Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16574-8 — Decades of Reconstruction Edited by Ute Planert , James Retallack Index More Information

Index

Abendroth, Amandus, 165 American Jewish Joint Distribution absolutism, 20, 143, 155. See also Committee, 312 enlightened absolutism American War of Independence (1775–1783), Adenauer, Konrad, 282, 285, 286, 288 31, 33, 39, 51, 58, 63, 65, 67, 69. See Ador, Gustav, 305, 307 also British Empire, United States African Americans, 179, 181, 183, 184, Amherst, Jeffrey, 78, 79 185, 186, 193, 195, 196 Amsterdam, 149 Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of (1818), 114 Anatolia, 260 Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), 106, 107 Annales School, 276 Albert, King of Saxony, 203, 209, 214 Anschluss (1938), 311 Albornoz, Nicolás Sánchez, 327 Antilles, 51 Alcazar of Toledo, 324 Antwerp, 166 Alexander I, Tsar of Russia, 85, 87, 96, 113 Apess, William, 80, 81, 82, 83 Alexander the Great, 81 Arab independence movements, 335 Alexanderplatz, 265, 266 Ariès, Philippe, 276 Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, 319 Armenian Genocide, 341 Algeria, 22, 222 Aron, Raymond, 350, 353 Allied occupation of Germany, 273, 274, Atlantic slave trade, 38, 47, 82, 101 277, 278 Augusta, Queen of Prussia, 211 Information Control Division Australia, 42 (ICD), 281 Austria, 64, 65, 85, 89, 94, 96, 98, 100, 110, Ofﬁce of Military Government for 114, 119, 121, 155, 201, 206, 207, Germany (US), (OMGUS), 280 208, 211, 242, 244, 297, 301, 311, Alsace and Lorraine, 22, 217, 218, 219, 221, 320, 338, 340, 355 224, 225, 227, 228, 232, 234 army, 59, 61, 95, 98, 113, 120, 199, 202, Ecole alsacienne, 223 203, 250, 298 Oeuvre de l’instruction d’Alsace-Lorraine, Jews, 311 223, 233 Austro-Hungarian Empire (Habsburg Renaissance Française d’Alsace-Lorraine, Empire), 108, 239, 249, 260, 297, 224 302, 333. See also Habsburg Union Amicale d’Alsace-Lorraine, 224 Monarchy Altona, 165 army, 108, 297 Altona Commission, 166 Austro-Prussian dualism, 106, 108 American Civil War (1861–1865), 20, 182, Austro-Prussian War. See German civil war 184. See also United States (1866)

365

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16574-8 — Decades of Reconstruction Edited by Ute Planert , James Retallack Index More Information

366 Index

Bacon, Francis, 43 Bismarck, Otto von, 21, 199, 200, 205, Baéz, Buenaventura, 189 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 215, 220, Baker, Philip, 301 221, 226 Balfour, Arthur, 301 Bittenfeld, General Karl Herwarth Balkan Wars (1912–1913), 260, 341 von, 204 Balkans, the, 111, 304, 305, 335, 358 Blanco, Admiral Luís Carrero, 319 Baltic coast, 125 Bleichröder, Gerson (von), 205 Baltic states, 240, 251, 253, 260, 340 Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von, 89 Bamberg, 268 Bohemia, 53, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 200, Barakat, Sultan, 11 201, 203, 204, 298 Barbary states (North Africa), 47 Bolsheviks, 251, 254, 255, 261 Barrès, Maurice, 224 Bolshevism, 283, 286, 298, 299, 304 Barth, Erwin, 256, 257 Bonin, Bogislaw von, 285 Basque separatism, 318 Bordeaux, 54 Baudissin, Count Wolf von, 287 Bougainville, Count of, Louis Bavaria, 65, 201, 204, 268 Antoine, 63 Bavarian People’s Party, 268 Boulanger Affair, 220, 223 Central Council of Bavarian Boulanger, General Georges, 219 Councils, 268 Bourbon-Habsburg alliance, 63 Bayard, Thomas, 192 Bourbons, 17, 51, 52, 64, 65, 66, 88, 89, 94, Bayly, Christopher, 38 121, 143 Becker, Carl L., 15 Brandenburg, 123, 125, 132, 133 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 118 Brandenburg-Prussia, 53, 133, 136, 137 Behrenberg, Carl von, 202 Brandt, Willy, 278 Belgium, 107, 307, 312, 320, 334 Brazil, 189 Service des Régions Dévastées, 321 Bremen, 20, 54, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, Belle-Isle, Marshal, 60 171, 173, 175, 263, 279 Beneke, Ferdinand, 158, 162 Bremen Women’s Association, 166, 169. Bennigsen, General Levin August, 168 See also Hanseatic cities: women’s Berlin, 133, 200, 206, 207, 209, 225, associations 257, 258, 263, 264, 265, 266, Breslau, 145, 147 267, 270 Brest, France, 62 Berlin Wall, 5 British Empire, 17, 18, 31, 32, 35, 37, Berlin Conference on Africa (1884–1885), 45, 335, 339, 345. See also Great 357 Britain Berliner Staatsbibliothek, 123, 124 civilizing mission, 43, 46 Berliner Tageblatt, 267 informal empire, 35 Berliner Zeitung am Mittag, 267 loss of the American Colonies, 35, 36 Bern, 149 maritime power, 39, 40, 42, 44, 48 Bernis, Abbot, 63 missionaries, 32, 43, 74 Bert, Paul, 219 Pax Britannica, 32, 37, 41, 48 Beseler, Hans Hartwig von, 242, 243, 244, settler colonialism, 18, 36 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, Broers, Michael, 159 252, 253, 254, 255 Brühl, Count Heinrich von, 144, 145, 146, Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, 359 150, 151 Bettanier, Albert, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, Bruno, G. (Augustine Fouilée), 228 228, 233, 234 Brussels, 166 Beust, Count Friedrich Ferdinand von, 199, Buchenwald concentration camp, 281 200, 202, 208, 210 Budapest, 268 Bickham, Troy, 76 Bueno, Alex, 328 Biedermann, Karl, 206 Bulgaria, 338, 358 Biedermeier culture, 118 Burnier, Georges, 308

Index 367

Calvinists, 147, 152, 153 Churchill, Winston, 349 cameralism, 107, 109, 113, 120, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 1 148, 157 Clark, Christopher, 357 Camp King in Oberursel (Taunus) Clausewitz, Carl von, 26, 359 (Germany), 281 Cobden-Chevalier Treaty (1860), 47 Canada, 15, 16, 36, 51, 54, 63, 74, 180, Cold War, 5, 6, 8, 9, 17, 24, 282, 283, 314, 182, 183 317, 332 Newfoundland, 51 Colley, Linda, 76 Canadian Institute of International Communist Party of Germany, 263 Affairs, 15 Concert of Europe, 93, 94, 96, 100, 101, 106 Canosa, Antonio, 95 Congress of Vienna, 14, 19, 37, 38, 48, 86, Cape, the (South Africa), 38 93, 101, 113, 207, 354, 355, 356. See Carbonari, 94, 118 also Concert of Europe, French Caribbean, 181, 182, 183, 184, 188, 191, Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic 192, 193, 194, 195 Wars Carlos, Juan, 319 Congress System, 86, 91, 100, 101 Carniola, Slovenia, 112 Connecticut, 79 Carsten, F. L., 156 Constantinople, 304 Castlereagh, Lord, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99 Cook, James, 42, 63 Catalan separatism, 318 Corsica, 17, 64, 66 Catalan, Jordi, 319, 320 Counter-Reformation, 106, 107, 109 Catherine the Great, 66, 351, 352 Cracow, 91 Catholic Action, 323 Crimea, 304, 307 Catholic Church, 24, 190, 233, 321, 322 Crimean War (1853–1856), 46, 48, 356 Catholicism, 147, 151, 184, 207, 222, Crowe, Joseph Archer, 212 267, 269, 281, 317, 318, 322, Cuba, 182, 187–192, 194, 196 323, 324, 328 Cuesta, Raimundo Fernández, 325 Catholic minorities, 152 Curtius, Carl Georg, 173 Caucasus region, 37, 260 Curzon, Lord, 300 Caulaincourt, Armand de, 87 Customs Union, 210 Cavendish-Bentinck, Lord William Czechoslovakia, 297, 307, 320, 335, 340. Henry, 94 See also Bohemia Cazorla-Sánchez, Antonio, 323 Czernowitz, 334 Cecil, Lord Robert, 301 Ceylon, 38 da Cunha, Gastâo, 307 Chadeau de la Clochèterie, Jean Isaac, 63 Danzig, 344 Charles Felix, King of Sardinia-Piedmont, Daudet, Alphonse, 225 98 Davout, Marshall Louis-Nicolas, 164, 168 Charles III, King of Spain, 65, 66 de Gaulle, Charles, 234 Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, 106, de la Escosura, Leandro Prados, 320 121, 151 de Rivera, José Antonio Primo, 318, 324, Charles XIV John of Sweden (Crown Prince 329 of Sweden), 164, 165 de Urbel, Justo Pérez, 327 Chartier, Roger, 276 Deak, Istvan, 325 Chicago Tribune, 179 Delacroix, Eugène, 230 China, 47, 319, 337, 339, 340, 343 denaziﬁcation, 15, 277, 283 Choiseul, Duke of, Étienne François, Count Denmark, 312 of Stainville, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 59, Danish colonies, 38, 190 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 Diderot, Denis, 63 Christian Recorder, 196 Disraeli, Benjamin, 356, 357 Christianity, 15, 77, 81, 82 Döblin, Alfred, 278

368 Index

Dominica, 34 Evening Star (Washington), 315 Dominican Republic, 184, 187, 188, 189, Évian Conference, 313. See also Jewish 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196 refugee crisis (1930s) Don Paciﬁco Affair (1850), 47 Doré, Gustave, 223 Falange, the, 317, 318, 324, 325, 329 Dos Passos, John, 278 Falkland Islands, 50, 65 Douglass, Frederick, 190, 195, 196 Favre, Jules, 227 Dresden, 145, 147, 151, 153, 154, 156, 200, Federal Republic of Germany (West 201, 202, 203, 204, 207, 209, 210, Germany), 5, 7, 8, 15, 23, 274, 276, 211, 212, 214 277, 282, 284, 285, 287, 288, 289, Committee of Emergency, 204 290, 320 Stadtmuseum, 202 Association of Returning Soldiers Dreyfus Affair, 217 (Verband der Heimkehrer), 282 Dreyfus, Alfred, 221 Federal Ministry of Defense, 287 Drummond, Eric, 305 Federica Montseny, 323 Dull, Jonathan, 51 Felbiger, Bishop Ignaz, 110 Durkheim, Émile, 276 Felix, Joel, 56 Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, 94, 95, East India Company, 44 120, 121 East Indies. See southeast Asia Ferry Laws (France), 219, 230 East Prussia, 133, 136 Ferry, Jules, 228 Eastern Marches Association, 245 Finland, 340 Eastern Pomerania, 125 Finnish nationalism, 335 Ebert, Friedrich, 262, 264 First World War (1914–1918), 2, 4, 7, 8, 15, Echternkamp, Jörg, 161 18, 22, 24, 25, 124, 160, 216, 224, Eckardt, Felix von, 278, 279 234, 239, 240, 241, 252, 253, 255, École Royale de marine. See also France: 256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 271, 272, navy 284, 288, 293, 294, 295, 303, 306, Eden, Charles, 212, 213, 214 308, 309, 313, 321, 330, 331, 333, Ehrenburg, Ilja, 278 335, 337, 339, 340, 344 Eiffel Tower, 217 Allied Powers, 295, 296, 298 Einsatzgruppen, 279, 280 Central Powers, 239, 243, 295, 296 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 317 eastern front, 239, 297 enlightened absolutism, 20, 116, 120, 146, German Armistice Commission, 296 154, 155. See also absolutism Fischer, Fritz, 357, 359 Enlightenment, 77, 106, 109, 113, 116, 137, Flinders, Lieutenant Matthew, 42 144, 155 Florida, 182 Erzberger, Matthias, 297 Folard, Jean Charles Chevalier de, 58 Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains), 203 Foner, Eric, 185 Estates General, 143 Fontane, Theodor, 200 Esterházy de Galántha, Prince Paul Fort Detroit, 72 Anton, 96 France, 8, 17, 18, 38, 64, 69, 85, 97, 101, Ethiopia, 47 108, 113, 116, 118, 122, 144, 207, European Coal and Steel Community, 362 211, 214, 220, 225, 254, 261, 285, European Defense Community (EDC), 285 296, 302, 304, 307, 312, 319, 320, European Economic Community, 363 334, 338, 339, 340, 351, 353, 355, European integration, 273, 285 360, 361 European Recovery Program. See Marshall army, 51, 59, 61, 62, 219 Plan Civil Code, 233 European Union, 255, 363 colonies, 17, 38, 317, 339, 345 Evans, Robert J.W., 106 Estates-General, 58

Index 369

global power status, 18, 34, 35 Frick, Edouard, 298 hunger crisis (1767–69), 56 Friesen, Baron Richard von, 203, 204, Marianne, 227, 234 205, 206 natalist policies, 229, 234 Frimont, Johann Maria Baron, 95 National Assembly, 285 Fritsch, Thomas Freiherr von, 19, 144, 146, navy, 34, 51, 61, 62, 63, 64 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, Third Republic, 216 154, 155, 156, 157 Francis I (Francis Stephen), Holy Roman Fritzsche, Peter, 133 Emperor, 109 Francis I, Emperor of Austria, 106, 115, Galicia, 242 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121 Galician revolt (1846), 118 Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria, 106 Garzón, Baltazar, 326 Franco, Francisco, 24, 315, 316, 317, 318, Gayl, Wilhelm von, 247 320, 321, 322, 327, 329 Gellhorn, Martha, 278 Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), 9, 22, Generalplan Ost, 244. See also Nazi 216, 217, 220, 225, 233, 234 Germany Frankfurt an der Oder, 145, 147 Geneva, 58, 306 Frankfurt, Treaty of (1871), 217, 219, 220, Geneva Convention, 24, 295 221, 225, 226, 229, 233, 234 Gentz, Friedrich, 88, 89, 91 Frankfurter Zeitung, 262 Gerlach, Ludwig von, 129 Franklin, Benjamin, 79 German civil war (1866), 21, 200, 214 Frederick August I, Elector of Saxony German Confederation, 89, 91, 96, 98, 114, (August the Strong), 21, 144, 151 116, 117, 158, 159, 162, 163, 171, Frederick August II, Elector of Saxony, 141, 173, 176, 355 144, 145, 146, 151 Carlsbad Decrees (1819), 89 Frederick August III, Elector of Saxony, 152 German Democratic Republic (East Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony, 146, Germany), 285 152, 153, 154 German Empire, 331 Frederick II, King of Prussia (Frederick the colonies, 339 Great), 20, 58, 66, 106, 107, 108, German nationalism, 115, 116, 159 110, 125, 127, 129, 134, 135, 136, großdeutsch nationalism, 199 137, 139, 145, 146, 147, 148, 201 kleindeutsch nationalism, 244 Frederick III, German Emperor and King of German POWs, 281, 282, 289 Prussia (also Crown Prince Frederick German Revolution (1918), 260, 272 William), 206, 208 German War Graves Commission Frederick William I, King of Prussia (the (Volksbund Deutsche soldier King), 107, 135 Kriegsgräberfürsorge), 284 Frederick William III, King of Prussia, 89, 139 Germany, 15, 239, 249, 297, 302, 304, 307, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg 324, 334, 338, 342, 343, 345, 357, (the Great Elector), 20, 123, 125, 360, 361, 362, 363 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, army, 278, 280, 285, 287, 288, 317 133, 138 Geyer, Michael, 251 Freikorps, 265, 270 Gibbon, Edward, 331 French National Guard, 230 Gibraltar, 64, 66 French Revolution, 17, 18, 50, 54, 89, 106, Grant, Ulysses, 179, 186, 187, 188, 189, 143, 156, 356 191, 194, 196 French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Great Britain, 17, 18, 38, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, Wars (1792–1815), 27, 31, 33, 37, 85, 89, 97, 98, 100, 101, 118, 144, 46, 64, 86, 138, 159, 160, 162, 168, 150, 184, 201, 254, 261, 302, 307, 175, 359 310, 312, 334, 335, 339, 351, 356, Grande Armée, 37 360, 361. See also British Empire Freytag, Gustav, 208 army, 34, 37

370 Index

Great Britain (cont.) women’s associations, 164, 165, 166, government, 36, 37, 40, 46, 66, 97, 98, 167, 168, 169, 170, 175, 176 99, 101, 312 Hartog, François, 133 navy, 17, 18, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, Haugwitz, Christian, 107, 108, 112 42, 44, 45, 48, 61, 62, 63, 65, 101 Haydn, Franz Joseph, 113 Great War. See First World War The Seasons, 113 Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), 23, 271 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 133, 134 Greece, 47, 101, 319, 320, 358, 363 Heligoland, 38 Grenada, 34 Hemingway, Ernest, 278 Grenzboten, 208 Henner, Jean-Jacques, 223 Grotius, Hugo, 1 Heraclitus, 4 Guadalquivir Canal, 316 Herder, Gottfried, 122 Guadeloupe, 34, 51, 54 Herrnhut, 147. See also Pietism Guiana, 54 Hesse-Cassel, 200 Gulag, the, 282 Himmerod Memorandum, 286, 287 Gumbel, Emil Julius, 269 Hindenburg, Paul von, 247 Gutschmid, Christian Gotthelf, 147, Hitler, Adolf, 275, 277, 280, 311, 316, 153, 154 317, 361 Hobsbawm, Eric, 5, 9 Habsburg Empire, 205, 254, 360. See also Hoffmann, Johannes, 268 Habsburg Monarchy; Austro- Hohenthal, Count Adolf von, 208 Hungarian Empire Hohenzollerns, 121, 129, 145, 207 Habsburg Monarchy, 17, 19, 52, 64, 105, Holocaust, 23, 281, 314 115, 118, 121, 144, 145, 331, 335, Holy Roman Empire, 17, 65, 92, 106, 114, 351 144, 154, 355 and Jews, 111 Horne, John, 260 and Protestants, 110, 111 Howard, Michael, 364 and public education, 110 Hubertusburg, Treaty of (1763), 106, 107, army, 111 108, 125, 139, 141, 147, 148, 351 Toleration Edict (1781), 118 Hungary, 107, 110, 112, 268, 297, 338, Hague Convention, 24, 295, 296 340, 343 Haiti, 184, 191, 196 Hungarian Communist Republic, 271 Hamburg, 20, 54, 158, 162, 163, 164, 165, Hungarian Democratic Republic, 166, 168, 171, 173, 174 299 Hamburg Women’s Association, 167 Hungarian Legion, 205 Senate, 166, 167, 168, 172, 173, 176 White Terror, 271 Hamburger Correspondent, 170 Hanover, 200, 207 Illustrirte Zeitung, 204 Hanseatic cities, 158, 160, 163, 170, 172, Independent Socialists (Germany), 257, 175, 176 264, 270 Bürgermilitar, 174 India, 34, 36, 37, 45, 47, 51, 335, 337, 339, Friendship Club of Hanseatic 340, 343 Veterans, 167 army, 37 Hanseatic Association, 167, 169 Indian Removal Act, 81. See also Native Hanseatic Citizens’ Guard, 164, 166, 168, Americans 170, 171, 172 International Committee for Relief Hanseatic Legion, 164, 166, 167, 168, Credits, 301 169, 170, 171, 174 International Committee of the Red Cross Hanseatic Music Corps, 168 (ICRC), 23, 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, militias, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 303, 305, 306, 307. See also Red veterans, 166, 167, 169 Cross

Index 371

International Court of Justice in Den Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky, Franz Anton Graf Haag, 344 von, 120 International Labor Organization, 306 Königgrätz, Battle of (1866), 199, 200, 208, International Labour Ofﬁce, 344 209, 212, 213, 214 International Military Tribunal, 278, Korea, 337 279, 290 Korean War, (1950–1953), 285 Ionian Islands, 38 Koselleck, Reinhart, 133, 275 Ireland, 18, 23, 340 Kries, Wolfgang von, 245 Irish Free State, 271 Kruchen, Paul, 124 Italy, 8, 15, 63, 91, 94, 98, 99, 114, 115, Kun, Béla, 268 121, 271, 302, 319, 320, 321, 334, Kunisch, Johannes, 135 343, 345, 356, 358 L’Averdy, Clement Charles François de, 56 Jacobins, 90, 116, 118 Ladurie, Emmanuel Le Roy, 276 Jamaica, 184 Laibach, Congress of (1821), 98, 114. See Japan, 25, 319, 335, 345 also Concert of Europe Japanese imperialism, 343, 344 Landtag (Saxony), 199, 205 Java, 38 Lässig, Simone, 154 Jebb, Eglantine, 306 Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 260, 340 Jena-Auerstedt, Battle of (1806), 127, 235 Le Havre, 62 Jesuits, 108, 111 League of Nations, 2, 23, 24, 255, 293, 294, Jewish refugee crisis (1930s), 24, 293, 294, 295, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 306, 295, 311 307, 308, 309, 311, 313, 337, 344 Jews, 251, 253, 304, 334 Central Committee of Armenian Johann, King of Saxony, 199, 200, 201, Refugees, 308 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, Convention Concerning the Status of 212, 213, 214 Refugees coming from Germany John, Archduke of Austria, 118 (1938), 312 Johnson, William, 78 Convention Relating to the International Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 65, 66, Status of Refugees, 303, 309 109, 112, 115 High Commissioner for Refugees Coming Juliá, Santos, 326 from Germany, 311 Jumonville, Joseph Coulon de Villiers de, 71 High Commissioner for Russian Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von, Refugees, 293, 303, 308, 309, 310 109, 148 League of Red Cross Societies (LRCS), 306. See also International Committee on Kamptz, Karl Albert von, 89, 90, 91, 92 the Red Cross (ICRC), Red Cross Kant, Immanuel, 27, 351, 364 Lebanon, 5 Karl VI, Holy Roman Emperor, 144 Leipzig, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 156, Kästner, Erich, 278 157, 204, 206, 208, 209, 212 Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton, 64, 66, 108, 109, Leipzig Council, 143, 152, 153, 154, 156 110, 112 Leipzig trade fairs, 141, 145, 147, 148 Keller, Katrin, 154 Leipzig, Battle of (1813), 113, 158, 168. See Kennan, George, 355, 357, 363 also French Revolutionary Wars and Kessler, Harry, 265 Napoleonic Wars Keynes, John Maynard, 343 Leipzig, University of, 147, 149 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 94 Lenin, Vladamir, 342 Kissinger, Henry, 121 Lenman, Bruce, 35 Kladderadatsch, 226 Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Kleve, Duchy of, 130, 131 112, 115 Kogon, Eugen, 281 Leviné, Eugen, 268

372 Index

Levy, Carl, 8 Mauritius, 38 Lichtenberg, 267 Mazower, Mark, 316, 317 Liebknecht, Karl, 261, 263, 264 McDonald, James G., 311, 312 Lieven, Prince Christoph von, 96 McLynn, Frank, 34, 48 Lipp, Léonard, 223 Mendelssohn, Peter de, 278 Lithuania, 247, 253, 297 Merritt, Jane T., 77 Lloyd George, David, 338 Metternich, Clemens von, 19, 85, 86, 87, Locarno, Treaty of (1925), 342 88, 90, 96, 98, 113, 114, 115, 117, Locke, John, 43 118, 120, 121, 122 Łódź, 246 Mettlerkamp, David Christopher, 168, Loebell, Friedrich von, 245 172, 173 Loftus, Lord Augustus, 200 Metz, 219, 224 Lombardy, 107, 109, 110, 112, 115, 118 Meurthe, 224 London, 215 Mexico, 180, 182, 183 London Committee for the Relief of Distress Mill, John Stuart, 341 in Germany, 165 Minorca, 34, 51, 64, 66 London Missionary Society, 44 Moeller, Robert, 275 Louis XIV, King of France (the Sun Moltke, Helmuth von, 201 King), 57 Monnet, Jean, 305, 306 Louis XV, King of France, 52, 53, 55, 56, Monroe Doctrine, 179, 183, 188 57, 58, 64, 65, 66, 108 Montenegro, 358 Louis XVI, King of France, 58, 66, 143 Montesquieu, 147 Louisiana, 51, 182 Montseny, Federica, 323 Low Countries, 114 Morton, Oliver, 192 Lower Guadalquivir Channel, 322 Moscow, 352 Lübeck, 20, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, Moscow Declaration (1943), 10 171, 173 Moselle, 224 Lübeck Women’s Association, 166 Moser, Johann Jacob, 92 Lublin, 242 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 113 Ludendorff, Erich, 247, 248, 261 Abduction from the Seraglio, 113 Lusatia, 208, 209 Marriage of Figaro, 113 Lüttwitz, General Walther von, 265 Muhlack, Ulrich, 137 Luxemburg, Rosa, 263, 264 Munich, 205, 258, 264, 268, 269 Münster, 166 Mackintosh, James, 99 Murat, Joachim, 94 MacMahon, Patrice de, 232 Muratori, Ludovico, 107 Madrid, 317, 324, 327 Murray, Charles A., 212 Mainz, 211 Mussolini, Benito, 316 Malta, 38 Mann, Erika, 278 Nancy, 219, 222, 223, 224 Maori, 42 Nanjing, Treaty of (1842), 47 Maria Josepha, Princess, 151 Nansen, Fridtjof, 300, 301, 302, 306, 308 Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress, 106, Nantes, 54 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113 Naples, 94, 95, 96, 98 Marshall Plan, 317, 320 Napoleon I, 21, 54, 81, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, Marston, David, 34 95, 113, 114, 118, 156, 159, 162, Martinique, 34, 51, 54 164, 167, 235, 353, 354, 355 Marx, Karl, 216 Napoleon III, 22, 207, 211, 216, 356 Masaryk, Tomás, 335, 359 Napoleonic era, 10, 133, 159, 160, 163 Maupeou revolution, 57, 65 Napoleonic Wars. See French Maurepas, Count of, 58 Revolutionary and Napoleonic

Index 373

Wars, French Revolutionary Wars Noske, Gustav, 264, 265, 267, 268, and Napoleonic Wars 270, 271 Nassau-Siegen, Moritz von, 130 Nugent, Walter, 196 National Assembly (France), 222, 223, 227 Nuremberg Trials, 278, 280, 290. See also National Guard (France), 220 International Military Tribunal national self-determination, 25, 330, 336, 340, 341, 342, 360 October Edict (1807), 128 National Socialism, 124, 283, 284. See also Ohlendorf, Otto, 280 Nazi Germany Oldenburg, 208 nationalism, 53, 122 Opium Wars, 47 Native Americans, 18, 69, 71, 72, 182, 183, Oregon, 182 190. See also Pontiac’s War Osiander, Andreas, 350 Cherokee, 81 Osterhammel, Jürgen, 32, 40, 41 Chippewa, 75 Österreichischer Beobachter, 117 Comanche, 84 Ottoman Empire, 101, 111, 260, 297, Delaware, 71, 72, 80 331, 334, 335, 338, 339, 353, Inuit, 42 356, 358 Iroquois, 71, 72, 75, 79 Mashpee, 80 Palestinian independence movements, 335 Mohawk, 71, 78 Palmerston, Lord, 46, 47 Nanticokes, 72 Pan-Germanists, 245 oral traditions, 80 Papal states, 119 Pequot, 80 Paris, 219, 220, 222, 223, 233 Seneca, 71 Paris, Treaty of (1763), 69 stereotypes of, 77, 78, 79, 82 Paris Commune (1871), 216, 230, 232, 233, Nazi Germany, 22, 240, 252, 255, 274, 276, 234 278, 281, 284, 290, 311 La caricature politique, 226 Near East, 254 pétroleuse, 230, 232, 233 Nelson, Admiral Lord, 37 Paris Peace Conference (1919), 25, 301, Netherlands, 36, 58, 64, 109, 112, 144, 150, 338, 340, 343. See also Treaty of 302, 320, 334. See also Low Versailles (1919) Countries Paris, Treaty of (1763), 17, 34, 35, 51, 69, Dutch colonies, 38 74, 75, 76, 83, 351 Neue Bremer Zeitung, 164 Paris, Treaty of (1783), 36 Neuilly-sur-Seine, Treaty of (1919), Paris, Treaty of (1814), 37, 160, 162, 338 168, 354 New Caledonia, 220 Paris, Treaty of (1815), 93, 162 New York Times, 195 Pencak, William, 77 New York Tribune, 194 Pennsylvania, 76, 77 Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 242 Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, 352 Niederdeutsche Blätter, 171 Philipp V, King of Spain, 144 Nikolsburg armistice negotiations (1866), Piedmont, 119 200, 206, 207, 209 Pietism, 111, 147 Nolte, Paul, 139 Pilotell, 226, 227 Nordbahn, 119 Piłsudski, Józef, 250, 340 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Pinochet, Augusto, 326 (NATO), 282, 285, 317 pirates, 44 North German Confederation, 21, 199, Place de la Concorde (Paris), 224 200, 210, 212, 213 Poland, 22, 50, 64, 240, 244, 251, 252, 255, Northern Wars (1650s), 131, 138 297, 301, 304, 320, 335, 340 Norway, 312 army, 248, 249

374 Index

Poland (cont.) Radical Party (France), 233 Commonwealth, 352, 353 Radziwill, Prince Boguslav, 126 crown, 147, 151, 152 Rainey, Joseph, 196 First Partition of, 50 Rapallo, Treaty of (1922), 342 German occupation of (1915–18), 239, Rawlins, John, 179, 180, 189 240, 241, 242, 246, 248, 251 Red Cross (national societies), 296. See also Imperial Government-General of League of Red Cross Socities (LRCS); Warsaw, 242, 245, 250 International Committee of the Red Provisional Council of State, 247, 250 Cross (ICRC) Regency Council, 250 Norwegian, 300 nationalism, 242, 253 Russian, 306 Polish Question, 241, 243, 244 refugees. See also Jewish refugee crisis Second Republic, 253 (1930s). See also League of Nations soldiers, 239, 247, 250 Armenian, 303, 308 Polynesians, 42 Assyrian, 308 Pomerania, 127, 134 Assyro-Chaldean, 308 Pomeroy, Samuel, 196 Belgian, 303 Pontiac’sWar,75. See also Native Americans Greek, 303 Pope Clement XIV, 111 Russian, 303, 306, 307, 308, 309 Pope Paul VI, 319 Turkish, 303, 308 Pope, the, 190 Reichstag, 213 Popular Front (Spain), 318 Reinhardt, Walter, 270 Portugal, 363 Reinhardt, Wolfgang, 4 Potato War (Kartoffelkrieg), 65 religious minorities, 154 Potsdam Conference (1945), 25, 362 Renan, Ernest, 219 Potsdamer Platz, 124 Renner, Karl, 335 POWs, 24, 293, 294, 295, 296, 298, 299, Revels, Hiram, 196 300, 301, 302, 303, 306, 313 Revolutions of 1848, 116 Prague, 208, 212 Rhine River, 224, 339 Praslin, Duke of, César Gabriel de Choiseul- Rhineland, 211, 254, 262 Chevigny, 52, 57, 61 Rhodes, Cecil, 358 Prince of Wales (Albert Edward), 201 Rich, Normon, 356 Protestant missionaries, 79 Richer, Léon, 233 Prussia, 20, 59, 64, 65, 85, 89, 100, 107, Richter, Daniel, 77 108, 110, 111, 113, 114, 121, 137, Riga, 334 140, 141, 145, 146, 148, 155, 159, Rochefort, France, 62 199, 200, 201, 202, 205, 206, 207, Rodger, Nicholas, 39 208, 211, 212, 213, 351, 355 Roman Empire, 352 army, 59, 61, 127, 128, 199, 200, 201, Romania, 297 202, 203, 220 Rome, 328 Internal Conference, 107 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 313 State Chancery, 107 Roscher, Wilhelm, 120 Supreme Judiciary, 107 Roseman, Mark, 8 Prussian Poland, 245 Rossbach, Battle of (1757), 53, 58 Puerto Rico, 184, 189, 191 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 92, 93, 353 Pufendorf, Samuel, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137 Royal Geographical Society (Britain), 42 Quadruple Alliance (1814), 19, 89, 114 Royal Society (Britain), 42 Russia, 24, 64, 66, 85, 89, 101, 108, 113, Raab, Franz Anton, 110 243, 248, 251, 260, 261, 297, 298, Radetzky, Joseph, 121 304, 351, 352, 356, 357, 360, 361

Index 375

army, 297 Seven Years’ War (1756–1763), 9, 17, 18, rule of Poland, 246 19, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 42, 50, 51, 53, Russian Civil War, 260, 316 54, 55, 59, 61, 63, 67, 68, 69, 76, 77, Russian Empire, 260, 304, 307, 331, 82, 83, 108, 134, 136, 141, 143, 145, 334 146, 148, 149, 152, 155, 200, 201, 349 Saarland, the, 344 Sèvres, Treaty of (1919), 338, 339, 340, 343 Sacré Coeur cathedral, 217 Seward, William, 188 Saint-Domingue, 54 Seychelles, 38 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of Sheehan, James J., 138 (1919), 338 Shirer, William, 278 Saint-Pierre, Abbé de, 92, 93 Siberia, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 306 Sanssouci, 113 Sicily, 94 Santo Domingo. See Dominican Republic Silesia, 53, 64, 106, 107, 108, 110, 114, 119, Sardinia, King of, 64 139, 145, 147, 341 Save the Children Fund, 306 Silesian Wars (1740s), 20, 106 Savigny, Karl von, 207 Third Silesian War (1756–63), 108 Savoyards, 121 Simms, Brendan, 64, 66 Saxe, Maurice de, 58, 59 Simpson, John Hope, 309 Saxe–Weimar–Eisenach, Grand Duke of, Sked, Alan, 119 206 Slavik, Vladimir, 305 Saxony, 19, 21, 22, 53, 176, 200, 201, 205, Sloterdijk, Peter, 16 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212 Smidt, Johann, 173 army, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 208, 212 Social Darwinism, 43, 48, 283 Provisional Government, 203, 204, 208 Social Democratic Party (Germany), 256, Restoration Commission, 146, 147, 151, 259, 263, 264, 268, 269, 272 152, 153, 157 Social Democrats, 263 Rétablissement, 19, 20, 142, 143, 152, Somme, Battle of the (1916), 247, 251 154, 155, 156, 157 Sonderweg thesis, 4 Schack, General Hans von, 209 Sonnenfels, Joseph von, 109, 116 Scharoun, Hans, 123, 124 South Asia, 44 Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 16 southeast Asia, 36, 37, 45 Schleswig, 341 Soviet Union, 25, 279, 282, 332, 342, Schroeder, Paul, 100, 114, 349, 357 345, 362 Schurz, Carl, 191 Spain, 24, 36, 50, 63, 65, 66, 96, 182, 184, Schwarzenberg, Field Marshal Prince, 113 187, 307, 312, 352, 356, 363 Schwerin, Count Gerhard von, 286 Adoption Decree (1939), 321 Scott, Hamish, 135 Civil Code of 1889, 323 Second World War (1939–1945), 7, 8, 25, Criminal Code of 1870, 323 124, 160, 240, 252, 255, 274, 278, economic miracle, 319 285, 288, 295, 314, 316, 317, 320, ﬂeet, 17 352, 361, 362, 363 forced labor, 24, 322 eastern front, 278, 290 Francoist dictatorship, 24 secularization, 106 Labor Charter, 323 Sedan, Battle of (1870), 216, 235 Law of Historical Memory, 326, 329 Ségur Ordinance (France), 61 Ofﬁce of Devastated Regions and Senegal, 36 Reconstruction, 321, 322, 325 Serbia, 358 Stabilization Plan (1959), 319 Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, Kingdom Spanish Civil War, 24, 315, 316, 317, 318, of, 338 319, 320, 323, 326, 328, 329

376 Index

Spartacist group, 262, 264, 267 Truman, Harry, 362 Spartacist Uprising, 263 Turkey, 297, 303, 339, 340, 343, 345 St. Petersburg, 253 Tuscany, Duchy of, 144 St. Vincent, 34 Two Sicilies, Kingdom of the, 94, 95, Stalin, Joseph, 362 99, 119 Stamm-Kuhlmann, Thomas, 127 Stewart, Lord Charles, 96, 98 Ukraine, 251, 255, 260 Strachey, George, 215 Ukrainian nationalism, 335 Strasbourg, 220, 224 Union Internationale de Secours aux Strasbourg, University of, 223 Enfants, 306 Stuart-Wortley, James, 99 United Electric Radio and Machine Workers Stunde Null, 5, 74, 161 of America, 15 Sumatra, 34 United Nations, 2, 11, 24, 317, 327 Sumner, Charles, 193 Convention Relating to the International Susquehanna River, 72 Status of Refugees, 303–309 Sweden, 352, 354 United States, 21, 24, 25, 91, 119, 222, 304, army, 165 317, 325, 332, 335, 342, 345, 360, Swieten, Gerhard van, 108 362. See also African Americans Switzerland, 116, 147, 222, 302, 307, 351 abolition of slavery, 184, 189 Swiss Confederation, 91, 114 African American citizenship and Swiss National Council, 299 suffrage, 179, 181, 185, 187 Sykes-Picot agreement (1916), 339 Confederates, 185 Syria, 303 Democrats, 186, 192, 193 expansion in the Caribbean, 180, 181, 182, Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, 183, 187, 188, 191, 193, 194, 196 89, 122 foreign policy, 180, 188, 197 Teplitz, 208 foreign relations, 180, 181, 182, 191, 197 Terra del Fuegians, 42 National Catholic War Council, 15 Thessaloniki, 334 post-Civil War Reconstruction, 179, 180, Thiers, Adolphe, 227 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, Third Reich. See National Socialism 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197 Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648), 4, 7, 15, republicanism, 179, 180, 196 20, 123, 125, 127, 134, 138, 200 Republicans, 185, 186, 189, 190, 193, Thomas, Albert, 306 194, 195 Thompson, Dorothy, 310 Supreme Court, 179 Times (of London), 213, 247 territorial expansion, 21, 180, 182, 183 Tobago, 34, 36 USSR. See Soviet Union Toew, John, 133 Toller, Ernst, 268 Valley of the Fallen (Spain), 316, 323, 324, Tombs, Robert, 271 327, 328, 329 Toulon, France, 62 van Swieten, Gottfried, 108, 113 Toussaint, Louverture, 196 Vaterländische Blätter für den Trafalgar, Battle of (1805). See also French österreichischen Kaiserstaat, 118 Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Vatican, the, 299 Wars Vattel, Emerich de, 351, 363 Transylvania, 109, 110, 112 Vec, Miloš, 90 Trautson, Archbishop Johann Joseph, 107 Venetian Republic, 352 Treitschke, Heinrich von, 211 Verdun, Battle of (1916), 251 Trianon, Treaty of (1919), 338 Vergangenheitsbewältigung, 23, 274 Troppau, Congress of (1820), 95, 96, 98, Vergennes, Count of, 65, 66, 67 114. See also Concert of Europe Versailles, Treaty of (1783), 36

Index 377

Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 14, 251, 259, Westarp, Count Kuno von, 245 298, 336, 338, 343, 359 Westerhoff, Christian, 253 Viejo-Rose, Dacia, 324 Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 66, 91, Vienna, 63, 119, 208, 210, 212, 216 130 Vienna, Congress of. See Congress of Wettin dynasty, 198. See also Saxony Vienna Wheelock, Eleazar, 79 Vienna, University of, 108 Wiener Zeitung, 117 Voltaire, 51, 137 Wilhelm I, German Emperor and King Vormärz, 9, 116, 119, 122 of Prussia, 21, 206, 207, 208, Vorwärts, 256, 262, 263, 266 210, 214 Vosges mountains, 224 William the Younger, 148 Wilson, Woodrow, 25, 254, 300, 330, War of Bavarian Succession (1777–1779), 336, 337, 338, 341, 342, 344, 111 360 War of the Austrian Succession Winckler, Sophie, 144 (1740–1748), 54, 55, 58, 65 Wittenberg, University of, 149 Warsaw, 246, 252, 253 Wolff, Christian, 108 Washington, George, 71, 81 Wrangel, Pyotr Nikolayevich, 304, 305, Waterloo, Battle of (1815), 162. See also 306, 307 French Revolutionary Wars and Wurmb, Lothar von, 204, 205, 209, Napoleonic Wars 210 Weber, Karl von, 203 Weber, Max, 49, 264 Xavier, Prince of Saxony, 152 Wehrmacht, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290. See Yugoslavia, 320, 332, 340 also Einsatzgruppen Weimar, 258, 270 Zakaria, Fareed, 122 Weimar Republic, 23, 255, 259, 260, Zapatero, José Luís Rodríguez, 262, 269, 270, 272. See also 326 Germany Zehmen, Ludwig von, 209 Werner, Anton von, 235 Zeit, Die, 273, 274 Weser-Kurier, 279 Zion’s Herald, 196 West Germany. See Federal Republic of Zola, Émile, 224 Germany (West Germany) Zollverein, 119