Codicological Reconstruction of the Cairo Damascus Document (CD A) and 4Qda

Dead Sea Discoveries 25 (2018) 319–334

brill.com/dsd

Codicological Reconstruction of the Cairo Damascus Document (CD A) and 4QDa

Jean-Sébastien Rey Université de Lorraine [email protected]

Abstract

Despite the fact that scholars often rely on the medieval Cairo Damascus Document manuscripts (CD) when reconstructing the Qumran Damascus Document scrolls (4QD), there has yet to be an attempt to reconstruct the medieval codex on the basis of the Qumran scrolls. The purpose of this contribution, then, is to offer a reconstruction of CD A that is both informed by the Qumran scrolls as well as being informative for the reconstruction of 4QD. This article will try to answer three questions: 1) the number of quires that comprised CD A; 2) the width of the first column of 4QDa; and 3) the length of the missing part of the CD A codex.

Keywords codicology – Genizah – Qumran – Damascus Document – 4QD – scroll reconstruction

1 Introduction1

In the history of scholarship, there have been several attempts to reconstruct the Qumran Damascus scrolls with the help of the Cairo Genizah documents (e.g., Józef T. Milik, Joseph M. Baumgarten, Hartmut Stegemann, Ben Zion

1 I would like to thank Ben Outhwaite for his warm welcome in Cambridge, his incredible help through discussion and for sharing his vast knowledge of the Genizah material with me. I would also like to thank Myles Schoonover for his editing work and for correcting and im- proving my English. This article has been written with the support of the ANR-DFG and MSH Lorraine Project PLURITEXT and the center of research Écritures (Université de Lorraine). In the following, I will use “CD” to refer to the medieval Cairo Damascus Document as a

Wacholder, Elisha Qimron, David Hamidović, among others),2 but there have been no attempts, to the best of my knowledge, to reconstruct the medieval codex on the basis of the Qumran scrolls. The reconstructions of the Damascus Document provided by Stegemann and by Milik and Baumgarten in the editio princeps are each based on the prin- ciple of a textual correspondence between CD and 4QD.3 Fragments of 4QDa have been arranged on the basis of the text as preserved in CD A and B, and supplemented by fragments of 4QDb–f. It is in this manner, that the ten opening and the ten final columns of 4QDa (4Q266) have been reconstructed. In this article, I will provide a reconstruction of the medieval codex of the Damascus Document as well as try to solve two remaining difficulties in the reconstruction of 4QDa: (1) the width of the first column; and (2) the length of the Damascus Document, that is, the length of the missing part between the first and last reconstructed columns.4

general and theoretical construct, CD A to manuscript A, and CD B to manuscript B which will be scarcely used in this study as it concerns only obliquely our topic. Similarly, “4QD” will design the Damascus Document in Qumran scrolls as a theoretical construct, while 4QDa, 4QDb, etc. will refer to precise manuscripts. 2 Joseph M. Baumgarten, Qumran Cave 4, XIII. The Damascus Document (4Q266–273), DJD 18 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996); Baumgarten’s edition is mainly based on Milik’s preliminary transcription and reconstruction (see DJD XVIII, xiii); Hartmut Stegemann, “Towards Physical Reconstructions of the Qumran Damascus Document Scrolls,” in The Damascus Document: A Centennial of Discovery: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium of the Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature, 4–8 February, 1998, ed. Joseph M. Baumgarten, Esther G. Chazon and Avital Pinnick, STDJ 34 (Leiden: Brill, 2000), 177–200; Ben Zion Wacholder, The New Damascus Document: The Midrash on the Eschatological Torah of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Reconstruction, Translation and Commentary, STDJ 56 (Leiden: Brill, 2007); Elisha Qimron, The Dead Sea Scrolls: The Hebrew Writings. Volume One (Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi, 2010); David Hamidović, L’Écrit de Damas. Le manifeste essénien, Collection de la Revue des Études Juives 51 (Leuven: Peeters, 2011). 3 Stegemann, “Towards Physical Reconstructions,” 178. 4 For an elaborated presentation of these two difficulties, see Stegemann, “Towards Physical Reconstructions,” 179, 185–89 (for the length of the missing part), 191–97 (for the reconstruction of the first column); see also in this volume the article of James M. Tucker and Peter Porzig, “Between Artefact, Fragments, and Texts: An Analysis of 4Q266 column I.”

Dead Sea DiscoveriesDownloaded 25 from (2018) Brill.com10/09/2021 319–334 07:11:33PM via free access Codicological Reconstruction of the Cairo Damascus Document 321

2 Codicological Description of CD A

The manuscript of CD A5 is of medium quality (for example, the sheets of the first quire are not exactly rectangle and the size of each folio varies).6 The text is written in a semi-formal oriental square script probably originating from Persia. The writing may be dated to the tenth or eleventh century CE. According to Ben Outhwaite, the manuscript (its writing and production) is of Karaite origin and can be compared to TS 10C2.3 which is a Karaite commentary on the Ten Commandments, likely written by Daniel al Qumisi.7 The manuscript is pricked and ruled by hard point, which is common for paper manuscripts from the eleventh century CE.8 The number of lines per page is not uniform: the pages of the first quire contain 21 lines, while the second quire contains 23 lines (but since the bottom of the bifolio that contains pages XV–XVI, XIII–XIV is missing, there the number of lines is not certain).9 The upper line of the writing is slightly below the ruled line with a tendency to descend at the end of the line. The upper horizontal bars of letters like he, kaph, and bet are not scrupulously fixed to the line nor is the text properly justified. There are no stretched letters but there are a few instances of letter compression in the last word of a line.

5 Images of CD in high definition are now accessible on the Website of the Cambridge University Digital Library (https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-TS-00010-K-00006/). 6 For the concepts of quire and folio, see Malachi Beit-Arié, Hebrew Codicology: Historical and Comparative Typology of Hebrew Medieval Codices based on the Documentation of the Extant Dated Manuscripts Using a Quantitative Approach (preprint Internet English Version 0.1, 2017, http://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/Hebrew/collections/manuscripts/hebrewcodicology/ Documents/Hebrew-Codicology-continuously-updated-online-version-ENG.pdf), 285–336 (211–47 in the Hebrew version, see below): “The quire is the material production unit of the codex. The quire’s building block is the bifolium: a square piece of writing material folded in two to create two folios … Every quire is composed of several bifolia made of parchment or paper” (285–86). 7 I thank Ben Outhwaite for bringing this reference to my attention. 8 Malachi Beit-Arié, Hebrew Codicology: Historical and Comparative Typology of Medieval Hebrew Codices based on the Documentation of the Extant Dated Manuscripts until 1540 Using a Quantitative Approach, ed. Zofia Lasman [Hebrew] (Preprint Internet version 0.9, April 2018, http://web.nli.org.il/sites/NLI/Hebrew/collections/manuscripts/hebrewcodicology/ Documents/Hebrew-Codicology-continuously-updated-online-version.pdf), 299. 9 This variance in the number of lines led Stegemann to suppose that we have different codices (Stegemann, “Towards Physical Reconstructions,” 178), but variance of the number of lines in a same codex is not uncommon. Leonhard Rost identified two scribal hands: “Die ersten 4 Blätter (S. 1–8) sind in sauberer Quadraschrift (…). Die Zweiten 4 Blätter (S. 9–16) zählen in viel flüchtigerer, sehr nervöser Quadratschrift, also in anderer Hand,” Leonhard Rost, Die Damaskusschrift, Kleine Texte für Vorlesungen und Übungen 167 (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1933), 3 (I thank the anonymous reviewer for this reference).

Dead Sea Discoveries 25 (2018) 319–334 Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 07:11:33PM via free access 322 Rey

One independent One independent One quire of bifolio bifolio two bifolios

15 11 5 7

13 9 3 1

Figure 1 Schechter organization of bifolios

There are four bifolios (16 pages) of the Damascus Document that have been recovered. This little reconstructed booklet is housed in the Cambridge University Library where it (when studied in September 2016) follows the erro- neous page organization that was originally proposed by Solomon Schechter— i.e., one quire of two bifolios and two individual bifolia (figure 1).10 One of the major improvements that came from the evidence of 4QD, was the reorganization of the order of the folios as proposed by Milik in 1959: “We have now to change the order of pages proposed by Schechter and followed by all the subsequent editors of Cairo manuscript. Pages XV and XVI precede page IX directly.”11 He also noticed that between page VIII and page XV there are pages missing and that numerous fragments from the cave 4 manuscripts rightly belong to this section. He summarizes the situation as follows: “The original order of the work was as follows: Opening columns (4Q, missing in Cairo manuscript), CD.I–VIII (and a text parallel to fin. XIX–XX), missing part (partly preserved in 4Q), XV–XVI, IX–XIV, final columns (4QD: penal code, and a liturgy for the feast of the Renewal of the Covenant).”12

10 Solomon Schechter, Fragments of a Zadokite Work, vol. 1 of Documents of Jewish Sectaries (Cambridge: University Press, 1910). 11 Józef T. Milik, Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judaea (London: SCM Press, 1959), 151. 12 Ibid., 152.

Dead Sea DiscoveriesDownloaded 25 from (2018) Brill.com10/09/2021 319–334 07:11:33PM via free access Codicological Reconstruction of the Cairo Damascus Document 323

Table 1 Organization of CD A

CD A Opening column I–VIII Middle columns XV–XVI, Final columns Missing in CD A Missing in CD A IX–XIV Missing in CD A

CD B CD B XIX–XX

4Q [4QD]* [4QD] [4QD] [4QD] [4QD]

* The brackets indicate that the Qumran Damascus Document manuscripts (4QD) are only partially preserved.

Considering that pages XV–XVI do not belong to a single folio but are instead part of a bifolio connected to pages XIII–XIV, moving these pages reorga- nizes the entire codex into a more coherent whole. This means that the bifolio must be reverted, thus constituting a new quire of two bifolios (figure 2). Consequently, this new organization opens up fresh perspectives for the reconstruction of the entire Codex, particularly for the reconstruction of the missing part of the codex.

One independent One independent A second quire of bifolio bifolio two bifolios 14 16 15 11 11 13

14 13 9 9 15 16

Figure 2 New reorganization of the codex

Dead Sea Discoveries 25 (2018) 319–334 Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 07:11:33PM via free access 324 Rey

3 Methodology

These methodological principles and starting points guide the present work: 1. The following reconstruction is based on the a priori assumption that the text of CD A and the text of 4QDa would have been largely similar. The basis of this hypothesis is rooted in the comparison of the overlapping texts which attest few variations.13 2. The reconstruction of the text is based on an estimation of the number of scribal units (letters and spaces between letters) by lines. As a significant amount of text is preserved in CD A, it permits the use of the law of large numbers. 3. To calculate the average number of scribal units per line in CD A, I will only consider complete lines that do not contain any vacat, corrections or restorations. The following table 2 presents the average number of scribal units for each column and a global average. As there are 21 lines per page for the first quire, it is possible to calculate the average number of scribal units per folio (48.21 × 21 = 1012.41 per folio). 4. Concerning 4QDa, the calculation is more difficult, because each column does not have the same width. This is especially the case for the last columns of sheets, just before sewing, as they are often narrower than other columns,14 as is often the case in Qumran Scrolls.15 To be on the safe side, I will only consider columns where we have a good estimation of their width and enough reconstructed lines to have a pertinent average. The following table 3 gives an estimation of the average number of scribal units per line for each column, as well as a general average. Since there are 25 lines per columns,16 we can estimate the number of scribal units per column (50.26 × 25 = 1256.5 per column). These averages then per- mit us to establish a length equivalence between CD A and 4QDa that may be represented in the following table 3.

13 See Baumgarten, Qumran Cave 4. XIII: The Damascus Document (4Q266–273), 6–7: “However, the 4Q manuscript readings turn out to be, by and large, quite compatible with those of Text A. In the approximately 326 lines, complete or partial, which parallel the Genizah text there are less than thirty significant variants.” It is exceptionally few by comparison, for example, with the number of variants between the Ben Sira’s scroll of Masada and the text of manuscript B in the Cairo Genizah. See also Stegemann, “Towards Physical Reconstructions,” 177. 14 The narrowest column (about 6 cm) is frg. 9 iii, which comes before a sewing that is now unfortunately lost, see Stegemann, “Towards Physical Reconstructions,” 180 n. 12. 15 See Emanuel Tov, Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts Found in the Judean Desert, STDJ 54 (Leiden: Brill, 2004), 77. 16 Stegemann, “Towards Physical Reconstructions,” 180.

Dead Sea DiscoveriesDownloaded 25 from (2018) Brill.com10/09/2021 319–334 07:11:33PM via free access Codicological Reconstruction of the Cairo Damascus Document 325 Average 48.215625 Average 50.2675 14 52.69 13 50.88 4 IX 12 47.57 11 46 3iv VIII 47.83 10 42.37 VII 3iii 46.63 9 49.66 16 VI 3ii 51.25 51.17 15 50.6 V 3i 8 50.28 48.47 4QD a 7 46.46 IV 2iii Damascus Document Damascus 6 46.2 III 2ii 5 53.875 47.46 4 47.14 II 2i 51.82 3 50.25 I 1i 2 49.11 1 45.04 Average of scribal units per folio in CD A Average Average of scribal units per column in 4QD a Average Frag. Columns Scribal units per line Reconstructed Columns Reconstructed Scribal units per line Table 2 Table Table 3 Table

Dead Sea Discoveries 25 (2018) 319–334 Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 07:11:33PM via free access 326 Rey

Table 4 Length equivalence between CD A and 4QDa

Equivalence between folios of CD A versus Columns of 4QDa

CD A 4QDa

Folios Columns and lines Total lines

1 20 lines 20 8 6 cols. and 11 lines 161 16 12 cols. and 22 lines 322 18 14 cols. and 12 lines 362

One folio of CD A corresponds to 20 lines of text in 4QDa (table 4). These equivalences are based on the following equation:

Scrib. units in CD A × numb. of lines in CD A × numb. of pages in CD A = number of lines in 4QDa Scribal units in 4QDa

To verify whether these estimates are pertinent, I tested them on an ascertain- able part of our documents. The first eight folios of CD A overlap with columns II–VIII of 4QDa (frags. 2 ii–3 iv). According to our calculations, these eight folios of CD A should correspond to 161 lines in 4QDa (= 6 columns and 11 lines). The reconstructed scroll in the editio princeps has 164.5 lines for this passage. The results present a two percent error which is easily explained by such incal- culable variants as vacats, interlinear additions or scribal corrections. Now that length equivalences have been established between CD A and 4QDa, we can move forward in the material reconstruction of both documents.

4 Reconstruction of the two first folios of CD A I*–II*

Given that the first quire of CD A—actually composed of two bifolios—does not contain the beginning of the composition, which is (partly) preserved in 4QD manuscripts, we must either add: (1) another quire before the first one; or, (2) another bifolio to this first quire (see figure 3). As indicated in the editio princeps, as well as in Stegemann’s reconstruction, the beginning of the Damascus Document can be reconstructed on the basis of 4QDa and parallel fragments (4QDb [4Q267] 1 1–8 and 4QDc [4Q268] 1 1–8).

Dead Sea DiscoveriesDownloaded 25 from (2018) Brill.com10/09/2021 319–334 07:11:33PM via free access Codicological Reconstruction of the Cairo Damascus Document 327

Additional quire Additional bifolio

5 5* 5

3 3* 3 1 1* 1 1*

Figure 3 Reconstruction of the first folios of CD A (CD I*–II*)

4QDa 2 i

CD A, fol. 1

Width?

Missing part in CD

Column II (width 12,5 cm) Column I (width?) Figure 4 Reconstruction of the two first columns of 4QDa

These bridge the gap between columns I and II of 4QDa and allow us to partially reconstruct the end of column I and the beginning of column II.17 The text of the Cairo Genizah codex begins at line 6 of the second column of the Qumran 4QDa reconstruction (4QDa 2 i 6; see figure 4).

17 See ibid., 180.

Dead Sea Discoveries 25 (2018) 319–334 Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 07:11:33PM via free access 328 Rey

Consequently, before the first folio of CD A, we must reconstruct the equiva- lent of one column and five and half lines of 4QD’s text—that is, a supplemen- tary bifolio and not a complete quire. This means that the first quire of CD A must have contained three bifolios.18 The length of the missing text of CD A before the first preserved folio de- pends on the width of column II of 4QDa that is known, and the width of column I of 4QDa, that is not known. The width of this first column has been diversely evaluated by scholars:

Milik/Baumgarten and Hamidović 45 scribal units at line 1 42 scribal units at l. 6 Stegemann 46.33 (average on 9 reconstructed lines) Qimron 46.5 (average on 8 reconstructed lines) Wacholder 48.5 (average on 8 reconstructed lines)

According to the reconstruction of Qimron and Stegemann, the first column as well as the five and a half lines from the second column of 4QDa would correspond to one page of CD A and 9 lines (figure 5).

5 Title + colophon? 3 1 1*

Figure 5 Reconstruction of CD A according to Qimron and Stegeman’s restauration of 4QDa

18 Beit-Arié notices that ternions (quires of three bifolia) are very rare and represent a local tradition. He lists six such manuscripts that have been discovered to date, all Bibles, written between the end of the twelfth century and the year 1300 in Toledo; Beit-Arié, Hebrew Codicology (English version), 294. Our reconstruction would revise such a conclusion.

Dead Sea DiscoveriesDownloaded 25 from (2018) Brill.com10/09/2021 319–334 07:11:33PM via free access Codicological Reconstruction of the Cairo Damascus Document 329

Figure 6 Colophons on the first folio of a codex (T-S 8.235 [Piyyuṭ by Saʿadya Ga‌ʾon. Colophon naming Daniel b. Isaac the cantor]) Cambridge University Library

This reconstruction, however, is improbable since it supposes that the title and the colophon of the text are on the first page and that they occupy more than half a page. When a manuscript has a colophon, it is usually inscribed at the end of the manuscript.19 In the rare cases where colophons are inscribed on the recto of the first folio, they generally fill the entire page (or eventually they are just at the top of a page), as illustrated in T-S 8.235 (see figure 6).20

19 Ibid., 120. 20 I thank Ben Outhewaite for this information and this reference.

Dead Sea Discoveries 25 (2018) 319–334 Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 07:11:33PM via free access 330 Rey

We must conclude, therefore, that the reconstructions proposed by Milik, Stegemann and Qimron are unsatisfactory in regard to CD A. In order to con- tinue, I would like to proceed in reverse order. In other words, I wish to reconstruct the width of the first column of 4QDa on the basis of the space available in the additional folio of CD A. This means that there are two possible scenari- os, either that there is a colophon on the first page of the folio and one page of text must be restored; or more likely, there is no colophon on the first folio (or only at the top of the page) and two pages of text must be restored. This can be resolved with a simple equation, in which the unknown is the width of 4QDa (= the number of scribal units in column 1):

Scribal units in 4QDa I (?) × 25 lines of col. I + Scribal units of 4QDa II × 5.5 lines of 4QDa II number of lines = Scribal units in CD in CD

The result of the equation is, for the first scenario, a very narrow column of 29 scribal units (= ± 7 cm),21 and for the second scenario, a very wide column of 70 scribal units (16.5 cm).22 In other words, if the main text started only from the second page of CD (CD A II*), then the parallel 4QDa would have had a very narrow first column; whereas if the main text started already from the first page of CD (CD A I*), then 4QDa would have had a very wide first column. The first solution is materially impossible given that the fragment 4QDa 1b already measures 7 cm. Concerning the second scenario, there are similar cases documented of an opening sheet with one wide column.23 It is, for example, the case in 1QHa where the first column measures circa 17 cm, exactly as our scroll.24 Such a wide first column in 4QDa may also allow the resolution of several

21 The narrowest column attested in 4QDa 9 iii has an average of 25 scribal units per line (about 6 cm). In this scroll, columns that come before sewings are often narrower than others, see ibid. Concerning the variation of column width in the Dead Sea Scrolls, see Tov, Scribal Practices, 77–93. 22 Stegemann estimated the width of this column to be 10.5 cm: “The measurement of the impression of the sewing at the right edge of frg. 6 i on the back of that fragment resulted in a distance of 11.0 cm. The distance between this sewing and the very beginning of the scroll was consequently about 185 cm. Therefore, in col. i, one turn of the scroll occupied 14 cm. or a little less, and the length of the lines in the top part of col. i was 10.5 cm.” Stegemann, “Towards Physical Reconstructions,” 192. This calculation is developed further with convincing arguments by Tucker and Porzig in this issue. 23 Ibid., 181. 24 Esther Chazon et al., Qumran Cave 4. XX: Poetical and Liturgical Texts, Part 2, DJD 29 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999), 79.

Dead Sea DiscoveriesDownloaded 25 from (2018) Brill.com10/09/2021 319–334 07:11:33PM via free access Codicological Reconstruction of the Cairo Damascus Document 331 problems concerning the reconstruction of the end of column 1 and the beginning of column 2 according to the overlapping fragments of 4QDb and 4QDc.25

5 Reconstruction of CD A XVII*–XVIII*

I suggest using the same methodology to reconstruct the end of the Genizah’s Codex. As the last folio of the Cairo manuscript does not represent the end of the work (as preserved in 4QD mss), here again, we must supply either another quire or another bifolio. The reconstruction of the last three columns of 4QDa provided by Baumgarten/Milik allows us to estimate the length of the missing part at the end of our codex (4Q266 10 i–ii + 11, 10 ii and 11 being still physically connected). The last line of the last quire in CD A XIV ends at the line 17 of 4QDa 10 i. The final text includes then the last 8 missing lines of 10 i, the 25 lines of 10 ii and the 21 lines of fragment 11 (see figure 7).26 According to the average number of scribal units for each column, the final missing text would correspond to two pages of 23 lines and 8 additional lines. Consequently, we must add a bifolio to the actual second quire, obtaining another quire of three bifolios as is the case for the first quire, and a last bifolio containing only 8 lines and three blank pages (see figure 8).27 Such a situation where a codex ends with only one bifolio is not unusual, and is, for example, the case in ms B of Ben Sira where the last quire is composed of only one bifolio. Cases where the last bifolio is inscribed with only a few lines on the first page are also documented in the Cairo Genizah collection, see for example T-S K6.83.

25 See Qimron’s remarks concerning the reconstruction of the end of 4QDa 1 i, Qimron, The Dead Sea Scrolls, 5. In 4Q266, Qimron intercalates one line between the end of column one and the beginning of column two. A larger column would resolve this problem of reconstruction. As the column width of 4Q267 1 must be similar to the column width of must be placed at the beginning (בי[ד כול בשר ובר]יאה) 4Q266 1 i, the last line of 4Q267 1 [אחרונות) of 4Q266 2 i (as suggested in DJD 18, 34). Consequently, the first line of 4Q268 1 must be restored in the last line of 4Q266 1 and in the first part of (הלוא כן תבואינה] 4Q267 1 8. 26 The end of this fragment may be reconstructed with the overlapping fragment of 4QDe 7 ii. 27 A second, less probable, hypothesis may also be possible. We could reconstruct a quire of two bifolios followed by a bifolio inscribed on two and a half pages. Although this hypothesis is more economic in paper, it is less probable because it presupposes the antici- pation of the scribe to have had a very good estimation of the length of the work before he started the preceding quire (page XV in the reconstruction), which is unlikely on a manuscript of this quality.

Dead Sea Discoveries 25 (2018) 319–334 Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 07:11:33PM via free access 332 Rey 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 10 i CD A CD A XIV 47.83 scribal units / line 47.83 10 ii 49.46 scribal units / line 2628.19 scribal units are missing at the end of scribal units are 2628.19 CD 11 48.05 scribal units / line Figure 7 last columns of The three 4QD a and the end ofCD A

Dead Sea DiscoveriesDownloaded 25 from (2018) Brill.com10/09/2021 319–334 07:11:33PM via free access Codicological Reconstruction of the Cairo Damascus Document 333

19* 12 14 17* 16*

Figure 8 Reconstruction of the last quires of CD A

6 Reconstruction of the Missing Medial Part

Now that we have reconstructed the beginning and the end of our codex, we can, with a reasonable degree of certainty, estimate the length of the missing middle part. According to our reconstruction this medial part must, at the minimum, be comprised of two additional folios that we have reconstructed from the first and second actual quire (= four additional pages). As these four pages are not enough to contain the nine reconstructed columns of 4QDa 5 i–7 iii, we must restore at least one other quire of three bifolios. This means we would have 16 pages between CD A VIII and CD A XV that would correspond to 12 columns in 4QDa and 22 lines (= 13 columns). This calculation is very close to Stegeman’s estimation of twelve columns.28 Finally, we can propose a complete reconstruction of our codex insofar as it was composed of three quires of three folios each and one final bifolio.

28 “At the right edge of the final nine columns of 4QDa a turn of the scroll occupied a space of about 8.4 cm. At the left edge of the ten opening columns of 4QDa this distance was between about 11 cm. and 13 cm. There should have been about 170 cm. of the scroll, or about twelve columns, between these two parts of the scroll.” Stegemann, “Towards Physical Reconstructions,” 185.

Dead Sea Discoveries 25 (2018) 319–334 Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 07:11:33PM via free access 334 Rey

39 31 19 5

37 29 17 3 27 15 1 25 13 1*

Figure 9 Reconstruction of the complete codex (in white the preserved bifolios)

7 Conclusion

In this analysis, I wanted to demonstrate the value of reconstructing—not only the Qumran scrolls—but also the medieval codices and more specifically, to articulate both restorations. If CD A is essential for the reconstruction of 4QD, it follows that 4QD is also useful in the reconstruction of the codex of CD A. And finally, when CD A is adequately reconstructed, it may highlight forgoing unsolved problems in the restoration of 4QD. In this article, I have suggested three main points: 1. The codex of CD A must have been composed of four quires: three quires of three bifolios, and one quire of one bifolio. 2. A result of this reconstruction is that the first column of 4QDa must have a width of circa 16.5 cm (and not 9.5 cm as in Baumgarten/Milik’s reconstruction, or 10.5 cm as in Stegemann’s reconstruction). 3. The missing part between CD A VIII and CD A XV (according to the common numeration) must have contained 16 pages, which is more-or-less 13 columns in 4QDa and is close to the 12 columns estimated by Stegemann. This new data must now be used to confront Stegemann’s method, in particular to reconstruct more precisely column I and especially the end of this column.

Dead Sea DiscoveriesDownloaded 25 from (2018) Brill.com10/09/2021 319–334 07:11:33PM via free access