This Is a Self-Archived Version of an Original Article. This Version May Differ from the Original in Pagination and Typographic Details

This is a self-archived version of an original article. This version may differ from the original in pagination and typographic details.

Author(s): Kunttu, Panu; Oldén, Anna; Raatikainen, Kaisa; Tervonen, Kaisa; Tobiasson, Jukka; Halme, Panu

Title: Multitaxa species richness of a wood-pasture complex in the Finnish SW-archipelago

Year: 2019

Version: Published version

Rights: In Copyright

Rights url: http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/?language=en

Please cite the original version: Kunttu, P., Oldén, A., Raatikainen, K., Tervonen, K., Tobiasson, J., & Halme, P. (2019). Multitaxa species richness of a wood-pasture complex in the Finnish SW-archipelago. Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 95, 60-80. https://journal.fi/msff/article/view/82629 60Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95: 60–80.Kunttu et2019 al. • Memoranda Soc. Fauna FloraISSN Fennica 0373-6873 95, (print) 2019 Helsinki 28 May 2019 ISSN 1796-9816 (online)

Multitaxa species richness of a wood-pasture complex in the Finnish SW-archipelago

Panu Kunttu1, Anna Oldén2,3,4, Kaisa J. Raatikainen2,3,5, Kaisa Tervonen2,3,4, Jukka Tobiasson6 & Panu Halme2,3

1 World Wide Fund for Nature, Lintulahdenkatu 10, FI-00500 Helsinki, Finland. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä. 3 School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä. 4 Open Science Centre, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä. 5 Department of Geography and Geology, Geography Section, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20014 Turku. 6 Mjösundsvägen 726, 25700 Kimito.

Traditional rural biotopes such as semi-natural grasslands and wood-pastures are among the most threatened biotopes in Finland. Archipelago Sea area hosts an especially representative collection of these biotopes, considering both their combined area and average quality. We surveyed birds, vascular plants, bryophytes, polypores and ground-inhabiting stipitate macrofungi in one wood- pasture complex in Korppoo, Archipelago Sea area. Here we report and discuss the results of these surveys. We detected altogether 457 species, including 8 red-listed bird species and 6 red-listed vascular plant species. We didn´t detect any red-listed bryophytes or fungi, but also these groups included several rare or indicator species as well as some fungal species not included in the lat- est Finnish red-list evaluation. The conservation value of this wood-pasture complex constitutes of species that are dependent on highly variable set of ecological conditions and habitats. This is related to highly variable conditions typical to wood pastures as a habitat.

Introduction biotopes, i.e. semi-natural grasslands and wood- Agriculture is one of the main global conserva- pastures, have characterized rural landscapes in tion concerns, but controversially, it also main- Europe for centuries. They are among the most tains a significant proportion of European biodi- species-rich habitats in rural hemiboreal land- versity (Henle et al. 2008). When compared to in- scapes (Cousins & Eriksson 2002). As an exam- tensively cultivated agricultural landscapes, ex- ple, species richness of vascular plants can vary tensively managed mosaics of forests and agri- from 25 to 74 species per square meter on semi- cultural lands have significantly higher species natural grasslands in Northern Europe (Pykälä diversity (Kivinen et al. 2006). Traditional rural 2001). Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019 • Kunttu et al. 61

Traditional agricultural landscapes and the bi- communities on wood-pastures (Oldén & Halme odiversity within them are dramatically decreas- 2016a, Oldén et al. 2016), also the selective re- ing due to partial or complete abandonment of moval of trees and the regeneration of seedlings farmland and intensification of land use (Benton play key roles in determining the ecosystem dy- et al. 2003, Henle et al. 2008). Cessation of tra- namics of wood-pastures (Oldén et al. 2017). ditional management practices causes homogeni- A national survey on traditional rural biotopes zation of landscapes, which leads to habitat loss was conducted in Finland during 1990s. Accord- (Benton et al. 2003, Halada et al. 2011). As tradi- ing to its results, the extent and ecological quality tional cattle husbandry has seized due to agricul- of remaining semi-natural grasslands and wood- tural modernization, disturbance-dependent spe- pastures are most prevalent in southwestern Fin- cies and their habitats have become threatened land (Vainio et al. 2001). Due to long-term ex- throughout Europe (Pykälä 2000, Halada et al. tensive cattle husbandry based on island pastur- 2011). In Finland, traditional rural biotopes be- age, hemiboreal southwestern archipelago devel- long to the most threatened of all habitats (Raunio oped a rich biodiversity (Lindström 2000). How- et al. 2008) and host a total of 1 807 red-listed ever, since 1950s, the management of tradition- species (Rassi et al. 2010). al rural biotopes on islands has almost complete- Because of their conservational value, biodi- ly ceased (Kotiluoto 1998, von Numers & Korv- versity of traditional rural biotopes has become a enpää 2007). The cessation of grazing has caused rising research subject during recent years. The pronounced changes within island ecosystems: studies have focused on semi-natural grasslands; species of shores, mires, wetlands, and woods comprehensive research is done e.g. on plants have increased, while species of coastal mead- (Cousins & Eriksson 2002, Pykälä et al. 2005, ows, pastures, and heaths have decreased (von Aavik et al. 2008, Johansson et al. 2008, Bruun Numers & Korvenpää 2007). After abandonment, et al. 2009), butterflies and moths (Pöyry et al. traditional rural biotopes have begun to develop 2004, Pöyry et al. 2009, Öckinger et al. 2012), into less species rich shrub and tree communities and bryophytes (Takala et al. 2012). Some stud- (Kotiluoto 1998). ies have explored the diversity across multiple The uniqueness of biodiversity in traditional taxa (Luoto et al. 2003, Kivinen et al. 2006, Lö- rural biotopes in Finnish southwestern archipel- bel et al. 2006, Allan et al. 2014). A central find- ago has been understood already long time ago ing is that active management through low-inten- and several species surveys have been conduct- sity grazing or mowing is a prerequisite for exist- ed there (e.g. Kotiluoto 1998, Lindgren 2000, von ence of a variety of grassland species. Numers & Korvenpää 2007). Nevertheless, thor- Alike semi-natural grasslands, wood-pastures ough case studies such as surveys of several spe- are acknowledged as European biodiversity hot cies groups on the same site at the same time have spots, and face increasing attention from conser- been rare (Kunttu et al. 2015). The management vation science and policy (Bergmeier et al. 2010, of traditional rural biotopes has decreased dra- Plieninger et al. 2015). However, the species as- matically in southwestern archipelago: for exam- semblages of wood-pastures have not received as ple, some decades ago, there were ca 5000 hec- much attention as semi-natural grasslands. Bryo- tares of meadows and pastures in the Archipel- phytes and vascular plants of wood-pastures have ago Sea National Park and its surroundings, but been studied recently in Finland (Takala et al. today only 322 hectares are managed in the na- 2014, Takala et al. 2015, Oldén & Halme 2016a, tional park. Oldén et al. 2016). As semi-open habitats, wood- The purpose of this study was to survey the pastures provide habitat for grassland and forest diversity of birds, polypores, stipitate macrofun- species. Their tree coverage ranges up from 10 %, gi, vascular plants and bryophytes in a semi-natu- but the canopy is not completely closed, as even ral wood-pasture with a long pasturage history in the densest wood-pastures have small clearings the Finnish southwestern archipelago to provide where grassland vegetation dominates over forest a holistic view of the biodiversity of one wood- species (Schulman et al. 2008). Although graz- pasture complex. Furthermore, the purpose was ing-related disturbance dynamics drives species to explore differences between the study pastures 62 Kunttu et al. • Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019 and to discuss the detected communities for example considering the presence or absence of specialized red-listed species. We focused especially on species that are dependent on or at least favor semi-open habitats or grazing. FINLAND

Materials and methods

Study area The study area is Nystu’s cattle and sheep farm on Vattkast (also Wattkast) island in the Archipela- BALTIC SEA go Sea (Fig. 1). The Archipelago Sea – part of the Baltic Sea – is the most southwestern part of the Finnish coastline and includes 40 000 islands or islets. The area belongs to the hemiboreal vegetation zone and is part of the biogeographic province of Varsinais-Suomi (Regio aboënsis) (Ahti et al. 1968, Knudsen & Vesterholt 2012). The Archipelago Sea area has some special features compared to mainland Finland: the growing season is long (195 days), the diversity of biotopes is high, herb-rich forests are common, and wood-pastures and semi-natural grasslands are still relatively frequently grazed by domestic animals, especially on larger islands. Traditional rural biotopes are more common in the archipelago than elsewhere in the province of Varsinais-Suo- mi (Lehtomaa 2000) or the rest of Finland (Vainio et al. 2001). The Archipelago Sea National Park, which is located near our study area, is known for Figure 1. Location of the study area. The map is from Nation- its high biodiversity, especially species and habi- al Land Survey of Finland background map series database 6/2018. tats related to traditional rural biotopes (Lindgren 2000, 2001, Lindgren et al. 2001). The total land area of Nystu farm is ca 90 hec- forests of Nystu have been managed as uneven- tares, and it is almost entirely grazed by cattle aged and only selective loggings have been done and sheep. The farm area hosts diverse habitats: for household use. All forests are used as wood- mesic meadows, coastal meadows, dry mead- pastures, at least for part of the grazing season. ows, wood-pastures (wooded pastures and grazed Nystu farm was moved to its current loca- woodlands, see Raunio et al. 2008), mixed un- tion in the southern part of Vattkast island in the enven-aged forests and few pine or spruce mire 1930’s. Until then Nystu and two other farms patches. The forests have been managed with se- were centered around Vattkast village in the mid- lective logging only, and biodiversity values have dle of the island and their cattle were allowed to been taken into consideration by retention of de- forage freely in the forest pastures of the south- ciduous trees such as Quercus robur and Corylus ern part of the island. The grazing pressure was avellana. Dead wood has been retained in the for- initially low in the Nystu farm that had around est. The most common tree species are Pinus syl- ten dairy cows, three horses and a few sheep. In vestris, Picea abies, Alnus glutinosa, Betula pen- the late 1970’s the dairy cattle were replaced with dula, Corylus avellana and Populus tremula. The calves and their numbers started to rise gradual- Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019 • Kunttu et al. 63 ly. In 1997 a new cowshed was built, allowing Milium effusum, Anemone nemorosa, and Hepati- for larger cattle and higher grazing pressure in the ca nobilis. The most common species in the bryo- farm’s grasslands and wood-pastures. Nowadays phyte layer were Brachythecium rutabulum, Cli- the grazing pressure is intermediate. macium dendroides, Plagiomnium medium, Rhy- We selected three wood-pastures for our sur- tidiadelphus triquetrus and Sciuro-hypnum oedi- veys among the grazed traditional rural biotopes podium. of Nystu farm (Fig. 2). Most of the surveys were Pasture B is a small (0.3 ha) wood-pasture sit- placed on these three wood-pastures which were uated next to a grazed coastal meadow (Fig. 3). selected during a site visit by all authors except On the other side it is bordered by a road. The PH (see birds for different study area). The pur- sparsely wooded pasture is dominated by mixed pose was to select pastures that represent typical Betula spp., Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris. wood-pastures in the Archipelago Sea area. The dominant vascular plant species are Achil- Pasture A (1.3 ha) is in a wood-pasture situat- lea millefolium, Leontodon autumnalis, Taraxa- ed in the middle of the farmland. The lowest part cum spp., Poa pratensis, and Stellaria media. The of the pasture consists of moist broadleaved herb- ground layer is dominated by Brachythecium ru- rich forest, which gradually changes to dry pine- tabulum. dominated forest towards the uphill part of the Pasture C (1.3 ha) is constituted by a narrow, pasture (Fig. 3). The pasture had been selective- relatively open wood-pasture edge with mixed ly logged four years earlier. In the pine-dominat- trees (dominated by Pinus sylvestris, Betula spp. ed dry part of the pasture the dominant vascular and Picea abies) (Fig. 3). It is bordered from one plant species were Vaccinium myrtillus and Des- side by a meadow and from the other side by a re- champsia flexuosa, and the dominant bryophytes cently selectively logged pine-dominated wood- were the common forest-floor species Pleuro- pasture. This pasture has aesthetic landscape val- zium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens. In the ues and it hosts many red-listed vascular plant Corylus avellana -dominated herb-rich part of the species. The mixed-tree wood-pasture edge is of pasture the dominant vascular plant species were herb-rich heath forest. Dominant vascular plant

Figure 2. Aerial photograph of the study area, indicating the location of the studied pastures (A, B and C) within it. 64 Kunttu et al. • Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019

Figure 3. The main habitat types of each study pasture. Study pasture A, photo by Kaisa Tervonen.

Figure 3. Study pasture B, photo by Kaisa Raatikainen. Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019 • Kunttu et al. 65

Figure 3. Study pasture C, photo by Kaisa Tervonen. species were Rumex acetosa, Lathyrus praten- lands indicates moderately current and historical sis, Poa pratensis and Pimpinella saxifraga. Bry- land use (grazing or mowing) when they occur ophyte Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus dominated in in semi-natural grasslands (Pykälä 2001). These the semi-open edge while Pleurozium schreberi quality indicator species have positive indicator dominated higher up in the spruce-dominated value. wood-pasture. The plot area also includes patches of bare cliff (dominated byDicranum scoparium) Bryophytes and some moist herb-rich patches in the shallow depressions (Brachythecium rutabulum, Climaci- Bryophytes were surveyed by AO with time-lim- um dendroides and Plagiomnium spp.). ited 1.5 hour surveys per pasture on the18th and 19th of June 2012. Unfortunately, a heavy down- pour of rain occurred during the surveys in pas- Vascular plants tures B and C, which limited the chances of ob- Vascular plants were surveyed on the three study serving the smallest bryophyte species. Speci- pastures on the18th and 19th of June 2012. Time- mens of bryophytes were collected when neces- limited survey of 1.5 hours per pasture was used, sary and identified later by AO. The nomenclature during which species were searched and recorded and classification of bryophytes follows Sam- from the whole pasture by KT and KJR. Almost maltyöryhmä (2015). all vascular plants were recorded at species level, but some species were retained at genus level Stipitate macrofungi (like Alchemilla, Hieracium and Taraxacum), if grazing had left the shoots unidentifiable. The no- Stipitate species of Agaricales, Boletales and menclature of vascular plants follows Hämet-Ah- Aphylloporales (Ramarioid species, stipitate ti et al. (1998), the classification of red-list spe- polypores etc.) fungal species were surveyed on cies Rassi et al. (2010) and quality indicator spe- the 9th and 10th of October 2013. The surveys cies Pykälä (2009) and Helle & Mussaari (2004). were conducted by one hour time-limited survey Quality indicator species of semi-natural grass- by KT and PH on each pasture. For each species 66 Kunttu et al. • Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019 on each pasture we recorded the number of sep- ping census (Koskimies & Väisänen 1988), but arate occurrences with the maximum of three. the number of breeding pairs was counted only in I.e. if we detected more than three clearly sepa- for the rarest species. The study area covered 90 rate fruit bodies (distance from another fruit body hectares (Fig. 2) and it was surveyed twice, fol- at least 10 meters) we regarded the species to lowing a general protocol in farmland bird cen- be ”common all over the pasture”. We collected suses (e.g. Piha et al. 2007, Vepsäläinen et al. specimens for further identification when need- 2007). In addition, the results include some re- ed. Sorting the specimens and further notes were cords of rare breeding birds from previous years done after the one hour survey time. 70 specimens (see Appendix). Bird nomenclature follows Cro- were collected and identified with microscope by chet & Joynt (2015) and the red-list statuses are KT and PH, and by specialists Juhani Ruotsalain- according to Tiainen et al. (2016). en, Mika Toivonen and Ilkka Kytövuori. The nomenclature of agarics follows Knudsen & Vest- erholt (2012), Gasteromycetes and Typhulaceae Results and discussion Salo et al. (2006), and Aphylloporales Kotiranta et al. (2009) if not given otherwise. The classifi- Vascular plants cation of non-evaluated (NE) species follows von Bonsdorff (2012). The preferred habitat of differ- We observed altogether 152 vascular plant spe- ent fungal species have been listed in Kytövuori cies in the three study pastures (Appendix). The et al. (2005) and Kotiranta et al. (2009). More- vascular plant species richness is quite high and over, indicator species for valuable biotopes are is caused by the patchiness of the tree cover, soil listed by von Bonsdorff et al. (2014). We note conditions and grazing. Grazing has positive ef- both of these statuses considering traditional ru- fects on vascular plant species richness in tra- ral biotopes. ditional rural biotopes (Pykälä 2003, Oldén et al. 2016). Our study pastures were grazed quite heavily which affected the detectability of spe- Polypores cies and caused some difficulties in species iden- The polypore survey was carried out on the 9th tification. and 10th of October 2013 and was focused on We found six red-list and eleven quality indi- sporocarps of all polypore species. Occasional cator species (incl. four red-listed species) in the corticioids were also collected during the survey. pastures. In pasture A we found 99 species includ- The data was collected by PK who also identi- ing red-listed Cardamine parviflora (EN), Gali- fied polypores, but Matti Kulju identified- corti um verum (VU, also quality indicator) and quality cioids. October is a suitable period for perform- indicator species Primula veris, Quercus robur, ing polypore inventories according to occurrence and Satureja vulgaris. In pasture B we observed of basidiocarps (Halme & Kotiaho 2012). Every 87 species including Cardamine parviflora (EN) dead wood piece with a diameter of at least 5 cm and Plantago lanceolata (NT, also quality indica- was surveyed. In total 28 specimens were collect- tor), and quality indicator species Tilia cordata. ed for later identification or documentation. Tax- Pasture C was the most species rich pasture (110 onomy and nomenclature are mainly according to species) and included six red-listed and nine qual- Kotiranta et al. (2009) and Niemelä (2012), but ity indicator species (incl. four red-list species). the nomenclature of the genus Hyphodontia sen- Red-listed species in pasture C were: Cardamine su lato follows Hjortstam & Ryvarden (2009). parviflora (EN), Galium verum (VU), Nardus Voucher specimens are deposited in the herbari- stricta (NT), Plantago lanceolata (NT), Polyga- um of the University of Turku (TUR). la vulgaris (VU), and Thalictrum aquilegiifolium (VU), which Galium verum, Nardus stricta, Plan- tago lanceolate, and Polygala vulgaris are also Birds quality indicators. Quality indicator species were The breeding bird survey was carried out in May Bistorta vivipara, Primula veris, Quercus robur, – June 2013 by JT. The survey method was map- and Tilia cordata. Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019 • Kunttu et al. 67

Almost all above mentioned red-listed species in traditional rural biotopes is mainly due to de- are dependent on semi-natural grasslands and are creasing biomass of dominant vascular plant spe- also indicators of high-quality management. Car- cies by grazing (van der Maaler & Sykes 1993, damine parviflora and Thalictrum aquilegiifoli- Olff & Ritchie 1998). Decreasing biomass and um are not directly dependent on traditional rural size of vascular plants decreases competition be- biotopes, but the end of grazing and the following tween vascular plant species and trampling of soil overgrowth of bushes in shores have been men- liberate space and resources to a wider range of tioned as a threat for Cardamine parviflora (Ryt- vascular plant species. These processes promote täri & Kettunen 1997). Cardamine parviflorawas increased species richness (Olff & Ritchie 1998, observed in all of the pastures. Thalictrum aqui- Pykälä 2001). legiifolium naturally grows in herb-rich forests or in wooded meadows, but the species is also used Bryophytes as a garden plant (Hämet-Ahti et al. 1998). In this study, we most likely observed T. aquilegiifoli- A total of 54 bryophyte species were observed in um escaped from a garden, and thus the observa- Nystu (Appendix). They included 51 moss spe- tion should be taken in to account with concern. cies and only three liverwort species. The number All detected indicator species, except three are in- of moss species is rather high due to the patchy dicators of valuable semi-natural grasslands and soil conditions that include naturally fertile and can be called as traditional rural biotope species. moist patches, the variable tree densities, varying Quercus robur, Satureja vulgaris, Tilia corda- tree species and the occurrence of variable piec- ta also somewhat indicate valuable semi-natural es of decaying wood. In addition, bryophyte rich- grasslands but the primary habitats of those spe- ness is increased by the effects of grazers, such cies are herb-rich forests or herb-rich heath for- as the bare soil and rock patches created by tram- ests (Hämet-Ahti et al. 1998). pling and the decreased competition due to vas- Especially pasture C is very valuable as a cular plant defoliation (Oldén & Halme 2016b, habitat for many red-list and noteworthy vascu- Oldén et al. 2016). The low number of liverwort lar plant species mostly due to its quite dry soil, species in wood-pastures may be explained by continuity of grazing and varying tree structure. the semi-open conditions as well as the scarcity Pasture B hosted the lowest species richness, but of large decaying logs (Oldén & Halme 2016b). also the surveyed area was smallest. Pasture A has Many liverworts favor moist microclimatic con- more closed canopy than other pastures and in- ditions and are therefore most common in moist cluded a species rich patch with abundant Cory- old-growth forests (Ulvinen et al. 2002). Final- lus avellana. ly, the diversity of both mosses and liverworts is Ole Eklund (1958) made extensive botanical lower on this kind of areas with siliceous bedrock studies in the Archipelago Sea at the first part of than in calcareous sites. For example, Ingerpuu et 20th century. He made species inventories also on al. (1998) found several calciphilous species in a Wattkast island. His findings included many vas- wooded meadow in Estonia, and those species do cular plant species specialized on traditional ru- not occur in Nystu. ral biotopes. For example, Filipendula vulgaris, No red-listed bryophyte species were ob- Avenula pubescens and Ranunculus polyanthe- served on the pastures, but five of the observed mos were found then, but not this time on these species indicate nature values such as rare or di- study pastures. It is possible that these species verse habitats (Sammaltyöryhmä 2015). Pasture and many other found by Eklund can still exist A was the most diverse in terms of total bryo- on Wattkast, because our study pastures are only phyte species richness (36) and the number of in- a tiny part of the whole island. dicator species (3). Most of the species occurred Semi-natural grasslands are the primary hab- in the moist and meso-eutrophic herb-rich de- itat for many of the common species at the pas- pression, including the indicator species Sphag- tures (see vascular plant species list of semi-nat- num teres and Thuidium tamariscinum that are ural grasslands in Pykälä 2001, Appendix). In typical to meso-eutrophic areas with the effects of general, high species richness of vascular plants flood or spring water. The bryophyte communi- 68 Kunttu et al. • Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019 ty of pasture A was also diversified by the occur- should not be drawn based on a single survey rence of relatively diverse decaying wood, which (van der Linde et al. 2012, Straatsma et al. 2001). provided a habitat for the third indicator species, We did not detect any red-listed fungal spe- Herzogiella seligeri. The bryophyte community cies in our study pastures. Two non-evaluated on pasture B was affected by the occasional ef- species were detected on pasture A. These spe- fects of flooding, especially on the lower edge cies (Deconica crobula and Marasmius setosus) of the wood-pasture where the indicator species have also been found in several wood-pastures Leskea polycarpa grew on the bases of decidu- in Central Finland (Tervonen et al. unpublished). ous trees. Pasture C was the least diverse because They seem to be common in many other kinds of of the mostly dry and sunny conditions, but the semi open habitats as well, and should be classi- small depressions hosted species typical to moist fied as LC in the next evaluation.Galerina perpl- or spring-fed areas, including the indicator spe- exa was detected on pasture C and has also been cies Plagiomnium undulatum. found from about third of the studied wood-pas- None of the above-mentioned rare bryo- tures in Central Finland (Tervonen et al. unpub- phyte species are directly dependent on the ef- lished), but it is still very little collected and was fects of pasturage, but are instead dependent on not considered at all in the previous red-list eval- moist, flooded, spring-fed and/or mesotrophic uation. Bonsdorff et al. (2015) reported Galeri- conditions. Therefore, the conservation values of na perplexa new to Finland, thus its status in our wood-pastures may be more related to the main- species list is ”new”. Russula puellaris var. cu- tenance of continuous albeit semi-open tree cano- preovinosa Reumaux was found from pasture A pies in such sites with rare soil conditions. On the and it is quite common (Russula specialist Juhani other hand, the species do not seem to be harmed Ruotsalainen, pers. comm.), although it was not by the grazers and may even benefit from the cre- treated in the previous red-list evaluation. Myce- ation of empty patches by trampling. Similarly, na floridula has obviously been collected in Fin- rare bryophytes in boreal wood-pastures in Cen- land already before this study, but it was not con- tral Finland have been observed to depend more sidered in the previous red-list evaluation but in- on specific microhabitats or moist and fertile con- cluded to Mycena adonis. According to von Bon- ditions than on the pasture use itself (Oldén & sdorff (bulletin by e-mail 2016) M. floridula sta- Halme 2016b, Oldén et al. 2016). Many of the tus in next evaluation will be LC, thus its status in common species benefit from the high light avail- our species list is LC. ability (e.g. Brachythecium albicans and Rhyt- We found also four indicator species but the idiadelphus squarrosus) and the availability of target habitat is not traditional rural biotopes for trampled patches with bare soil (e.g. Brachythe- three of them. Macrolepiota procera (indica- cium mildeanum, Bryum capillare, Ceratodon tor value=IV 2 according to von Bonsdorff et al. purpureus and Pohlia nutans) (see Ulvinen et al. 2014) was found from pasture A and C. It was the 2002). only indicator species of valuable wood-pastures in our study pastures, but it is also listed as an indicator of valuable deciduous herb-rich forests. Stipitate macrofungi Galerina clavata (IV 1) was found from pasture A In total 101 fungal species (Agaricales and Aphyl- and it is an indicator species of valuable wooded loporales) were observed on the study pastures swamps and flooded forests. Mycena polygram- (Appendix). The most species rich was pasture A ma (IV 1) was abundant in all of our study pas- with 64 species, the second was pasture C with tures. It is an indicator species of valuable decidu- 54 species and the poorest was pasture B with 33 ous herb-rich forests and parklike habitats. Myce- species. These species numbers at pasture scale na purpureofusca (IV 2) was found from pasture are among the average diversity if compared to C and it is an indicator of valuable unmanaged our previous similar surveys in wood pastures in pine-dominated forests and parklike habitats. Central Finland (Tervonen et al. 2019, Tervonen We detected only one species, Conocybe et al. unpublished, However, strong conclusions brunneidisca, whose main habitat is traditional on ground-inhabiting fungal species richness rural biotopes according to Kytövuori et al. 2005, Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019 • Kunttu et al. 69 but there were 17 additional species for which taxicola, Phellinus pini and Postia leucomallel- traditional rural biotopes is given as one of the la. All of them grew on Pinus sylvestris. Other habitats but not the main one. noteworthy records were Antrodiella romellii and Pasture A is a valuable fungal biotope because Ganoderma lucidum which are occasional spe- of its herb-rich forest patches and moist spots that cies growing on dead wood in mixed or decidu- produce suitable habitat for many fungal species. ous forests, mainly in South and Central Finland Pasture B is quite a typical wood-pasture from the (Niemelä 2005, Kotiranta et al. 2009). No red- fungal point of view, and valuable as such. Pas- listed species were found. ture C did not host much detected values, but it The most remarkable corticioid record was seems to have potential to have much more spe- Xylodon pruni. This was the fourth record in Fin- cies than we found. More fungal survey repeats land (Kotiranta et al. 2009). It grew on a stump should be conducted to evaluate the real conser- of Juniperus communis. Other interesting species vation value of the studied pastures for fungal was Hyphoderma roseocremeum, a relatively rare species. species in Finland, occurring only in southwest- Surveys were conducted only once and thus ern Finland. The other detected species are com- many species were not detected. Most Basidio- mon and fairly typical species in South Finland, mycete fungi fruit in the autumn, so we conducted mainly growing on deciduous trees (Kotiranta et our survey in optimal season (Moore et al. 2008, al. 2009). Halme et al. 2012). However, many fruit bodies There are only few studies on polypores in are short-lived and in addition fruit body produc- traditional rural habitats or other semi-open for- tion varies between years and many species do ested habitats, which is understandable because not produce fruit bodies every year (Stadler & many polypore species are favoring old-growth Sterner 1998, Straatsma et al. 2001, Moore et al. forest or at least some structures typical to old- 2008). It has been noticed that to reveal even the growth forests (Penttilä et al. 2004, Junninen et majority of species richness of the area, surveys al. 2006, Komonen & Junninen 2011). Vauras must be conducted along several years, especially (2000) and Kunttu (2016) have made studies on considering ground dwelling agarics (Straatsma Aphyllophorales in traditionally managed semi- et al. 2001, but see also Halme & Kotiaho 2012, natural biotopes on the islands of the Archipelago Abrego et al. 2016). Sea National Park. Earlier studies on the fungi of traditional ru- There are no polypores or corticioids in Fin- ral biotopes have shown that grazing creates more land which are directly dependent on wood-pas- habitats for grassland fungi than mowing (Nau- tures, but traditional rural biotopes are a combina- ta & Jalink 2001). However, it is not known how tion of species living mainly on herb-rich forests, much cattle eats fruit bodies and how this affects old-growth forests (especially species depend- both the detected and truly present community. ing on big trees) and semi-open wooded habitats Fungal biodiversity in wood-pastures is still very (Kotiranta & Niemelä 1996, Vauras 2000, Koti- poorly known (but see Rotheroe 2001, Griffith et ranta et al. 2009). The Swedish list of indica- al. 2012) tor species mentions two polypores that are indicators of wood-pastures (Nitare 2000). Rare or threatened species of wood-pastures were not met Polypores in this study, but all found indicator species and In total, 38 polypore species were detected in the two herb-rich forest species are examples of spe- study pastures. In addition, 32 corticioid species cies to which wood-pastures can provide suitable were collected as a by-product without any sys- habitats. tematic inventory method (Appendix). The highest polypore diversity (23 species) was detected Birds on study pasture A (Figs. 2 & 3). Four old-growth forest indicator species (ac- Altogether 74 species were observed in our sur- cording to Kotiranta & Niemelä 1996) were veys, and five additional species had been ob- found: Anomoporia kamtschatica, Meruliopsis served during previous years (Appendix). The 70 Kunttu et al. • Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019 breeding bird fauna in the farm is rich due to di- mixed forest with deciduous trees and also scrubs verse forests, high habitat diversity and pasturage. are retained. These are important nesting habi- Grazing benefits birds that feed in short-grown tats to Sylvia spp., Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Lus- vegetation habitats or feed on invertebrates as- cinia luscinia, Turdus spp., Carduelis spinus and sociating with grazing domestic animals. For- Carpodacus erythrinus (NT). Forests included ests with low-intensity management history pro- also wet patches where Scolopax rusticola, Trin- vide dead trees and tree hollows (Atlegrim & Sjö- ga ochropus and Grus grus nested. berg 2004, Sippola et al. 2001), which are suit- There are few studies about breeding birds able nesting and feeding sites for birds. Wood- in wood-pastures (Velmala 2000), but some of pastures also provide ampler invertebrate fauna the species typical to wood-pastures also occur than normal managed forests (Falk 2014), and it in agricultural areas (Pitkänen & Tiainen 2001), is essential for many insect-feeding bird species. whereas birds of meadows, particularly shore Breeding birds of our study area included 16 red- meadows, have been studied very much. listed species and two red-listes species from the Agricultural intensification, large-scale previous years (Appendix). changes in farming practices, changes in land- We observed the following species that benefit scape structure and the loss of semi-natural grass- from open or semi-open biotopes created by pas- lands have resulted in a loss of spatial and tem- turage: Sturnus vulgaris, Hirundo rustica (NT), poral habitat heterogeneity and key habitats, and Delichon urbicum (EN), Oenanthe oenanthe caused a decline of bird populations in agricul- (NT), Motacilla alba, Alauda arvensis, Ember- tural habitats (Fuller et al. 1995, Söderström & iza citrinella and Tringa totanus (VU). Further- Pärt 2000, Benton et al. 2003, Tiainen & Pakka- more, Anas clypeata, Anser anser and Gallinago la 2000). Our observations include for example S. gallinago (VU) nested on an open meadow near vulgaris, O. oenanthe, A. arvensis, Carpodacus the shore. Dry meadows dominated by Juniperus erythrinus, H. rustica and D. urbicum which are communis were suitable habitats to Lanius collu- species that have declined strongly in agricultur- rio (VU), Sylvia nisoria (VU), Sylvia communis, al areas in Finland (Tiainen & Pakkala 2000, Pit- Sylvia curruca and Carduelis chloris (VU). känen & Tiainen 2001, Piha et al. 2003, Valka- Moreover, following birds have benefited di- ma et al. 2011). It is obvious that these species rectly from grazing domestic animals, cattle and benefit from traditional rural biotopes and graz- sheep feeding on invertebrates associated with ing. In turn, Sylvia nisoria has one of the most re- grazing domestic animals, cattles and sheeps: stricted habitat requirements and it mainly breeds Passer domesticus, Passer montanus, Emberiza in semi-natural, semi-open biotopes (Laine 1988, citrinella, Corvus monedula, Pica pica, Corvus Kunttu 2009). corone cornix, Hirundo rustica, Delichon urbica. All of the 16 species that had highest popula- Passer domesticus (VU) and C. monedula bred tion densities in a study made in the wood-pas- inside farm buildings. For example, ten pairs of tures in the Archipelago Sea National Park (Lind- P. domesticus bred inside the sheep barn, and they gren 2000), i.a. S. rusticola, J. torquilla, Luscinia had there up to three broods per year. luscinia, Prunella modularis, P. phoenicurus, S. The selective logging forest management has curruca, S. nisoria, Phylloscopus trochilus, Mus- positive effects on bird fauna (Calladine et al. cicapa striata, L. collurio and Carduelis chloris, 2015, 2017, Peura et al. 2017). For example, the were met in our survey. following hole-nesting species benefit from the old trees retained in wood-pastures: all wood- peckers, Parus spp., like Parus cristatus (VU), Conclusions Certhia familiaris, Sturnus vulgaris, Phoenicu- rus phoenicurus, Jynx torquilla, Apus apus (VU), This article provides a quite comprehensive list Columba oenas, Bucephala clangula, Aegolius of species associated with a wood-pasture com- funereus (NT), and C. monedula. Buteo buteo plex in southwestern Finland. It is useful as a ref- (VU) can build its nest to the large old trees typ- erence when discussing the biodiversity of tradi- ical to wood-pastures. The forests are spared as tional rural biotopes. According to the biology of Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019 • Kunttu et al. 71 the detected red-listed and indicator species, the Benton, T. G., Vickery, J. A. & Wilson, J. D. 2003: Farm- conservation value of the studied wood-pasture land biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key? — site is constituted of very different elements, i.e. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 182–188. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00011-9 its heterogeneity as a habitat complex. Some spe- Bergmeier, E., Petermann, J. & Schröder, E. 2010: Geobo- cies require flooded patches, some others contin- tanical survey of wood-pasture habitats in Europe: di- uous grazing, some species constant shadow and versity, threats and conservation. — Biodiversity and so on. We argue that Nystu is a representative ex- Conservation 19: 2995–3014. https://doi.org/10.1007/ ample of the complexity of the conservation val- s10531-010-9872-3 ues of traditional rural biotopes. More specifi- BirdLife International 2004: Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. — BirdLife cally, considering wood-pastures, such multiple Conservation Series. No. 12. Cambridge, UK. 374 p. values are tied to the continuous presence of old von Bonsdorff, T. 2012: Sent table: Species list of NE and trees, the semi-open conditions, the direct pres- LC fungi species. Outcome from 2010 Red List eval- ence of the grazers (through dunging, defoliation uation. and trampling), low amount of available nutrients von Bonsdorff, T., Kytövuori, I., Vauras, J., Huhtinen, in the top soil layers and the presence of undis- S., Halme, P., Rämä, T., Kosonen, L. & Jakobsson, S. 2014: Indicator fungi. — Norrlinia 27: 1‒272. (in turbed lower soil layers. Together these and po- Finnish with English summary) tential other factors create a highly diverse mosa- von Bonsdorff, T., Niskanen, T., Liimatainen, K., Kytö- ic-like habitat. vuori, I., Vauras, J., Huhtinen, S., Höijer, P., Kekki, T., Kosonen, T., Tervonen, K., Purhonen, J., Halme, Acknowledgements. We are grateful to Thomas Johans- P., Pennanen, M. & Marsh, T. 2015: New national and son and Johanna Franzén who gave us possibility to car- regional biological records for Finland 5. Contribu- ry out these inventories on their lands. We thank Ministry tions to agaricoid and ascomycetoid taxa of fungi 4. of the Enviroment for financial support via ”Puustoisten — Memoranda Societatis Pro Fauna Et Flora Fenni- perinneympäristöjen hoito luonnonlaiduntamisella” -pro- ca 91: 56‒66. ject. The work of the authors was funded by the Finnish Bruun, H. H., Fritzbøger, B., Rindel, P. O. & Hansen, U. Ministry of the Environment (PUTTE-grant to PH), Kone L. 2009: Plant species richness in grasslands: the rel- Foundation (personal grant to AO), Maj and Tor Nessling ative importance of contemporary environment and Foundation (personal grant to KJR), and the European Ag- land-use history since the Iron Age. — Ecography 24: ricultural Fund for Rural Development (via Bull by the 569–578. Horns -project to KT and KJR). We are also grateful to Calladine, J., Bray, J., Broome, A. & Fuller, R.J. 2015: Mika Toivonen, Ilkka Kytövuori, Juhani Ruotsalainen and Comparison of breeding bird assemblages in conifer Matti Kulju for identifying some of our fungal specimens. plantations managed by continuous cover forestry and clearfelling. — Forest Ecology and Management 344: 20‒29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.02.017 Calladine, J., Jarrett, D., & Wilson, M. & Edwards, C. 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Pöyry, J., Lindgren, S., Salminen, J. & Kuussaari, M. agee.2014.12.005 2004: Restoration of Butterfly and Moth Communi- Takala, T., Kouki, J. & Tahvanainen, T. 2014: Bryophytes ties in Semi-Natural Grasslands By Cattle Grazing. and their microhabitats in coniferous forest pastures: — Ecological Applications 14: 1656–1670. https://doi. should they be considered in the pasture management? org/10.1890/03-5151 — Biodiversity and Conservation 23: 3127–3142. htt- Pöyry, J., Paukkunen, J., Heliölä, J. & Kuussaari, M. 2009: ps://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0769-4 Relative contributions of local and regional factors to Takala, T., Tahvanainen, T. & Kouki, J. 2012: Can re-es- species richness and total density of butterflies and tablishment of cattle grazing restore bryophyte diver- moths in semi-natural grasslands. — Oecologia 160: sity in abandoned mesic semi-natural grasslands? — 577–587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-009-1328-7 Biodiversity and Conservation 21: 981–992. https:// Rassi, P., Hyvärinen, E., Juslén, A. & Mannerkoski, I. doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0234-1 (eds.) 2010: The 2010 Red List of Finnish Species. — Tervonen, K., Oldén, A. & Halme, P. 2019: Ectomycor- Ministry of the Environment & Finnish Environment rhizal fungi in wood-pastures: Communities are deter- Institute, Helsinki. 685 p. mined by trees and soil properties, not by grazing. — Raunio, A., Schulman, A. & Kontula, T. 2008: Assessment Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 269: 13– of threatened habitat types in Finland. — Suomen 21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.09.015 ympäristö 8/2008. Finnish Environment Institute, Tiainen, J., Mikkola-Roos, M., Below, A., Jukarainen, A., Vammala. (in Finnish with English summary) Lehikoinen, A., Lehtiniemi, T., Pessa, J., Rajasärkkä, Rotheroe, M. 2001: A preliminary survey of waxcap grass- A., Rintala, J., Sirkiä, P. & Valkama, J. 2016: Suomen land indicator species in South Wales. — In: Moore, lintujen uhanalaisuus 2015 – The 2015 Red List of D., Nauta, M.M., Evans, S.E. & Rotheroe M. (eds.): Finnish Bird Species. Ministry of the Environment & Fungal conservation: Issues and solutions. Published Finnish Environment Institute. 49 p. for the British mycological society, Cambridge uni- Tiainen, J. & Pakkala, T. 2000: Population changes and versity press, 136‒143. monitoring of farmland birds in Finland. — The year- Ryttäri, T. & Kettunen, T. (eds.) 1997: Uhanalaiset kas- book of the Linnut magazine 1999, pp. 98‒105. (in vimme. — Suomen ympäristökeskus & Kirjayhtymä, Finnish with English summary) Helsinki. (in Finnish) Ulvinen T., Syrjänen K. & Anttila S. 2002: Suomen sam- Sammaltyöryhmä 2015: Suomen sammalien levinneisyys malet – levinneisyys, ekologia, uhanalaisuus. — Suo- metsäkasvillisuusvyöhykkeissä ja ELY-keskuksis- men ympäristö 560. Suomen ympäristökeskus, Hel- sa — Suomen ympäristökeskus, Tampere. 335 p. (in sinki. (in Finnish) Finnish) Vainio, M., Kekäläinen, H., Alanen, A. & Pykälä, J. 2001: Schulman, A., Alanen, A., Hæggström, C.-A., Huhta, A.- Traditional rural biotopes in Finland. Final report of P., Jantunen, J., Kekäläinen, H., Lehtomaa, L., Pykä- the nationwide inventory. — Finnish Environment In- lä, J. & Vainio, M. 2008: Perinnebiotoopit. — In Rau- stitute, Vammala. (in Finnish) nio, A., Schulman, A. & Kontula, T. (eds.): Suomen Valkama, J., Vepsäläinen, V. & Lehikoinen, A. 2011: The luontotyyppien uhanalaisuus – Osa 2: Luontotyyppien Third Finnish Breeding Bird Atlas. — Finnish Muse- kuvaukset. pp. 397–466. Suomen ympäristö 8/2008. um of Natural History and Ministry of the Environ- Sippola, A.-L., Lehesvirta, T. & Renvall, P. 2001: Effects ment. Available at: http://atlas3.lintuatlas.fi/english. Date of selective loggings on coarse woody debris and di- accessed: 16 Jan. 2018 versity of wood-decaying polypores in eastern Fin- Vauras, J. 2000: Macrofungi of the Southwestern Archi- land. — Ecological Bulletins 49: 243‒254. pelago National Park. — Metsähallituksen luonnon- Söderström, B. & Pärt, T. 2000: Influence of landscape suojelujulkaisuja A 112: 1–91. (in Finnish with Eng- scale on farmland birds breeding in semi-natural pas- lish summary) tures. — Conservation Biology 14: 522–533. Velmala, W. 2000: Perinnebiotooppien linnusto Saaristo- Stadler, M. & Sterner, O. 1998: Production of bioactive meren kansallispuistossa. Pp. 82‒87. In: Lampinen, J. secondary metabolites in the fruit bodies of macro- (ed.), Perinnebiotooppien monimuotoisuus: Saaristo- fungi as a response to injury. — Phytochemistry 49: meren kansallispuiston seminaarissa 5.3.1998 pidetyt 1013‒1019. esitelmät. Metsähallituksen luonnonsuojelujulkaisuja Straatsma, G., Ayer, F. & Egli, S. 2001: Species richness, A 120. (in Finnish) abundance, and phenology of fungal fruit bodies over Vepsäläinen, V., Pakkala, T., Piha, M. & Tiainen, J. 2007: 21 years in a Swiss forest plot. — Mycological Re- The importance of breeding groups for territory occu- search 105: 515‒523. pancy in a declining population of a farmland passer- Takala, T., J. Haverinen, E. Kuusela, T. Tahvanainen & ine bird. — Annales Zoologici Fennici 44: 8‒19. Kouki, J. 2015: Does cattle movement between for- Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019 • Kunttu et al. 75

Appendix. List of species.

Explanations ● = Species is typical for traditional rural biotopes and it is quality indicator (Helle & Mussaari 2004) – = If species occurs abundant, it indicates negative quality (too nutrient) of semi-natural grassland (Helle & Mussaari 2004) ▲ = Species is quality indicator when it occurs in traditional rural biotope but its main habitat is not traditional rural biotope (Pykälä 2001)

VASCULAR PLANTS Red- Indi- Plot VASCULAR PLANTS Red- Indi- Plot Species list cator A B C Species list cator A B C sta- sta- sta- sta- tus tus tus tus Achillea millefolium x x x Deschampsia cespitosa x x x Achillea ptarmica x x x Deschampsia flexuosa x x x Agrostis capillaris x x x Dryopteris carthusiana x x x Alchemilla sp. x Dryopteris filix-mas x Alnus glutinosa x x Elymus repens – x Alopecurus geniculatus x Epilobium sp. x Anemone nemorosa x x Equisetum arvense x Angelica sylvestris x x x Equisetum sylvaticum x Anthoxanthum odoratum x x x Festuca ovina x x Anthriscus sylvestris – x x x Festuca pratensis – x Aquilegia vulgaris x Festuca rubra x Betula pendula x x x Festuca trachyphylla x x Betula pubescens x x x Filipendula ulmaria x x x Bistorta vivipara ● x Fragaria vesca x x x Briza media x Galeopsis sp. x Calamagrostis arundinacea x x Galium album x Calamagrostis epigejos x Galium aparine x Calamagrostis sp. x Galium boreale x x Calystegia sepium x Galium sp. x Campanula patula x Galium spurium x Campanula persicifolia x x Galium trifolium x x x Campanula rotundifolia x Galium verum VU ● x x Cardamine parviflora EN x x x Geranium sylvaticum x Cardamine pratensis x x Geum rivale x x Carex canescens x Geum sp. x Carex digitata x x Geum urbanum x Carex echinata x x Glechoma hederacea x Carex nigra x x x Gymnocarpium dryopteris x Carex ovalis x x x Hepatica nobilis x x x Carex pallescens x x x Heracleum sp. x Carex sp. x x Hieracium sp. x x Carex vaginata x Hypericum maculatum x x x Carum carvi x Juncus alpinoarticulatus x Centaurea jacea x x Juncus filiformis x Cerastium fontanum x x Juniperus communis x x x Chelidonium majus x Lathyrus pratensis x x Chenopodium album coll. x Lathyrus vernus x Circium helenioides x Leontodon autumnalis x x Circium palustre x x x Leucanthemum vulgare x x Circium vulgare x x Luzula multiflora x x Corylus avellana x x Luzula pallescens x x Dactylorhiza maculata x Luzula pilosa x x x 76 Kunttu et al. • Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019

VASCULAR PLANTS Red- Indi- Plot VASCULAR PLANTS Red- Indi- Plot Species list cator Species list cator A B C sta- sta- A B C sta- sta- tus tus tus tus Lychnis viscaria x Silene dioica x x Lysimachia sp. x x x Sorbus aucuparia x x x Maianthemum bifolium x x x Stellaria graminea x x x Matricaria matricarioides x Stellaria media x x x Melampyrum pratense x x Sylvatica-ryhmä x x Melampyrum sylvaticum x x x Taraxacum spp. – x x x Melica nutans x x Thalictrum aquilegiifolium VU x Milium effusum x Tilia cordata ▲ x x Mycelis muralis x x Trientalis europaea x x x Nardus stricta NT ● x Trifolium pratense x x x Oxalis acetosella x x x Trifolium repens x x x Paris quadrifolia x Trifolium sp. x Persicaria minor x Tripleurospermum inodorum x Phleum pratense x Urtica dioica – x x x Picea abies x x x Vaccinium myrtillus x x x Pilosella cymosa coll. x Vaccinium vitis-idaea x x x Pilosella officinarum x x Valeriana sambucifolia x Pilosella sp. x x Veronica chamaedrys x x x Pimpinella saxifraga x x Veronica officinalis x x x Pinus sylvestris x x x Veronica serpyllifolia x x x Plantago lanceolata NT ● x x Vicia cracca x Plantago major x Vicia sepium x Platanthera bifolia x x Viola canina x x Poa nemoralis x Viola palustris x x x Poa pratensis – x x x Vulgata-group x x Poa sp. x Poa trivialis x Polygala vulgaris VU ● x Polypodium vulgare x Populus tremula x Potentilla anserina ssp. anserina x References Potentilla erecta x x x Nomenclature according to: Primula veris ● x x Hämet-Ahti, L., Suominen, J., Ulvinen, T. & Uotila, P. 1998: Retkeilykasvio (Field Flora of Finland). — Prunella vulgaris x x x 4th ed. Finnish Museum of Natural History, Botani- Pteridium aquilinum x x x cal Museum, Helsinki, 656 p. (in Finnish with Eng- Quercus robur ▲ x x lish summary) Ranunculus acris x x x Red-list status according to: Ranunculus auricomus x Rassi P., Hyvärinen E., Juslén A. & Mannerkoski I. (eds.) Ranunculus repens x x x 2010: The 2010 Red List of Finnish Species. — Min- Ribes alpinum x istry of the Environment & Finnish Environment In- Rosa sp. x x stitute, Helsinki, 685 p. Rubus idaeus x x x Indicator status according to: Rubus saxatilis x x Pykälä, J. 2009: Appendix 12. Huomion arvoiset putkilo- kasvit perinnebiotoopeilla. In: Raatikainen K. (ed.), Rumex acetosa x x x Perinnebiotooppien seurantaohje. — Metsähallituk- Rumex acetosella x x x sen luonnonsuojelujulkaisuja B 117: 103–109. (in Rumex acetosella ssp. tenuifolius x Finnish) Rumex longifolius – x Helle, I. & Mussaari, M. 2004: Etelä- ja Keski-Suomen Satureja vulgaris ● x perinnebiotooppien (niityt, kedot ja hakamaat) lajis- Senecio sp. x toa, species list. Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019 • Kunttu et al. 77

BRYOPHYTES Red- Indi- Plot BRYOPHYTES Red- Indi- Plot Species list cator Species list cator A B C A B C sta- sta- sta- sta- tus tus tus tus Amblystegium serpens x x Sciuro-hypnum reflexum x x Aulacomnium androgynum x x Sciuro-hypnum starkei x Aulacomnium palustre x x Sphagnum squarrosum x Brachytheciastrum velutinum x Sphagnum teres ● x Brachythecium albicans x Tetraphis pellucida x Brachythecium mildeanum x Thuidium tamariscinum ● x Brachythecium rutabulum x x x Brachythecium salebrosum x References Bryum caespiticium x Nomenclature according to: Bryum capillare x Sammaltyöryhmä 2015: Suomen sammalien levinneisyys metsäkasvillisuusvyöhykkeissä ja ELY-keskuk- Calliergon cordifolium x sissa. — Suomen ympäristökeskus, Tampere. 335 p. Ceratodon purpureus x x (in Finnish) Climacium dendroides x x x Red-list status according to: Dicranum polysetum x x Rassi P., Hyvärinen E., Juslén A. & Mannerkoski I. (eds.) Dicranum scoparium x x x 2010: The 2010 Red List of Finnish Species. — Min- Grimmia sp. x istry of the Environment & Finnish Environment In- Hedwigia ciliata x x x stitute, Helsinki, 685 p. Herzogiella seligeri ● x Indicator status according to: Hylocomium splendens x x x Sammaltyöryhmä 2015: Suomen sammalien levinnei- Hypnum cupressiforme x x x syys metsäkasvillisuusvyöhykkeissä ja ELY-keskuk- sissa. — Suomen ympäristökeskus, Tampere. 335 p. Leptodictyum riparium x x (in Finnish) Leskea polycarpa ● x Lophocolea heterophylla x x Mnium hornum x x x Orthotrichum speciosum x x Explanations Orthotricum obtusifolium x TRB = traditional rural biotope is the species main habitat Plagiomnium affine x x ▲ = traditional rural biotope is the species one habitat, but Plagiomnium cuspidatum x not the main one Plagiomnium medium x x ● = indicator species Plagiomnium undulatum ● x x/xx / xxx = the number of separate occurrences with the Plagiothecium curvifolium x maximum of three Plagiothecium denticulatum x Pleurozium schreberi x x x STIPITATE MACROFUNGI Red- Indi- Plot Species list cator A B C Pohlia nutans x sta- sta- Polytrichastrum formosum x tus tus Polytrichum commune x x Amanita muscaria var. muscaria x x Polytrichum juniperinum x x Auriscalpium vulgare xx x xx Ptilidium pulcherrimum x x Baespora myosura xxx xxx xxx Ptilium crista-castrensis x Bolbitius titubans x Racomitrium heterostichum x Calocera viscosa x x Racomitrium microcarpon x x Cantharellus cibarius ▲ x Radula complanata x Clavulina cinerea x Rhodobryum roseum x x Clitocybe odora var. odora x Rhyncostegium sp. x Clitocybe sp. x x Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus x x x Clitopilus prunulus x x x Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus x Conocybe aff. tenera x Sanionia uncinata x x Conocybe brunneidisca TRB x Sciuro-hypnum oedipodium x x x Coprinus comatus x Sciuro-hypnum populeum x Cortinarius flexipes coll. x x 78 Kunttu et al. • Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019

STIPITATE MACROFUNGI Red- Indi- Plot STIPITATE MACROFUNGI Red- Indi- Plot Species list cator A B C Species list cator A B C sta- sta- sta- sta- tus tus tus tus Cortinarius raphanoides x Mycena purpureofusca ● x Cortinarius spilomeus x Mycena rosella x Cortinarius triumphans x Mycena rubromarginata x Crepidotus versutus x Mycena sanguinolenta x Cystoderma jasonis var. jasonis x Mycena stylobates x Deconica crobula NE x Mycena vitilis xxx x Deconica merdaria coll. x Mycena vulgaris x x Entoloma cetratum x Mycetinis scorodonius xxx Entoloma sp. x Naucoria escharioides x xx xxx Galerina atkinsoniana ▲ x x Naucoria scolecina x xx Galerina clavata ●▲ x Panaeolus olivaceus ▲ x Galerina marginata xxx xx Panaeolus papilionaceus var. ▲ x xxx x Galerina perplexa ’new’ xx papilionaceus Galerina pumila var. pumila ▲ x Paxillus involutus xx xxx xxx Galerina vittiformis var. vittiformis Pholiota flammans x ▲ x f. tetraspora Pluteus cervinus xx xx Gymnopilus penetrans xx Polyporus brumalis x Gymnopilus picreus x Psathyrella rostellata x Gymnopus androsaceus ▲ xxx xxx Psathyrella senex x Hebeloma birrus ▲ xx x x Psathyrellaceae xx x Hebeloma sp. x xx Psilocybe medullosa x Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca ▲ xx xx x Rhodocollybia buturacea f. asema x Hypholoma capnoides x Rickenella fibula x Inocybe geophylla xx Rickenella schwartzii ▲ x Inocybe lilacina x Russula (cf.) olivascens x Laccaria laccata xx x Russula aeruginea x Lactarius aurantiacus x xx Russula aff. olivobrunnea x Lactarius helvus x Russula cessans x x Lactarius tabidus x Russula nitida ▲ xx Lentinellus micheneri x Russula pelargonia coll. xx x Lepista gilva x Russula puellaris var. cupreovinosa x Lycoperdon perlatum x Strobilurus esculentus x xx Lycoperdon sp. x Stropharia aeruginosa xx Macrolepiota procera ●▲ x xxx Stropharia semiglobata ▲ xxx xxx Macrotyphula fistulosa xx Tapinella atrotomentosa x Marasmiellus ramealis x Tricholomopsis decora x Marasmius epiphyllus x Tubaria conspersa xxx Marasmius setosus NE x Typhula sp. x Mycena amicta x Xeromphalina sp. x x Mycena cf. pura ▲ x Mycena citrinomarginata xx Mycena epipterygia coll. xxx x References Mycena filopes x xxx Nomenclature according to: Mycena flavoalba ▲ xxx x xxx Knudsen, H., & Vesterholt, J., (eds.) 2012: Funga Nordica. Mycena floridula xx xx Agaricoid, boletoid, clavarioid, cyphelloid and gaster- Mycena galericulata xxx xxx xxx oid genera. — Nordsvamp, Copenhagen. 1083 p. Red-list status according to: Mycena galopus xxx x xxx von Bonsdorff, T., 2012: Sent table: Species list of NE and Mycena leptocephala ▲ xxx xxx xxx LC fungi species. Outcome from 2010 Red List eval- Mycena metata x uation. Mycena polygramma ● xxx xxx xxx von Bonsdorff, T. 2016: Bulletin by e-mail. Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019 • Kunttu et al. 79

Indicator status according to: CORTICIOIDS AND WOOD- Red- Indi- Plot F von Bonsdorff, T., Kytövuori, I., Vauras, J., Huhtinen, INHABITING HYDNACEOUS list cator A B C E S., Halme, P., Rämä, T., Kosonen, L. & Jakobsson, FUNGI sta- sta- S Species tus tus S. 2014: Indicator fungi. — Norrlinia 27: 1‒272. [in A Finnish with English summary] Basidioradulum radula x Botryobasidium botryosum Kytövuori I., Nummela-Salo U., Ohenoja E., Salo P. & x Vauras J. 2005: Distribution table of agarics and bo- (vagum) letes in Finland. — In: Salo P., Niemelä T., Numme- Botryobasidium subcoronatum x la-Salo U. & Ohenoja E. (eds.), Suomen helttasienten Chondrostereum purpureum x ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus. Suo- Hymenochaete tabacina x men ympäristökeskus, Helsinki. Suomen ympäristö Hyphoderma roseocremeum x 769, pp. 225‒426. Hyphoderma setigerum-coll. x Leucogyrophana mollusca x Explanations Mucronella calva x Column FESA = Found elsewhere in the study area Peniophora sp. x Peniophorella guttulifera x POLYPORES Red- Indi- Plot F Species list cator A B C E Peniophorella pallida x sta- sta- S Peniophorella praetermissa x tus tus A Peniophorella pubera x Albatrellus confluens x Phanerochaete laevis x Anomoporia kamtschatica ● x Phanerochaete sanguinea x Antrodia serialis x Phanerochaete sordida x Antrodia sinuosa x x Phanerochaete velutina x Antrodiella romellii x Antrodiella serpula x Phlebia gigantea x Bjerkandera adusta x Phlebia radiata x Ceriporia reticulata x Phlebia tremellosa x Cerrena unicolor x x Piloderma fallax x Datronia mollis x Pseudohydnum gelatinosum x Fomes fomentarius x x Steccherinum fimbriatum x Fomitopsis pinicola x Stereum hirsutum x x Ganoderma lucidum x Stereum rugosum x x x Gloeophyllum sepiarium x Stereum sanguinolentum x x Heterobasidion parviporum x Stereum subtomentosum x Hyphodontia paradoxa x Tomentella sp. x Inonotus obliquus x Tubulicrinis subulatus x Inonotus radiatus x x Vesiculomyces citrinus x Ischnoderma benzoinum x Xylodon brevisetus x Lenzites betulinus x Xylodon pruni x Meruliopsis taxicola ● x Oligoporus fragilis x Oligoporus rennyi x Oligoporus stipticus x References Nomenclature according to: Phellinus pini ● x Kotiranta, H., Saarenoksa, R. & Kytövuori, I. 2009: Phellinus punctatus x x Aphyllophoroid fungi of Finland. A check-list with Phellinus tremulae x ecology, distribution, and threat categories. — Nor- Piptoporus betulinus x rlinia 19: 1–223. Polyporus brumalis x Red-list status according to: Postia alni x Rassi P., Hyvärinen E., Juslén A. & Mannerkoski I. (eds.) Postia caesia x 2010: The 2010 Red List of Finnish Species. — Min- Postia leucomallella ● x istry of the Environment & Finnish Environment In- Postia tephroleuca x stitute, Helsinki, 685 p. Pycnoporus cinnabarinus x Indicator status according to: Trametes hirsuta x x x Niemelä, T. 2005: Käävät, puiden sienet [Polypores, ligni- Trichaptum abietinum x x x colous fungi]. — Norrlinia 13: 1–319. (in Finnish with Trichaptum fuscoviolaceum x x English summary) 80 Kunttu et al. • Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 95, 2019

BIRDS Red- Notes BIRDS Red- Notes Species list Species list sta- sta- tus tus Cygnus olor Sylvia borin Anser anser Sylvia atricapilla One pair, invasive species Sylvia communis Branta canadensis NA in Finland Sylvia curruca Anas platyrhynchos Not observed in 2013, but Sylvia nisoria VU Anas clypeata One pair bred in 2008 Aythya fuligula EN Acrocephalus schoenobae- Bucephala clangula nus Podiceps auritus EN Three pairs Hippolais icterina Podiceps cristatus NT Phylloscopus trochilus Not observed in 2013, but Phylloscopus collybita Ardea cinerea possibly has bred in previ- Phylloscopus sibilatrix ous years Muscicapa striata Not observed in 2013, but Buteo buteo VU Ficedula hypoleuca has bred in previous years Parus major Fulica atra EN Two pairs Parus caeruleus Grus grus One pair Parus cristatus VU Haematopus ostralegus Parus ater Tringa ochropus Certhia familiaris Actitis hypoleucos Lanius collurio Two pairs Tringa totanus VU Pica pica Scolopax rusticola Not observed in 2013, but Nucifraga caryocatactes Gallinago gallinago VU has bred in previous years Larus ridibundus VU Garrulus glandarius Larus canus Corvus monedula Sterna paradisaea Corvus corone cornix Columba oenas Corvus corax Columba palumbus Sturnus vulgaris Cuculus canorus Passer domesticus VU Not observed in 2013, but Passer montanus Aegolius funereus NT in previous years 3 terri- tories Fringilla coelebs Apus apus VU Carduelis cannabina Dryocopus martius Two pairs Carduelis chloris VU Picus canus One pair Carduelis spinus Dendrocopos major Five pairs Loxia pytyopsittacus Dendrocopos minor Two pairs Carpodacus erythrinus NT Jynx torquilla Emberiza citrinella Alauda arvensis Hirundo rustica NT Delichon urbicum EN References Anthus trivialis Nomenclature according to Motacilla alba Mullarney, K., Svensson, L., Zetterström, D. 1999: Lin- Erithacus rubecula tuopas ‒ Euroopan ja Välimeren alueen linnut. — Ota- Luscinia luscinia va, Trento, 400 p. Phoenicurus phoenicurus Red-list status according to: Oenanthe oenanthe NT Tiainen, J., Mikkola-Roos, M., Below, A., Jukarainen, A., Turdus philomelos Lehikoinen, A., Lehtiniemi, T., Pessa, J., Rajasärkkä, Turdus iliacus A., Rintala, J., Sirkiä, P. & Valkama, J. 2016: Suomen lintujen uhanalaisuus 2015 – The 2015 Red List of Turdus viscivorus Finnish Bird Species. — Ministry of the Environment Turdus merula & Finnish Environment Institute, 49 p.