Primality Tests on Commutator Curves
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												  Fast Tabulation of Challenge Pseudoprimes Andrew Shallue and Jonathan WebsterTHE OPEN BOOK SERIES 2 ANTS XIII Proceedings of the Thirteenth Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium Fast tabulation of challenge pseudoprimes Andrew Shallue and Jonathan Webster msp THE OPEN BOOK SERIES 2 (2019) Thirteenth Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium msp dx.doi.org/10.2140/obs.2019.2.411 Fast tabulation of challenge pseudoprimes Andrew Shallue and Jonathan Webster We provide a new algorithm for tabulating composite numbers which are pseudoprimes to both a Fermat test and a Lucas test. Our algorithm is optimized for parameter choices that minimize the occurrence of pseudoprimes, and for pseudoprimes with a fixed number of prime factors. Using this, we have confirmed that there are no PSW-challenge pseudoprimes with two or three prime factors up to 280. In the case where one is tabulating challenge pseudoprimes with a fixed number of prime factors, we prove our algorithm gives an unconditional asymptotic improvement over previous methods. 1. Introduction Pomerance, Selfridge, and Wagstaff famously offered $620 for a composite n that satisfies (1) 2n 1 1 .mod n/ so n is a base-2 Fermat pseudoprime, Á (2) .5 n/ 1 so n is not a square modulo 5, and j D (3) Fn 1 0 .mod n/ so n is a Fibonacci pseudoprime, C Á or to prove that no such n exists. We call composites that satisfy these conditions PSW-challenge pseudo- primes. In[PSW80] they credit R. Baillie with the discovery that combining a Fermat test with a Lucas test (with a certain specific parameter choice) makes for an especially effective primality test[BW80].
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												  Chapter 9 Quadratic ResiduesChapter 9 Quadratic Residues 9.1 Introduction Definition 9.1. We say that a 2 Z is a quadratic residue mod n if there exists b 2 Z such that a ≡ b2 mod n: If there is no such b we say that a is a quadratic non-residue mod n. Example: Suppose n = 10. We can determine the quadratic residues mod n by computing b2 mod n for 0 ≤ b < n. In fact, since (−b)2 ≡ b2 mod n; we need only consider 0 ≤ b ≤ [n=2]. Thus the quadratic residues mod 10 are 0; 1; 4; 9; 6; 5; while 3; 7; 8 are quadratic non-residues mod 10. Proposition 9.1. If a; b are quadratic residues mod n then so is ab. Proof. Suppose a ≡ r2; b ≡ s2 mod p: Then ab ≡ (rs)2 mod p: 9.2 Prime moduli Proposition 9.2. Suppose p is an odd prime. Then the quadratic residues coprime to p form a subgroup of (Z=p)× of index 2. Proof. Let Q denote the set of quadratic residues in (Z=p)×. If θ :(Z=p)× ! (Z=p)× denotes the homomorphism under which r 7! r2 mod p 9–1 then ker θ = {±1g; im θ = Q: By the first isomorphism theorem of group theory, × jkerθj · j im θj = j(Z=p) j: Thus Q is a subgroup of index 2: p − 1 jQj = : 2 Corollary 9.1. Suppose p is an odd prime; and suppose a; b are coprime to p. Then 1. 1=a is a quadratic residue if and only if a is a quadratic residue.
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												  FACTORING COMPOSITES TESTING PRIMES Amin WitnoWON Series in Discrete Mathematics and Modern Algebra Volume 3 FACTORING COMPOSITES TESTING PRIMES Amin Witno Preface These notes were used for the lectures in Math 472 (Computational Number Theory) at Philadelphia University, Jordan.1 The module was aborted in 2012, and since then this last edition has been preserved and updated only for minor corrections. Outline notes are more like a revision. No student is expected to fully benefit from these notes unless they have regularly attended the lectures. 1 The RSA Cryptosystem Sensitive messages, when transferred over the internet, need to be encrypted, i.e., changed into a secret code in such a way that only the intended receiver who has the secret key is able to read it. It is common that alphabetical characters are converted to their numerical ASCII equivalents before they are encrypted, hence the coded message will look like integer strings. The RSA algorithm is an encryption-decryption process which is widely employed today. In practice, the encryption key can be made public, and doing so will not risk the security of the system. This feature is a characteristic of the so-called public-key cryptosystem. Ali selects two distinct primes p and q which are very large, over a hundred digits each. He computes n = pq, ϕ = (p − 1)(q − 1), and determines a rather small number e which will serve as the encryption key, making sure that e has no common factor with ϕ. He then chooses another integer d < n satisfying de % ϕ = 1; This d is his decryption key. When all is ready, Ali gives to Beth the pair (n; e) and keeps the rest secret.
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												  The Pseudoprimes to 25 • 109MATHEMATICS OF COMPUTATION, VOLUME 35, NUMBER 151 JULY 1980, PAGES 1003-1026 The Pseudoprimes to 25 • 109 By Carl Pomerance, J. L. Selfridge and Samuel S. Wagstaff, Jr. Abstract. The odd composite n < 25 • 10 such that 2n_1 = 1 (mod n) have been determined and their distribution tabulated. We investigate the properties of three special types of pseudoprimes: Euler pseudoprimes, strong pseudoprimes, and Car- michael numbers. The theoretical upper bound and the heuristic lower bound due to Erdös for the counting function of the Carmichael numbers are both sharpened. Several new quick tests for primality are proposed, including some which combine pseudoprimes with Lucas sequences. 1. Introduction. According to Fermat's "Little Theorem", if p is prime and (a, p) = 1, then ap~1 = 1 (mod p). This theorem provides a "test" for primality which is very often correct: Given a large odd integer p, choose some a satisfying 1 <a <p - 1 and compute ap~1 (mod p). If ap~1 pi (mod p), then p is certainly composite. If ap~l = 1 (mod p), then p is probably prime. Odd composite numbers n for which (1) a"_1 = l (mod«) are called pseudoprimes to base a (psp(a)). (For simplicity, a can be any positive in- teger in this definition. We could let a be negative with little additional work. In the last 15 years, some authors have used pseudoprime (base a) to mean any number n > 1 satisfying (1), whether composite or prime.) It is well known that for each base a, there are infinitely many pseudoprimes to base a.
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												![Arxiv:1412.5226V1 [Math.NT] 16 Dec 2014 Hoe 11](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/0511/arxiv-1412-5226v1-math-nt-16-dec-2014-hoe-11-410511.webp)  Arxiv:1412.5226V1 [Math.NT] 16 Dec 2014 Hoe 11q-PSEUDOPRIMALITY: A NATURAL GENERALIZATION OF STRONG PSEUDOPRIMALITY JOHN H. CASTILLO, GILBERTO GARC´IA-PULGAR´IN, AND JUAN MIGUEL VELASQUEZ-SOTO´ Abstract. In this work we present a natural generalization of strong pseudoprime to base b, which we have called q-pseudoprime to base b. It allows us to present another way to define a Midy’s number to base b (overpseudoprime to base b). Besides, we count the bases b such that N is a q-probable prime base b and those ones such that N is a Midy’s number to base b. Furthemore, we prove that there is not a concept analogous to Carmichael numbers to q-probable prime to base b as with the concept of strong pseudoprimes to base b. 1. Introduction Recently, Grau et al. [7] gave a generalization of Pocklignton’s Theorem (also known as Proth’s Theorem) and Miller-Rabin primality test, it takes as reference some works of Berrizbeitia, [1, 2], where it is presented an extension to the concept of strong pseudoprime, called ω-primes. As Grau et al. said it is right, but its application is not too good because it is needed m-th primitive roots of unity, see [7, 12]. In [7], it is defined when an integer N is a p-strong probable prime base a, for p a prime divisor of N −1 and gcd(a, N) = 1. In a reading of that paper, we discovered that if a number N is a p-strong probable prime to base 2 for each p prime divisor of N − 1, it is actually a Midy’s number or a overpseu- doprime number to base 2.
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												  Elementary Number TheoryElementary Number Theory Peter Hackman HHH Productions November 5, 2007 ii c P Hackman, 2007. Contents Preface ix A Divisibility, Unique Factorization 1 A.I The gcd and B´ezout . 1 A.II Two Divisibility Theorems . 6 A.III Unique Factorization . 8 A.IV Residue Classes, Congruences . 11 A.V Order, Little Fermat, Euler . 20 A.VI A Brief Account of RSA . 32 B Congruences. The CRT. 35 B.I The Chinese Remainder Theorem . 35 B.II Euler’s Phi Function Revisited . 42 * B.III General CRT . 46 B.IV Application to Algebraic Congruences . 51 B.V Linear Congruences . 52 B.VI Congruences Modulo a Prime . 54 B.VII Modulo a Prime Power . 58 C Primitive Roots 67 iii iv CONTENTS C.I False Cases Excluded . 67 C.II Primitive Roots Modulo a Prime . 70 C.III Binomial Congruences . 73 C.IV Prime Powers . 78 C.V The Carmichael Exponent . 85 * C.VI Pseudorandom Sequences . 89 C.VII Discrete Logarithms . 91 * C.VIII Computing Discrete Logarithms . 92 D Quadratic Reciprocity 103 D.I The Legendre Symbol . 103 D.II The Jacobi Symbol . 114 D.III A Cryptographic Application . 119 D.IV Gauß’ Lemma . 119 D.V The “Rectangle Proof” . 123 D.VI Gerstenhaber’s Proof . 125 * D.VII Zolotareff’s Proof . 127 E Some Diophantine Problems 139 E.I Primes as Sums of Squares . 139 E.II Composite Numbers . 146 E.III Another Diophantine Problem . 152 E.IV Modular Square Roots . 156 E.V Applications . 161 F Multiplicative Functions 163 F.I Definitions and Examples . 163 CONTENTS v F.II The Dirichlet Product .
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												  Anomalous Primes and Extension of the Korselt CriterionAnomalous Primes and Extension of the Korselt Criterion Liljana Babinkostova1, Brad Bentz2, Morad Hassan3, André Hernández-Espiet4, Hyun Jong Kim5 1Boise State University, 2Brown University, 3Emory University, 4University of Puerto Rico, 5Massachusetts Institute of Technology Motivation Elliptic Korselt Criteria Lucas Pseudoprimes Cryptosystems in ubiquitous commercial use base their security on the dif- ficulty of factoring. Deployment of these schemes necessitate reliable, ef- Korselt Criteria for Euler and Strong Elliptic Carmichael Numbers Lucas Groups ficient methods of recognizing the primality of a number. A number that ordp(N) D; N L passes a probabilistic test, but is in fact composite is known as a pseu- Let N;p(E) be the exponent of E Z=p Z . Then, N is an Euler Let be coprime integers. The Lucas group Z=NZ is defined on elliptic Carmichael number if and only if, for every prime p dividing N, 2 2 2 doprime. A pseudoprime that passes such test for any base is known as a LZ=NZ = f(x; y) 2 (Z=NZ) j x − Dy ≡ 1 (mod N)g: Carmichael number. The focus of this research is analysis of types of pseu- 2N;p j (N + 1 − aN) : doprimes that arise from elliptic curves and from group structures derived t (N + 1 − a ) N If is the largest odd divisor of N , then is a strong elliptic Algebraic Structure of Lucas Groups from Lucas sequences [2]. We extend the Korselt criterion presented in [3] Carmichael number if and only if, for every prime p dividing N, for two important classes of elliptic pseudoprimes and deduce some of their If p is a prime and D is an integer coprime to p, then L e is a cyclic properties.
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												  Number Theory SummaryYALE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE CPSC 467: Cryptography and Computer Security Handout #11 Professor M. J. Fischer November 13, 2017 Number Theory Summary Integers Let Z denote the integers and Z+ the positive integers. Division For a 2 Z and n 2 Z+, there exist unique integers q; r such that a = nq + r and 0 ≤ r < n. We denote the quotient q by ba=nc and the remainder r by a mod n. We say n divides a (written nja) if a mod n = 0. If nja, n is called a divisor of a. If also 1 < n < jaj, n is said to be a proper divisor of a. Greatest common divisor The greatest common divisor (gcd) of integers a; b (written gcd(a; b) or simply (a; b)) is the greatest integer d such that d j a and d j b. If gcd(a; b) = 1, then a and b are said to be relatively prime. Euclidean algorithm Computes gcd(a; b). Based on two facts: gcd(0; b) = b; gcd(a; b) = gcd(b; a − qb) for any q 2 Z. For rapid convergence, take q = ba=bc, in which case a − qb = a mod b. Congruence For a; b 2 Z and n 2 Z+, we write a ≡ b (mod n) iff n j (b − a). Note a ≡ b (mod n) iff (a mod n) = (b mod n). + ∗ Modular arithmetic Fix n 2 Z . Let Zn = f0; 1; : : : ; n − 1g and let Zn = fa 2 Zn j gcd(a; n) = 1g. For integers a; b, define a⊕b = (a+b) mod n and a⊗b = ab mod n.
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												  Lecture 10: Quadratic ResiduesLecture 10: Quadratic residues Rajat Mittal IIT Kanpur n Solving polynomial equations, anx + ··· + a1x + a0 = 0 , has been of interest from a long time in mathematics. For equations up to degree 4, we have an explicit formula for the solutions. It has also been shown that no such explicit formula can exist for degree higher than 4. What about polynomial equations modulo p? Exercise 1. When does the equation ax + b = 0 mod p has a solution? This lecture will focus on solving quadratic equations modulo a prime number p. In other words, we are 2 interested in solving a2x +a1x+a0 = 0 mod p. First thing to notice, we can assume that every coefficient ai can only range between 0 to p − 1. In the assignment, you will show that we only need to consider equations 2 of the form x + a1x + a0 = 0. 2 Exercise 2. When will x + a1x + a0 = 0 mod 2 not have a solution? So, for further discussion, we are only interested in solving quadratic equations modulo p, where p is an odd prime. For odd primes, inverse of 2 always exists. 2 −1 2 −2 2 x + a1x + a0 = 0 mod p , (x + 2 a1) = 2 a1 − a0 mod p: −1 −2 2 Taking y = x + 2 a1 and b = 2 a1 − a0, 2 2 Exercise 3. solving quadratic equation x + a1x + a0 = 0 mod p is same as solving y = b mod p. The small amount of work we did above simplifies the original problem. We only need to solve, when a number (b) has a square root modulo p, to solve quadratic equations modulo p.
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												  Consecutive Quadratic Residues and Quadratic Nonresidue Modulo PConsecutive Quadratic Residues And Quadratic Nonresidue Modulo p N. A. Carella Abstract: Let p be a large prime, and let k log p. A new proof of the existence of ≪ any pattern of k consecutive quadratic residues and quadratic nonresidues is introduced in this note. Further, an application to the least quadratic nonresidues np modulo p shows that n (log p)(log log p). p ≪ 1 Introduction Given a prime p 2, a nonzero element u F is called a quadratic residue, equiva- ≥ ∈ p lently, a square modulo p whenever the quadratic congruence x2 u 0mod p is solvable. − ≡ Otherwise, it called a quadratic nonresidue. A finite field Fp contains (p + 1)/2 squares = u2 mod p : 0 u < p/2 , including zero. The quadratic residues are uniformly R { ≤ } distributed over the interval [1,p 1]. Likewise, the quadratic nonresidues are uniformly − distributed over the same interval. Let k 1 be a small integer. This note is concerned with the longest runs of consecutive ≥ quadratic residues and consecutive quadratic nonresidues (or any pattern) u, u + 1, u + 2, . , u + k 1, (1) − in the finite field F , and large subsets F . Let N(k,p) be a tally of the number of p A ⊂ p sequences 1. Theorem 1.1. Let p 2 be a large prime, and let k = O (log p) be an integer. Then, the ≥ finite field Fp contains k consecutive quadratic residues (or quadratic nonresidues or any pattern). Furthermore, the number of k tuples has the asymptotic formulas p 1 k 1 (i) N(k,p)= 1 1+ O , if k 1.
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												  The Number Field Sieve for Discrete LogarithmsThe Number Field Sieve for Discrete Logarithms Henrik Røst Haarberg Master of Science Submission date: June 2016 Supervisor: Kristian Gjøsteen, MATH Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Mathematical Sciences Abstract We present two general number field sieve algorithms solving the discrete logarithm problem in finite fields. The first algorithm pre- sented deals with discrete logarithms in prime fields Fp, while the second considers prime power fields Fpn . We prove, using the standard heuristic, that these algorithms will run in sub-exponential time. We also give an overview of different index calculus algorithms solving the discrete logarithm problem efficiently for different possible relations between the characteristic and the extension degree. To be able to give a good introduction to the algorithms, we present theory necessary to understand the underlying algebraic structures used in the algorithms. This theory is largely algebraic number theory. 1 Contents 1 Introduction 4 1.1 Discrete logarithms . .4 1.2 The general number field sieve and L-notation . .4 2 Theory 6 2.1 Number fields . .6 2.1.1 Dedekind domains . .7 2.1.2 Module structure . .9 2.1.3 Norm of ideals . .9 2.1.4 Units . 10 2.2 Prime ideals . 10 2.3 Smooth numbers . 13 2.3.1 Density . 13 2.3.2 Exponent vectors . 13 3 The number field sieve in prime fields 15 3.1 Overview . 15 3.2 Calculating logarithms . 15 3.3 Sieving . 17 3.4 Schirokauer maps . 18 3.5 Linear algebra . 20 3.5.1 A note about smooth t and g .............. 22 3.6 Run time .
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												  On Types of Elliptic Pseudoprimesjournal of Groups, Complexity, Cryptology Volume 13, Issue 1, 2021, pp. 1:1–1:33 Submitted Jan. 07, 2019 https://gcc.episciences.org/ Published Feb. 09, 2021 ON TYPES OF ELLIPTIC PSEUDOPRIMES LILJANA BABINKOSTOVA, A. HERNANDEZ-ESPIET,´ AND H. Y. KIM Boise State University e-mail address: [email protected] Rutgers University e-mail address: [email protected] University of Wisconsin-Madison e-mail address: [email protected] Abstract. We generalize Silverman's [31] notions of elliptic pseudoprimes and elliptic Carmichael numbers to analogues of Euler-Jacobi and strong pseudoprimes. We inspect the relationships among Euler elliptic Carmichael numbers, strong elliptic Carmichael numbers, products of anomalous primes and elliptic Korselt numbers of Type I, the former two of which we introduce and the latter two of which were introduced by Mazur [21] and Silverman [31] respectively. In particular, we expand upon the work of Babinkostova et al. [3] on the density of certain elliptic Korselt numbers of Type I which are products of anomalous primes, proving a conjecture stated in [3]. 1. Introduction The problem of efficiently distinguishing the prime numbers from the composite numbers has been a fundamental problem for a long time. One of the first primality tests in modern number theory came from Fermat Little Theorem: if p is a prime number and a is an integer not divisible by p, then ap−1 ≡ 1 (mod p). The original notion of a pseudoprime (sometimes called a Fermat pseudoprime) involves counterexamples to the converse of this theorem. A pseudoprime to the base a is a composite number N such aN−1 ≡ 1 mod N.