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FAU Institutional Repository http://purl.fcla.edu/fau/fauir This paper was submitted by the faculty of FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Notice: ©1994 Marine Biological Laboratory. The final published version of this manuscript is available at http://www.biolbull.org/. This article may be cited as: Jaeckle, W. B. (1994). Multiple modes of asexual reproduction by tropical and subtropical sea star larvae: an unusual adaptation for genet dispersal and survival. The Biological Bulletin, 186(1), 62‐71. Reference: Bid Bdl. 186: 62-7 I. (February, 1994) Multiple Modes of Asexual Reproduction by Tropical and Subtropical Sea Star Larvae: an Unusual Adaptation for Genet Dispersal and Survival WILLIAM B. JAECKLE Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port, 5612 Old Dixie Highway, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946,? Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, 5600 Old Dixie Highway, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, and Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, Maryland 21037-0028 Abstract. Sea star larvae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), recruit into habitats suitable for postlarval growth, de- collected from the subtropical Northwest Atlantic Ocean, velopment, and survival. Dispersal and successful recruit- exhibited three distinct modes of asexual reproduction. ment of planktonic larvae regulates, in part, the geo- A number of different bipinnariae and brachiolariae re- graphical distribution of many benthic marine inverte- produced by paratomous cloning of the posterolateral brates (Thorson, 1950; Mileikovsky, 197 1; Strathmann, arms. This morphogenesis was identical to that of larvae 1974; Jackson and Strathmann, 198 1; Roughgarden et assignable to the genus Luidia. A second mode of asexual ul., 1988). The arrival of competent larvae at suitable reproduction involves the autotomization of an anterior habitats is influenced by both abiotic and biotic features portion of the preoral lobe. Primary larvae with preoral of the overlying water column (Pechenik, 1987; Strath- lobes of varying sizes and free-swimming preoral lobes of mann, 1987; Young and Chia, 1987). Potential recruits various stages of morphological development were si- can be lost to predation (Rumrill, 1990), starvation, and multaneously collected. The free-swimming preoral lobes food limitation (Olson and Olson, 1989, and references developed complete digestive systems and ultimately as- within), and to dispersal away from appropriate settlement sumed the form of typical bipinnaria larvae. Asexual re- sites (Crisp, 1974; Jackson and Strathmann, 198 1; Palmer production by larvae may also take the form of budding. and Strathmann, 1981; Roughgarden et al., 1988). The The released individual is either a blastula- or gastrula- greater the time that is required to complete the larval stage embryo. Subsequent development to a bipinnaria- life, the more likely, in theory, that a given larva will be stage secondary larva, with the possible exception of coe- lost from recruitment. lom formation, appears to occur through the events as- Despite the theoretical disadvantages of a lengthy sociated with normal larval development. These diverse planktonic existence, larvae of many marine invertebrates methods of asexual propagation provide a common are long-lived and potentially able to disperse over large mechanism to increase the length of larval life and amplify geographic distances (e.g., Thorson, 1961; Scheltema, the number of individuals. Thus asexual reproduction by 1964, 1966, 197 la, b; Scheltema and Williams, 1983). larvae should increase the likelihood of genet represen- For example, planktotrophic larvae of many phyla (e.g., tation in the next generation. Mollusca, Sipuncula, Echinodermata, and Brachiopoda) Introduction have been collected from surface plankton tows in all ma- jor currents of the North Atlantic gyre (Scheltema, 1964, The primary ecological role of planktonic invertebrate 1966, 1971a, b, 1975; Laursen, 1981; Rice, 1981). Schel- larvae is to disperse away from parent populations and tema (197 1a) labeled these larvae teleplunic (“far wan- dering”) in reference to their potential for long-distance Received 16 August 1993; accepted 22 November 1993. dispersal. Presumably, teleplanic larvae possess morpho- + Current address. Contribution #347 to the Smithsonian Marine Station at Link Port logical, behavioral, and chemical characters and character and #998 to the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution. states that decrease the likelihood of mortality during a 62 LARVAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 63 long dispersal phase. These larvae often possess expansive N and 79.6” W to ca. 27.3” N and 78.8” W) and at various locomotory and feeding appendages, long elaborations of locations in the territorial waters of the Commonwealth the body, and poorly calcified structural elements (i.e., of the Bahamas, chiefly in the area between the Berry shell) (Scheltema, 197 la, b; Wilson, 1978; Domanski, Islands (ca. 25.5” N, 77.5” W), Eleuthera Island (cu. 25.5” 1984). These features are thought to decrease the rate of N, 76.8” W), and Andros Island (cu. 25” N, 77.5” W) sinking and increase the volume of water cleared during and off Grand Bahama Island (cu. 26.5” N; 78.8” W). All feeding. In addition to structural alterations, changes in plankton samples were taken using a 3/4-m diameter net the physiological state of the larvae may also allow for an with a 202~pm (pore size) netting that was towed either extended planktonic existence. Teleplanic larvae are horizontally or vertically. Sea star larvae were sorted from thought to enter a metabolic steady-state (i.e., growth the total catch as soon as possible after collection and stasis), where the energy demands of metabolism covary placed in seawater that had been filtered through a bag with the amount of ingested foods (Scheltema, 1966; or string filter (cu. 5-pm pore size). Larvae that were Pechenik et al., 1984). If the total energy cost of larval maintained in the laboratory were held in finger bowls at development is fixed for a species (Hoegh-Guldberg and 2 l-25°C and fed a mixture of Dunaliella tertiolecta and Manahan, 199 l), then the flexibility to vary development Isochrysis galbunu (Tahitian strain). Each day the dishes and metabolic rates with nutrient availability may be a were inspected for newly released secondary larvae and prerequisite for a long larval life. embryos. All asexually produced individuals were pooled Yet adaptations that increase the likelihood that the and maintained in the same manner as the primary larvae. genet (i.e., a genetically discrete individual) will persist With the sole exception of the larva of a species assignable can take a different and novel form. Bosch (1988) and to the genus Luidia (Bosch et al., 1989, see below), the Bosch et al. ( 1989) reported that oceanic bipinnaria larvae taxonomic classification of the examined larvae remains of Luidia sp. (Ph. Asteroidea: Or. Paxillosida) reproduced unknown. asexually by paratomous cloning of the posterolateral lar- Bipinnaria larvae, brachiolaria larvae, and asexually val arms. Upon release, the secondary embryos morpho- produced individuals were processed in two ways for morphological inspection. For examination of larval gross logically resemble late-stage gastrulae and rapidly assume anatomy, larvae were examined live or fixed in Hollande’s the form of young bipinnaria larvae. Bosch et al. (1989) fluid (Galigher and Kozloff, 197 1) for 24 h, dehydrated recognized that the ability of a larva to replicate itself may with an ascending ethanol series, and examined using both serve to lengthen the lifespan and size of each genet. These a compound and a dissecting microscope. For studies of consequences of asexual reproduction by larvae may en- external and internal surfaces, larvae and embryos were hance the likelihood of successful recruitment into benthic fixed in 1% 0~0~ in either seawater or distilled water for habitats by (1) increasing the duration of the larval life 1 h, serially dehydrated with ethanol, and critical-point- (facilitating long-distance dispersal) and multiplying the dried using CO2 as the transition fluid. The specimens number of larvae that may survive to metamorphic com- were mounted on stubs, coated with a gold-palladium petence. mixture, and then examined using a Novascan 30 scan- Further sampling has revealed that asexual reproduc- ning electron microscope. tion by oceanic asteroid larvae in the tropical and sub- tropical Western Atlantic Ocean is restricted neither to a member of the genus Luidia nor to modifications of the Results posterolateral larval arms. Plankton samples taken in the Florida Current of the Gulf Stream and from the territorial Field-collected bipinnaria and brachiolaria larvae ex- waters of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas contained hibited three forms of asexual reproduction. Asexually a number of different bipinnaria (with and without de- produced individuals were either (1) released as late gas- veloping juveniles) and brachiolaria larvae that were re- trula-stage embryos or early bipinnaria larvae from either producing asexually by one of three distinct modes, The or both posterolateral arms of primary larvae (Figs. 1, 4, potential for asexual reproduction has now been found 6), (2) developed from an autotomized anterior region of in representatives of at least two different asteroid orders the preoral lobe (Figs. 8-9), or (3) released from the apical (Bosch, 1988; Bosch et al., 1989; present study) and rep- tips of the arms of primary larvae in a blastula- or gastrula- resents