Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Naturae, 2: 137–158, 2017, ISSN 2543-8832 DOI: 10.24917/25438832.2.11

Anna Kocoń, Magdalena Nowak-Chmura*

Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Cracow Pedagogical University, Cracow, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Cracow, Poland; *[email protected]

Skin ectoparasites of domestic

Small pets have long accompanied their owners and play a positive role and strength- en their owners’ psychological well-being and their physiological welfare, as their life companions. According to research by Krassowska (2014), the majority of Poles that have pets at home choose a dog (Canis familiaris L.) (83%), fewer people decide on a (Felis catus L.) (44%), the third place of the most popular animals accompanying Poles at home are birds (4%), rodents (3%), and reptiles (1%). e frequent phenomenon in accompanying animals is the infestation of their skin by insects or parasitic , causing onerous symptoms, such as discomfort, itching, or allergic reactions. Due to the close contact of people with pets, we are also exposed to the attacks of dangerous , causing, e.g., pediculosis, sarcoptosis, oto- dectomy, and demodicosis and transmitting many dangerous zoonotic diseases, such as Lyme disease tularaemia, rickettsiosis, ehrlichiosis, and others. Skin ectoparasites that most oen attack domestic animals are mites (e.g., Demodex spp., Sarcoptes spp., ticks) and insects such as eas and lice (Tab. 1). Symptoms of attacks of dangerous ectoparasites may include skin itching, allergic reactions, skin redness, discomfort, the loss of hair, and skin discoloration. Because of the rapid reproduction of parasites, immediate assistance is required for animals attacked by parasitic arthropods, primar- ily to protect the animals against parasite infestation on the whole body and against the destruction of the ’s organism. e prevention and protection against the attacks of skin ectoparasites is important, because, by protecting the animals we also protect ourselves against zoonotic diseases.

Review of the selected domestic animals and ectoparasites attacking them 1. Dog (Canis familiaris L.) e dog is the most common domestic animal in Polish homes (Krassowska, 2014), and the oldest domesticated carnivore mammal. It probably derives from the grey

137 Anna Kocoń, Magdalena Nowak-Chmura Tab. 1.Skin ectoparasites of domestic animals have grown been conscious and selection crossing, about 400breeds and of varieties adomestic dog man help the used of dogsto hunt and to guard herds. the As aresult of more or less portionofthe greywolf the population was approaching human habitation. Initially, lupus wolf (Canis 138 baceous glands, and lymph inthe sometimes also internal nodes, organs, and It blood. animal innearly parasite 80%of observed dogs.It hair inthe occurs follicles and se ease ofease attachment to people facilitate its education and training. andtory auditory memory, ability the of spatial orientation, intelligence, and the appearance, utility, and colour. e excellent of sense smell, olfac hearing,- good No. 19. 23. 22. 20. 24. 21. 12. 11. 10. 14. 13. 28. 27. 26. 25. 15. 16. 17. 18. 1. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. Demodex canis Demodex Demodex canis Demodex cavinae Demodex porcelli Gliricola Chirodiscoides caviae Trixacarus caviae Neopsittaconirmus gracilis Neopsittaconirmus lunula Sideroferus melopsittaci Dubininia Linognathus setosus Demodex cati cati Notoedres cynotis Otodectes reticulatus Dermacentor rugicollis I. I.hexagonus I. crenulatus ricinus Ixodes Trichodectes canis yasguri D. musculi agellurus D. aurati D. Ctenocephalides canis Ctenocephalides Sarcoptes scabiei Sarcoptes D. criceti Cheyletiella blakei Ctenocephalides felis Felicola subrostratus Parasite species

. e among breeds vary themselves, with height, weight, body L.). e period of taming approx.L.). e period falls 12 thousand years ago, when var. canis Leydig – dog demodex (Appendix –dogdemodex Leydig 1a),is 1–Fig. awidespread

Canis familiaris Canis Melopsittacus undulatus Mesocricetus auratus Mesocricetus C. familiaris C. familiaris C. familiaris C. familiaris C. familiaris C. familiaris C. Canis familiaris Canis Cavia porcellusCavia Mus musculus M. undulatus M. undulatus M. M. musculus C. familiaris C. C. familiaris C. C. familiaris C. C. familiaris C. M. auratus C. porcellus C. porcellus C. porcellus Felis catus F. catus F. F. catus F. F. catus F. F. catus F. Host F. catus , F. catus , F. catus , F. catus , F. catus , F. catus , F. , Felis catus Parasitic (vector) disease/carrier ktenocefalidosis/vector ------ktenocefalidosis of diseases the cheyletiellosis cheyletiellosis demodicosis demodicosis demodicosis demodicosis demodicosis demodicosis demodicosis otodectomy malofagosis malofagosis malofagosis malofagosis sarcoptosis sarcoptosis vector vector vector vector vector lice - Skin ectoparasites of domestic animals

- - - - - 139 Fig. 1b) causes Fig. 1b) causes – dog itching mites (Appendix 1 – (Appendix mites – dog itching canis

var. L.

are skin peeling, the appearance of purulent pimples coming out of of out coming pimples purulent of peeling, skin the appearance are

D. canis suer from severe itching, shaking their heads, oen their oen heads, shaking itching, severe from suer Dogs S. scabiei infected with Sarcoptes scabieiSarcoptes a disease called sarcoptosis. Mites attack many mammals, including humans and and humans including mammals, many attack Mites a disease called sarcoptosis. dogs. very is Dog scabies among animals. infectious domestic and livestock most staying or conditions in poor environmental dogs living are vulnerable most e poor with maintenance hotels animal or in shelters e.g., concentrations, in larger does so thein the host, transmission weeks two to survive can up Mites standards. passively because they infected animals, are other with contact physical require not the on all spends life his parasite is the host. with in close contact transmitted does S. scabiei environment. the nearest from mites up pick Dogs may host. same which carry the is as birds), these (insects, mites, worms, external vectors have not sa the skin. eir under tunnels burrow Mites ectoparasites. other case many with they do not and the skin tissues, which dissolve enzymes, digestive strong has liva with which hatch tunnels, their eggs in subcutaneous lay females blood. Adult suck caused Damages the host. without days a few will Dog only scabies last days. in a few which increases irritation, skin cause tunnels e be signicant. may parasites by lumps and Pimples the mites. of faeces excretion saliva and to the allergic reactions the bald skin becomes and and fur brittle, is the infected skin, the animal’s on grow the of initial symptoms e skin folds. of in the formation which results hard, el eyes, ankles or the lips, near small balding areas and redness include infection to thin, the skin is which the then periphery spread where the on ears, of and bows, of abdomen and chest armpits, the elbows, covering oen most the body, of the rest (Klockiewicz,the animal 2003). they and ears, their head, scratch vigorously their body, the infected partslick of self-mutilation. leads to whichsometimes etc.) furniture, objects (trees, rubagainst the hair follicles, increased pigmentation, thinning of the hair, and red erythematous erythematous red and the hair, of thinning pigmentation, increased follicles, the hair less and torso, ears, lips, muzzle, the head, around mainly appear lesions Skin spots. generalised mange and Heavy paws. thefront on if so, and area, in the paw frequently 1994). (Gauguere, the animal of the lead death to may ic disorders, malnutrition, systemic infections and cancers, diabetes, as well as a de as well as diabetes, cancers, and infections systemic malnutrition, ic disorders, the of symptoms common most e stress. and factors, natural to creased resistance of attack occurs naturally in small amounts in most dogs, and it usually does not cause clinical cause does usually not it and dogs, in most in small amounts occurs naturally then lead to and a disease cause called can the mange, mite Occasionally, symptoms. in veterinary (Gauguere, practice encountered skin problems onerous the most of one of the life of days in the rst takes place demodex with already infection 1994). e the dogs, older In the mother. by being licked or feeding, during oen most puppies, Factors very is infection rare. Human contact. direct through take place may infection metabol the occurrence of include age a young at in animals the mange aecting Anna Kocoń, Magdalena Nowak-Chmura can to lead dermatitis. Infestation with licemay to lead anaemia areas.infected e animal’s becomes rough fur and skinis the reddened, which and oen scratching, to leads which intense licking, rubbing, and biting of the exhausted, and malnourished animals. Attacked dogsare anxious, are itching, fed, and maintained accompanying dogs.However, it oen attacks weakened, old, (Sadzikowski, Gundłach, liceare 2004).Dog not common inclean, healthy, well a bigger number of Most eggs. of animal time, the louse the still is apractically cement, atso-called of base hair, the the usually visible to naked the eyewith of case the a severe infestation. Nits, are lice eggs, xed by female the with the ears, neck, back, and near root the of tail, the spreading in to whole the body ectoparasite, It and pediculosis. it scalp, infests called causes hairy the adisease lice cannot along survive outside time cannot host, the they found be freely inthe animal shelter, inparks, or inother places with alot of that to fact dogs.Due the from one host to another through direct contact e.g., dog, inthe with infected the 1981). ghting preparations. to care take of hygiene the of your animal and your own and ea- to specialist use environments, and rapidly they spread to another host by leaping, it so is important inyoung,blood elderly, or sick individuals (Patyk, inavarietyof occur 1978).Fleas resultcan also animal’s inthe anaemia, suck large eas when up avery amount of above-mentioned the case, symptoms are more pronounced. ectoparasites ese can cause dermatitis In allergic to of insects. saliva the in dogsallergic this these todogs skin become red with inammation, hair. and lose dogcan the also eas Dog (Stefański,tail 1968).is constant scratching and biting of skincan the cause the skinlesions, insuchsecondary particularly areas like of head, the neck and body the oen causes scratching and rubbing of dogsagainst the various leading objects, to irritating secretions introduced into wounds small along Strong with saliva. itching ktenocefalidosis, resultswith called eas, inanimal anxiety, itching caused by the Leidy. immitis Infestation andLeuckart) vector the of roundworm Dirolaria larvae as intermediate well the as be caninum host of tapeworm ea (Dipylidium laid directly on can transmit is skin. the insect plague, the endemic dandelion, are most oen found animal’s inthe litter. In can sick eggs be dogs,the neglected, humans, , and other mammals (Sandner, 1976).Eggs laid by female the eas foxesL.), and (Vulpes greywolves lupus ( C. vulpes parasite, cosmopolitan, main whose hosts most oen familiaris include dogs(C. 2003). animal (Klockiewicz, Untreated and of causes destruction body the may the disease to death lead the of the 140 Ctenocephalides canis Ctenocephalides Linognathus setosus Linognathus Unlike licedonot eas, jump from one dogto another, but can move they Olters Olters

Curtis – doglouse ( dog ea (Appendix –dogea 1– Appendix 1– ). ese eas can also parasitize can eas also ). ese Fig. 1d)isFig. acosmopolitan Fig. 1c)is Fig. an external (Blagburn etal., (L.) ), ), Skin ectoparasites of domestic animals

. 141 spp. are absolutely bound bound absolutely are spp. among various mammals, mammals, various among . spp is a well-known vector for Dipylidium for vector caninum a well-known is – chewing lice, a cosmopolitan parasite of dogs and dogs and of parasite a cosmopolitan lice, – chewing Smiley – cosmopolitan mite (Appendix 1 – Fig.1e), (Appendix mite Smileycosmopolitan – spp. is responsible for causing the skin disease called causing cheyletiellosis, which, for responsible is spp. De Geer canis Trichodectes Cheyletiella yasguri Cheyletiella including dogs. In very few cases, infections may also occur through indirect contact also very contact occur indirect may dogs. In cases, through few infections including groups in large increases infection of risk e etc.). towels, toys, blankets, (shared and system, immune a weakened with ones sick or animals, young dogs, among of more are hair Dogs long with individuals. nourished poorly or malnourished among symptoms characteristic the most are dandru and Itching infections. to susceptible or shaking, licking, scratching, they are and restless, are animals Sick the invasion. of numerous damage, lead skin to which may objects incessantly, various against rubbing look the animals makes the epidermis peeling of Continuous hair. thinning or wounds, the hindquarters, of in the area Dandru located is sprinkled our. with if theyas were of a result As the head. – to line thespinal the – along back to extends it where from the whole covering sometimes the body, parts of other to spread the mites scratching, be accompanied may lesions and eruptions, skin leads to scratching Continuous body. involve may it stage, advanced an At odour. seborrhoeavery a severe and unpleasant by (Saevik 2004). et al., complications systemic and fever, apathy, sadness, loss, weight due to its symptoms, is oen called ‘walking dandru’. e name ‘walking dandru’ ‘walking name e called dandru’. ‘walking oen is symptoms, its to due food between of the exfoliated in search mites moving the dynamically from comes the on live ese ectoparasites the move. skin making thus skin in which they move, skin, exfoliated structural the skin protein, main keratin, feed on skin surface and the host, theof skin to ey periodically themselves secretions. skin and attach hair, the from out coming the exudates out suck and mandibles with which they pierce 1976). Cheyletiella Kreek, (Bronswijk, skin micro-damages Cheyletiella Cheyletiella in the environment. their host survive to outside likely not they are and their host, to humans, species, animal including between dierent be can transmitted ese mites has usually infection e cats). and rabbits (mainly animals some in addition, and erefore, together. playing or sleeping the fur, licking rubbing, by character a direct also domestic other each dog, but to threat of all source be dogs can the potential been found have ese mites humans. as well as rabbits), and cats (mainly animals and eas, mice, on e.g., lifestyle, a parasitic with themselves than insects bigger on Cheyletiella of the spread for important ies, which is Usually, it does not pose serious problems to the host; however, in severe infections, it it infections, in severe however, the host; to pose does not serious problems it Usually, this ectoparasite. by attacked oen neglected sick, are dogs be can very Wild, irritating. stress causes It skin. the irritated by produced the uids on feeds mainly parasite is environment, which distinguishes them from, e.g., eas and ticks. Infected dogs Infected ticks. easand e.g., them from, which distinguishes environment, specialisedwith easily cured and be insecticides.can quickly Fig. 1f). It dwells on the whole body, in the hair, mainly on the neck the neck on mainly in the hair, 1 – Fig. 1f). body, the whole on dwells (Appendix cats It 1968). T. head (Stefański, and canis Anna Kocoń, Magdalena Nowak-Chmura species (Nowak-Chmura,species 2013).Another found tick species indomestic dogsinPo helvetica persulcatus probably other can attack tick also species domestic dogsand cats inPoland (Ixodes to Warsaw, atypical dogparasite, Polish in the not does which occur fauna. Moreover, Latreille species sanguineus ere of have cases bringing been Rhipicephalus the also and one from reticulatus species Amblyommidae the Dermacentor family: Nowak-Chmura, 2013).Narrow lanes, forest paths, grass, bushy tall and decid scrubs, dierent places throughout Poland (Siuda, 1993; Kadulski, 2007;Siuda etal., 2010). mountains, subalpine etal., 2012).e (Mihalca tick was meadows, found deserts in rows of predatory mammals and rodents. It adaptseasily to various habitats: lowlands, collis parasite) (Nowak-Chmura, and signicance 2013).e medical of veterinary I.rugi includes burrows, mammal hiding places, low humidity habitats (nest and burrow land rugicollis is Ixodes ricinus in PolandDogs are attacked also by four from tick species Ixodidae the family: due to increased scratching, and biting hair the out (Sadzikowski, Gundłach, 2004). host,in the creates wounds on of surface the skin, and the to it leads hair also loss 142 burgdorferi e tick-borne encephalitis Borrelia virus, spread throughout Poland (Michalik etal., 2010;Kilar, 2011;Nowak-Chmura, 2013). to human homes and settlements (Hillyard, 1996;Siuda, Nowak, 2011).It is probably parasites, near in the vicinity of occur canwhich also dog kennels, proximity in close conditions for I.ricinus to attack host the (Siuda, 1993). uous and mixed forests are locations walking ideal for domestic dogs,and thus perfect neck, on back and the groin, at of or base tail the around anus the (Siuda, 1993). animals own hygiene: around snout, the ears, the behind on back of the neck, the the supplied vessels, with blood on delicate are skin,which to dicult access for the Koch) (Siuda etal., 2007).Ticks thrive on most hosts the oen body inplaces well ti family, following:the burgdorferi Borrelia and consequences,ical veterinary most the important ones include, among others, many pathogens, are which dangerous, due that to cause fact the they serious med 2002, 2004;Nowak-Chmura, Siuda, 2012).is parasite is vector the and of carrier widespread of species ticks inPoland that attacks domestic dogsand cats (Siuda etal., , Toxoplasma gondii I. crenulatus Koch anest – is and also burrow parasite the species, dwells inbur I. hexagonus Ixodes ricinus has not been fully investigated. has not fully been L., I.crenulatus Koch, Rickettsia slovaca Rickettsia , Anaplasma phagocytophilum Anaplasma Canestrini &Fanzago Canestrini punctata Schulze, Haemaphysalis and H. concinna Leach –hedgehogLeach tick (Appendix 1

L. – common tick (Appendix 2a)is most 1–Fig. the common and , (Siuda etal., 2010).e natural habitat rugicollis of I. eileria mutans, and others (Nowak-Chmura, Siuda, 2012; , R. conorii R. I.hexagonus rugicollis I. Leach, , B. garinii B. , are main the pathogens transmitted by tick this Anaplasma phagocytophilum Anaplasma , B. afzelli B. Fig. 2b) are– Fig. nest and burrow , B. garinii B. , virus from , virus Flaviviridae the Schulze etSchlottke , B. afzelii B. , Coxiella burnet Coxiella , Fabricius. Rickettsia usually Ixodes Ixodes ------Skin ectoparasites of domestic animals - - - 143 s. in lybica is a signicant vector vector a signicant is Borrelia burgdorferi Felis catus L.) catus (Felis cat 2. Domestic and an important vector of of vector important an and Coxiella burnetii disease. is disease can lead to the dysfunctions of many of the host’s body the host’s of many disease. of disease is lead the dysfunctions can to ’ Fabricius, meadow tick – the main habitat of this tick of habitat – the tick main meadow reticulatus Fabricius, Dermacentor Hering – scabies (Appendix 1 – Fig. 2c). It infests the external infests 1 – Fig. 2c). It Otodectes (Appendix – scabies cynotis Hering is absent (Estrada-Peña et al., 1995). et al., (Estrada-Peña absent is I. ricinus where areas (Szy forests mixed swampy valleys, river streams, wooded, bushy species includes Forster), and it was domesticated about 9.5 thousand years ago. For a few thousand thousand a few For ago. years 9.5 thousand about domesticated was it and Forster), varying col been in hair bred, have cat the domestic of breeds a hundred about years, villages. and in towns alone live cats domestic of number A large size. and length, our, the farmers’ destroying which were rats, killing mice and used for were cats Previously, to in order taken hunting they were in addition, cats; of domestication harvests before 2005). (Lasota-Moskalewska, the game scare attack can cases, it advanced in dogs. In oen less cats, domestic of duct auditory the occurs body: infection e through of tail. and areas loin, back, other neck, adult than in kittens common more much is It individual. the sick with contact direct amounts Considerable humans. to also can be transferred microorganism e cats. dry bethese can observed where secretions thein auricle, waxy, brown, dark of the disease, the of accumulated state the advanced In accumulate. microorganisms hear. cannot a cat where the situation which leads to canal, the auditory clog grease can the scabies, of Symptoms membrane. the tympanic damage can invasion untreated An during the ears, of itching strong a characteristic is this parasite, disease by caused which is head, its crooking and ears its scratching head, its shaking is which the cat e domestic cat is the second most common animal accompanying Polish families families Polish accompanying animal common most the second is cat domestic e (Driscoll et al., pet in the world popular the most currently 2014), and (Krassowska, silvestris (Felis cat ssp. the Nubian from originates species2009). is probably e role of this species in the transmission of infectious diseases is poorly known. It It diseases infectious known. poorly is of this species in the of transmission role e the carrieris of mański, 1986). ere is a currently widespread coverage of this species of in Central coverage widespread a currently is 1986). ere mański, et al., 2011; Petney 2006; Nowak, et al., (Dautel countries in neighbouring and Europe Poland, in the north of be this can tick found of habitats of number largest 2012). e 1993; Bogdaszewska, (Siuda, 2004; Poland eastern and north-eastern of in the areas reticulatus D. 2013). 2009; Nowak-Chmura, Izdebska, Kadulski, the transmis to related is importance the greatest in Europe, pathogens tick-borne of the ‘babesiosis of etiologic agent this the main is and protozoa, canis Babesia of sion canum (Zygner also this been disease in Poland of documented have outbreaks e organs. aer be checked should dogs Domestic 2009). al., et Welc-Falęciak 2008; 2007, al., et the and eyes, mouth, the ears, especially ticks, of around thepresence walkeach for ticks. the feeding while removing be maintained should hygiene Proper torso. whole Anna Kocoń, Magdalena Nowak-Chmura balding (Furmaga,balding 1985). of body, the such as head, the neck, and areas. tail e animal’s skinbecomes red, oen constant scratching and rubbing at various to leads which objects, skinlesions inareas ofas case in the C. canis infestation of domestic dogs,i.e. severe itching that causes other domestic and animals. wild Symptoms of cat infestation by are eas same the parasite, inaddition to adomestic cat, it attack can also humans, domestic dogsand (Fagasiński, 2000). symptomsthe of domestic attacked dogsbeing by C.yasguri (Appendix 2f) 1–Fig. degrees of severity. e symptoms of acat attacked being by mite the are similar to symptom of infestation; however, other animals may develop itching with varying may tolerated be well by and them, excessive of peeling skin is the only the clinical are absolutely not to typical hosts. specic e presence of mites on animal’s the skin cats to humans. indogsand C.blakei occurring incats Cheyletiella yasguri occurring caused by disease the microorganism, this Cheyletiellosis, transferred can be from auditoryin the canals, causing inammation the of ear (Dembele, middle the 2000). formationthe of lumps, pustules, and skin inammation. Mites present be can also eyelids, where cause they hair thinning and It alopecia. to lead seborrhoea, can also with invasion the of on feline head, the neck, tend and demodex localised to be Demodex canis, it may as anatural occur ora inhealthy cats. Skin lesions associated humans, but are unable to complete development their on (Kotomski, them 2000). and licking From parts. of body infected the to time time, Notoedres the of feline the mite invasion include intense itching, vigorous and continuous scratching, invasion of itchy with mites hair loss, is oen wrinkled, withon scabs it. e symptoms itthen spreads to neck, the back, and other of parts body. the e skinaected by the construction and behaviour. e infection oen covers animals the and head ears, and shared with sick individuals. resemble ey scabiei Sarcoptes the physicalthe contract is not required, inplaces collected easily can be they because transmitted individual directly from to ahealthy adiseased one; however, sometimes eƒorescence (Bowman, 2012). appearing on form the and skin take balding the of severely localized itchy follicular symptoms and mechanical spread of parasites to areas. other body Skin lesions irritationfurther of areas, infected the thus leading to aggravation the of disease and severe pruritus. Constant itching forces animal the to continue scratching causing Infectionthem. accompanied is also inammation, reactions, allergic by local local due to mechanical the and chemical tissue irritation by ectoparasites the preying in 144 Ctenocephalides felis Ctenocephalides Cheyletiella blakei catiDemodex Hirst –feline (Appendix demodex of 2e),as case 1–Fig. inthe Notoedres cati Hering –feline scabies (Appendix parasites 2d).ese 1 – Fig. are Smiley – small mites –small Smiley and ectoparasites of domestic cats. Bouche –feline (Appendix ea 2g).Acosmopolitan 1–Fig. mites interms both of mites can infect Skin ectoparasites of domestic animals - 145 is usually Appendix 1 – Appendix ( Robin & Mégnin & Mégnin Robin on smaller ones. ese smaller ones. on , I. hexagonus , I. crenulatus Fig 3b). S. lunula D. melopsittaci Sideroferus lunula D. melopsittaci Appendix 1 – Appendix Melopsittacus undulates Shaw) undulates (Melopsittacus 3. Budgerigar S. lunula ( Atyeo & Gaud and and & Gaud Atyeo Nitzch in Burmeister – a lice species, cosmopolitan, occurring – a lice species, cosmopolitan, in Burmeister Nitzch is more pathogenic than than pathogenic more is (Siuda et al., 2007; Kocoń et al., 2017), which were described above for described for 2017), which were et al., above 2007; Kocoń al., et (Siuda I. rugicollis Dubininia melopsittaci Felicola subrostratus species are located in dierent places and do not compete with each other. ey spent ey spent each other. with compete do not and places in dierent located species are very between well the ey move feathers. the host’s among dwelling all their lives the ight. so during fall they o do not the feathers, to ‘sticking’ to thanks feathers, the nd skin, exfoliate secretions, the glandular with the feathers on ey feed mainly the with contact direct during another to bird one from pass Parasites residues. feather of symptoms e chicks. to adults from especially breeding, infected animal, during in Changes feathers. plucking and the parrots by scratching are these mites of invasion these where the feather, of the underside on visible are the feathers of the appearance In glow. natural of devoid and stained, greasy, appear the feathers and dwell, parasites occur very the the body destruction during of may and anorexia, apathy, budgerigars, membrane mucous the skin and of irritation cause can allergens Mite invasions. large the domestic dog. the domestic and all over the body in the hair (Appendix 1 – Fig. 2h). It is found in older or sick cats, cats, sick or older in found is Fig. 1 – 2h). It the body (Appendix in the hair allover scratching, constantly is the cat invasion, case of In breeds. especially longhaired in time dwelling longer e restless. is and skin, rubbing, the itchy with the areas biting numerous the skin redness, causes number their the increasing body the on lice and of Domestic 2000). (Kotomski, the animal by hair of the loss theskin, and on scratches species: tick Ixodes ricinus four by mainly attacked are cats Fig. 3a) Budgerigar has been the most popular parrot occurring in breeds all over the world for for the world occurring all over in breeds parrot been has popular the most Budgerigar overgrown steppes occur include the parrots where places main e years. 200 over the in species, place if the food a nomad runs out is It grass. species of various with especially tame, easy to relatively are Parrots area. another to moves it lives, it where in Eu appeared birth. ey rst from people by accompanied usually because they are rope in 1840, in England, and for the next 20 years, they have spread in breeding in other in other in breeding spread they have 20 years, the next for and in 1840, in England, rope selected grain the properly includes budgerigars food essential e for Europe. parts of a small and millet, millet, oats, canary Senegal grass, mix, including millet, Japanese described1997). were (Bieleld, parrots varieties28 2012, of seeds. oil In of amount – , which do not normally threaten their hosts, look like mites. Bigger invasions invasions Bigger mites. look like their hosts, threaten normally which do not – acari, of conditions living inappropriate and poor nutrition, stress, of a result as take place conditions, such Under immunity. animal the reduced to due as well as the parrots, they but the birds, for skin irritation which causes in excess, reproduce these parasites believed is that It falling out. lead feathers to do not located on large wing feathers and tail, while tail, and feathers wing large on located Anna Kocoń, Magdalena Nowak-Chmura larger invasions, cover they (Sychra, whole the body 2005). age. liceare ese most oen found on back of the and head the neck; however, during denote presence the of feather-eaters, of eect the and can mechanical be they dam with naked the eye. However, seen can be visible the ags inthe donot losses always feeding on feathers the (ag loss, ag holes) and laid eggs by along them feather the damage birds when occurs are itchy the pecking spots. Symptoms of feather-eaters and reactions allergic on oen skin, which the manifests as pruritus. Additional skin damage to skin,and the form scabs lesion inthe areas. can ey cause inammation nibble nest. inthe infected also ey on of base feathers, the causing bleeding e infection place takes through direct contact of birds, but can sometimes get they infestation causes symptoms, clinical such as bird anxiety and weakness of body. the asymptomatic,ally as aresult of inimmunity, adecrease and conditions. bad Mass mis, and adult lice, can as e actively well invasion blood. as larvae, collect is usu (Appendix 3c).is 1–Fig. parasite feeds on feather the residues, exfoliated epider ritual, and folk medicine. It came to Europe as ahobby animal XVI inthe by South American Indians, for them used who many including purposes, culinary, isCavy arodent commonly species, known as pigs, guinea were which domesticated in humans (Atyeo, Gaud, 1987). 146 itching (d’Ovidio, Santoro, 2014). attached to hair. the donot ey cause skinirritation, can cause insomethey cases, oneects rodent. the are Sometimes, they visible to naked the eyeon animal’s the fur, comfort, are even ifthey present inlarge quantities, donot show signs of harmful sick, stressed, and older pigs guinea (Mederle, Indre, 2009). mites dormant can be for months several or years, becoming aproblem inpregnant, pain, and discomfort. are ey not transferred to humans. In healthy animals, the 3d). With life can severe infection, be threatening they due to lack the of severe food, scratches, biting of skin, hair the loss, and seizures insevere (Appendix cases, 1–Fig. animaled to another one, and rarely they leave host. their In pigs, guinea cause they of structure and length of 2014). hair (Beck, are many breeds and colour of varieties rodent. this breeds ese are dierent interms animal, andsocial it maintains relations close with herd the members. Currently, there is well suited for hobby breeding. C.porcellus should not kept be alone, it because is a centuries, and it as alaboratory was used animal. e pig guinea is aherbivore, and it Gliricola porcelli Gliricola Chirodiscoides caviae Trixacarus caviae Neopsittaconirmus gracilis Neopsittaconirmus Fig. 3f) are licethat (Appendix Schrank most oen infest 3f) the 1–Fig.

Fain, Hovell &Hyatt –mites that move directly from infect the Hirst (Appendix 3e),mites 1–Fig. that cause minor dis Guimaraes –lice, one of feather-eating the species 4. Guinea pig porcellus4. Guinea (Cavia L.) th and XIX th - - - - -

Skin ectoparasites of domestic animals

- - - - - 147 M. auratus (Appendix (Appendix initially do initially Waterhouse. Waterhouse. and D. aurati Nutting – demodex are the most the most demodex– are Nutting are the same as in the case of D. in the case as the of same are Mus musculus L.) musculus mouse (Mus 6. House Waterhouse) Mesocricetus auratus aurati D. lichenication of the skin around the ears the ears the skin around of lichenication (Przyjałkowki, 1977). (Przyjałkowki, is more pathogenic. e symptoms of demodex invasion demodex invasion of symptoms e pathogenic. more is 5. Golden hamster ( 5. Golden hamster and Rauch & Nutting Bacigalupo (Appendix 1 – Fig. 3g), demodex attacking guinea 1 – Fig. demodex 3g), attacking (Appendix Bacigalupo Fig. 4a) than D. 1 – Fig. 4a) than aurati (Appendix a smaller, is mite described above (Hawkins, Bishop, 2012). Bishop, described (Hawkins, above D. cricetiD. and D. cati Demodex criceti Demodexcaviae – Fig. 4b), while D. aurati are rough coat, skin inammation, balding, mainly on the back. e sick, old, and and old, sick, the e back. on balding, mainly skin inammation, coat, rough are 2009). et al., (Karaer oen most attacked are animals undernourished did not stand out with special features, the interest in it was not high, and over time, time, over high,and not was in it the interest special with features, out stand not did be to the extinct species. considered was nally it observed was until less, it and less exca who Jerusalem, conducted of the University from Aharoni 1930, professor In this family from individuals ree ones. young with a female found in Syria, vations condi favourable created zoologists where England, to a male) went and (2 females rst e grew rapidly. population the hamster and breed, and live them to for tions on mainly feeds rodent e France. in 1950 from Poland to imported were hamsters 1995). food (Stromenger, plant the on they feed naturally usually the skin, and on clinical symptoms any cause not animal. 1 D. criceti D. recognised in hamsters. ectoparasite commonly - cosmo and synanthropic which is small a species is mammals, of mouse house e semi-desert Cur and areas. prairies mice inhabiting from derives probably It politan. rently, it can be found wherever humans live, and it is omnivorous. anks to high to anks omnivorous. is it and live, humans wherever be can found it rently, willingly used as mice are requirements, high breeding of a lack and reproduction capabil very has high adaptability It homes. at also grown are and animals laboratory 2015). (Zientek, ities It is the most well-know hamster species, which is a rodent, bred as a pet. as is bred species, a rodent, which is hamster well-know the most is It zoologist, describedspecies the British rst was in 1839 by eas, which leads to the formation of wounds. However, we usually observe usually the we only However, wounds. of eas, the formation which leads to severe, seborrhoea. and With thinning its with the coat, of in the quality deterioration the invasions, untreated and long-lasting, guinea pig. Lice are visible to the naked eye in the rodent’s hair, and they feed on hair hair theyfeed on and hair, thein eye rodent’s the naked to visible Lice are guinea pig. pose theynot do a threat Because skin. their highspecies of specicity, exfoliated and a sick with contact direct occurs infection e through humans. or animals other to invasions, severe more With be the disease asymptomatic. of may course e animal. ar the itchy scratch objects or they rub and against experiencethe animals pruritus, can becan observed, seizures as well as canis D. caviae D. the occurrence of of symptoms e pigs. Anna Kocoń, Magdalena Nowak-Chmura Ctenocephalides felis – (0.1%).Out majority the of caviae insects, external the coides of rat lice were collected smaller numbers:smaller scabiei Sarcoptes canis Otodectes cynotis mites:the Otodectes (62 from Poland, Lesser 15from e Silesia). following dominated species among Poland voivodeships. Skin and hair samples were from collected hosts 77infected imals was studied in cooperation clinics withSilesian in the veterinary and Lesser to of lead anaemiacan case inthe also arthropods that suck inlarge blood quantities. infestation of host the by ectoparasites may not limited be only to skin level, the but it or other animals living same inthe area, ahuge can which be problem. e direct with an invasion of parasites external asource can be of infestation for owners their dangerousthe ectoparasites to and health keep our ingood tness. pets Organisms parasite infestation itself, caring for our animals important. is particularly ectoparasites that inmany cause diseases with more cases relevance clinical than the dermatitisea (Sadzikowski, Gundłach, to transfer 2004). Due the of pathogens by toparasites, reactions allergic may occur. e most important of iswhich allergic the infections, as well as dermatitis. Under inuence the of contact of with saliva ec the ofeects parasitic infestation are or skin lesions fungal bacterial leading to secondary negative on eects bonds the that humans exist between and animals. negative Other play also ey arole as asource of many of types pathogenic agents and can have mans. cause ey skin damage and pathological reactions from immune the system. parasitesExternal are important factors of health inthe domestic animals and hu 148 observed in wild populations inwild observed of miceand laboratory mice(Izdebska, Rolbiecki, 2015). mals’ skin. country, but there is information no detailed about parasite. this agellurus D. public. In Poland, found has been species the and northern inthe central of parts the mon in mice. agellurus D. infestation. No symptoms were of diseases the noted for on demodex ani the these spread hosts. between In easily some populations, show they degree of ahigh rodent of largest the known mites inmice, and it is mainly found near genital the area. ey Polyplax spinulosa (92.9%), spinulosa Polyplax e studies on mites demodecid found that most the common attacking species In years the presence 2012–2014,the of ectoparasites from collected domestic an When deciding on we should apet, aware be of such dangers and carefully combat Demodex agellurus Bukva andDemodex D. musculi (5.2%),Cheyletiella yasguri D. musculi is associated with areas the of and whole the body it been has also Ceratophyllus gallinae (1.3%), and Ceratophyllus (Appendix mainly 4c) occurs 1 – Fig. Czech in the Re var. cati Gliricola porcelli Gliricola (3.5%).e presence of following the was found in var. canis O. cynotis (85.6%),O. Notoedres cati (0.8%),Notoedres Columbicola columbae (3.1%),Columbicola Conclusions andrecommendations Oudemans is most –demodex com (0.4%) (Pawełczyk et al., 2016). var. canis (4.4%),Demodex (0.2%),Chirodis (2.2%), is one ------Skin ectoparasites of domestic animals

- - - sp., sp., the 149 (Fabricius, (Fabricius, References Gongylophis Modern ) in a dog. Modern sp., sp., A. varanense Supino, A. varanense Varanus Varanus sp., sp., Koch (most abundant), A. abundant), (most Koch latum A. found in the skin of the eyelids and and the eyelids in the skin of found sp., from which the ticks were collected. which the were ticks from sp., Iguana sp., sp., L. Studies were also performed in were L. Studies H. aegyptium (Jańczak et al., 2017). et al., (Jańczak : genus (detected in Poland for the rst time): Ambly the rst for (detected in Poland genus . Two species were found in the golden hamsters – hamsters in the golden found species were . Two Lucas, Lucas, A. transversale Schulze, . Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Multico. [In Polish] [In Multico. Wydawnictwo . Warszawa: . Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Buchmann. [In Polish] [In Buchmann. Wydawnictwo . Warszawa: sp., and Psammophis and sp., Lucas, Lucas, avomaculatum A. D. arvicolae in mice – D. , and , 62(7), 544–545. causing highly infectious lesions, described at homes, where a lot lot a where described homes, lesions, highly at infectious causing A. quadricavum , which oen causes seborrheic dermatitis. All of these All species of occur dermatitis. seborrheic causes , which oen spp. and Hyalomma and spp. Shaw. During the entire study, 2104 tick specimens specimens 2104 tick study, During the entire Boso Python and regius Shaw. and D. aurati D. gatoi D. Dönitz, Dönitz, sp., Spalerosophis sp., , D. cornei D. Frequent weather changes, frequent journeys, frequent changes in the locations of of in the locations changes journeys, frequent frequent changes, weather Frequent , 73, 203–206. Parasitology of Journal e Psittacidae). (Aves: Veterinary Pracitce Veterinary Parazyto Wiadomości występowania. zasięgu obecnego I. Określenie mazurskim. 1794) w ognisku In the years 2003–2007, 382 specimens of bred reptiles imported to Poland were were Poland to imported reptiles bred of 2003–2007, 382 specimens the years In , 731–738. [In Polish] , 50(4), 731–738. [In logiczne presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum of presence 2010). Dumler detected was et al. (Nowak, external parasites some of situation epizootic the existing aect probably the animals new to these organisms of the spread they cause can and they carry, the pathogens and diseases. parasitic Domestic rare of in the incidence increase an lead to may is areas. also a but role, a positive play only not basis, a daily on us which accompany animals, ectoparasites. carrying a perfect for numerous because they source are one, negative them protecting by healthy animals our keeping to special pay attention should We we invasion, the ectoparasite the case of In parasites. dangerous by attacks against the of taking care By soon possible. as as infestation the widespread prevent should health. own our for also we care animals, our health of Ambylomma avomaculatum, Ambylomma ticks, two In pathogens. of the presence for terms Amblyomma Amblyomma D. cricetiD. Beck, Świnki A. (2014). morskie H. (1997). Papużki faliste Bieleld, (Shaw) (Shaw) undulatus Melopsittacus the Parakeet, of (Acarina) Mites (1987). Feather J. Gaud, W.T., Atyeo, of cats live together, and D. and felis together, live cats of setosus (Linognathus G.A. (1981). Pediculosis K.S., Herman, Todd, B.L., Blagburn, D. cati D. agellurus the eyes, and around the species: to Testudo belonging studied, were collected of the Amblyomma collected of were thematicus Koch, exornatum omma Dermacentor kleszcza reticulatus łąkowego i ekologia Bogdaszewska, Z. (2004). Występowanie ; moreover, two other species can be found in dogs: in dogs: species be other can found two ; moreover, canis Demodex is dogs domestic syndrome, Cushings and hypothyroidism with dogs sick occurring adult in injai D. and nuttalli nuttalli in Poland. ree species of demodex were also observed in cats: the most common also observed common demodex species were the most ree of cats: in in Poland. Python exan Varanus (Africa) these were and Ghana from came infected reptiles most e Anna Kocoń, Magdalena Nowak-Chmura d’Ovidio, D., Santoro, D. (2014).Prevalence of mites fur (Chirodiscoides caviae Dembele, K.(2000). Nużyca psów ikotów Magazyn (Demodicosis). Weterynaryjny, 923.[In Polish] Demodex agellurus. Demodex criceti. Karaer, Z.,Kurtdede, A.,Ural, K.,Sari, B., Cingi, C.C.,Karakurum, M.C.,Haydardedeoğ Demodex cavinae. Happy Knuel’s. http://www.happy-knuels.de/demodex-ssp.html Demodex cati. Diagnosis &Cats. of inDogs Clinician’s Demodicosis Brief. https://www.cliniciansbrief. Demodex canis. Spencer Greenwood PhD, MSc, BSc, DVM. Department of Biomedical Atlan Sciences. - Demodex aurati. Karaer, Z.,Kurtdede, A.,Ural, K.,Sari, B., Cingi, C.C.,Karakurum, M.C.,Haydardedeoğ Dautel, H.,Dippel, Hartelt, C.,Oehme, R., K.,Schettler, E.(2006).Evidence for an increased geographical Ctenocephalides felis Ctenocephalides canis Ctenocephalides Chirodiscoides caviae. Fagasińki, upsów ikotów. 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- - - - - [In [In [In [In 153 and Anaplas Borrelia afzelli , (Fabricius, 1794) (Ixodidae) in 1794) (Ixodidae) (Fabricius, (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera) from from Ischnocera) (Phthiraptera, and other tickborne infections in infections tickborne other and Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Rolnicze Wydawnictwo Państwowe , 60, 2. Veter (Poland). dogs in Warsaw in domestic , 166, 191–198. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.038 guinea pigs. guide for care A medical and Lynx. . Guinea Państwowe Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne. i Leśne. Rolnicze Wydawnictwo Warszawa: Państwowe . , 31, 143–154. Trixacarus caviae Trixacarus infection in hard ticks removed from dogs in Warsaw (central Poland). Veteri Poland). (central dogs in Warsaw from removed ticks in hard infection , 145, 146–151. DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.11.008 , 153, 139–142. DOI: / j.vetpar.2008.01.036 10.1016 . Online Photo Atlas in Veterinary Disease Biology. http://atlas.sund.ku.dk/parasiteat Disease Biology. in Veterinary Atlas . Online Photo [In Polish] [In http://www.guinealynx.info/mites.htm Babesia Babesia large by babesiosis caused canine of the course Polish] Leśne. Leśne. Poland. Acta Parasitologica Polonica Bratislava . Biologia undulatus Melopsittacus budgerigar, Polish] las/ectoparasitic_arthropod/Trichodectes_canis/ Parasitology Veterinary dogs in Central Poland. inary Parasitology Schulze et Schlotke, 1929 (Acari: Ixodidae) in Poland, including the morphological description and and description the morphological including in Poland, Ixodidae) (Acari: 1929 et Schlotke, Schulze , 56, 39–45. Parazytologiczne this species. Wiadomości of features diagnostics 13–24. [In Akapit, Wydawnictwo . Lublin: i zwierząt człowieka Pasożyty C. Błaszak (eds.), Stawonogi. Polish] , 155. , 53(supl.) Parazytologiczne Wiadomości w Polsce. domowych psach i kotach na sożytujące maphagocytophilum nary Parasitology Sychra, O. (2005). Morfological variation of Neopsittaconirmuis of variation Morfological (2005). gracialis O. Sychra, of occurence the of results e Trichodectes canis Trichodectes . Bielsko-Biała: Wydawnictwo Dragon, 117. [In Polish] 117. [In Dragon, Wydawnictwo . Bielsko-Biała: domowe ssaki Małe H. (2015). Encyklopedia. Zientek, during changes H. (2007). Hematological Wędrychowicz, D., G., Jaros, Rapacka, O., Gójska, W., Zygner, Siuda, K., Nowak, M., Gierczak, M. (2010). Conrmation of occurence of Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) rugicollis of occurence of M. (2010). Conrmation M., Gierczak, K., Nowak, Siuda, Siuda, K., Nowak, M., Gierczak, M., Wierzbowska, I., Faber, M. (2007). Kleszcze (Acari: Ixodida) pa Ixodida) Kleszcze M. (2007). (Acari: Faber, I., M., Wierzbowska, Gierczak, M., K., Nowak, Siuda, Stromenger, Z. (1995). Chomiki Z. (1995). syryjskieStromenger, Szymański, S. (1986). Distribution of the Dermacentor tick of reticulatus (1986). Distribution S. Szymański, Babesia canis A. (2009). Babesia R., E., Bajer, Rodo A., Siński, Welc-Falęciak, Babesia canis Babesia of H. (2008). Prevalence Wędrychowicz, S., Jaros, W., Zygner, Siuda, K., Nowak-Chmura, M. (2011). Fauna of ticks (Ixodida) in the Beskid Wyspowy. In: A. Buczek., Buczek., A. In: in the Beskid(Ixodida) ticks of Wyspowy. (2011). Fauna M. K., Nowak-Chmura, Siuda, II. Warszawa: weterynaryjna (1968). Parazytologia W. Stefański, Anna Kocoń, Magdalena Nowak-Chmura republika.pl), Trichodectes canis – d 154 Fig. 1. www.vectorbase.org ( Source: Demodex canis –a(Source: http://people.upei.ca/), scabiei Sarcoptes https://veteriankey.com), ), Ctenocephalides canis –c(Source: http://entnemdept.u.edu),Ctenocephalides setosus Lingonathus –f(Source: http://atlas.sund.ku.dk) Cheyletiella yasguri –e(Source: http://www.swiatczarnegoteriera. var. canis –b(Source: Appendix 1 https://

Skin ectoparasites of domestic animals 155 – c (Source: http://www. (Source: c – in cats – f (Source:http://vetbook.org), – f (Source:http://vetbook.org), in cats Otodectes cynotis Demodex cati cati Demodex https://www.esccap.fr/), – d (Source: Notoedres cati – b (Photos from the collection of the the collection of from – b (Photos I. hexagonus – a, female female Fig. 2. SatiatedFig. Ixodes ricinus Zoology Parasitology), and the Invertebrate of Department swiatczarnegoteriera.republika.pl/), swiatczarnegoteriera.republika.pl/), Cheyletiellosis https://www.cliniciansbrief.com), – e (Source: – h (Source: http:// – h (Source: subrostratus Felicola https://pl.pinterest.com), – g (Source: felis Ctenocephalides mites-and-parasites.org) Anna Kocoń, Magdalena Nowak-Chmura 156 Fig. 3. Demodex cavinae esccap.fr), Demodex info), biepocztowe.eu), e results of occurence of the Trixacarus caviae b ( Source: Chirodiscoides caviae Dubininia melopsittaci –a( http://www.federmilben.de), –e(Source: https://www.esccap.fr), porcelli Gliricola –g(Source: http://www.happy-knuels.de) Source: Feather-easting http://www.federmilben.de), on feather ags –c –d(Source: http://www.guinealynx. (Source: http://www.gole- –f(Source: https://www. Sideroferus lunula Sideroferus –

Skin ectoparasites of domestic animals 157 – c (Source: https://www.researchgate.net) – c (Source: agellurus D. – b, D. – a, criceti Demodex aurati Fig. 4. Fig. Anna Kocoń, Magdalena Nowak-Chmura mysz domowa(Musmusculus) Accepted on on: [2017.09.17] Received Key words: ectoparasites, demodex, lice, eas, mites, ticks pets, zwierząt, jak i ludzi. Do najbardziej Do zwierząt, i ludzi. jak rozpowszechnionych ektopasożytów skórnych zwierząt należą: stanowiących zagrożenie zdrowia dla zarówno znaczeniu medycznymdów, i weterynaryjnym, o dużym wisku. Jednak z nich większość może być narażona na kontakt z gatunkami pasożytniczych roztoczy i owa- Zwierzęta towarzyszące ludziom, w tym domowe ważną rolę zwierzęta w otaczającym odgrywają nas środo - 158 blakei, dex canis , ( u zwierząt familiaris domowych pies jak: domowy takich (Canis przedstawiono pracy najczęściej występujące ektopasożytyza, erlichioza, skórne tularemia. W niniejszej chorób, rolę- riketsjo cą borelioza babeszjoza, należą: w przenoszeniu z Lyme, donajważniejszych z nich wszawicę, wszołowicę, demodekozę i chejletielozę. Ponadto znaczą z rodziny kleszcze Ixodidae odgrywają zanajczęstszepowiedzialne choroby zwierząt: skóry pasożytnicze sarkoptozę, otodektozę, ktenocefalidozę, reticulatus Gliricola porcelli, Trixacarus caviae, Ixodes ricinus, I. la subrostratus, Notoedres cati, Melopsittacus undulatus), kawia domowa ( Chirodiscoides caviae D. cati D. . Różne gatunki pasożytów zewnętrznych, które mogą być również przenoszone na ludzi od są : [2017.11.12] , D. criceti , , D. aurati D. Ctenocephalides canis, C.felis, Dubininia melopsittaci . , D. caviae Cavia porcellus , Otodectes cynotis Otodectes hexagonus, I. , Ektopasożyty skórnezwierzątdomowych Sideroferus lunula, Trichodectes canis ), chomik syryjski ( ),chomik syryjski ), kot domowy (Felis catus , Sarcoptes scabiei Sarcoptes crenulatus, ,

Neopsittaconirmus gracilis, Linognathus setosus I . rugicollis i rugicollis ), Mesocricetus auratus), , Cheyletiella yasguri ), papużka falista Streszczenie Dermacentor Dermacentor , Felico , Demo , C. C. - - - -