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Figs: the Genus Ficus Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times Figs The Genus Ficus © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times Each volume in this series provides academia, health sciences, and the herbal medicines industry with in-depth coverage of the herbal remedies for infectious diseases, certain medical conditions, or the plant medicines of a particular country. Series Editor: Dr. Roland Hardman Volume 1 Shengmai Sanedited by Kam-Ming Ko Volume 2 Rasayana: Ayurvedic Herbs for Rejuvenation and Longevity,by H.S. Puri Volume 3 Sho-Saiko-To: (Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang) Scientific Evaluation and Clinical Applications, by Yukio Ogihara and Masaki Aburada Volume 4 Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria,edited by Merlin Willcox, Gerard Bodeker, and Philippe Rasoanaivo Volume 5 Juzen-taiho-to (Shi-Quan-Da-Bu-Tang): Scientific Evaluation and Clinical Applications, edited by Haruki Yamada and Ikuo Saiki Volume 6 Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants, edited by Amala Soumyanath Volume 7 Bupleurum Species: Scientific Evaluation and Clinical Applications, edited by Sheng-Li Pan Volume 8 Herbal Principles in Cosmetics: Properties and Mechanisms of Action, by Bruno Burlando, Luisella Verotta, Laura Cornara, and Elisa Bottini-Massa © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times Figs The Genus Ficus Ephraim Philip Lansky Helena Maaria Paavilainen © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4200-8966-0 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lansky, Ephraim P. Figs : the genus Ficus / Ephraim Philip Lansky, Helena Maaria Paavilainen. p. cm. -- (Traditional herbal medicines for modern times ; v. 9) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4200-8966-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Fig--Therapeutic use. I. Paavilainen, Helena M. II. Title. III. Series: Traditional herbal medicines for modern times ; v. 9. RM666.F47L36 2010 615’.321--dc22 2010017142 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC For my father and my mother, for Rainbow, and for Rob E.P.L. In memory of Raquel Garcia, a true scholar and a true friend H.M.P. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Contents List of Figures ...........................................................................................................ix List of Tables ..........................................................................................................xvii Fig Phylogeny ..........................................................................................................xix Foreword .................................................................................................................xxi Acknowledgments ................................................................................................ xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1 References .......................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2 Overview of Ficus genus .................................................................... 13 References ........................................................................................100 Chapter 3 Fruits ................................................................................................ 117 Summary .......................................................................................... 161 References ........................................................................................ 161 Chapter 4 Leaves ............................................................................................... 167 Alkaloids .......................................................................................... 168 Coumarins ........................................................................................ 174 Flavonoids ........................................................................................ 178 Terpenoids, Sterols ........................................................................... 185 Peptides and Proteins ....................................................................... 187 Nociception ...................................................................................... 188 Inflammation .................................................................................... 196 Osteoporosis, Viruses, Parasites ...................................................... 198 Toxicology ........................................................................................ 198 Historical Uses .................................................................................203 Summary ..........................................................................................204 References ........................................................................................207 Chapter 5 Latex ................................................................................................. 211 Historical Uses of Ficus Latex ......................................................... 212 Chemistry and Pharmacology of Fig Latex ..................................... 212 Hypertension ....................................................................................223 Signal Transduction Modulation ......................................................230 Blood Coagulation ............................................................................ 231 Chitinase-Related Activities ............................................................. 231 vii © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC viii Contents Warts ................................................................................................ 232 Cancer .............................................................................................. 233 Psoriasis ............................................................................................237 Hepatotoxicity ..................................................................................237 Allergy ..............................................................................................238 For the Plant ..................................................................................... 253 References ........................................................................................254 Chapter 6 Bark, Wood, and Stems ....................................................................263 Chemistry .........................................................................................267 References ........................................................................................289 Chapter 7 Roots (Including Aerial Roots and Root Bark) ................................293 Historical Uses .................................................................................303 References ........................................................................................ 313 Chapter 8 Fig Wasps ......................................................................................... 315 References ........................................................................................ 329 Chapter 9 Figs and Humans .............................................................................. 333 Terradiagnostics ............................................................................... 334 Terratherapeutics .............................................................................
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