I 3-D STRUCTURAL and SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHIC
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Memorial to Carlos Schubert 1938-1994 THO M a S W
Memorial to Carlos Schubert 1938-1994 THO M A S W. DONNELLY Dept, o f Geological Sciences, State University o f New York, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000 Friends of Carlos Schubert Paetow were shocked and saddened upon hearing of his death in Caracas, Venezuela, on July 22, 1994, following an aneurism and a mesenteric stroke. Carlos, a longtime Fellow of the Geological Society of America, was one of the dominant figures of Venezuelan geology, specializing in his later years in neotectonics and in Quaternary geology. His untimely passing leaves a large void in Latin American—and in Quaternary—geology. His publications were voluminous and spanned a wide range of topics, but dominantly centered in Venezuelan studies. Carlos was bom in Hamburg, Germany, on October 9, 1938, and went to Caracas as an infant. He had a youthful interest in many subjects, but not especially in geology. His decision to pursue this field was the result of parental advice that geology and chemistry were the major fields of the future. Because he was uncom fortable with chemistry, he chose geology. Undoubtedly one of his important inspirations was the German explorer Alexander von Humboldt. Indeed, one of Carlos’s most prized possessions was his German 1815 edition of Humboldt’s Travels. In much of Carlos’s later work we can find a thread linking him to the founder of South American earth science. When he completed his high school studies in Caracas in 1957, he faced the problem that Pérez Jiménez, the president of Venezuela, had closed all Venezuelan universities. Fortunately, Carlos was awarded a scholarship from the Shell Oil Company to attend the University of Arizona, where he received his bachelor’s degree in geology in 1961. -
Venezuela Location Geography Food
Venezuela Location Venezuela, officially the Republic of Venezuela, is a republic (1995 est. pop. 21,005,000), 352,143 sq mi. (912,050 sq. km), in the northern part of South America. With the Caribbean Sea in the north, Venezuela has a coastline of 1,750 long. It is bordered on the south by Brazil, on the west and southwest by Colombia, and on the east by Guyana. Dependencies include Margarita Island, Tortuga Island, and many smaller island groups in the Caribbean. Caracas is the capital and also the largest city in Venezuela. Geography Venezuela, a third larger than Texas, occupies most of the northern coast of South America on the Caribbean Sea. Mountain systems break Venezuela into four distinct areas: (1) the Maracaibo lowlands; (2) the mountainous region in the north and northwest; (3) the Orinoco basin, with the llanos (vast grass-covered plains) on its northern border and great forest areas in the south and southeast, and (4) the Guiana Highlands, south of the Orinoco, accounting for nearly half the national territory. Food The food in Venezuela is generally easy and flavorful. Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, claims to have a greater variety of restaurants than any other South American city, and it would certainly be a pleasure to try and prove it, even if you failed. Venezuelan cooking has European, indigenous, and African roots – a heterodox cuisine formed over the centuries by immigrants. Some of the native dishes include: Page 1 of 7 - Pabellon - stewed and shredded meat accompanied by rice, black beans, and baban -Hallaca - a traditional Christmas dish. -
The Venezuelan Hydrocarbon Habitat, Part 1: Tectonics, Structure, Palaeogeography and Source Rocks
Journal of Petroleum Geology, vo1.23(1), January 2000, pp 5-53. 5 THE VENEZUELAN HYDROCARBON HABITAT, PART 1: TECTONICS, STRUCTURE, PALAEOGEOGRAPHY AND SOURCE ROCKS K. H. James* Venezuela forms part of an important hydrocarbon province, defined by the presence of prolific Cretaceous source rocks, which extends across northern South America. By early 1997, the country had produced 53 billion barrels of oil. Reserves are estimated to total 73 billion barrels of oil and 146 TCF of gas with 250 billion barrels recoverable in the Heavy Oil Belt. Most reserves are located within the intermontane Maracaibo and foreland Barinas-Apure and Eastern Venezuela BasinxThey correspond to more than 1.5 trillion BOE originally in place. The province S hydrocarbon history began with a broad passive margin over which the sea transgressed throughout much ofthe Cretaceous. Limestones and shales followed basal sands and included rich source rocks. Convergence between the distal part of the area and the Caribbean Plate created an active margin that migrated southwards, so that flysch and wildflysch followed the transgressive facies. The process culminated in Lute Cretaceous to Middle Eocene orogeny with the emplacement of southward-vergent nappes and the development of northward-deepeningforedeeps. Flysch and wildflysch formed in the north while important deltaic - paralic reservoir sands accumulated in the south. Major phases of hydrocarbon generationfrom Jurassic-Cretaceoussource rocks occurred across the entire margin of northern South America during the orogeny. They are recorded by Jurassic - Middle Cretaceous graphitic marbles, schists and quartzites (metamorphosed, organic limestones and shales and oil-bearing sandstones) in the Coastal and Northern Ranges of Venezuela and Trinidad. -
Map and Database of Quaternary Faults in Venezuela and Its Offshore Regions
U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Map and Database of Quaternary Faults in Venezuela and its Offshore Regions By Franck A. Audemard M., Michael N. Machette, Jonathan W. Cox, Richard L. Dart, and Kathleen M. Haller Open-File Report 00-018 (paper edition) This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards nor with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. 2000 Map and Database of Quaternary Faults in Venezuela and its Offshore Regions A project of the International Lithosphere Program Task Group II-2, Major Active Faults of the World Data and map compiled by 1 FRANCK A. AUDEMARD M., 2 MICHAEL N. MACHETTE, 2 JONATHAN W. COX, 2 RICHARD L. DART, AND 2 KATHLEEN M. HALLER 1 Fundación Venezolana de Investigaciones Sismológicas (FUNVISIS) Dpto. Ciencias de la Tierra, Prolongacion Calle Mara, El Llanito Caracas 1070-A, Venezuela 2 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Central Geologic Hazards Team MS 966, P.O. Box 25046 Denver, Colorado, USA Regional Coordinator for Central America CARLOS COSTA Universidad Nacional de San Luis Departmento de Geologia Casilla de Correo 320 San Luis, Argentina ILP Task Group II-2 Co-Chairman, Western Hemisphere MICHAEL MACHETTE U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Central Geologic Hazards Team MS 966, P.O. Box 25046 Denver, Colorado, USA January 2000 version i TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................................1 -
Tetonic Inheritance and Structural Styles in the Merida
Third ISAG, St Malo (France), 17-19/9/1996 TECTONIC INHERITANCE AND STRUCTURAL STYLES IN THE MERIDA ANDES (WESTERN VENEZUELA). Bernard COLLETTA( l ) , Franqois ROURE( l) Bruno DE TONI(~),Daniel LOLTREIRO(~)Herminio PASSALACQUA(~)~~~Yves GOU(~). (I hnstitut Franqais du PCtrole, BP3 1 1, 92506 Rueil-Malmaison, France (2)~ntevep,Apartado 76343, Caracas 1070-A, Venezuela (3)~eicipFranlab, 92506 Rueil-Malmaison, France KEY WORDS: Venezuela, Merida Andes, tectonic inversion, crustal scale balanced sections INTRODUCTION Unlike the adjacent Caribbean and Central Andean orogens, the Merida Andes (Fig. 1) do not relate to direct interactions between the South American craton and either arc terranes or oceanic domains, but represent only minor intraplate readjustements between the Eastern Cordillera in the south and the South Caribbean transform margin in the north.Although no deep seismic profiling has yet been attempted across the Venezuelan Andes, a large set of conventional seismic reflection profiles has been recorded by the petroleum industry in the Maracaibo and Barinas-Apure basins, respectively along the North and South Andean foothills. In addition, isolated refraction and magnetotelluric data are available. However, only the gravimetric coverage is really complete, thus providing a relatively coherent image of the basement architecture. STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTH ANDEAN FLANK The Barinas-Apure basin extends from the Andean foothills in the northwest to the Guyana shield in the southeast, thus encompassing most of the drainage area of the Rio Apure, a tributary of the Orinoco River. Southwards, it connects directly with the Llanos basin in Colombia. The Barinas basin hardly compares with a flexural basin. It is largely dominated by either north- or south-verging basement- involved structures. -
Late Quaternary Deglacial History of the Mérida Andes, Venezuela
JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE (in press) Copyright ß 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/jqs.1109 Correspondence the terminal and lateral moraines of the El Caballo and Reply: Late Quaternary deglacial La Mucuchache glaciers. A chemically untreated organic history of the Me´rida Andes, sample from 1.5 m above the base of the section yielded a conventional age of 22 750 cal. yr BP (19 000 14C yr BP), Venezuela: response whereas a peat sample immediately below the top of the section yielded an age of 19 960 cal. yr BP (16 500 14C yr BP). to comment We recognise that other workers (e.g. Mahaney et al., 2001, 2004; Dirszowsky et al., 2005) have re-analysed the Pedregal fan complex. For example, the sedimentology was described in detail by Dirszowsky et al. (2005). However, the chronology in We welcome the opportunity to respond to Mahaney et al.’s these papers is questionable and not useful for constraining the critique of our article on the deglacial history of the LGM. All of the recently published dates are on refractory Venezuelan Andes (Stansell et al., 2005). The source of our organic matter isolated using a cellulose extraction technique disagreement appears to stem primarily from differences in which concentrates refractory carbon, resulting in ages research strategies and methodology. Our work in the between 47 000 and 60 000 14C yr BP. These ages include mul- Venezuelan Andes employs lake sediment archives that record tiple reversals and are at the very edge of interpretability as continuous sedimentary sequences and can be dated using finite radiocarbon ages; nonetheless, the authors have inter- accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating of preted them as valid ages. -
Lemna Obscura Releasing Analyze Under Spectral Signature at the Maracaibo´S Lake, Venezuela
Lemna obscura releasing analyze under spectral signature at the Maracaibo´s lake, Venezuela. Gustavo Morillo-Díaz1. Fernando Miralles-Wilhem2. Gerardo Aldana1. Giovanny Royero3. Alberto Trujillo1. Eugen Wildermar2. 1. Universidad del Zulia, Centro de Investigación del Agua. Maracaibo, Venezuela 2. Florida International University. Miami, USA. 3. Universidad del Zulia, Laboratorio de Geodesia Física y Satelital, Maracaibo, Venezuela. ABSTRACT The Maracaibo’s Lake is a basin located in the western side of Venezuela and supports an important agricultural and industrial activity. This basin is a core of the petroleum industry since the 20th century. Oil activities had develop a ecological disorder, which a sign of primary manifestation were a cultural eutrophication process related to the phytoplankton blooms in the middles 70’s, and more recently, since 2004 an extensive covered area of Lemna obscura . It seems that change in the hydrological cycles and input of pollutants are the reasons of this macrophyte appearance. In this research, the spectral signature of Lemna obscura is evaluated using MODIS images from 2000 to 2010. Other program as ENVI 4.3 has been considerate to correlate hydrological data with Lemna obscura bloom. Spectral signature appearance of Lemna obscura could be a consequence and indicates changes in the hydrological and ecological features in Maracaibo´s Lake. Key words: Maracaibo’s Lake, Lemna obscura, Spectral signature INTRODUCTION Maracaibo´s lake shorelines have been historically, a primary support for the development of human activities as fishery, in which societies have established cities built infrastructure and found a natural resources. These actions have impact environmental cost that it has accelerated and intensified in recent decades (Hernandez et al, 2003). -
Andean Venezuelan
Venezuelan Andean Spanish Intonation Venezuelan Andean Spanish Intonation* Lluïsa Astruca, Elsa Morab and Simon Rewc The Open University and The University of Cambridgea Universidad de Los Andesb The University of Cambridgec 1. Introduction Lying in western Venezuela, the state of Mérida is traversed by the eastern branch of the northern Andes and has an area of 11,300 km2, which corresponds to approximately 1.2% of the national territory. The main economic activities of the region are agriculture and tourism. The city of Mérida itself has 300,000 inhabitants (2001 census) and constitutes a national cultural and university centre. The Universidad de Los Andes is a major source of employment in the region, specifically in the areas of teaching, research and services. The structure of this chapter is as follows. Section 1 first offers an overview of past intonational research in Venezuelan Spanish and especially in Venezuelan Andean Spanish and then describes the methodological procedure used in the present study. Section 2 presents an inventory of pitch accents and boundary tones found in the Mérida dialect. Section 3 analyses the basic intonation contours found in the Mérida corpus. Finally, Section 4 summarises the nuclear patterns in the different sentence types. The study of intonation does not have a long history in Venezuela and, furthermore, the rather scant research has been mostly oriented towards dialectology. The first study of the intonation of Venezuelan Spanish was published in the phonetics section of El habla de Caracas (Mosonyi 1971). A decade later, Obregón (1981) carried out a dialectal study in which he analysed the distribution of certain characteristic patterns (which he called construcciones entonativas) and which led him to propose a division into five dialectal areas: Mérida and Táchira (southwest), Maracaibo (northwest), Nueva Esparta and Sucre (east), Apure and Guárico (south) and the rest of the country (centre). -
SPE 131350 from Oil-Prone Source Rock to Gas-Producing Shale
SPE 131350 From Oil-Prone Source Rock to Gas-Producing Shale Reservoir – Geologic and Petrophysical Characterization of Unconventional Shale-Gas Reservoirs Q. R. Passey, K. M. Bohacs, W. L. Esch, R. Klimentidis, and S. Sinha, ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co. Copyright 2010, Society of Petroleum Engineers This paper was prepared for presentation at the CPS/SPE International Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition in China held in Beijing, China, 8–10 June 2010. This paper was selected for presentation by a CPS/SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright. Abstract Many currently producing shale-gas reservoirs are overmature oil-prone source rocks. Through burial and heating these reservoirs evolve from organic-matter-rich mud deposited in marine, lacustrine, or swamp environments. Key characterization parameters are: total organic carbon (TOC), maturity level (vitrinite reflectance), mineralogy, thickness, and organic matter type. Hydrogen- to-carbon (HI) and oxygen-to-carbon (OI) ratios are used to classify organic matter that ranges from oil-prone algal and herbaceous to gas-prone woody/coaly material. -
No.784-15/11/24 to the Members Dear Sirs, Venezuela – Oil Stains
No.784-15/11/24 To the Members Dear Sirs, Venezuela – Oil stains within the port of Maracaibo We have obtained information about the recurring problem of oil pollution cause staining problems to hulls regularly in the Lake Maracaibo that seems to stem from micro-spills from operations at the oil installations from our correspondents, GLOBALPANDI, S.A. Please find attached their Circular. Yours faithfully, The Japan Ship Owners’ Mutual Protection & Indemnity Association Oil stains within the port of Maracaibo The Lake Maracaibo is an important loading place for the Venezuelan oil with approximately 11,000 active wells and 45,000 kilometers of underwater pipelines, where about 1.5 million barrels are exported through main terminals located at Puerto Miranda, La Salina and Bajo Grande. Staining of hulls with oil has been also a regular issue inside the lake, a problem that has increased in the last months. In the past these incidents affected only the vessels calling at the terminals run by PDVSA the oil state-owned company, but the problem has expanded recently and it is affecting now the vessels calling at the commercial port as well, commonly known as the port of Maracaibo under the administration of Bolivariana de Puertos, S.A. (Bolipuertos). In recent years there has been a recurring problem of oil pollution in the lake that seems to stem from micro-spills from operations at the oil installations. In some terminals controlled by PDVSA as La Salina for example, these frequent operational spills cause staining problems to hulls regularly. Over time that oil has accumulated at many areas of the lake and seasonal phenomena of the lake, as well as currents, heavy rain and the formation of Lemna during summer months, create large assemblies of oiled debris which sometimes can reach other non-oil installations like the commercial port of Maracaibo. -
Frictional Interactions Between Tidal Constituents in Tide-Dominated Estuaries
Ocean Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-53 Manuscript under review for journal Ocean Sci. Discussion started: 3 May 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. Frictional interactions between tidal constituents in tide-dominated estuaries 1 2 3 1 Huayang Cai , Marco Toffolon , Hubert H. G. Savenije , Qingshu Yang , and 4 Erwan Garel 1Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China 2Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Italy 3Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands 4Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal Correspondence to: Erwan Garel ([email protected]) Abstract. When different tidal constituents propagate along an estuary, they interact because of the presence of nonlinear terms in the hydrodynamic equations. In particular, due to the quadratic velocity in the friction term, the effective friction experienced by both the predominant and the mi- nor tidal constituents is enhanced. We explore the underlying mechanism with a simple conceptual 5 model by utilizing Chebyshev polynomials, enabling the effect of the velocities of the tidal con- stituents to be summed in the friction term and, hence, the linearized hydrodynamic equations to be solved analytically in a closed form. An analytical model is adopted for each single tidal constituent with a correction factor to adjust the linearized friction term, accounting for the mutual interactions between the different tidal constituents by means of an iterative procedure. The proposed method 10 is applied to the Guadiana (southern Portugal-Spain border) and the Guadalquivir (Spain) estuaries for different tidal constituents (M2, S2, N2, O1, K1) imposed independently at the estuary mouth. -
Frictional Interactions Between Tidal Constituents in Tide-Dominated Estuaries
Manuscript prepared for Ocean Sci. with version 5.0 of the LATEX class copernicus.cls. Date: 11 July 2018 Frictional interactions between tidal constituents in tide-dominated estuaries Huayang Cai1, Marco Toffolon2, Hubert H. G. Savenije3, Qingshu Yang1, and Erwan Garel4 1Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China 2Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Italy 3Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands 4Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal Correspondence to: Erwan Garel ([email protected]) Abstract. When different tidal constituents propagate along an estuary, they interact because of the presence of nonlinear terms in the hydrodynamic equations. In particular, due to the quadratic velocity in the friction term, the effective friction experienced by both the predominant and the mi- nor tidal constituents is enhanced. We explore the underlying mechanism with a simple conceptual 5 model by utilizing Chebyshev polynomials, enabling the effect of the velocities of the tidal con- stituents to be summed in the friction term and, hence, the linearized hydrodynamic equations to be solved analytically in a closed form. An analytical model is adopted for each single tidal constituent with a correction factor to adjust the linearized friction term, accounting for the mutual interactions between the different tidal constituents by means of an iterative procedure. The proposed method 10 is applied to the Guadiana (southern Portugal-Spain border) and the Guadalquivir (Spain) estuaries for different tidal constituents (M2, S2, N2, O1, K1) imposed independently at the estuary mouth.