.

Pollution Home is where Introduction Resources Impacts the habitat is Indiana has over 35,600 miles of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different This does not mean the water is always clean, only protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County that pollution may occur but the impacts are not young. Clean streams offer high-quality habitat for all minnows. Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and Drew long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. drainages to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and District’s Bureau of Water Quality White River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This FOOD varied landscape has a lot to offer for different fish. Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, Sediment Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such Indianapolis, Indiana Soil erosion is a big as the nymph form of the mayfly or The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana problem in Indiana’s rivers caddisfly. A good supply of these Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout and streams. Sediment insects means the small fish will have Randolph County before entering Delaware County, covers the stream bottom plenty to eat. In turn, larger fish eat the passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A and the gravel areas fish smaller fish. White River is also full of majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau need to find food and lay crayfish, which is a favorite food of of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish Stream Fish eggs. Neither the insects sunfish and bass. community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water eaten by fish nor the fish species they encounter during their biological monitoring. WEST FORK WHITE RIVER eggs can survive when covered by sediment due HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA to lack of oxygen. Fish need to hide when predators are around. Predators include larger fish, Check out our other brochures to learn more about Toxins mammals, and birds. The the many creatures that call White River home. Green Heron and Kingfisher . Toxins are poisonous are two birds that primarily substances present in Hitching a ride How can these IntroductionWhat exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources eat fish. The shadow of a to survive and animals live The West Fork of thea White macroinvertebrate? River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A.The watersMayer. of1992. West Field Fork Guide White to River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. IN, near Winchester. This warm water stream Freshwater Musselsassortment of the Midwest. of animals. Illinois Some Natural of them History are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North many types of chemicals underwater? meanders throughoutAquatic Randolph benthic County macroinvertebrates before include crayfish, Survey Manual 5.see, 194 like pp. raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, thrive entering Delaware County,mussels, passing snails, through worms, Muncieleeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. heron searching for a meal for approximately nineAquatic miles. Arefers majority to the of thisstream environment where Uniothese Gallery at Missouribottom, State Universitywhere they are not easily seen. These animals are Reproduction is a tricky process for our native Macroinvertebrates, like all animals, require oxygen Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female to live. Most types that live fully underwaterstretch use gills is sampled annuallyanimals by live; the benthic Bureau refersof Water to the bottom of the stream;unionid.missouristate.edu/ called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, holds her fertilized eggs in a special area called to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. TheQuality gills to assess the macrohealth meansof the Whitethese animals River’s fish,are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. used in everyday life. macroinvertebrate andeye; mussel and invertebrate communities. means Let’s these are animals withoutUSFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, the marsupium. Here, they grow into a larval stage are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” signals to a fish that it’s time called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubestake a that look at some ofa thebackbone. clean water Aquatic species macroinvertebrates they develop midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.htmlMacroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, extend from their body up to the water surface.encounter Still during theirunderwater. biological monitoring.Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates builders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive others get their oxygen by attaching an air Thebubble waters of the West Fork White River in Delaware Toxins that enter the complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- use the water as a nursery, developing underwater forNorthwestern Highhunters. School, These Kokomo, animals Indiana; are busy Sarah feeding themselves Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt to the body for an oxygen supply while they are County are home to manyweeks animals or even that years are before relatively they emerge from the waterBrichford, Field Technicianfrom a range Howard of food County in the Stormwater stream and, in turn, they are Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. AQUATIC specific, which means that each mussels species swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. Freshwater to take cover next to a rock, unknown to most people. Beneath the water has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will The role mussels as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lastingDistrict; and Lauraan A. important Bowley, Aquaticfood source Biologist for fish. at the Many types of fishing surface, we expect to see fish, but there is also a Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training not survive. from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, Munciea Sanitary District’sflies and Bureaubaits look of Waterlike macros. Quality. Macroinvertebrates are MACROINVERTEBRATES stream are potentially play in water quality wide assortment of aquaticdragonfly insects, nymph crustaceans spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, This beetle carries an air bubbleand mollusks as well. The variety of life in a stream To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic before crawling out of the water to spend a few weeksPhotos as contributed by:number Muncie and Sanitary variety District’sof macros Bureau present tells us about the Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) for oxygen supply. ecosystem is very rich indeed, but these animals and quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. Mussels under a downed tree, or in a a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation.of Water Quality. glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. their well-being are often overlooked simply because Text: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Stormwater District, Kokomo, mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Because everything in the waterway goes through WEST FORK WHITE RIVER we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a mussels belong to this family) have developed some their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near WEST IndianaFORK and Samuel WHITE J. Gradle, AquaticRIVER Biologist at the Muncie harmful. Some toxins stream. We must look below the water surface, and DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA astonishing adaptations and strategies. The fleshy pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. sometimes below rocks and even into the stream 3 deep pool beyond the reach mantle of many females in this family changes harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with Randolph County before entering Delaware County, DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. Leaves water Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue during this time to resemble remarkably realistic important processes needed to survive. Because of passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A for adult phaseCheck out our othermajority brochures of this stretch to learn is sampled more annuallyabout by the Bureau University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic insects. these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is will kill fish and their 1 the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish, District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. The female manipulates the lure, enticing an is important for assessing the health of our water the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult macroinvertebrate, and mussel communities. Let’s take a of the bird’s sharp beak. attack from the host fish. This allows glochidia to resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a are distributed all over the world, the greatest . . look at some of the clean water species they encounter be propelled toward the fish’s gills and fins where positive indicator of overall water quality and health. abundance and variety are foundlays eggsin North America. Check out our other brochures to learn more about Pollution Home is whereHow can theseIntroduction What exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resourcesduring their biological monitoring. The waters of West Fork White River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. animals live Indiana has over 35,600a miles macroinvertebrate? of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field they will then attach. The glochidia then attempt to Impacts the habitat is assortment of animals. Some of them are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. the many creatures that call White River home. Freshwater mussels are fascinating creatures Aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates include crayfish, see, like raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different underwater? mussels, snails, worms, leeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream This does not mean the water is always clean, only protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. Aquatic refers to the stream environment where these bottom, where they are not easily seen. These animals are . that pollution may occur but the impacts are not young. Clean streams offer high-qualityMacroinvertebrates, habitat for like all all animals, requireminnows. oxygen Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and Drew Mussels of different species develop different shell animals live; benthic refers to the bottom of the stream; called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the attach to the fish’s gills and fins. long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of these needs. to live. Most types that live fully underwaterhabitats use gills for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary food sources outright, with surprising life histories, including intriguing macro means these animals are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. Thedrainages gills to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and District’s Bureau of Water Quality are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” eye; and invertebrate means these are animals without and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, White River drainages ina backbone.central and Aquatic southern macroinvertebratesIndiana. This develop Macroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. FOOD oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathingvaried tubes landscape that has a lot to offer for different fish. Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a Sediment extend from their body up to the water surface. Still underwater. Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net Indianapolis, Indiana Hitching a ride Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates builders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the Pollution IntroductionHome is where ResourcesIntroduction Resources adaptations for Soilsurvival. erosion is a big others get their oxygen by attaching an airThe bubble West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near as the nymph form of the mayfly or Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana to the body for an oxygen supply while they are use the water as a nursery, developing underwater for hunters. These animals are busy feeding themselves Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt problem in Indiana’s rivers caddisfly. A good supply of these Winchester. This warm weekswater streamor even meanders years before throughout they emerge from the water from a range of food in the stream and, in turn, they are AQUATIC The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A. Mayer. 1992. Field Guide to swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. to survive and Indiana has over 35,600 miles of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field and streams. Sediment insects means the small fish will have Randolph County beforeas entering an adult. Delaware The adult County, phase is relatively short, lasting an important food source for fish. Many types of fishing Impacts IN, near Winchester. Thisthe warm water habitat stream is Freshwater Mussels of the Midwest. Illinois Natural History diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages covers the stream bottom plenty to eat. In turn, larger fish eat the passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. After several weeks attached to the host fish, from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, a flies and baits look like macros. Macroinvertebrates are Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training meanders throughout Randolph County before Survey Manual 5. 194 pp. What do and the gravel areas fish majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau MACROINVERTEBRATES A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different smaller fish. White River is also full of dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The entering Delaware County, passing through Muncie Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, thrive This does not mean the water is always clean, only protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County need to find food and lay crayfish, which is a favorite foodThis of beetle carries an air bubbleof Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish Stream Fish for approximately nine miles. A majority of this Unio Gallery at Missouri State University before crawling out of the water to spend a few weeks as number and variety of macros present tells us about the Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) Reproduction is a tricky process for our native that pollution may occur but the impacts are not young. Clean streams offer high-quality habitat for all minnows. Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and Drew eggs. Neither the insects sunfish and bass. for oxygen supply. community. Let’s take aa look winged at some adult of that the will clean lay water the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau of Water unionid.missouristate.edu/ freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), eaten by fish nor the fish species they encounter during their biological monitoring. WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORK WHITE RIVER Quality to assess the health of the White River’s fish, Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The Text: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Stormwater District, Kokomo, holds her fertilized eggs in a special area called stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. drainages to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and eggs can survive when The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near macroinvertebrate and mussel communities. Let’s USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ District’s Bureau of Water Quality Indiana and Samuel J. Gradle, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie the marsupium. Here, they grow into a larval stage White River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This covered by sediment due HIDING PLACES Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughoutDELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA take a look at some of the clean water species they midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.html Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the FOOD varied landscape has a lot to offer for different fish. Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, to lack of oxygen. Fish need to hide when 3 Randolph County before entering Delaware County, encounter during their biological monitoring. Leaves water glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, Sediment Indianapolis, Indiana predators are around. passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Nestled in the bed of a stream,Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more young mussels then detach and drift to the stream for adult phase Soil erosion is a big The waters of the Westas Forkthe nymph White formRiver ofin theDelaware mayfly or The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Predators include larger fish, Check out our othermajority brochures of this stretch to learn is sampled more annuallyabout by the Bureau Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana; Sarah University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- problem in Indiana’s rivers Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish, County are home to manycaddisfly. animals A thatgood are supply relatively of these Brichford, Field Technician Howard County Stormwater mammals, and birds. The 1 the many creatures that call White River home. District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. specific, which means that each mussels species Randolph County before entering Delaware County, Freshwater while others cause Toxins and streams. Sediment unknown to most people.insects Beneath means the the water small fish will have macroinvertebrates © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult macroinvertebrate, and mussel communities. Let’s take a The role mussels District; and Laura A. Bowley, Aquatic Biologist at the Green Heron and Kingfisher . has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will Toxins are poisonous covers the stream bottom surface, we expect to plentysee fish, to eat.but thereIn turn, is largeralso a fish eat the passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A are two birds that primarily lays eggs look at some of the clean water species they encounter not survive. Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. problem in the waterway. Hitching a ride How can these IntroductionWhat exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources and the gravel areas fish wide assortment of aquaticsmaller insects, fish. Whitecrustaceans River is also full of majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical substances present in during their biological monitoring. Check out our other brochures to learn more about eat fish. The shadow of a to survive and animals live The West Fork of thea White macroinvertebrate? River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A.The watersMayer. of1992. West Field Fork Guide White to River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. IN, near Winchester. This warm water stream Freshwater Musselsassortment of the Midwest. of animals. Illinois Some Natural of them History are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North play in waterneed to qualityfind food and lay of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish many types of chemicals underwater? meanders throughoutAquatic Randolph benthic County macroinvertebrates before include crayfish, Survey Manual 5.see, 194 like pp. raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, and mollusks as well. Thecrayfish, variety which of life is ina afavorite stream food of entering Delaware County,mussels, passing snails, through worms, Muncieleeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream Stream Fish thrive Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. Photos contributed by: Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau heron searching for a meal for approximately nineAquatic miles. Arefers majority to the of thisstream environment where Uniothese Gallery at Missouribottom, State Universitywhere they are not easily seen. These animals are the many creatures that call White River home. Reproduction is a tricky process for our native Macroinvertebrates, like all animals, require oxygen stretch is sampled annuallyanimals by live; the benthic Bureau refersof Water to the bottom of the stream; called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female to live. Most types that live fully underwater use gills unionid.missouristate.edu/ Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the eggs. Neither the insects community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water holds her fertilized eggs in a special area called to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. TheQuality gills to assess the macrohealth meansof the Whitethese animals River’s fish,are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, ecosystem is very richsunfish indeed, butand thesebass. animals and used in everyday life. macroinvertebrate andeye; mussel and invertebrate communities. means Let’s these are animals withoutUSFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ the marsupium. Here, they grow into a larval stage are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, macroinvertebrates are well take a look at some ofa thebackbone. clean water Aquatic species macroinvertebrates they develop midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.htmlMacroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. Mussels called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the of Water Quality. signals to a fish that it’s time oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubes that University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. encounter during theirunderwater. biological monitoring.Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net . Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater extend from their body up to the water surface. Still the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebratesText contributed by: builders,David Inskeep, free-floating Biology teacheropportunists, at and aggressive species they encounter during their biological monitoring. Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the eaten by fish nor the fish hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more others get their oxygen by attaching an air bubble The waters of the Westuse Fork the waterWhite as River a nursery, in Delaware developing underwater forNorthwestern Highhunters. School, These Kokomo, animals Indiana; are busy Sarah feeding themselves their well-being are often overlooked simply because Toxins that enter the complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- to the body for an oxygen supply while they are Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt County are home to many animals that are relatively WEST FORK WHITE RIVER specific, which means that each mussels species weeks or even years before they emerge from the waterBrichford, Field Technicianfrom a range Howard of food County in the Stormwater stream and, in turn, they are Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. AQUATIC swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. Freshwater to take cover next to a rock, unknown to most people. Beneath the water has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will The role mussels as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lastingDistrict; and Lauraan A. important Bowley, Aquaticfood source Biologist for fish. at the Many types of fishing mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Because everything in the waterway goes through surface, we expect to see fish, but there is also a What do not survive. from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, Munciea Sanitary District’sflies and Bureaubaits look of Waterlike macros. Quality. Macroinvertebrates are Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training MACROINVERTEBRATES eggs can survive when wide assortment of aquatic insects, crustaceans Hitching a ride stream are potentially play in water quality dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, Pollution IntroductionHome is where ResourcesIntroduction Resources we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a This beetle carries an air bubbleand mollusks as well. The variety of life in a stream To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic before crawling out of the water to spend a few weeksPhotos as contributed by:number Muncie and Sanitary variety District’sof macros Bureau present tells us about the Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) ecosystem is very rich indeed, but these animals and WEST FORK WHITE RIVER for oxygen supply. a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. Mussels The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A. Mayer. 1992. Field Guide to under a downed tree, or in a of Water Quality. glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. to survive and Indiana has over 35,600 miles of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of their well-being are often overlooked simply because mussels belong to this family) have developed some time for the young mussels, as they will only settle Text: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Stormwater District, Kokomo, WEST FORK WHITE RIVER Impacts IN, near Winchester. Thisthe warm water habitat stream is Freshwater Mussels of the Midwest. Illinois Natural History mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Because everything in the waterway goes through we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. covered by sediment due The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near WEST FORK WHITE RIVER meanders throughout Randolph County before Survey Manual 5. 194 pp. mussels belong to this family) have developed some their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of Indiana and Samuel J. Gradle, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different stream. We must look below the water surface, and stream. We must look below the water surface, and entering Delaware County, passing through Muncie DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA harmful. Some toxins DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA HIDING PLACES astonishing adaptations and strategies. The fleshy pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. thrive This does not mean the water is always clean, only sometimes below rocks and even into the stream 3 protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County deep pool beyond the reach mantle of many females in this family changes harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with Randolph County before entering Delaware County, DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Reproduction is a tricky process for our native that pollution may occur but the impactsfor are approximately not nine miles. A majority of this Unio Gallery at Missouri State University bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. Leaves water Nestled in the bed of a stream,young. Clean streams offer high-quality habitat for all minnows. Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and and Drew pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau of Water unionid.missouristate.edu/ astonishing adaptations and strategies. The fleshy during this time to resemble remarkably realistic important processes needed to survive. Because of freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary for adult phaseCheck out our othermajority brochures of this stretch to learn is sampled more annuallyabout by the Bureau Quality to assess the health of the White River’s fish, to lack of oxygen. mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic insects. these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary holds her fertilized eggs in a special area called stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. drainages to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish, macroinvertebrate and mussel communities. Let’s USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ District’s Bureau of Water Quality sometimes below rocks and even into the stream will kill fish and their is important for assessing the health of our water 1 the many creatures that call White River home. the marsupium. Here, they grow into a larval stage macroinvertebrates The female manipulates the lure, enticing an the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. White River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This Fish need to hide when © 2012 Ernie Cooper take a look at some of the clean water species they midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.html DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Adult macroinvertebrate, and mussel communities. Let’s take a of the bird’s sharp beak. attack from the host fish. This allows glochidia to resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a are distributed all over the world, the greatest . . called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the FOOD varied landscape has a lot to offer for different fish. Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, look at some of the clean water species they encounter encounter during their biological monitoring. harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with be propelled toward the fish’s gills and fins where positive indicator of overall water quality and health. lays eggs glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, Sediment mantle of many females in this family changes abundance and variety are found in North America. Indianapolis, Indiana Pollution Home is whereHow can theseIntroduction What exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resourcesduring their biological monitoring. Check out our other brochures to learn more about Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at The waters of West Fork White River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. animals live Indiana has over 35,600a miles macroinvertebrate? of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more they will then attach. The glochidia then attempt to Impacts the habitat is assortment of animals. Some of them are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North Freshwater mussels are fascinating creatures well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. Soil erosion is a big The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near Aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates include crayfish, see, like raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. The waters of the Westas Forkthe nymph White formRiver ofin theDelaware mayfly or Like other animals, fish are constantlyunderwater? searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different mussels, snails, worms, leeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana; Sarah This does not mean the water is always clean, only protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Aquatic refers to the stream environment where these bottom, where they are not easily seen. These animals are the many creatures that call White River home. that pollution may occur but the impacts are not young. Clean streams offer high-qualityMacroinvertebrates, habitat for like all all animals, requireminnows. oxygen Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and and Drew Mussels of different species develop different shell animals live; benthic refers to the bottom of the stream; called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. attach to the fish’s gills and fins. to live. Most types that live fully underwater use gills long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. problem in Indiana’s rivers with surprising life histories, including intriguing macro means these animals are visible with the naked Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, food sources outright, to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. The gills macroinvertebrates are well stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. drainages to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and caddis fly. A good supply of these District’s Bureau of Water Quality County are home to many animals that are relatively eye; and invertebrate means these are animals without are continuously moved back and forth toWhite “capture” River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, Brichford, Field Technician Howard County Stormwater predators are around. oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubes that a backbone. Aquatic macroinvertebrates develop Macroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. FOOD varied landscape has a lotunderwater. to offer for Some, different like mussels fish. and leeches, never leaveReview: Greg Bright,Their Commonwealth specific behaviors BioMonitoring, include being laid-back net . specific, which means that each mussels species shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a extend from their body up to the water surface. Still Sediment Indianapolis, Indiana Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates builders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the and streams. Sediment Randolph County before entering Delaware County, Freshwater adaptations for survival. others get their oxygen by attaching an air bubble Soil erosion is a big as the nymph form of the mayfly or The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near Jay Beugly, Purduehunters. University, These animals West Lafayette,are busy feeding Indiana themselves insects means the small fish will have use the water as a nursery, developing underwater for unknown to most people. Beneath the water to the body for an oxygen supply while they are Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt problem in Indiana’s rivers caddis fly. A good supply of these Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout weeks or even years before they emerge from the water from a range of food in the stream and, in turn, they are Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. AQUATIC swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. District; and Laura A. Bowley, Aquatic Biologist at the and streams. Sediment Randolph County before entering Delaware County, The role mussels insects means the small fish will have as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lasting an important food source for fish. Many types of fishing has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages covers the stream bottom passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A After several weeks attached to the host fish, plenty to eat. In turn, larger fish eat the flies and baits look like macros. Macroinvertebrates are from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, a Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training MACROINVERTEBRATES passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A important processes needed to survive. Because of covers the stream bottom What do and the gravel areas fish majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau smaller fish. White River is also full of dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, Hitching a ride surface, we expect to plentysee fish, to eat.but thereIn turn, is largeralso a fish eat the need to find food and lay of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish Pollution IntroductionHome is where ResourcesIntroduction Resources during this time to resemble remarkably realistic crayfish, which is a favorite foodThis of beetle carries an air bubble before crawling out of the water to spend a few weeks as number and variety of macros present tells us about theStream Fish Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) eggs. Neither the insects sunfish and bass. for oxygen supply. community. Let’s take aa look winged at some adult of that the will clean lay water the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A. Mayer. 1992. Field Guide to (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), eaten by fish nor the fish species they encounter during their biological monitoring. WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORKto surviveWHITE RIVER and Indiana has over 35,600 miles of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field not survive. the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The Text: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Stormwater District, Kokomo, Impacts IN, near Winchester. Thisthe warm water habitat stream is Freshwater Mussels of the Midwest. Illinois Natural History majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau eggs can survive when and the gravel areas fish The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. Indiana and Samuel J. Gradle, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie meanders throughout Randolph County before Survey Manual 5. 194 pp. wide assortment of aquaticsmaller insects, fish. Whitecrustaceans River is also full of covered by sediment due HIDING PLACES Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughoutDELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. thrive entering Delaware County, passing through Muncie to lack of oxygen. Fish need to hide when 3 Randolph County before entering Delaware County, This does not mean the water is always clean, only protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Leaves water Reproduction is a tricky process for our native that pollution may occur but the impactsfor are approximately not nine miles. A majority of this Unio Gallery at Missouri State University while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a predators are around. passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Photographs: Julie Speelman,Nestled PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue in the bed of a stream,young. Clean streams offer high-quality habitat for all minnows. Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and and Drew young mussels then detach and drift to the stream stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau of Water unionid.missouristate.edu/ for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary play in waterneed to qualityfind food and lay Predators include larger fish, University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary Quality to assess the health of the White River’s fish, Check out our other brochures to learn more about holds her fertilized eggs in a special area called stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. crayfish, which is a favorite food of drainages to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and and mollusks as well. The variety of life in a stream mammals, and birds. The the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish District’s Bureau of Water Quality 1 District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. the marsupium. Here, they grow into a larval stage macroinvertebrate and mussel communities. Let’s USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ Stream Fish while others cause Toxins © 2012 Ernie Cooper community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water White River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This Photos contributed by: Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau macroinvertebrates Green Heron and Kingfisher Adult . take a look at some of the clean water species they midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.html Check out our other brochures to learn more about called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the Toxins are poisonous are two birds that primarily lays eggs species they encounter during their biological monitoring. FOOD varied landscape has a lot to offer for different fish. Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, Predators include larger fish, problem in the waterway. encounter during their biological monitoring. To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical substances present in Hitching a ride How can these IntroductionWhat exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources Check out our other brochures to learn more about glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, Sediment eat fish. The shadow of a Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at Indianapolis, Indiana community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water to survive and animals live a macroinvertebrate? eggs. Neither the insects hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more many types of chemicals thrive underwater? Soil erosion is a big as the nymph form of the mayfly or The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana sunfish and bass. heron searching for a meal the many creatures that call White River home. The waters of the West Fork White River in Delaware Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana; Sarah ecosystem is very rich indeed, but these animals and used in everyday life. macroinvertebratescomplicated, most Unionid mussels are host- areproblem in Indiana’swell rivers Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout signals to a fish that it’s time County are home to manycaddis animals fly. A thatgood are supply relatively of these . Brichford, Field Technician Howard County Stormwater Mussels specific, which means that each mussels species of Water Quality. Toxins that enter the and streams. Sediment Randolph County before entering Delaware County, Freshwater to take cover next to a rock, The role mussels Freshwater AQUATIC unknown to most people.insects Beneath means the the water small fish will have Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. What do The role mussels District; and Laura A. Bowley, Aquatic Biologist at the MACROINVERTEBRATESHitching a ride Introduction Resources has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater stream are potentially play in waterThis beetlequality carries an air bubble Pollution Home is where Introduction Resources covers the stream bottom passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A time for the young mussels, as they will only settle under a downed tree, or in a for oxygen supply. Mussels surface, we expect to plentysee fish, to eat.but thereIn turn, is largeralso a fish eat the WEST FORKto WHITEsurvive RIVER and Impacts the habitat is species they encounter during their biological monitoring. Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. eaten by fish nor the fish harmful. Some toxins WEST FORK WHITE RIVER DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA not survive. majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau 3 DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA thrive and the gravel areas fish wide assortment of aquaticsmaller insects, fish. Whitecrustaceans River is also full of deep pool beyond the reach Leaves water Nestled in the bed of a stream, for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about their well-being are often overlooked simply because the many creatures that call White River home. these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms will kill fish and their macroinvertebrates 1 play in waterneed to qualityfind food and lay of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish of the bird’s sharp beak. Adult FOOD and mollusks as well. Thecrayfish, variety which of life is ina afavorite stream food of Stream Fish lays eggs Photos contributed by: Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau WEST FORK WHITE RIVER Check out our other brochures to learn more about Sediment To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic food sources outright, the many creaturesmacroinvertebrates that call White River home. are well Freshwater eggs. Neither the insects ecosystem is very richsunfish indeed, butand thesebass. animals and community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic insects. do in the stream? The role mussels What do Stream Fish Mussels glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. of Water Quality. Because everything in the waterway goes through while others cause macroinvertebrates Nestled in the bed of a stream, play in water quality Stream Fish eaten by fish nor the fish species they encounter during their biological monitoring. mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native macroinvertebrates are well Freshwater Mussels their well-being are often overlooked simply because WEST FORK WHITE RIVER do in the stream? Stream Fish WEST FORK WHITE RIVER do in the stream? Musselscamouflaged. in ideal streams and river habitats. do in the stream? camouflaged. camouflaged. 2 HIDING PLACES WEST FORK WHITEcamouflaged. RIVER DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Because everything in the waterway goes through problems with growth Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure”Nymphs to grow eggs can survive when eggs can survive when DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA REPRODUCTION mussels are well camouflaged. 2 attract a potential host for its larvalunderwater offspring. we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Check out our other brochures to learn more about their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of WEST FORK WHITE RIVER do in the stream? the many creatures that call White River home. mussels belong to this family) have developed some and reproduction. we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a covered by sediment due Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A Nymphs grow Toxins stream. We must look HIDINGbelow the water PLACES surface, and DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is and staying safe from predators. They have many Lure astonishing adaptations and strategies. The fleshy pollutants. Sediment in the waterwaysto lack ofis especiallyoxygen. underwaterMantle sometimes below rocks and even into the stream stream bottom with clean gravel or rocks is necessary for Stream Fish Fish need to hide when WEST FORK WHITE RIVER different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and mantle of many females in this family changes harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Side view their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. Rock predators are around. mussels belong to this family) have developed some many fish to reproduce successfully.occupy locations in the stream where they function 2 Mussel Marsupium REPRODUCTION important processes needed to survive. Because of during this time to resemble remarkably realistic Stormwater (buried) Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure” to mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larval offspring. Check out our other brochures to learn more about Check out our other brochures to learn more about covered by sediment due Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Dorsal view Predators include larger fish, in ideal streams and river habitats. best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim Stormwater these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic insects. When precipitation falls LIFE CYCLE One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is stream. We must look below the water surface, and mammals, and birds. The the many creatures that call White River home. the many creatures that call White River home. freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect Lure HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA The female manipulates the lure, enticing an is important for assessing the health of our water Toxins the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels camouflaged. on our cities and towns it Mantle Green Heron and Kingfisher Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays athemselves, “lure” and others make nets to catch tofood. . LIFE CYCLE resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a . . runs across hard surfaces Nymphs grow Side view attack from the host fish. This allows glochidia to Toxins are poisonousare distributed all over the world, the greatest problems with growth Rock are two birds that primarily pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom Mussel Marsupium astonishing adaptations and strategies. The fleshy be propelled toward the fish’s gills and fins where positive indicator of overall water quality and health. Hitching a ride - like rooftops, sidewalks (buried) substances presentabundance in and varietyPollution are foundHome in Northis whereHow can America. theseIntroduction What exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources How can these IntroductionWhat exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources Dorsal view eat fish. The shadow of a to survive and animals live a macroinvertebrate? to lack of oxygen. and staying safe from predators. They have many animals live a macroinvertebrate? mammals, and birds. The temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of they will then attach. The glochidia then attempt to Freshwater musselsImpacts are fascinatingthe habitat creatures is and roads - and carries many types of chemicals heron searching underwater?for a meal thrive underwater? sometimes below rocks and even into the stream the many creatures that call White River home. fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and attach to the fish’s gills and fins. Mussels of different species develop different shell © 2012 Louis Cahill used in everydaywith life. surprising life histories, including intriguing Fish need to hide when pollutants, including signals to a fish that it’s time FOOD DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potentialnitrogen and phosphorus, host for its larval offspring. Toxins that enteradaptations the for Sedimentsurvival. to take cover next to a rock, AQUATIC The role mussels Freshwater AQUATIC the many creatures that call White River home. harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest aloneunderwater in spaces After several weeks attached to the host fish, diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages MACROINVERTEBRATES MACROINVERTEBRATES mantle of many females in this family changes stream are potentially play in waterThis beetlequality carries an air bubble into local waterways. This beetle carries an air bubble Stream Fish under a downed tree, or in a for oxygen supply. Mussels for oxygen supply. WEST FORK WHITE RIVER different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORK WHITE RIVER harmful. Some toxins DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA 3 DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA deep pool beyond the reach 3 Leaves water Leaves water later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest young mussels then detach and drift to the stream while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about will kill fish and their 1 the many creatures that call White River home. in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth 1 the many creatures that call White River home. Adult ofToxins the bird’s sharp beak. Adult predators are around. lays eggs in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between problem in the waterway. lays eggs Check out our other brochures to learn more about bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical Check out our other brochures to learn more about food sources outright, the many creatures that call White River home. REPRODUCTION and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved the many creatures that call White River home. is important for assessing the health of our water What do Freshwater What do Stream Fish rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the time for the young mussels, as they will only settle Mussels Nestled in the bed of a stream, important processes needed to survive. Because of 2 while others cause Nestled in the bed of a stream, macroinvertebrates oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen macroinvertebrates macroinvertebrates are well during this time to resemble remarkably realistic macroinvertebrates are well Freshwater Freshwater do in the stream? Mussels Stream Fish The female manipulates the lure, enticing an male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near in ideal streams and river habitats. do in the stream? camouflaged. Mussels Stream Fish 2 camouflaged. occupy locations in the stream where they function problems with growth REPRODUCTION 2 Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure”Nymphs to grow to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass Nymphs grow mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larvalunderwater offspring. REPRODUCTION underwater the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish Stormwater Check out our other brochures to learn more about clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants and reproduction. Check out our other brochures to learn more about 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater musselClean displays streamsLIFE CYCLE have a “lure” places to for fish to raise their young. A Predators include larger fish, or other fish until they hatch. Lure Toxins can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potentialstream host forbottom its larvalwith clean offspring. gravel or rocks is necessary for Mantle West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels fertilizers. Side view these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms many fish to reproduce successfully. Rock mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic insects. Mussel Marsupium Stormwater (buried) One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim Dorsal view When precipitation falls mammals, and birds. The the many creatures that call White River home. on our cities and towns it LIFE CYCLE the many creatures that call White River home. runs across hard surfaces is important for assessing the health of our water The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom The female manipulates the lure, enticing an freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect - like rooftops, sidewalks Toxins the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels and reproduction. temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of Lure and roads - and carries fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and Green Heron and Kingfisher pollutants, including Green Heron and Kingfisher the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the . nitrogen and phosphorus,Mantle . . . stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces attack from the host fish. This allows glochidia to resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a into local waterways. themselves, and others make nets to catch food. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days are distributed all over the world, the greatest Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought Toxins are poisonous . Nymphs grow Side view later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest . in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth are two birds that primarily in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved Rock rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen be propelled toward the fish’s gills and fins where positive indicator of overall water quality and health. resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near Hitching a ride Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass Marsupium substances presentabundance in and variety are found in NorthHow can America. these What exactly is How can these IntroductionWhat exactly is Resources Mussel the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish Pollution Home is where Introduction ResourcesIntroduction Resources Introduction Resources attack from the host fish. This allows glochidia to clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A or other fish until they hatch. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 eat fish. The shadow of a (buried) The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A.The watersMayer. of1992. West Field Fork Guide White to River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and The waters of West Fork White River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. to survive and animals live a macroinvertebrate? Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896West Fork White | MuncieSanitary.org River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org animals live Indiana has over 35,600a miles macroinvertebrate? of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field IN, near Winchester. This warm water stream Freshwater Musselsassortment of the Midwest. of animals. Illinois Some Natural of them History are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North and staying safe from predators. They have many fertilizers. they will then attach. The glochidia then attempt to assortment of animals. Some of them are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North Impacts the habitat is well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. meanders throughoutAquatic Randolph benthic County macroinvertebrates before include crayfish, Survey Manual 5.see, 194 like pp. raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, are distributed all over the world, the greatest Lure Freshwater mussels are fascinating creatures many types of chemicals Aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates include crayfish, see, like raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different underwater? entering Delaware County,mussels, passing snails, through worms, Muncieleeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream Toxins are poisonous underwater? mussels, snails, worms, leeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream thrive Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. This does not mean the heronwater is always clean, only searching for a meal Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. for approximately nineAquatic miles. A refers majority to the of thisstream environment where Uniothese Gallery at Missouribottom, State Universitywhere they are not easily seen. These animals are protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Aquatic refers to the stream environment where these bottom, where they are not easily seen. These animals are Reproduction is a tricky process for our native Macroinvertebrates, like all animals, require oxygen that pollution may occur but the impacts are not young. Clean streams offer high-qualityMacroinvertebrates, habitat for like all all animals, requireminnows. oxygen Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and and Drew stretch is sampled annuallyanimals by live; the benthic Bureau refersof Water to the bottom of the stream;unionid.missouristate.edu/ called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the Mussels of different species develop different shell animals live; benthic refers to the bottom of the stream; called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female to live. Most types that live fully underwater use gills attach to the fish’s gills and fins. long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of to live. Most types that live fully underwater use gills Quality to assess the macrohealth meansof the Whitethese animalsRiver’s fish,are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, with surprising life histories, including intriguing macro means these animals are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, holds her fertilized eggs are in a special area called to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. The gills used in everyday life. USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. Thedrainages gills to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and macroinvertebrate andeye; mussel and invertebrate communities. means Let’s these are animals without eye; and invertebrate means these are animals without District’s Bureau of Water Quality the marsupium as they grow into a larval stage are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, are continuously moved back and forth toWhite “capture” River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, take a look at some ofa thebackbone. clean water Aquatic species macroinvertebrates they develop midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.htmlMacroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. © 2012 Louis Cahill signals to a fish that it’s time called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubes that a backbone. Aquatic macroinvertebrates develop Macroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. FOOD oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathingvaried tubes landscape that has a lot to offer for different fish. Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, encounter during theirunderwater. biological monitoring.Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net are two birds that primarily Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net extend from their body up to the water surface. Still shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a extend from their body up to the water surface. Still underwater. Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Text contributed by: builders,David Inskeep, free-floating Biology teacheropportunists, at and aggressive Sediment the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates Indianapolis, Indianabuilders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more others get their oxygen by attaching an air bubble adaptations for survival. others get their oxygen by attaching an air bubble Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the The waters of the Westuse Fork the waterWhite as River a nursery, in Delaware developing underwater forNorthwestern Highhunters. School, These Kokomo, animals Indiana; are busy Sarah feeding themselves Toxins that enter the Soil erosion is a big The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near Mantle Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt as the nymph form of the mayfly or to the body for an oxygen supply while they are use the water as a nursery, developing underwater for hunters. These animals are busy feeding themselves Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt County are home to many animals that are relatively problem in Indiana’s rivers to the body for an oxygen supply while theyWinchester. are This warm water stream meanders throughout specific, which means that each mussels species weeks or even years before they emerge from the waterBrichford, Field Technicianfrom a range Howard of food County in the Stormwater stream and, in turn, they are Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. AQUATIC caddis fly. A good supply of these swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. Freshwater to take cover next to a rock, weeks or even years before they emerge from the water from a range of food in the stream and, in turn, they are AQUATIC unknown to most people. Beneath the water and streams. Sediment swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank.Randolph County before entering Delaware County, Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will The role mussels as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lastingDistrict; and Lauraan A. important Bowley, Aquaticfood source Biologist for fish. at the Many types of fishing insects means the small fish will have as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lasting an important food source for fish. Many types of fishing surface, we expect to see fish, but there is also a diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages covers the stream bottom passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A not survive. from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, Munciea Sanitary District’sflies and Bureaubaits look of Waterlike macros. Quality. Macroinvertebrates are Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training After several weeks attached to the host fish, plenty to eat. In turn, larger fish eat the from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, a flies and baits look like macros. Macroinvertebrates are MACROINVERTEBRATES underwater Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training wide assortment of aquatic insects, crustaceans MACROINVERTEBRATES stream are potentially and the gravel areas fish smaller fish. White River is also full of majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau play in water quality dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, This beetle carries an air bubbleand mollusks as well. beforeThe variety crawling of life out in of a streamthe water to spend a few weeksPhotos as contributed by:number Muncie and Sanitary variety District’sof macros Bureau present tells us about the positive indicator of overall water quality and health. need to find food and lay crayfish, which is a favorite foodThis of beetle carries an air bubbleof Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish number and variety of macros present tells us about theStream Fish To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) under a downed tree, or in a before crawling out of the water to spend a few weeks as for oxygen supply. ecosystem is very rich indeed, but these animals and Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation.of Water Quality.quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. Mussels eggs. Neither the insects sunfish and bass. community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. be propelled toward the fish’s gills and fins where for oxygen supply. a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. their well-being are often overlooked simply because stream bottom with clean gravel or rocks is necessary for eaten by fish nor the fish species they encounter during their biological monitoring. Because everything in the waterway goes through Text: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Stormwater District, Kokomo, WEST FORK WHITE RIVER mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Hitching a ride (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WEST FORK WHITE RIVER the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The WESTText: FORKSarah Brichford, WHITE Howard County RIVER Stormwater District, Kokomo, we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a How can these What exactly is eggs can survive when mussels belong to this family) have developed their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near WEST IndianaFORK and Samuel WHITE J. Gradle, AquaticRIVER Biologist at the Muncie harmful. Some toxins The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near stream. We must look below the water surface, and different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and Indiana and Samuel J. Gradle, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Introduction Resources covered by sediment due HIDING PLACES Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughoutDELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY,some astonishing adaptations INDIANA and strategies. pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. abundance and variety are found in North America. Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. sometimes below rocks and even into the stream 3 Randolph County before entering Delaware County, How can these What exactly is DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Introduction Resources to lack of oxygen. deep pool beyond the reach 3 The fleshy mantle of many females in this family harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with substances present in Fish need to hide when Randolph County before entering Delaware County, bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. Leaves water Leaves water changes during this time to resemble remarkably important processes needed to survive. Because of passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a predators are around. passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about young mussels then detach and drift to the stream these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary for adult phase realistic mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic Pollution Home is where Introduction ResourcesIntroduction Resources Side view Predators include larger fish, Check out our othermajority brochures of this stretch to learn is sampled more annuallyabout by the Bureau One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is will kill fish and their University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish is important for assessing the health of our water 1 mammals, and birds. The 1 the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish insects. The female manipulates the lure, enticing the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water Toxins resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a . . of the bird’s sharp beak. © 2012 Ernie Cooper an attack from the host fish, allowing glochidia to are distributed all over the world, the greatest Green Heron and Kingfisher Adult community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water Toxins are poisonous . be propelled toward the fish. The glochidia then positive indicator of overall water quality and health. lays eggs species they encounter during their biological monitoring. are two birds that primarily lays eggs species they encounter during their biological monitoring. abundance and varietyPollution are foundHome in Northis whereHow can America. theseIntroduction What exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources Check out our other brochures to learn more about problem in the waterway. animals live a macroinvertebrate? bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical substances present in Hitching a ride How can these IntroductionWhat exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources Check out our other brochures to learn more about attempt to attach to the fish’s gills and fins. Freshwater musselsImpacts are fascinatingthe habitat creatures is eat fish. The shadow of a eat fish. The shadow of a underwater? The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A.The watersMayer. of1992. West Field Fork Guide White to River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. food sources outright, many types of chemicals to survive and animals live a macroinvertebrate? Mussels of different species develop different shell the many creatures that call White River home. heron searching for a meal thrive underwater? the many creatures that call White River home. with surprising life histories, including intriguing

FOOD . animals live used in everyday life. After several weeks attached to the host fish, shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a signals to a fish that it’s time adaptations for Sedimentsurvival. . AQUATIC The waters of West Fork White River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. to survive and diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages a macroinvertebrate? Toxins that enter the the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The What do MACROINVERTEBRATES Freshwater AQUATIC Hitching a ride Introduction Resources to take cover next to a rock, The role mussels This beetle carries an air bubble Stream Fish Pollution Home is where Introduction Resources What do for oxygen supply. MACROINVERTEBRATES stream are potentially play in water quality Hitching a ride Pollution IntroductionHome is where ResourcesIntroduction Resources young mussels then detach and drift to the stream (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORKto surviveWHITE RIVER and animals live This beetle carries an air bubble Impacts the habitat is time for the young mussels, as they will only settle under a downed tree, or in a for oxygen supply. Mussels to survive and HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA WEST FORK WHITE RIVER Impacts the habitat is 3 thrive IN, near Winchester. This warm water stream assortment of animals. Some of them are fairly easy to Rock WEST FORK WHITE RIVER bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a Leaves water Nestled in the bed of a stream, harmful. Some toxins for adult phase Freshwater Mussels of the Midwest. Illinois Natural History 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA a macroinvertebrate? thrive Indiana has over 35,600 miles of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field while others cause 3 deep pool beyond the reach DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA 1 Leaves water Nestled in the bed of a stream, macroinvertebrates Toxins Adult for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about time for the young mussels, as they will only settle problem in the waterway. lays eggs FOOD will kill fish and their macroinvertebrates 1 the many creatures that call White River home. Sediment of the bird’s sharp beak. Adult FOOD macroinvertebrates are well lays eggs Check out our other brochures to learn more about Sediment What do The role mussels Freshwater assortment of animals. Some of them are fairly easy to food sources outright, the many creaturesmacroinvertebrates that call White River home. are well in ideal streams and river habitats. Nestled in the bed of a stream, 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North The role mussels Freshwater macroinvertebrates play in water quality Stream Fish What do Stream Fish macroinvertebrates are well Mussels while others cause Nestled in the bed of a stream, play in water quality do in the stream? do in the stream? camouflaged. camouflaged. WEST FORK WHITE RIVER macroinvertebrates Stream Fish REPRODUCTION 2 WEST FORK WHITE RIVER Impacts the habitat is macroinvertebrates are well Freshwater Mussels Nymphs grow HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA they will then attach. The glochidia then attempt to do in the stream? Stream Fish WEST FORK WHITE RIVER in ideal streams and river habitats. do in the stream? camouflaged. Musselscamouflaged. underwater DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA 2 WEST FORK WHITE RIVER 2 meanders throughout Randolph County before see, like raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most problems with growth Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure” to HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Check out our other brochures to learn more about Aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates include crayfish, Nymphs grow Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Stormwater many fish to reproduce successfully. mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larvalunderwater offspring. DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA the many creatures that call White River home. problems with growth REPRODUCTION 2 well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displaysLIFE CYCLE a “lure” to Survey Manual 5. 194 pp. Toxins America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Check out our other brochures to learn more about Nymphs grow Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. and reproduction. the many creatures that call White River home. and staying safe from predators. They have many Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A Nymphs grow Toxins mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larval offspring. and staying safe from predators. They have many Lure underwater occupy locations in the stream where they function Stream Fish different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and Aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates include crayfish, see, like raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most Marsupium underwaterMantle REPRODUCTIONstream bottom with clean gravel or rocks is necessary for Stream Fish different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and Freshwater mussels are fascinating creatures America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Side view occupy locations in the stream where they function REPRODUCTION underwater? Rock Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure” to many types of chemicals many fish to reproduce successfully.occupy locations in the stream where they function mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larval offspring. Mussel Marsupium REPRODUCTION Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure” to A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Mussel (buried) best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim Stormwater Stormwater entering Delaware County, passing through Muncie abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream 2 mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larval offspring. mussels, snails, worms, leeches, and numerous insects. and reproduction. best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim Dorsal view LIFE CYCLE Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different Stormwater freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect When precipitation falls LIFE CYCLE Lure underwater? thrive Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect Mantle Lure themselves, and others make nets to catch food. on our cities and towns it Mantle Side view mussels, snails, worms, leeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displaysLIFE CYCLE athemselves, “lure” and others make nets to catch tofood. Rock Side view Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A Mussel Marsupium runs across hard surfaces Rock (buried) Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom Mussel Marsupium Lure Dorsal view - like rooftops, sidewalks (buried) This does not mean the water is always clean, only (buried) 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 Dorsal view Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County for approximately nineAquatic miles. Arefers majority to the of thisstream environment where Uniothese Gallery at Missouribottom, State Universitywhere they are not easily seen. These animals are temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny and roads - and carries © 2012 Louis Cahill heron searching for a meal fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and Reproduction is a tricky process for our native Stormwater pollutants, including © 2012 Louis Cahill Mantle Macroinvertebrates, like all animals, require oxygen bottom, where they are not easily seen. These animals are the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the Aquatic refers to the stream environment where these mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potentialnitrogen and phosphorus,stream host forbottom its larvalwith clean offspring. gravel or rocks is necessary for stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces into local waterways. that pollution may occur but the impacts are not Macroinvertebrates, like all animals, require oxygen between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days Side view stretch is sampled annuallyanimals by live; the benthic Bureau refersof Water to the bottom of the stream;unionid.missouristate.edu/ called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought young. Clean streams offer high-quality habitat for all minnows. Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and Drew Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female Dorsal view in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth to live. Most types that live fully underwater use gills in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between Rock called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at and decay that leads to manylow levels of dissolved fish to reproduce successfully. animals live; benthic refers to the bottom of the stream; Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen Marsupium Mussels of different species develop different shell male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near Mussel long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of to live. Most types that live fully underwater use gills Quality to assess the health of the White River’s fish, home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes macro means these animals are visible with the naked Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish (buried) 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 attach to the fish’s gills and fins. Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary Stormwater clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants holds her fertilized eggs in a special area called 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. The gills or other fish until they hatch. Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org macro means these animals are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, fertilizers. with surprising life histories, including tointriguing obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. The gills USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ used in everyday life. stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. macroinvertebrate andeye; mussel and invertebrate communities. means Let’s these are animals without When precipitation falls drainages to the north andeye; warm and invertebrate waters in the means Wabash these and are animals without District’s Bureau of Water Quality the marsupium. Here, they grow into a larval stage are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, take a look at some ofa thebackbone. clean water Aquatic species macroinvertebrates they develop midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.htmlMacroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. on our cities and towns it signals to a fish that it’s timeWhite River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This Macroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubes that University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. a backbone. Aquatic macroinvertebrates develop When precipitation falls LIFE CYCLE oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathingvaried tubes landscape that has a lot to offer for different fish. Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. encounter during theirunderwater. biological monitoring.Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net runs across hard surfaces FOOD underwater. Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, extend from their body up to the water surface. Still The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a Sediment extend from their body up to the water surface. Still the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebratesText contributed by: builders,David Inskeep, free-floating Biology teacheropportunists, at and aggressive Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the - like rooftops, sidewalks Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such Indianapolis, Indiana hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more others get their oxygen by attaching an air bubble freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of others get their oxygen by attaching an air bubble the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates builders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the The waters of the West Fork White River in Delaware Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana; Sarah Lure adaptations for Soilsurvival. erosion is a big The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near use the water as a nursery, developing underwater for hunters. These animals are busy feeding themselves Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt and roads - and carries Toxins that enter the as the nymph form of the mayfly or Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- to the body for an oxygen supply while they are fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and use the water as a nursery, developing underwater for hunters. These animals are busy feeding themselves Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt County are home to many animals that are relatively problem in Indiana’s rivers to the body for an oxygen supply while theyWinchester. are This warm water stream meanders throughout specific, which means that each mussels species weeks or even years before they emerge from the waterBrichford, Field Technicianfrom a range Howard of food County in the Stormwater stream and, in turn, they are Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. AQUATIC pollutants, including caddisfly. A good supply of these from a range of food in the stream and, in turn, they are swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. Freshwater to take cover next to a rock, weeks or even years before they emerge from the water unknown to most people. Beneath the water Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. AQUATIC Mantle the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. The role mussels as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lastingDistrict; and Lauraan A. important Bowley, Aquaticfood source Biologist for fish. at the Many types of fishing on our cities and towns it nitrogen and phosphorus, and streams. Sediment insects means the small fish will have Randolph County before entering Delaware County, an important food source for fish. Many types of fishing has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lasting surface, we expect to see fish, but there is also a into local waterways. diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages covers the stream bottom plenty to eat. In turn, larger fish eat the passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A not survive. from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, Munciea Sanitary District’sflies and Bureaubaits look of Waterlike macros. Quality. Macroinvertebrates are Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training MACROINVERTEBRATES After several weeks attached to the host fish, from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, a flies and baits look like macros. Macroinvertebrates are Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training wide assortment of aquatic insects, crustaceans themselves, and others make nets to catch food. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days and the gravel areas fish majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau MACROINVERTEBRATES dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure” to Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, LIFE CYCLE Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought smaller fish. White River is also full of stream are potentially dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The play in water quality Side view later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, This beetle carries an air bubbleand mollusks as well. beforeThe variety crawling of life out in of a streamthe water to spend a few weeksPhotos as contributed by:number Muncie and Sanitary variety District’sof macros Bureau present tells us about the in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth need to find food and lay crayfish, which is a favorite foodThis of beetle carries an air bubbleof Water Quality to assessbefore the crawlinghealth of out White of the River’s water fish to spend a few weeks as number and variety of macros present tells us about theStream Fish To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) for oxygen supply. ecosystem is very richa indeed,winged adultbut these that animalswill lay theand eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. Mussels under a downed tree, or in a of Water Quality. eggs. Neither the insects community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. runs across hard surfaces and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved sunfish and bass. for oxygen supply. a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. their well-being are often overlooked simply because Nymphs grow rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the Rock WEST FORK WHITE RIVER problems with growth oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen eaten by fish nor the fish species they encounter during their biological monitoring. mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Because everything in the waterway goes through Text: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Stormwater District, Kokomo, (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WESTText: FORKSarah Brichford, WHITE Howard County RIVER Stormwater District, Kokomo, WEST FORK WHITE RIVER we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass eggs can survive when mussels belong to this family) have developed some their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of WEST IndianaFORK and Samuel WHITE J. Gradle, AquaticRIVER Biologist at the Muncie Marsupium The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom Mussel the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish harmful. Some toxins Indiana and Samuel J. Gradle, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie stream. We must look below the water surface, and Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants covered by sediment due DELAWARE COUNTY,astonishing adaptations INDIANA and strategies. The fleshy pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. (buried) or other fish until they hatch. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 HIDING PLACES Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughoutDELAWARE Sanitary District’sCOUNTY, Bureau of Water INDIANA Quality. sometimes below rocks and even into the stream 3 can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and to lack of oxygen. deep pool beyond the reach 3 mantle of many females in this family changes harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with Randolph County before entering Delaware County, DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA Fish need to hide when Randolph County before entering Delaware County, bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. Leaves water - like rooftops, sidewalks Phone: 765-747-4896West Fork White | MuncieSanitary.org River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Leaves water passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue fertilizers. Dorsal view during this time to resemble remarkably realistic important processes needed to survive. Because of while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a predators are around. passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue for adult phaseCheck out our othermajority brochures of this stretch to learn is sampled more annuallyabout by the Bureau young mussels then detach and drift to the stream for adult phase mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic insects. these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary Predators include larger fish, Check out our othermajority brochures of this stretch to learn is sampled more annuallyabout by the Bureau One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is will kill fish and their University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary is important for assessing the health of our water 1 the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish, temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of The female manipulates the lure, enticing an the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. and staying safe from predators. They have many mammals, and birds. The the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish, 1 District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult macroinvertebrate, and mussel communities. Let’s take a Toxins attack from the host fish. This allows glochidia to resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a . . of the bird’sGreen Heron andsharp Kingfisher beak. © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult macroinvertebrate, and mussel communities. Let’s take a are distributed all over the world, the greatest . look at some of the clean water species they encounter and roads - and carries Toxins are poisonous be propelled toward the fish’s gills and fins where positive indicator of overall water quality and health. abundance and variety are foundlays eggsin North America. are two birds that primarily lays eggs look at some of the clean water species they encounter Pollution Home is whereHow can theseIntroduction What exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resourcesduring their biological monitoring. Check out our other brochures to learn more about The waters of West Fork White River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. Hitching a ride How can these What exactly is animals live Indiana has over 35,600a miles macroinvertebrate? of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field problem in the waterway. substances present in Introduction ResourcesIntroduction Resources they will then attach. The glochidia then attempt to Impacts the habitat is assortment of animals. Some of them are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North Check out our other brochures to learn more about Freshwater mussels are fascinating creatures well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. during their biological monitoring. Aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates include crayfish, see, like raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical eat fish. The shadow of a A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantlyunderwater? searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A.The watersMayer. of1992. West Field Fork Guide White to River are home to a wide Voshell, J. Reese. Illustrated by Amy Bartlett Wright. mussels, snails, worms, leeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream to survive and animals live a macroinvertebrate? This does not mean the water is always clean, only Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. IN, near Winchester. This warm water stream Freshwater Musselsassortment of the Midwest. of animals. Illinois Some Natural of them History are fairly easy to 2002. A Guide to Common Freshwater Invertebrates of North protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging Aquaticin size from refers huge to thecatfish stream to tinyenvironment where these bottom, where they are not easily seen. These animals are the many creatures that call White River home. that pollution may occur but the impacts are not young. Clean streams offer high-qualityMacroinvertebrates, habitat for like all all animals, requireminnows. oxygen Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and and Drew meanders throughoutAquatic Randolph benthic County macroinvertebrates before include crayfish, Survey Manual 5.see, 194 like pp. raccoons, turtles, and fish. But by far the most America. The McDonald & Woodward Publishing Company, Mussels of different species develop different shell animals live; benthic refers to the bottom of the stream; called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the many types of chemicals attach to the fish’s gills and fins. long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of to live. Most types that live fully underwater use gills underwater? these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary entering Delaware County,mussels, passing snails, through worms, Muncieleeches, and numerous insects. abundant animals in the creek are living on the stream Blacksburg, Virginia. 442 pp. with surprising life histories, including intriguing macro means these animals are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, food sources outright, thrive to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. The gills the many creatures that call White River home. stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. drainages to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and District’s Bureau of Water Quality heron searching for a meal for approximately nineAquatic miles. Arefers majority to the of thisstream environment where Uniothese Gallery at Missouribottom, State Universitywhere they are not easily seen. These animals are eye; and invertebrate means these are animals without fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and Reproduction is a tricky process for our native Macroinvertebrates, like all animals, require oxygen are continuously moved back and forth toWhite “capture” River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, stretch is sampled annuallyanimals by live; the benthic Bureau refersof Water to the bottom of the stream; called aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates, and they are at freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female to live. Most types that live fully underwater use gills unionid.missouristate.edu/ Bouchard Jr., R. William. 2004. Guide to Aquatic Invertebrates of the oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubes that a backbone. Aquatic macroinvertebrates develop Macroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. Quality to assess the macrohealth meansof the Whitethese animals River’s fish,are visible with the naked home among the rocks and logs on the bottom of streams. FOOD varied landscape has a lot to offer for different fish. Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, holds her fertilized eggs in a special area called to obtain oxygen dissolved in the water. The gills Upper Midwest: Identification Manual for Students, Citizen Monitors, shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a extend from their body up to the water surface. Still underwater. Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net . © 2012 Louis Cahill used in everyday life. USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ Sediment Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such Indianapolis, Indiana macroinvertebrate andeye; mussel and invertebrate communities. means Let’s these are animals without the marsupium. Here, they grow into a larval stage are continuously moved back and forth to “capture” and Aquatic Resource Professionals. Water Resources Center, adaptations for survival. others get their oxygen by attaching an air bubble the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebrates builders, free-floating opportunists, and aggressive Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the Soil erosion is a big as the nymph form of the mayfly or The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana signals to a fish that it’s time called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the take a look at some ofa thebackbone. clean water Aquatic species macroinvertebrates they develop midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.htmlMacroinvertebrates are interesting for several reasons. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. 208 pp. use the water as a nursery, developing underwater for hunters. These animals are busy feeding themselves Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt oxygen. Other individuals utilize breathing tubes that to the body for an oxygen supply while they are . problem in Indiana’s rivers caddis fly. A good supply of these Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, encounter during theirunderwater. biological monitoring.Some, like mussels and leeches, never leave Their specific behaviors include being laid-back net weeks or even years before they emerge from the water from a range of food in the stream and, in turn, they are Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. AQUATIC extend from their body up to the water surface. Still and streams. Sediment swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank.Randolph County before entering Delaware County, the water habitat. In contrast, insect macroinvertebratesText contributed by: builders,David Inskeep, free-floating Biology teacheropportunists, at and aggressive Merritt, R.W. and K.W. Cummins, Eds. 1996. An Introduction to the insects means the small fish will have as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lasting an important food source for fish. Many types of fishing hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more others get their oxygen by attaching an air bubble diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages covers the stream bottom passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A The waters of the Westuse Fork the waterWhite as River a nursery, in Delaware developing underwater forNorthwestern Highhunters. School, These Kokomo, animals Indiana; are busy Sarah feeding themselves After several weeks attached to the host fish, plenty to eat. In turn, larger fish eat the from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, a flies and baits look like macros. Macroinvertebrates are Toxins that enter the Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- Aquatic Insects of North America, Third Edition. Kendall//Hunt to the body for an oxygen supply while theyCounty are are home to many animals that are relatively What do and the gravel areas fish majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau MACROINVERTEBRATES smaller fish. White River is also full of specific, which means that each mussels species weeks or even years before they emerge from the waterBrichford, Field Technicianfrom a range Howard of food County in the Stormwater stream and, in turn, they are Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pp. AQUATIC dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, Hitching a ride to take cover next to a rock, swimming, similar to a diver with a scuba tank. Freshwater Introduction Resources unknown to most people. Beneath the water need to find food and lay of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish Pollution Home is where Introduction Resources as an adult. The adult phase is relatively short, lasting an important food source for fish. Many types of fishing crayfish, which is a favorite foodThis of beetle carries an air bubble before crawling out of the water to spend a few weeks as number and variety of macros present tells us about theStream Fish pollutants, including The role mussels District; and Laura A. Bowley, Aquatic Biologist at the has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) surface, we expect to see fish, but there is also a eggs. Neither the insects sunfish and bass. for oxygen supply. community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water What do not survive. from only a few hours to a month or so. For example, Munciea Sanitary District’sflies and Bureaubaits look of Waterlike macros. Quality. Macroinvertebrates are Hoosier Riverwatch. Spring 2012. Volunteer Stream Monitoring Training a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A. Mayer. 1992. Field Guide to MACROINVERTEBRATES wide assortment of aquatic insects, crustaceans also good indicators of the overall health of a stream. The Hitching a ride (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), eaten by fish nor the fish species they encounter during their biological monitoring. to survive and Indiana has over 35,600 miles of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field dragonfly nymph spends months developing underwater Manual. Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indianapolis, Introduction Resources the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The WESTText: FORKSarah Brichford, WHITE Howard County RIVER Stormwater District, Kokomo, WEST FORK WHITE RIVER stream are potentially play in water quality Pollution Home is where Introduction Resources Impacts IN, near Winchester. Thisthe warm water habitat stream is Freshwater Mussels of the Midwest. Illinois Natural History This beetle carries an air bubbleand mollusks as well. beforeThe variety crawling of life out in of a streamthe water to spend a few weeksPhotos as contributed by:number Muncie and Sanitary variety District’sof macros Bureau present tells us about the eggs can survive when The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic Indiana. 130 pp. (www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/) Indiana and Samuel J. Gradle, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie meanders throughout Randolph County before Survey Manual 5. 194 pp. under a downed tree, or in a for oxygen supply. ecosystem is very rich indeed, but these animals and The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, Cummings, K.S. and C.A. Mayer. 1992. Field Guide to covered by sediment due A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different a winged adult that will lay the eggs for a new generation. quality of both the water and the nearby surroundings. Mussels HIDING PLACES Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughoutDELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. of Water Quality. Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. entering Delaware County, passing through Muncie their well-being are often overlooked simply because to survive and Indiana has over 35,600 miles of rivers and streams, as Simon, T., & Tomelleri, J. (2011). Fishes of Indiana: A Field to lack of oxygen. 3 thrive This does not mean the water is always clean, only Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County time for the young mussels, as they will only settle Text: Sarah Brichford, Howard County Stormwater District, Kokomo, WEST FORK WHITE RIVER Impacts IN, near Winchester. Thisthe warm water habitat stream is Freshwater Mussels of the Midwest. Illinois Natural History Fish need to hide when Randolph County before entering Delaware County, protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Because everything in the waterway goes through well as thousands of acres of lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Guide. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. Leaves water Reproduction is a tricky process for our native that pollution may occur but the impactsfor are approximately not nine miles. A majority of this Unio Gallery at Missouri State University we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near WEST FORK WHITE RIVER meanders throughout Randolph County before Survey Manual 5. 194 pp. predators are around. passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Photographs: Julie Speelman,Nestled PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue in the bed of a stream,young. Clean streams offer high-quality habitat for all minnows. Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and and Drew their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of Indiana and Samuel J. Gradle, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a mussels belong to this family) have developed some A clean stream has very few impacts from pollution. Like other animals, fish are constantly searching for food, Altogether, these waterways are home to 227 different young mussels then detach and drift to the stream stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau of Water unionid.missouristate.edu/ harmful. Some toxins stream. We must look below the water surface, and for adult phase freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of entering Delaware County, passing through Muncie Check out our other brochures to learn more about these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary astonishing adaptations and strategies. The fleshy pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout DELAWAREthrive COUNTY, INDIANA This does not mean the water is always clean, only Predators include larger fish, majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary Quality to assess the health of the White River’s fish, sometimes below rocks and even into the stream Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. protection from predators, and a place to raise their species of fish ranging in size from huge catfish to tiny Text & Photos: Sarah Brichford, Howard County holds her fertilized eggs in a special area called stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. deep pool beyond the reach 3 Randolph County before entering Delaware County, DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA for approximately nine miles. A majority of this Unio Gallery at Missouri State University mammals, and birds. The the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish USFWS. America’s Mussels:drainages Silent to Sentinels. the north www.fws.gov/ and warm waters in the Wabash and District’s Bureau of Water Quality mantle of many females in this family changes harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with Reproduction is a tricky process for our native that pollution may occur but the impacts are not 1 District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. macroinvertebrate and mussel communities. Let’s while others cause bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. Leaves water Nestled in the bed of a stream,young. Clean streams offer high-quality habitat for all minnows. Indiana’s landscape offers many different Stormwater District, Kokomo, Indiana and and Drew Toxins the marsupium. Here, they grow into a larval stage passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau of Water unionid.missouristate.edu/ macroinvertebrates Green Heron and Kingfisher © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water White River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This Photographs: Julie Speelman, PhD student in Aquatic Biology, Purdue during this time to resemble remarkably realistic important processes needed to survive. Because of for adult phase freshwater mussels. After fertilization, a female long lasting. Pollution interferes with the needs of these needs. habitats for fish, including cold waters in the Great Lakes Holloway, Aquatic Biologist at the Muncie Sanitary . called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the take a look at some of the clean water species they midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.html the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the Check out our othermajority brochures of this stretch to learn is sampled more annually about by the Bureau Quality to assess the health of the White River’s fish, Toxins are poisonous are two birds that primarily lays eggs species they encounter during their biological monitoring. FOOD varied landscape has a lot to offer for different fish. Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic insects. these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Laura Bowley, Muncie Sanitary holds her fertilized eggs in a special area called stream fish: food, protection, and reproduction. drainages to the north and warm waters in the Wabash and problem in the waterway. encounter during their biological monitoring. District’s Bureau of Water Quality bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical substances present in Hitching a ride How can these IntroductionWhat exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources Check out our other brochures to learn more about glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, Sediment will kill fish and their the many creaturesof Water that Quality call White to assess River the health home. of White River’s fish, macroinvertebrate and mussel communities. Let’s USFWS. America’s Mussels: Silent Sentinels. www.fws.gov/ eat fish. The shadow of a Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such Indianapolis, Indiana Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at macroinvertebrates The female manipulates the lure, enticing an is important for assessing the health of our water the freshwater mussel. Although1 freshwater mussels District Bureau of Water Quality, Muncie, Indiana. the marsupium. Here, they grow into a larval stage White River drainages in central and southern Indiana. This to survive and animals live a macroinvertebrate? hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more many types of chemicals underwater? The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near © 2012 Ernie Cooper Adult macroinvertebrate, and mussel communities. Let’s take a take a look at some of the clean water species they midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.html heron searching for a meal thrive the many creatures that call White River home. Soil erosion is a big The waters of the Westas Fork the nymphWhite Riverform ofin theDelaware mayfly or Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana of the bird’s sharp beak. attack from the host fish. This allows glochidia to resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a . . called glochidia. In the spring or summer, the varied landscape has a lot to offer for different fish. Review: Greg Bright, Commonwealth BioMonitoring, Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana; Sarah are distributed all over the world, the greatest encounter during theirFOOD biological monitoring. used in everyday life. macroinvertebratescomplicated, most Unionid mussels are host- areproblem in Indiana’swell rivers Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout look at some of the clean water species they encounter signals to a fish that it’s time County are home to manycaddis animals fly. A thatgood are supply relatively of these be propelled toward the fish’s gills and fins where positive indicator of overall water quality and health. lays eggs glochidia are released and begin life as parasites, . Brichford, Field Technician Howard County Stormwater abundance and varietyPollution are foundHome in Northis whereHow can America. theseIntroduction What exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources Sediment Many small fish eat aquatic insects, such Text contributed by: David Inskeep, Biology teacher at Indianapolis, Indiana Toxins that enter the specific, which means that each mussels species and streams. Sediment Randolph County before entering Delaware County, Freshwater during their biological monitoring. Check out our other brochures to learn more about to take cover next to a rock, Freshwater AQUATIC unknown to most people.insects Beneath means the the water small fish will have they will then attach. The glochidia then attempt to Impacts the habitatanimals is live a macroinvertebrate? hitching a ride on a host fish. Making this more The West Fork of the White River begins in Lynn, IN, near What do The role mussels The role mussels District; and Laura A. Bowley, Aquatic Biologist at the Freshwater mussels are fascinating creatures Soil erosion is a big The waters of the Westas Forkthe nymph White formRiver of in theDelaware mayfly or Jay Beugly, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana MACROINVERTEBRATESHitching a ride Pollution IntroductionHome is where ResourcesIntroduction Resources has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will underwater? Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana; Sarah stream are potentially play in waterThis beetlequality carries an air bubble covers the stream bottom passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A the many creatures that call White River home. time for the young mussels, as they will only settle under a downed tree, or in a for oxygen supply. Mussels surface, we expect to plentysee fish, to eat.but thereIn turn, is largeralso a fish eat the food sources outright, attach to the fish’s gills and fins. Mussels of different species develop different shell complicated, most Unionid mussels are host- WEST FORKto WHITEsurvive RIVER and Impacts the habitat is with surprising life histories, including intriguing macroinvertebrates areproblem in Indiana’swell rivers Winchester. This warm water stream meanders throughout WEST FORK WHITE RIVER not survive. Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. County are home to manycaddis animals fly. A thatgood are supply relatively of these harmful. Some toxins DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau Brichford, Field Technician Howard County Stormwater 3 DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA thrive and the gravel areas fish wide assortment of aquaticsmaller insects, fish. Whitecrustaceans River is also full of FOOD deep pool beyond the reach Leaves water Nestled in the bed of a stream, shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a Sediment . specific, which means that each mussels species and streams. Sediment Randolph County before entering Delaware County, Freshwater for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about adaptations for survival. insects means the small fish will have unknown to most people. Beneath the water will kill fish and their macroinvertebrates 1 the many creatures that call White River home. play in waterneed to qualityfind food and lay of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish AQUATIC The role mussels District; and Laura A. Bowley, Aquatic Biologist at the Adult and mollusks as well. Thecrayfish, variety whichof life is in a afavorite stream food of of the bird’s sharp beak. FOOD Stream Fish diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages has to use a specific host fish or the glochidia will lays eggs Photos contributed by: Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau After several weeks attached to the host fish, What do MACROINVERTEBRATES covers the stream bottom passing through Muncie for approximately nine miles. A Check out our other brochures to learn more about Sediment To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic Hitching a ride Introduction Resources surface, we expect to plentysee fish, to eat.but Inthere turn, is largeralso a fish eat the food sources outright, the many creaturesmacroinvertebrates that call White River home. are well community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water This beetle carries an air bubble Stream Fish Pollution Home is where Introduction Resources Freshwater eggs. Neither the insects sunfish and bass. for oxygen supply. Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau of Water Quality. The role mussels ecosystem is very rich indeed, but these animals and (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORKto surviveWHITE RIVER and not survive. What do Stream Fish of Water Quality. Mussels nitrogen and phosphorus, the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The Impacts the habitat is and the gravel areas fish majority of this stretch is sampled annually by the Bureau glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA wide assortment of aquaticsmaller insects, fish. Whitecrustaceans River is also full of while others cause macroinvertebrates Nestled in the bed of a stream, play in water quality Stream Fish eaten by fish nor the fish species they encounter during their biological monitoring. 3 thrive macroinvertebrates are well Mussels their well-being are often overlooked simply because mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larval offspring. Leaves water Freshwater WEST FORK WHITE RIVER Nestled in the bed of a stream, do in the stream? Stream Fish WEST FORK WHITE RIVER while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a do in the stream? Musselscamouflaged. young mussels then detach and drift to the stream for adult phase in ideal streams and river habitats. camouflaged. of Water Quality to assess the health of White River’s fish do in the stream? Check out our other brochures to learn more about play in waterneed to findquality food and lay while others cause crayfish, which is a favorite food of 2 HIDING PLACES WEST FORK WHITE RIVER DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native Because everything in the waterway goes through and mollusks as well. The variety of life in a stream camouflaged. 1 the many creatures that call White River home. Stream Fish problems with growth Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure”Nymphs to grow eggs can survive when macroinvertebrates Toxins Adult Photos contributed by: Muncie Sanitary District’s Bureau mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larvalunderwater offspring. DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a problem in the waterway. lays eggs FOOD To ensure successful transmission of the parasitic REPRODUCTION 2 bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical Check out our other brochures to learn more about Sediment eggs. Neither the insects sunfish and bass. community. Let’s take a look at some of the clean water Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Check out our other brochures to learn more about mussels belong to this family) have developed some their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of WEST FORK WHITE RIVER the many creaturesmacroinvertebrates that call White River home. are well ecosystem is very rich indeed, but these animals and and reproduction. the many creatures that call White River home. covered by sediment due Mussels Toxins stream. We must look below the water surface, and Freshwater of Water Quality. Nymphs grow HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA What do Freshwater The role mussels Mussels are the natural filterers of aquatic systems. time for the young mussels, as they will only settle Mussels glochidia to the fish host, female freshwater Clean streams have places for fishand stayingto raise safe their from young. predators. A They have many eaten by fish nor the fish species they encounter during their biological monitoring. Lure astonishing adaptations and strategies. The fleshy pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially macroinvertebrates Nestled in the bed of a stream, play in water quality Stream Fish their well-being are often overlooked simply because WEST FORK WHITE RIVER to lack of oxygen. do in the stream? macroinvertebrates are well Freshwater Mantle sometimes below rocks and even into the stream Mussels underwater Stream Fish Because everything in the waterway goes through stream bottom with clean gravel or rocks is necessary for Stream Fish Fish need to hide when DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA in ideal streams and river habitats. do in the stream? do in the stream? camouflaged. Mussels camouflaged.WEST FORK WHITE RIVER mussels of the family Unionidae (most of our native different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and camouflaged. eggs can survive when harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with REPRODUCTION 2 WEST FORK WHITE RIVER Side view mantle of many females in this family changes Nymphs grow HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA we don’t see them when we take a casual glance at a underwater WEST FORK WHITE RIVER bottom, to get a complete picture of life in a stream. 2 DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA mussels belong to this family) have developed some their gills, they are sensitive to many kinds of many fish to reproduce successfully.occupy locations in the stream where they function Rock predators are around. Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Stormwater Check out our other brochures to learn more about Check out our other brochures to learn more about covered by sediment due 2 Mussel Marsupium REPRODUCTION important processes needed to survive. Because of in ideal streams and river habitats. during this time to resemble remarkably realistic the many creatures that call White River home. the many creatures that call White River home. stream. We must lookHIDING below the water PLACES surface, and DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA (buried) Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure” to Toxins Stormwater problems with growth Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure” to mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larval offspring. Check out our other brochures to learn more about LIFE CYCLE Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Dorsal view Predators include larger fish, Check out our other brochures to learn more about Nymphs grow astonishing adaptations and strategies. The fleshy pollutants. Sediment in the waterways is especially best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim and staying safe from predators. They have many to lack of oxygen. sometimes below rocks and even into the stream Stormwater mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic insects. these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms Fish need to hide when DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA When precipitation falls LIFE CYCLE One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larvalunderwater offspring. Freshwater mantle of many females in this family changes harmful, suffocating mussels and interfering with freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect mammals, and birds. The the many creatures that call White River home. the many creatures that call White River home. different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and Stream Fish Mussels bottom, to get a completepredators picture are ofaround. life in a stream. Lure The female manipulates the lure, enticing an is important for assessing the health of our water Toxins the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels REPRODUCTION on our cities and towns it Mantle 2 important processes needed to survive. Because of Green Heron and Kingfisher during this time to resemble remarkably realistic Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays athemselves, “lure” and others make nets to catch tofood. . LIFE CYCLE . . occupy locations in the stream where they function REPRODUCTION Check out our other brochures to learn more about Side view attack from the host fish. This allows glochidia to resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a Macroinvertebrates spend their time looking for food Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure” to Predators include larger fish, Check out our other brochures to learn more about Toxins are poisonousare distributed all over the world, the greatest runs across hard surfaces Nymphs grow problems with growth mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larval offspring. Rock mimics of small fish, crayfish, or aquatic insects. these sensitivities, studying these aquatic organisms Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. are two birds that primarily best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim Stormwater One inhabitant you might find on the river bottom is The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom Mussel Marsupium be propelled toward the fish’s gills and fins where positive indicator of overall water quality and health. Hitching a ride How can these What exactly is mammals, and birds. The the many creatures that call White River home. the many creatures that call White River home. - like rooftops, sidewalks (buried) substances presentabundance in and varietyPollution are foundHome in Northis whereHow can America. theseIntroduction What exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources Introduction ResourcesIntroduction Resources and reproduction. LIFE CYCLE is important for assessing the health of our water Dorsal view eat fish. The shadow of a animals live The female manipulates the lure, enticing an and staying safe from predators. They have many animals live to survive and a macroinvertebrate? Toxins a macroinvertebrate? stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect Lure the freshwater mussel. Although freshwater mussels temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of they will then attach. The glochidia then attempt to Impacts the habitat is Green Heron and Kingfisher and roads - and carries many types ofFreshwater chemicals mussels are fascinating creaturesunderwater? thrive underwater? themselves, and others make nets to catch food. Mantle attack from the host fish. This allows glochidia to resources. Their presence in a water body is generally a Toxins are poisonousare distributed all over the world, the greatest. . . fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and attach to the fish’s gills and fins. Mussels of different species develop different shell heron searching for a meal Nymphs grow Side view © 2012 Louis Cahill are two birds that primarily pollutants, including used in everydaywith life.surprising life histories,signals includingto a fish intriguingthat it’s time Rock be propelled toward the fish’s gills and fins where positive indicator of overall water quality and health. Hitching a ride FOOD underwater Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. Marsupium substances presentabundance in and variety are found in NorthHow can America. these What exactly is How can these IntroductionWhat exactly is ResourcesIntroduction Resources the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a Sediment Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A Mussel Pollution Home is where Introduction ResourcesIntroduction Resources Toxins that enteradaptations the for survival. (buried) eat fish. The shadow of a animals live mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potentialnitrogen and phosphorus, host for its larval offspring. and staying safe from predators. They have many animals live to survive and a macroinvertebrate? to take cover next to a rock, Freshwater AQUATIC Dorsal view a macroinvertebrate? AQUATIC The role mussels Lure they will then attach. The glochidia then attempt to many types ofFreshwater chemicals musselsImpacts are fascinatingthe habitat creatures is underwater? stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest aloneunderwater in spaces After several weeks attached to the host fish, diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages MACROINVERTEBRATES underwater? thrive MACROINVERTEBRATES heron searching for a meal stream are potentially play in waterThis beetlequality carries an air bubble into local waterways. This beetle carries an air bubble Stream Fish under a downed tree, or in a for oxygen supply. Mussels Mussels of different species develop different shell for oxygen supply. attach to the fish’s gills and fins. used in everydaywith life. surprising life histories, including intriguing between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORK WHITE RIVER different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and WEST FORK WHITE RIVER © 2012 Louis Cahill signals to a fish that it’s time harmful. Some toxins DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA FOOD Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought deep poolHIDING beyond PLACES the reach DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA 3 DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA 3 Leaves water shapes and sizes. Clean streams in Indiana have a Sediment Leaves water Mantle Toxins that enteradaptations the for survival. later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest young mussels then detach and drift to the stream while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about to take cover next to a rock, AQUATIC Freshwater AQUATIC will kill fish and their 1 the many creatures that call White River home. The role mussels in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth ofToxins the bird’s sharp beak. 1 the many creatures that call White River home. Adult underwater After several weeks attached to the host fish, diverse mussel community with mussels of all ages MACROINVERTEBRATES Adult lays eggs MACROINVERTEBRATES problem in the waterway. lays eggs Check out our other brochures to learn more about stream are potentially play in waterThis beetlequality carries an air bubble in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical Check out our other brochures to learn more about This beetle carries an air bubble Stream Fish food sources outright, the many creatures that call White River home. stream bottom with clean gravel or rocks is necessary for under a downed tree, or in a for oxygen supply. Mussels and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved the many creatures that call White River home. REPRODUCTION for oxygen supply. WEST FORK WHITE RIVER different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and the glochidia resemble tiny adult mussels. The (max age for mussels in this area is 20-25 years), WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORK WHITE RIVER WEST FORK WHITE RIVER Freshwater What do Stream Fish What do harmful. Some toxins DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the time for the young mussels, as they will only settle Mussels HIDING PLACES DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA 3 DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA while others cause Nestled in the bed of a stream, Nestled in the bed of a stream, deep pool beyond the reach 3 Leaves water oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen macroinvertebrates Leaves water macroinvertebrates macroinvertebrates are well Freshwater while waters devoid of mussels may be indicative of a for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about macroinvertebrates are well Freshwater Stream Fish Side view young mussels then detach and drift to the stream for adult phaseCheck out our other brochures to learn more about Stream Fish do in the stream? camouflaged. Mussels will kill fish and their 1 the many creatures that call White River home. male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near in ideal streams and river habitats. do in the stream? camouflaged. Mussels 2 1 the many creatures that call White River home. Adult problems with growth REPRODUCTION ofToxins the bird’s sharp beak. Adult occupy locations in the stream where they function 2 Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure”Nymphs to grow into local waterways. lays eggs to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass Nymphs grow mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larvalunderwater offspring. lays eggs Check out our other brochures to learn more about REPRODUCTION underwater problem in the waterway. Check out our other brochures to learn more about bottom, now fully independent. This is a critical food sources outright, the many creatures that call White River home. the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish the many creatures that call White River home. clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants and reproduction. Stormwater What do Freshwater What do Stream Fish 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displaysLIFE CYCLE a “lure” to Rock time for the young mussels, as they will only settle Mussels Nestled in the bed of a stream, 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A while others cause macroinvertebrates Nestled in the bed of a stream, macroinvertebrates or other fish until they hatch. Lure macroinvertebrates are well macroinvertebrates are well Freshwater Freshwater Mussels Stream Fish can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and Mantle many fish to reproduce successfully. do in the stream? Mussels Stream Fish do in the stream? camouflaged. in ideal streams and river habitats. camouflaged. 2 Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potentialstream host forbottom its larvalwith clean offspring. gravel or rocks is necessary for occupy locations in the stream where they function problems with growth REPRODUCTION 2 Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays a “lure”Nymphs to grow West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Side view Nymphs grow mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potential host for its larvalunderwater offspring. Marsupium REPRODUCTION underwater fertilizers. Rock Mussel Stormwater many fish to reproduce successfully. and reproduction. Mussel Marsupium Stormwater (buried) Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displaysLIFE CYCLE a “lure” to Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim Dorsal view (buried) 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 Lure Stormwater Mantle mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potentialstream host forbottom its larvalwith clean offspring. gravel or rocks is necessary for When precipitation falls Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Side view many fish to reproduce successfully. Rock on our cities and towns it Mussel Marsupium LIFE CYCLE Stormwater (buried) best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim Dorsal view runs across hard surfaces The breeding season for fish begins when water and reproduction. When precipitation falls freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect - like rooftops, sidewalks Healthy stream bottom Lure temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of When precipitation falls on our cities and towns it LIFE CYCLE and roads - and carries fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days runs across hard surfaces pollutants, including The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect - like rooftops, sidewalks nitrogen and phosphorus,Mantle Lure temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces and roads - and carries into local waterways. fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and themselves, and others make nets to catch food. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days pollutants, including the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought on our cities and towns it nitrogen and phosphorus,Mantle Side view later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between into local waterways. and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved different adaptations to accomplish these tasks and Nestled in the bed of a stream, freshwater A freshwater mussel displays athemselves, “lure” and others make nets to catch tofood. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days Rock rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the LIFE CYCLE Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought Side view later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between Mussel Marsupiumthe nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish runs across hard surfaces and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A Rock rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the or other fish until they hatch. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought (buried) oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass Marsupium Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896West Fork White | MuncieSanitary.org River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom Mussel the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish fertilizers. clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 Lure or other fish until they hatch. (buried) can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 - like rooftops, sidewalks West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of fertilizers. Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org and roads - and carries later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest © 2012 Louis Cahill fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and pollutants, including © 2012 Louis Cahill Mantle the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth mussels are well camouflaged. attract a potentialnitrogen and phosphorus,stream host forbottom its larvalwith clean offspring. gravel or rocks is necessary for stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces into local waterways. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought Side view in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved Rock and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved many fishrocks. Theto female depositsreproduce eggs into the nest and the successfully. oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen Marsupium REPRODUCTION male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near Mussel to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish (buried) 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the Stormwater clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants or other fish until they hatch. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near fertilizers. occupy locations in the stream where they function to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass When precipitation falls the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish on our cities and towns it clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 LIFE CYCLE or other fish until they hatch. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 runs across hard surfaces can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org - like rooftops, sidewalks fertilizers. temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of Lure and roads - and carries best. Some hang tightly to rocks while others swim fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and pollutants, including the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the nitrogen and phosphorus,Mantle stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces into local waterways. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought and reproduction. Side view later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest freely or crawl around. Some build cases to protect in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved Rock rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass Marsupium Mussel the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish themselves, and others make nets to catch food. clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants (buried) or other fish until they hatch. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Clean streams have places for fish to raise their young. A Macroinvertebrates are a very diverse group of animals. fertilizers. Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Lure stream bottom with clean gravel or rocks is necessary for © 2012 Louis Cahill Mantle Side view many fish to reproduce successfully. Rock Mussel Marsupium Stormwater (buried) 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 Dorsal view Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org When precipitation falls on our cities and towns it LIFE CYCLE runs across hard surfaces The breeding season for fish begins when water Healthy stream bottom - like rooftops, sidewalks temperatures warm up in the spring. For some types of and roads - and carries fish, the female will simply drop her eggs over gravel and pollutants, including the male will fertilize the eggs as they fall down to the nitrogen and phosphorus, stream bottom. The fertilized eggs rest alone in spaces into local waterways. between the stones until hatching about 10 to 14 days Excess organic matter in the stream, often brought later. Other fish use their tails to sweep a shallow nest in by stormwater, causes a cycle of plant growth in the gravel, or select a hollow place under or between and decay that leads to low levels of dissolved rocks. The female deposits eggs into the nest and the oxygen. Stream fish need plenty of dissolved oxygen male fertilizes them. Sometimes the male fish stays near to survive. Organic matter includes leaves, grass the nest to guard the eggs against predators like crayfish clippings, and sewage. Other stormwater pollutants or other fish until they hatch. 5150 W. Kilgore Ave, Building #8, Muncie, IN 47304 can include litter, pet waste, detergents, and West Fork White River Phone: 765-747-4896 | MuncieSanitary.org fertilizers. *Fish not shown to scale Stream Fish of West Fork White River, Delaware County, Indiana (adult fish length in millimeters)

Logperch Percina caprodes Grows up to 200 mm Striped Spotfin Shiner Shiner Luxilus chrysocephalus Cyprinella spiloptera Grows up to 130 mm Grows up to 106 mm Greenside Darter Etheostoma blennioides Grows up to 138 mm

River Chub Nocomis micropogon Northern Grows up to 245 mm Hogsucker Hypentelium nigricans Grows up to 610 mm Rainbow Darter Etheostoma caeruleum Longear Grows up to 68 mm Sunfish Lepomis megalotis 20 50 80 100 Grows up to 280 mm Millimeters (mm)