a poi nt of • not in the order o f sexua lit y as suc h: il whi ch you a rc awar~', the cooperation of is the ord l.'f o f human right s. And thai is those of other religio lls and those of w here Ih l.! discus:-. io ll must be kept be none. or course. you can't always find calise t hat is where the weight of the Ihem. T his is o ne nf the difficulties. [ argume nt lies. Afler all. what IS have also found the added difficlllty ahortion hut a form of d iscriminatio n'! that if you do find them. t hey become so impressed with the witness t haI is WI.! a rc all very sen:-.i ti ve abollt racial bl.:i ng given by Ihe Ca tho li c C hurc h on discrimi nation today: but discrimi nat io ll this subject that thcy thell demand entry against the fetus is discrimination on into the ('atho[i c Church themsel ves. just as arbitrary a c rit erio n. It is di s crimi nation on the grounds of si7.e. It is beca use the fetus is so ve ry small that it The Campaign a nd Pro pheric Wirness ca n be tfeated in Ih is way. It is because pl.! uplc don't see wha t a (eltll: is like. be I wanl 10 conclude by saying a word calise it's hidden a way in the darkness about the morality and the mo ral c 36 Linacrc Quarterly fab,il), here . .. fabificalion of life. It's :--he M.:elllt:d to me a perfeclly normal nm life all it i:-.. ii's Ihc life of thc tcle lutle child. 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