MULTIHAZARD RISK ATLAS of MALDIVES Geography—Volume I

Home , Bodufolhudhoo, Burunee (Thaa Atoll), Dharavandhoo, Dhiyadhoo, Dhonfanu, Eydhafushi

MULTIHAZARD RISK ATLAS OF MALDIVES Geography—Volume I

March 2020 MULTIHAZARD RISK ATLAS OF MALDIVES Geography—Volume I

March 2020 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)

Some rights reserved. Published in 2020.

ISBN 978-92-9262-042-4 (print); 978-92-9262-043-1 (electronic); 978-92-9262-044-8 (ebook) Publication Stock No. TCS200049 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS200049

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Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars. The maps presented in this atlas reflect airports based on 2017 data from the Civil Aviation Authority of Maldives.

On the cover: An aerial view shows 1 of 26 natural atolls that make up Maldives, which also includes nearly 1,200 small coral islands and some of the world’s most beautiful beaches. Recognized as the seventh-largest in the world, the coral reefs and associated ecosystems of Maldives are key foundations for food security and means of livelihood. Yet, they are considered as among the most vulnerable to climate change (photo by Roberta Gerpacio).

Printed on recycled paper Contents iii

Tables and Maps iv

Foreword vi

Acknowledgments vii

Abbreviations viii

Risk Mapping: Making the Invisible Visible 1

Paradise at Risk 3

Geography of Maldives 4

Dynamic Geography 27

Land Management 50

Map Data Sources 74

References 75 iv Tables and Maps

Tables I.1 Islands with Reclamation 27 I.2 Land Use and Land Cover, Maldives 50

Maps I.1 Maldives Atolls and Islands 4 I.2 Maldives, Basemap 5 I.3 Addu City, Basemap 6 I.4 Alifu Alifu Atoll, Basemap 7 I.5 Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Basemap 8 I.6 Baa Atoll, Basemap 9 I.7 Dhaalu Atoll, Basemap 10 I.8 Faafu Atoll, Basemap 11 I.9 Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Basemap 12 I.10 Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Basemap 13 I.11 Gnaviyani Atoll, Basemap 14 I.12 Haa Alifu Atoll, Basemap 15 I.13 Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Basemap 16 I.14 Laamu Atoll, Basemap 17 I.15 Lhaviyani Atoll, Basemap 18 I.16 Meemu Atoll, Basemap 19 I.17 Noonu Atoll, Basemap 20 I.18 North Malé Atoll, Basemap 21 I.19 Raa Atoll, Basemap 22 I.20 Shaviyani Atoll, Basemap 23 I.21 South Malé Atoll, Basemap 24 I.22 Thaa Atoll, Basemap 25 I.23 Vaavu Atoll, Basemap 26 I.24 Thinadhoo, Basemap 30 I.25 Maldives, Land Reclamation 31 Tables and Maps v

I.26 Addu City, Land Reclamation 32 I.27 Alifu Alifu Atoll, Land Reclamation 33 I.28 Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Land Reclamation 34 I.29 Baa Atoll, Land Reclamation 35 I.30 Dhaalu Atoll, Land Reclamation 36 I.31 Faafu Atoll, Land Reclamation 37 I.32 Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Land Reclamation 38 I.33 Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Land Reclamation 39 I.34 Haa Alifu Atoll, Land Reclamation 40 I.35 Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Land Reclamation 41 I.36 Laamu Atoll, Land Reclamation 42 I.37 Lhaviyani Atoll, Land Reclamation 43 I.38 Meemu Atoll, Land Reclamation 44 I.39 Noonu Atoll, Land Reclamation 45 I.40 North Malé Atoll, Land Reclamation 46 I.41 Shaviyani Atoll, Land Reclamation 47 I.42 South Malé Atoll, Land Reclamation 48 I.43 Thaa Atoll, Land Reclamation 49 I.44 Addu City, Land Use and Land Cover 53 I.45 Alifu Alifu Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 54 I.46 Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 55 I.47 Baa Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 56 I.48 Dhaalu Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 57 I.49 Faafu Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 58 I.50 Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 59 I.51 Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 60 I.52 Gnaviyani Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 61 I.53 Haa Alifu Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 62 I.54 Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 63 I.55 Laamu Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 64 I.56 Lhaviyani Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 65 I.57 Meemu Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 66 I.58 Noonu Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 67 I.59 North Malé Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 68 I.60 Raa Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 69 I.61 Shaviyani Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 70 I.62 South Malé Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 71 I.63 Thaa Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 72 I.64 Vaavu Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover 73 vi Foreword

aldives is among the countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change as it is a small island nation with extremely low elevations. Maldives is also very vulnerable to impacts of rising air and sea surface Mtemperatures and changes in rainfall patterns. Climate change impacts will therefore impose significant negative consequences on the Maldivian economy and society. Some of the priority vulnerabilities to climate change are land loss and beach erosion, infrastructure damage, degradation of coral reefs, and adverse impacts on water resources, food security, human health, and the overall economy.

Sustainable coastal resources management is of particular importance to Maldives, such that all regulations involving various development activities have coastal components. Despite the government’s continued efforts in improving and sustaining coastal resources management, critical issues remain, such as the need for systematized coastal monitoring, clear definition of coastal boundaries and coastal development, enhanced regulatory and monitoring capacities for coastal resources protection, and sustainable long-term strategies on land reclamation and marine area protection. At a time when climate is rapidly changing and extreme weather events are frequently occurring, the critical roles that marine and coastal environments play in mitigating and adapting to climate change need to be sufficiently documented and properly recognized. It is therefore essential for Maldives to develop and establish a comprehensive digital database of marine and coastal ecosystem features and services that can be regularly monitored.

The Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives was developed through the project “Establishing a National Geospatial Database for Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Development Activities and Policies in Maldives” under the Asian Development Bank’s regional knowledge and support (capacity development) technical assistance Action on Climate Change in South Asia (2013–2018). This five-volume atlas aims to promote the sustainable development of coastal and marine ecosystems and their various components, by enhancing the awareness of stakeholders on and enjoining them to address climate and disaster risks (including hazards, exposures, and vulnerabilities) to which ecosystems are exposed. The atlas presents spatial information and maps necessary for assessing future development investments in terms of their risks to climate and geophysical hazards.

The target audience of the Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives are the concerned stakeholders with current or planned development activities in the country, including public and private sectors, nongovernment organizations, research and academic community, development partner agencies, other financial institutions, and the general public. The atlas will also be a useful reference for other developing countries with similar geographical and environmental conditions, particularly small island developing states. It is envisioned that the atlas will significantly contribute to rendering important sector development investments more resilient to hazard-specific risk scenarios in the short, medium, and long terms.

H.E. Dr. Hussain Rasheed Hassan Shixin Chen Minister Vice-President for Operations 1 Ministry of Environment, Malé Asian Development Bank, Manila Acknowledgments vii

Government Ministries, Departments, and Agencies in Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Land and Survey Authority Marine Research Institute Meteorological Service Ministry of Economic Development Ministry of Education Ministry of Environment Ministry of Fisheries, Marine Resources and Agriculture Ministry of Health Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure Ministry of Tourism National Bureau of Statistics National Disaster Management Center

International Institutions Manila Observatory Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, University of Queensland, Australia SANDER + PARTNER United Nations Development Programme

International Institutions in Maldives International Union for Conservation of Nature, Maldives United Nations Development Programme, Maldives

National Consultant Team Ahmed Jameel, Integrated Coastal Zone Management Specialist Faruhath Jameel, Geographic Information Systems Specialist and Team Leader Hussain Naeem, Coastal Ecosystems and Biodiversity Specialist Mahmood Riyaz, Climate Change Risk Assessment Specialist viii Abbreviations

BODC – British Oceanographic Data Centre

CAA – Maldives Civil Aviation Authority

GEBCO – General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans

IHO – International Hydrographic Organization

IOC – Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

km2 – square kilometer

ME – Ministry of Environment

MED – Ministry of Economic Development

MLSA – Maldives Land and Survey Authority

MNPI – Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure

UTM – Universal Transverse Mercator

WGS – World Geodetic System Risk Mapping: Making the Invisible Visible 1

Maps have changed the way we see the world. By symbolizing the features of the earth and drawing its visible and invisible boundaries, maps give humans a wider perspective, which allows us to understand the patterns, trends, and interconnected components of our planet and see beyond where we have traveled. What used to be invisible to some became visible for all through maps.

At the global scale, the size of Maldives fades in comparison with its neighboring countries such as India and Sri Lanka. Sitting in the middle of the Indian Ocean, Maldives is barely visible but greatly vulnerable to natural hazardous elements, and it strives to overcome these challenges. People have lived in this beautiful nation for thousands of years despite limited land space and multiple hazards. However, their lives, livelihoods, and properties are becoming increasingly exposed to hydrometeorological, climatological, and geological hazards.

The Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives examines the often-unexplored networks of human and environmental paradigms, producing a compound picture of risk that hinders development. It compiles the maps generated for Action on Climate Change in South Asia: Establishing a National Geospatial Database for Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Development Activities and Policies in Maldives, an Asian Development Bank–Maldives Ministry of Environment technical assistance (TA) project.

The national and atoll-scale maps were produced to paint a clearer picture of climate and disaster risk in Maldives and can hopefully be useful in formulating action plans and policies and in communicating risk information toward averting economic losses and harm. They can become useful tools in visually comparing spatial and temporal variations, spotting interaction among layers, and in guiding possible development directions considering future climate scenarios in the context of the changing geography, demographics, climate, economy, and environmental conditions of Maldives.

This atlas is divided into thematic sections: geography, climate and geophysical hazards, economy and demographics, and biodiversity. A summary volume provides the highlights and key messages from the overall TA activities in Maldives. The main goal of this atlas is to capture often-unmapped factors shaping Maldives’ contrasting picture of paradise in the midst of an evolving world, which generates natural hazards to the islands. Map of the world. A map visualizing the different countries of the world (photo from Crates, World Map without Boundaries, Creative Commons). Paradise at Risk 3

In the middle of the Indian Ocean, southwest of India, lies a chain of atolls with islands forming a small low-lying island nation called Maldives. These tropical islands, emerging from corals and sprinkled across turquoise crystal calm waters caressing white sand beaches, paint a picture of a paradise.

The flatlands and surrounding seas form mangrove and aquatic ecosystems supporting the life of the communities that inhabit a tenth of the nation’s total islands. These communities have witnessed the continuous formation and transformation of the islands as a product of natural tidal action eroding and depositing sand or of human hands reclaiming or dredging the land. They are also highly vulnerable to strong waves during storms or earthquakes (Waheed and Shakoor 2015). Moreover, a 1-meter high increase in sea level due to a warmer world (Khan et al. 2002) could inundate two-thirds of the country’s land (Ahmed and Suphachalasai 2014). Rising seas could wipe away Maldives as most of its islands are less than 3 meters high (Khan et al. 2002). In addition, the natural biota in the islands might not be able to cope with the fast-paced development and could be displaced (ADB 2017). Geologic events and the changing climate pose a threat to the future of the islands and its inhabitants.

This volume examines Maldives, its geography, and the different atolls and their features.

Golden sunset. The usual serene and calm afternoon in a shore of Maldives. This golden reflection of the sun in the crystal clear Maldives’ water makes it a good time to sit, relax, and see the beauty of nature (photo by P.K. Niyogi). Atoll - a series of islands formed out of Geography of Maldivescoral reefs

Exclamation Point on the Ocean

Maldives sits like an exclamation point, marking the middle of the Indian Ocean and drawn vertically almost at the equator. Currently, there are about , islands forming atolls scattered across kilometers from north to south. Less than islands are inhabited. These numbers might change in the coming years due to the dynamic shifts in factors shaping the island such as sea level and land reclamation. Islands rising up to . meters above mean sea level subtly punctuate the flatness of the sea.

This volume explores the atolls, the transformation of the islands through land reclamation, and how the land is being managed. Atoll - a series of islands formed out of coral reefs Map I.: Maldives Atolls and Islands Atoll - a series of islands Island- piece of land in formed out of the middle of water coral reefs Island - piece of land surrounded by water

Island- piece of land in the middle of water

Source: Administrative area data from the Ministry of Environment, . Geography of Maldives 5

Maldives: Basemap Map I.2: Maldives, Basemap

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E

HAA ALIFU ATOLL (HA)

^ o HAA o DHAALU ^ ATOLL í Legend (HDh) SHAVIYANI Administrative Area ATOLL ^ (Sh) Administrative Atoll ^ Atoll Capital Island NOONU

6°0'0"N ATOLL ^ City 6°0'0"N o o (N) RAA ^

ATOLL ^ Domestic Airport (R) LHAVIYANI o ^ ATOLL (Lh) International Airport

^ o í Port BAA ATOLL NORTH Island Shoreline (B) MALÉ ATOLL Reef Boundary (K) Water Body

ALIFU

ALIFU ^ ATOLL ^ o (AA) SOUTH í^ MALÉ ATOLL

4°0'0"N (K) 4°0'0"N

ALIFU ^

DHAALU ATOLL o VAAVU (ADh) ^ ATOLL (V) FAAFU I N D I A N O C E A N ATOLL (F) ^ MEEMU ^ ATOLL

DHAALU (M) ATOLL o

(Dh) ^ THAA o ATOLL ^ (Th)

2°0'0"N ^o 2°0'0"N LAAMU ATOLL (L) A r a b i a n S e a

GAAFU ALIFU ATOLL (GA)

^o ^o

GAAFU DHAALU ATOLL (GDh)

0°0'0" ¯ 0°0'0" GNAVIYANI ATOLL (Go n) Data Sources: ^ BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME

025 50 100 150 (administrative areas and atolls, island shorelines, reef Kilometers ^o boundaries, and water bodies); MED (ports); and MLSA (atoll WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N ADDU ATOLL (S) í capital islands and cities).

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E 6 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Addu City: Basemap Map I.3: Addu City, Basemap

73°5'0"E 73°7'30"E 73°10'0"E 73°12'30"E 0°34'30"S 0°34'30"S

Meedhoo

Hulhudhoo ^ Hithadhoo

í 0°38'0"S 0°38'0"S

Maradhoo

Maradhoofeydhoo

Feydhoo o 0°41'30"S 0°41'30"S

Legend

Administrative Area

^ City o 0°45'0"S 0°45'0"S ¯ International Airport í Port Data Sources: Island Shoreline BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 1 2 4 Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME Kilometers Reef Boundary (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MED (ports); and MLSA (cities). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Water Body

73°5'0"E 73°7'30"E 73°10'0"E 73°12'30"E Geography of Maldives 7

Alifu Alifu Atoll: BasemapMap I.4: Alifu Alifu Atoll, Basemap

72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E

Thohdoo 4°21'0"N 4°21'0"N

^RASDHOO

Ukulhas 4°12'30"N 4°12'30"N

Mathiveri Bodufolhudhoo

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 4°4'0"N Feridhoo 4°4'0"N ¯

0 3 6 12 Maalhos Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, Himendhoo island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). 3°55'30"N 3°55'30"N

72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 8 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Alifu Dhaalu: BasemapMap I.5: Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Basemap

72°38'0"E 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E

Himendhoo 3°54'0"N 3°54'0"N

Hangnaameedhoo

Omadhoo

Kun'burudhoo ^ MAHIBADHOO

3°45'0"N Legend 3°45'0"N

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

International Airport Mandhoo Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Dhangethi 3°36'0"N 3°36'0"N

Dhigurah

Fenfushi o Dhihdhoo Maamigili ¯ 3°27'0"N Data Sources: 3°27'0"N BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME 0 2.75 5.5 11 (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and Kilometers water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°38'0"E 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E Geography of Maldives 9

Baa Atoll: Basemap Map I.6: Baa Atoll, Basemap

72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 73°10'30"E 5°20'0"N 5°20'0"N

Kudarikilu

Kendhoo Kamadhoo

Kihaadhoo 5°12'0"N 5°12'0"N

Dhonfanu o Dharavandhoo

Maalhos

^ EYDHAFUSHI 5°4'0"N 5°4'0"N

Thulhaadhoo

Hithaadhoo 4°56'0"N ¯ 4°56'0"N

Legend 0 3 6 12 Kilometers Administrative Area Fehendhoo WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

^ Atoll Capital Island Fulhadhoo o Goidhoo Domestic Airport Data Sources: Island Shoreline BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME Reef Boundary (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). Water Body

72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 73°10'30"E 10 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Dhaalu Atoll: BasemapMap I.7: Dhaalu Atoll, Basemap

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E

Meedhoo 3°0'0"N 3°0'0"N

Ban'didhoo

Rin'budhoo 2°54'0"N 2°54'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island Hulhudheli o

Domestic Airport

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 2°48'0"N 2°48'0"N

¯ 2°42'0"N 2°42'0"N Maaen'boodhoo 0 2 4 8

Kilometers WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N KUDAHUVADHOO o ^ Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E Geography of Maldives 11

Faafu Atoll: Basemap Map I.8: Faafu Atoll, Basemap

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E 3°18'0"N 3°18'0"N

Feeali

Legend

3°12'0"N Administrative Area 3°12'0"N ^ Atoll Capital Island Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Bileiydhoo 3°6'0"N 3°6'0"N ¯ Magoodhoo ^ Dharan'boodhoo 0 2.25 4.5 9 NILANDHOO Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

Meedhoo 3°0'0"N 3°0'0"N

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E 12 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Gaafu Alifu: BasemapMap I.9: Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Basemap

73°3'0"E 73°13'30"E 73°24'0"E 73°34'30"E 1°7'30"N 1°7'30"N

Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME ¯ (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). 0 4 8 16 0°54'0"N Kilometers 0°54'0"N WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Kolamaafushi

Falhuverrahaa

^ VILIN'GILI o

Maamendhoo 0°40'30"N 0°40'30"N

Nilandhoo Dhaandhoo

Dhevvadhoo

THINADHOO o Kon'dey

Dhiyadhoo Madaveli

0°27'0"N Gemanafushi Hoan'dehdhoo 0°27'0"N

Kan'duhulhudhoo

73°3'0"E 73°13'30"E 73°24'0"E 73°34'30"E Geography of Maldives 13

Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll: MapBasemap I.10: Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Basemap

73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 73°26'30"E Nilandhoo Dhaandhoo

Dhevvadhoo

THINADHOO o

0°28'30"N Madaveli 0°28'30"N

Hoan'dehdhoo

Gahdhoo 0°18'0"N Nadellaa Rodhavarrehaa 0°18'0"N

Rathafandhoo Vaadhoo Fiyoari

Faresmaathodaa

0°7'30"N Legend 0°7'30"N

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Data Sources: ¯ BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and 0 2.25 4.5 9 water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). 0°3'0"S Kilometers 0°3'0"S WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 73°26'30"E 14 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Gnaviyani Atoll: BasemapMap I.11: Gnaviyani Atoll, Basemap

73°24'40"E 73°25'20"E 73°26'0"E 73°26'40"E 0°16'40"S 0°16'40"S

Legend

0°17'30"S Administrative Area 0°17'30"S

^ City Fuvahmulah o ^ Domestic Airport Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

0°18'20"S 0°18'20"S o 0°19'10"S 0°19'10"S

¯ Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC.2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME 0 0.3 0.6 1.2 (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and Kilometers water bodies); and MLSA (cities). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°24'40"E 73°25'20"E 73°26'0"E 73°26'40"E Geography of Maldives 15

Haa Alifu Atoll: BasemapMap I.12: Haa Alifu Atoll, Basemap

72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°10'0"E

Legend

Administrative Area 7°13'20"N ^ Atoll Capital Island 7°13'20"N Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Thuraakunu ¯ Uligamu 7°5'0"N

0 3 6 12 7°5'0"N Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, Mulhadhoo island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

Huvarafushi

Ihavandhoo Kelaa 6°56'40"N 6°56'40"N

Vashafaru ^DHIHDHOO Filladhoo

Maarandhoo Thakandhoo

Muraidhoo Utheemu

Baarah 6°48'20"N 6°48'20"N

Faridhoo

Hanimaadhoo Naivaadhoo Finey

Hirimaradhoo

72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°10'0"E 16 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Haa Dhaalu Atoll: BasemapMap I.13: Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Basemap

72°40'0"E 72°50'0"E 73°0'0"E 73°10'0"E Ihavandhoo Kelaa

Vashafaru ^ DHIHDHOO

Maarandhoo Thakandhoo 6°51'0"N 6°51'0"N Utheemu Muraidhoo

Baarah

Faridhoo Hanimaadhoo o Naivaadhoo Finey

Hirimaradhoo Nellaidhoo

Legend Nolhivaranfaru

Administrative Area Nolhivaramu

Kurin'bee

^ Atoll Capital Island Kun'burudhoo

o KULHUDHUFFUSHI

6°38'0"N

Domestic Airport ^ 6°38'0"N o í International Airport

Kumundhoo í Port Vaikaradhoo Island Shoreline Neykurendhoo Reef Boundary Maavaidhoo Water Body

Noomaraa Kan'ditheemu Goidhoo Makunudhoo 6°25'0"N 6°25'0"N

Feydhoo Feevah Bileiyfahi Foakaidhoo

Narudhoo

¯ Maroshi 6°12'0"N 0 4.75 9.5 19 6°12'0"N Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MED (ports); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

72°40'0"E 72°50'0"E 73°0'0"E 73°10'0"E Geography of Maldives 17

Laamu Atoll: BasemapMap I.14: Laamu Atoll, Basemap

73°16'30"E 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E

Isdhoo 2°6'0"N 2°6'0"N Dhan'bidhoo

Maabaidhoo

Mundoo 1°57'0"N 1°57'0"N

Gan

Maavah

Maandhoo o

^ FONADHOO Gaadhoo Maamendhoo 1°48'0"N Hithadhoo 1°48'0"N Kunahandhoo

Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o ¯ Domestic Airport Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2.75 5.5 11 Island Shoreline Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME Kilometers Reef Boundary (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Water Body 1°39'0"N 1°39'0"N

73°16'30"E 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 18 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Lhaviyani Atoll: BasemapMap I.15: Lhaviyani Atoll, Basemap

73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 73°38'30"E 5°33'0"N 5°33'0"N

Hinnavaru

^NAIFARU 5°26'0"N 5°26'0"N

Kurendhoo 5°19'0"N 5°19'0"N

Ohluvelifushi 5°12'0"N 5°12'0"N Legend Administrative Area ¯ ^ Atoll Capital Island

Island Shoreline 0 2.25 4.5 9 Data Sources: Kilometers BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Reef Boundary Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, Water Body WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands).

73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 73°38'30"E Geography of Maldives 19

Meemu Atoll: BasemapMap I.16: Meemu Atoll, Basemap

73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°42'0"E

Dhiggaru Maduhvari 3°6'0"N 3°6'0"N

Raiymandhoo 2°59'0"N 2°59'0"N

Veyvah Mulah

^ MULI

Naalaafushi 2°52'0"N Legend 2°52'0"N

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Kolhufushi ¯

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2.5 5 10 2°45'0"N Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, Kilometers 2°45'0"N island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°42'0"E 20 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Noonu Atoll: Basemap Map I.17: Noonu Atoll, Basemap

73°10'0"E 73°15'0"E 73°20'0"E 73°25'0"E

Hen'badhoo

Ken'dhikulhudhoo

Maalhendhoo 5°54'0"N 5°54'0"N Kudafari

Landhoo

Maafaru Lhohi

Miladhoo 5°47'0"N 5°47'0"N Magoodhoo ^MANADHOO

Holhudhoo Fohdhoo 5°40'0"N Velidhoo 5°40'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Island Shoreline

5°33'0"N Reef Boundary 5°33'0"N Water Body ¯ Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2.75 5.5 11 Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, Hinnavaru island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and Kilometers MLSA (atoll capital islands). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°10'0"E 73°15'0"E 73°20'0"E 73°25'0"E

^ Geography of Maldives 21

North Malé Atoll: BasemapMap I.18: North Malé Atoll, Basemap

73°21'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°39'0"E 73°48'0"E

Kaashidhoo 4°52'30"N 4°52'30"N

Gaafaru

Legend

Administrative Area 4°41'0"N ^ Atoll Capital Island 4°41'0"N

^ City o

International Airport

í Port Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 4°29'30"N 4°29'30"N

Dhihfushi

THULUSDHOO^

Huraa

Himmafushi 4°18'0"N ¯ 4°18'0"N

0 4.25 8.5 17 Kilometers

Farukolhufushi WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources:

Hulhumale' o BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME MALE' (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and í^ water bodies); MED (ports); and MLSA (atoll capital islands Vilin'gili and cities).

73°21'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°39'0"E 73°48'0"E 22 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Raa Atoll: Basemap Map I.19: Raa Atoll, Basemap

72°40'0"E 72°48'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°4'0"E

Alifushi 5°53'0"N 5°53'0"N

Vaadhoo

Rasgetheemu An'golhitheemu

Hulhudhuffaaru o 5°42'0"N 5°42'0"N

^UN'GOOFAARU

Dhuvaafaru

Maakurathu

Legend Rasmaadhoo Administrative Area Innamaadhoo

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport 5°31'0"N 5°31'0"N

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Maduvvari Water Body In'guraidhoo Fainu Meedhoo ¯ Kinolhas

0 3.25 6.5 13 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and 5°20'0"N water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). 5°20'0"N

Kudarikilu

72°40'0"E 72°48'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°4'0"E Geography of Maldives 23

^ Shaviyani Atoll: BasemapMap I.20: Shaviyani Atoll, Basemap

72°52'30"E 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E

Kumundhoo Vaikaradhoo

Neykurendhoo Maavaidhoo 6°30'0"N 6°30'0"N

Noomaraa Kan'ditheemu Goidhoo

Feydhoo Feevah

Bileiyfahi Foakaidhoo 6°20'0"N 6°20'0"N

Milandhoo

Narudhoo

Maroshi

Legend

6°10'0"N Administrative Area Lhaimagu 6°10'0"N ^ Atoll Capital Island ^ FUNADHOO Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Data Sources: Komandoo BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); and MLSA (atoll capital islands). Maaun'goodhoo 6°0'0"N 6°0'0"N Alifushi ¯

0 3.75 7.5 15 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°52'30"E 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 24 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

South Malé Atoll: BasemapMap I.21: South Malé Atoll, Basemap

73°24'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°32'0"E 73°36'0"E 4°6'0"N 4°6'0"N 4°0'0"N 4°0'0"N Gulhi

Legend

Maafushi Administrative Area Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Guraidhoo 3°54'0"N ¯ 3°54'0"N

0 1.75 3.5 7 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agency: ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies). 3°48'0"N 3°48'0"N

73°24'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°32'0"E 73°36'0"E Geography of Maldives 25

Thaa Atoll: Basemap Map I.22: Thaa Atoll, Basemap

72°54'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°12'0"E 73°21'0"E

Burunee

Vilufushi 2°30'0"N 2°30'0"N

Madifushi

Dhiyamigili Guraidhoo 2°20'0"N Kan'doodhoo 2°20'0"N

Vandhoo

Hirilandhoo

Gaadhihfushi Hiriyanfushio

Thimarafushi ^VEYMANDOO Legend Kin'bidhoo Omadhoo 2°10'0"N Administrative Area 2°10'0"N

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

Island Shoreline ¯ Reef Boundary 0 3.5 7 14 Water Body Kilometers WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N 2°0'0"N 2°0'0"N

72°54'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°12'0"E 73°21'0"E 26 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Vaavu Atoll: Basemap Map I.23: Vaavu Atoll, Basemap

73°20'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°44'0"E

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Island Shoreline Fulidhoo Reef Boundary Water Body 3°40'0"N 3°40'0"N 3°30'0"N Thinadhoo 3°30'0"N

FELIDHOO^ Keyodhoo 3°20'0"N 3°20'0"N Rakeedhoo ¯

0 3.5 7 14 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°20'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°44'0"E Dynamic Geography 27

The natural geographic formation of Maldives presents challenges in urban expansion and development. Limited dry land combined with urban growth requires measures to maximize the available space for multiple activities. One mode of urban expansion is land reclamation. Land reclamation has become part of the development in the country and a solution to the limited available land, transforming the islands over the years to accommodate more human activities. Land reclamation is noticeable in the straightened coasts of Thinadhoo Island located in Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll (Map I.24). Other locations of land reclamation in Maldives are listed in Table I.1 and shown in Map I.25.

Table I.1: Islands with Reclamation

No. of Islands with Islands with Atoll Reclamation Reclamation Haa Alifu 1 Dhidhoo Haa Dhaalu 1 Kulhudhuffushi Addu City 2 Hithadhoo Feydhoo Alifu Alifu 2 Bodufolhudhoo Rasdhoo Alifu Dhaalu 2 Dhihdhoo Maamigili Faafu 2 Magoodhoo Nilandhoo Laamu 2 Gaadhoo Kunahandhoo Lhaviyani 2 Hinnavaru Naifaru Noonu 2 Maafaru Vavathi South Malé 2 Gulhi Maafushi

continued on next page 28 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Table I.1 continued

No. of Islands with Islands with Atoll Reclamation Reclamation Dhaalu 3 Kudahuvadhoo Maaen’boodhoo Meedhoo Gaafu Alifu 3 Kolamaafushi Falhuverrahaa Dhaandhoo Baa 4 Dharavandhoo Eydhafushi Thulhaadhoo Fares Gaafu Dhaalu 4 Hoan’dedhdhoo Thinadhoo Faresmaathodaa Rodhavarrehaa Meemu 4 Dhiggaru Maduhvari Muli Naalaafushi Shaviyani 4 Milandhoo Funadhoo Komandoo Maroshi Thaa 6 Vilufushi Madifushi Dhiyamigili Guraidhoo Hirilandhoo Thimarafushi North Malé 8 Gaafaru Thulusdhoo Himmafushi Hulhumalé Malé Vilin’gili Hulhulé Tilafushi

Source: Government of Maldives, Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure, 2017. Dynamic Geography 29

Land reclamation. To accommodate more people and urban activities, the coasts of major islands have been reclaimed. The Government of Maldives prioritized the Hulhumalé Land Reclamation and Development Project to address the need for more space around Malé City. This project will expand the island by 12.8 square kilometers in a sustainable manner (ADB 2017) (photo by Shahee Ilyas). 30 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Map I.24: Thinadhoo, Basemap Thinadhoo: Basemap

72°59'30"E 72°59'41"E 72°59'51"E 73°0'2"E

Legend

Blocks 0°32'15"N 0°32'15"N Government Office Hospital Industrial Zone Institutional and Community Zone Residential Zone School Sports and Recreation Zone Telecom Institution Utility and Municipal Zone Quaywall Waterline Low High 0°32'0"N 0°32'0"N 0°31'45"N 0°31'45"N 0°31'30"N 0°31'30"N ¯

0 0.075 0.15 0.3 Data Sources: Kilometers BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agency: ME (blocks and waterlines). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°59'30"E 72°59'41"E 72°59'51"E 73°0'2"E Dynamic Geography 31

Maldives: Land ReclamationMap I.25: Maldives, Land Reclamation

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E

HAA ALIFU ATOLL (HA) ^ o

Legend HAA o DHAALU ^ ATOLL í Administrative Area (HDh) SHAVIYANI Administrative Atoll ATOLL ^ ^ (Sh) Atoll Capital Island

^ City NOONU o

6°0'0"N ATOLL 6°0'0"N

Domestic Airport

o ^ (N) RAA o ATOLL ^ (R) LHAVIYANI International Airport ^ ATOLL (Lh) í Port

^ o Land Reclamation BAA Island Shoreline ATOLL NORTH (B) MALÉ Reef Boundary ATOLL (K) Water Body

ALIFU

ALIFU ^ ATOLL ^ o (AA) SOUTH í^ MALÉ ATOLL

4°0'0"N (K) 4°0'0"N

ALIFU ^

DHAALU ATOLL o VAAVU (ADh) ^ ATOLL (V) FAAFU I N D I A N O C E A N ATOLL (F) ^ MEEMU ^ ATOLL

DHAALU (M) ATOLL o

(Dh) ^ THAA o ATOLL ^ (Th)

2°0'0"N ^o 2°0'0"N LAAMU ATOLL (L) A r a b i a n S e a

GAAFU ALIFU ATOLL (GA)

^o ^o

GAAFU DHAALU ATOLL (GDh)

0°0'0" ¯ 0°0'0" GNAVIYANI ATOLL (Go n) Data Sources: ^ BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports);

025 50 100 150 ME (administrative areas and atolls, island shorelines, water Kilometers ^o bodies, and reef boundaries); MED (ports); MLSA (atoll capital WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N ADDU ATOLL (S) í islands and cities); and MNPI (land reclamations).

70°6'0"E 72°8'0"E 74°10'0"E 76°12'0"E 32 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Addu City: Land ReclamationMap I.26: Addu City, Land Reclamation

73°5'0"E 73°7'30"E 73°10'0"E 73°12'30"E 0°34'30"S 0°34'30"S

Meedhoo

Hulhudhoo ^ Hithadhoo

í 0°38'0"S 0°38'0"S

Maradhoo

Maradhoofeydhoo

Feydhoo o 0°41'30"S 0°41'30"S

Legend

Administrative Area

^ City o 0°45'0"S 0°45'0"S International Airport ¯ í Port Data Sources: Land Reclamation BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Island Shoreline Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); 0 1 2 4 ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, Kilometers Reef Boundary and water bodies); MED (ports); MLSA (cities); and MNPI (land reclamations). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Water Body

73°5'0"E 73°7'30"E 73°10'0"E 73°12'30"E Dynamic Geography 33

Alifu Alifu Atoll: LandMap Reclamation I.27: Alifu Alifu Atoll, Land Reclamation

72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E

Thohdoo 4°21'0"N 4°21'0"N

^ RASDHOO

Ukulhas 4°12'30"N 4°12'30"N Bodufolhudhoo Mathiveri

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island

Land Reclamation

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 4°4'0"N Feridhoo 4°4'0"N ¯

Maalhos 0 3 6 12 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Himendhoo Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries,and water bodies); 3°55'30"N MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (land reclamations). 3°55'30"N

72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 34 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Alifu Dhaalu: LandMap Reclamation I.28: Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Land Reclamation

72°38'0"E 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E

Himendhoo 3°54'0"N 3°54'0"N

Hangnaameedhoo

Omadhoo

Kun'burudhoo ^ MAHIBADHOO 3°45'0"N 3°45'0"N

Mandhoo Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

International Airport

Land Reclamation

Island Shoreline Dhan'gethi Reef Boundary 3°36'0"N 3°36'0"N Water Body

Dhigurah

Fenfushi o Dhihdhoo Maamigili ¯ 3°27'0"N Data Sources: 3°27'0"N BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); 0 2.75 5.5 11 ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, Kilometers and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (land reclamations). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°38'0"E 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E Dynamic Geography 35

Baa Atoll: Land ReclamationMap I.29: Baa Atoll, Land Reclamation

72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 73°10'30"E 5°20'0"N 5°20'0"N

Kudarikilu

Kendhoo Kamadhoo

Fares

Kihaadhoo 5°12'0"N 5°12'0"N

Dhonfanu o Dharavandhoo

Maalhos

^ EYDHAFUSHI 5°4'0"N 5°4'0"N

Thulhaadhoo

Hithaadhoo 4°56'0"N ¯ 4°56'0"N Legend

Administrative Area 0 3 6 12 Kilometers

^ Atoll Capital Island o Fehendhoo WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Fulhadhoo Domestic Airport Goidhoo

Land Reclamation Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Island Shoreline Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); Reef Boundary ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and Water Body MNPI (land reclamations).

72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 73°10'30"E 36 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Dhaalu Atoll: Land MapReclamation I.30: Dhaalu Atoll, Land Reclamation

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E 3°0'0"N 3°0'0"N Meedhoo

Ban'didhoo

Rin'budhoo 2°54'0"N 2°54'0"N

Hulhudheli 2°48'0"N 2°48'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

Land Reclamation

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 2°42'0"N 2°42'0"N

Maaen'boodhoo ¯ KUDAHUVADHOO o ^ Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2 4 8 Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); Kilometers ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N MNPI (land reclamations).

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E Dynamic Geography 37

Faafu Atoll: Land ReclamationMap I.31: Faafu Atoll, Land Reclamation

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E 3°18'0"N 3°18'0"N

Feeali

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island

Land Reclamation 3°12'0"N Island Shoreline 3°12'0"N Reef Boundary Water Body

Bileiydhoo 3°6'0"N 3°6'0"N ¯ Magoodhoo ^ Dharan'boodhoo 0 2.25 4.5 9 NILANDHOO Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°48'0"E 72°52'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°0'0"E 38 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Gaafu Alifu: LandMap Reclamation I.32: Gaafu Alifu Atoll, Land Reclamation

73°3'0"E 73°13'30"E 73°24'0"E 73°34'30"E 1°7'30"N Legend 1°7'30"N

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

Land Reclamation

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Data Sources: BODC, IHO and IOC.2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ¯ ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (land reclamations). 0 4 8 16 0°54'0"N Kilometers 0°54'0"N WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Kolamaafushi

Falhuverrahaa

^ VILIN'GILI o

Maamendhoo 0°40'30"N 0°40'30"N

Nilandhoo Dhaandhoo

Dhevvadhoo

THINADHOO o Kon'dey

Dhiyadhoo Madaveli

Gemanafushi 0°27'0"N Hoan'dehdhoo 0°27'0"N

Kan'duhulhudhoo

73°3'0"E 73°13'30"E 73°24'0"E 73°34'30"E Dynamic Geography 39

Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll:Map LandI.33: Gaafu Reclamation Dhaalu Atoll, Land Reclamation

73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 73°26'30"E

Dhaandhoo

Dhevvadhoo

THINADHOO o 0°28'30"N Madaveli 0°28'30"N

Hoan'dehdhoo

Gahdhoo Rodhavarrehaa 0°18'0"N Nadellaa 0°18'0"N

Rathafandhoo Vaadhoo Fiyoari

Faresmaathodaa

Legend

Administrative Area 0°7'30"N 0°7'30"N

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

Land Reclamation

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

¯ Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); 0 2.25 4.5 9 ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, 0°3'0"S Kilometers and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI 0°3'0"S WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N (land reclamations).

73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 73°26'30"E 40 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Haa Alifu Atoll: LandMap Reclamation I.34: Haa Alifu Atoll, Land Reclamation

72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°10'0"E

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island

Land Reclamation

7°13'20"N Island Shoreline 7°13'20"N Reef Boundary Water Body ¯

0 3 6 12 Thuraakunu Kilometers

Uligamu WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N 7°5'0"N 7°5'0"N

Mulhadhoo

Huvarafushi

Ihavandhoo Kelaa 6°56'40"N 6°56'40"N

Vashafaru DHIHDHOO ^ Filladhoo

Maarandhoo Thakandhoo

Muraidhoo Utheemu

Baarah 6°48'20"N 6°48'20"N

Faridhoo

Hanimaadhoo Naivaadhoo Finey

Hirimaradhoo

72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°10'0"E Dynamic Geography 41

Haa Dhaalu Atoll:Map Land I.35: Reclamation Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Land Reclamation

72°40'0"E 72°50'0"E 73°0'0"E 73°10'0"E Ihavandhoo Data Sources: Kelaa BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MED (ports); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (land reclamations). Vashafaru ^ DHIHDHOO Maarandhoo Thakandhoo 6°51'0"N 6°51'0"N Utheemu Muraidhoo Baarah

Faridhoo Hanimaadhoo o Naivaadhoo Finey

Hirimaradhoo Legend Nellaidhoo Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island Nolhivaranfaru o

Domestic Airport Nolhivaramu

Kurin'bee

o Kun'burudhoo International Airport o KULHUDHUFFUSHI 6°38'0"N

^ 6°38'0"N í Port í Land Reclamation

Island Shoreline Kumundhoo Vaikaradhoo Reef Boundary Water Body Neykurendhoo Maavaidhoo

Noomaraa Kan'ditheemu Goidhoo Makunudhoo 6°25'0"N 6°25'0"N

Feydhoo

Bileiyfahi Foakaidhoo

Maroshi 6°12'0"N ¯ 6°12'0"N

0 4.75 9.5 19 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°40'0"E 72°50'0"E 73°0'0"EKomandoo 73°10'0"E 42 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Laamu Atoll: Land ReclamationMap I.36: Laamu Atoll, Land Reclamation

73°16'30"E 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E

Isdhoo 2°6'0"N 2°6'0"N Dhan'bidhoo

Maabaidhoo

Mundoo 1°57'0"N 1°57'0"N

Gan

Maavah

Maandhoo o

^ Gaadhoo FONADHOO Maamendhoo 1°48'0"N 1°48'0"N Kunahandhoo Hithadhoo

Legend

Administrative Area

^ Atoll Capital Island o

Domestic Airport

¯ Land Reclamation Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Island Shoreline Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); 0 2.75 5.5 11 ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, Kilometers Reef Boundary and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (land reclamations). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Water Body 1°39'0"N 1°39'0"N

73°16'30"E 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E Dynamic Geography 43

Lhaviyani Atoll: LandMap Reclamation I.37: Lhaviyani Atoll, Land Reclamation

73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 73°38'30"E 5°33'0"N 5°33'0"N

Hinnavaru

^ NAIFARU 5°26'0"N 5°26'0"N

Kurendhoo 5°19'0"N 5°19'0"N

Ohluvelifushi

Legend 5°12'0"N 5°12'0"N Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island Land Reclamation ¯ Island Shoreline Data Sources: 0 2.25 4.5 9 BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Reef Boundary Kilometers Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative Water Body areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (land reclamations).

73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 73°38'30"E 44 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Meemu Atoll: Land MapReclamation I.38: Meemu Atoll, Land Reclamation

73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°42'0"E

Dhiggaru

3°6'0"N Maduhvari 3°6'0"N

Raiymandhoo 2°59'0"N 2°59'0"N

Veyvah Mulah

^ MULI

Naalaafushi

Legend 2°52'0"N Administrative Area 2°52'0"N ^ Atoll Capital Island

Land Reclamation

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Kolhufushi ¯ Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2.5 5 10 2°45'0"N

Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative 2°45'0"N Kilometers areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (land reclamations). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°42'0"E Dynamic Geography 45

Noonu Atoll: Land ReclamationMap I.39: Noonu Atoll, Land Reclamation

73°10'0"E 73°15'0"E 73°20'0"E 73°25'0"E

Hen'badhoo

Ken'dhikulhudhoo

Maalhendhoo 5°54'0"N 5°54'0"N Kudafari

Landhoo

Maafaru Lhohi

Vavathi Miladhoo 5°47'0"N 5°47'0"N Magoodhoo ^MANADHOO

Holhudhoo Fohdhoo 5°40'0"N Velidhoo 5°40'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island

Land Reclamation

Island Shoreline

5°33'0"N Reef Boundary 5°33'0"N Water Body ¯ Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). 0 2.75 5.5 11 Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative Hinnavaru areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); Kilometers MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (land reclamations). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°10'0"E 73°15'0"E 73°20'0"E 73°25'0"E

^ 46 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

North Malé Atoll: MapLand I.40: Reclamation North Malé Atoll, Land Reclamation

73°21'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°39'0"E 73°48'0"E

Kaashidhoo 4°52'30"N 4°52'30"N

Gaafaru 4°41'0"N 4°41'0"N Legend

Administrative Area ^ Atoll Capital Island

^ City o

International Airport

í Port Land Reclamation

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body 4°29'30"N 4°29'30"N

Dhihfushi

THULUSDHOO ^

Huraa

Himmafushi 4°18'0"N ¯ 4°18'0"N

0 4.25 8.5 17 Kilometers

Farukolhufushi WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N o Hulhumale' Data Sources: MALE' BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: CAA (airports); Thilafushi í^ Hulhule ME (administrative areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MED (ports); MLSA (atoll capital islands Vilin'gili and cities); and MNPI (land reclamations).

73°21'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°39'0"E 73°48'0"E Dynamic Geography 47

^ Shaviyani Atoll: LandMap ReclamationI.41: Shaviyani Atoll, Land Reclamation

72°52'30"E 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E

Kumundhoo Vaikaradhoo

Neykurendhoo Maavaidhoo 6°30'0"N 6°30'0"N

Noomaraa Kan'ditheemu Goidhoo

Feydhoo Feevah

Bileiyfahi Foakaidhoo 6°20'0"N 6°20'0"N

Milandhoo

Narudhoo

Maroshi

Legend 6°10'0"N Administrative Area Lhaimagu ^ 6°10'0"N ^ Atoll Capital Island FUNADHOO Land Reclamation

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Komandoo

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry). Other data from Maldives agencies: ME (administrative Maaun'goodhoo areas, island shorelines, reef boundaries, and water bodies); MLSA (atoll capital islands); and MNPI (land reclamations). 6°0'0"N 6°0'0"N Alifushi ¯

0 3.75 7.5 15 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°52'30"E 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 48 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

South Malé Atoll: MapLand I.42: Reclamation South Malé Atoll, Land Reclamation

73°24'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°32'0"E 73°36'0"E 4°6'0"N 4°6'0"N 4°0'0"N 4°0'0"N Gulhi

Legend

Administrative Area

Maafushi Land Reclamation

Island Shoreline Reef Boundary Water Body

Guraidhoo 3°54'0"N ¯ 3°54'0"N

0 1.75 3.5 7 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°24'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°32'0"E 73°36'0"E Dynamic Geography 49

Thaa Atoll: Land ReclamationMap I.43: Thaa Atoll, Land Reclamation

72°54'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°12'0"E 73°21'0"E

Burunee

Vilufushi 2°30'0"N 2°30'0"N

Madifushi

Dhiyamigili 2°20'0"N Kan'doodhoo Guraidhoo 2°20'0"N

Vandhoo

Hirilandhoo

Gaadhihfushi Hiriyanfushio

Thimarafushi Legend ^VEYMANDOO Administrative Area

Kin'bidhoo

^ Atoll Capital Island o Omadhoo 2°10'0"N 2°10'0"N Domestic Airport

Land Reclamation Island Shoreline ¯ Reef Boundary Water Body 0 3.5 7 14 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N 2°0'0"N 2°0'0"N

72°54'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°12'0"E 73°21'0"E 50 Land Management

Land space is a necessary resource for development. Maldives has only less than 250 square kilometers (km2) of land. With its limited available land, allocation of space for specific land use is a challenge. Currently, the country has more vegetated land cover (shrubs, herbs, forest, and palm trees) than built-up areas (high density urban areas, road, airport, and low density urban areas). Huge land is allocated for beaches (20.9 km2) and island resorts (16.8 km2). A small portion (6.7 km2) is for agriculture. Other spaces are classified as inland water and wetlands (Table I.2).

Table I.2: Land Use and Land Cover, Maldives

Land Use and Land Cover Area (km2) Percentage

Land Use High density urban areas 1.79 0.76 Roads 4.66 1.98 Airports 5.80 2.46 Harbors 7.32 3.11 Island resorts 16.78 7.12 Low density urban areas 29.62 12.56 Agricultural areas 6.65 2.82

Land Cover Inland waters 2.97 1.26 Wetlands 3.39 1.44 Barren, sparsely vegetated areas 8.88 3.77 Beaches and sand 20.85 8.84 Shrubs and/or herbaceous 36.07 15.30 vegetation areas Forests 40.86 17.33 Palm trees 50.10 21.25 Total 235.74 100.00

km2 = square kilometer. Note: Total may not add up due to rounding. Source: Government of Maldives, Ministry of Environment, 2016. Geography—Volume I 51

Land cover. Maldives’ national tree, the palm tree, covers a fifth of the country’s land area. Together with palm trees, forests and shrublands cover more than half of the country’s land (photo by Shifaaz Shamoon). 52 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Buildings stand next to one another along the narrow roads of Malé City in Maldives. Less than 1% of Maldives has high density urban land use classification (photo by Shahee Ilyas). Land Management 53

Addu Atoll: Land MapUse I.44: and Addu Land City, Cover Land Use and Land Cover

73°5'0"E 73°7'30"E 73°10'0"E 73°12'30"E 0°36'0"S 0°36'0"S 0°39'0"S 0°39'0"S

0°42'0"S Legend 0°42'0"S

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest Harbor High Density Urban Area Inland Water Island Resort 0°45'0"S 0°45'0"S Lagoon Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree ¯ Road Shallow Lagoon 0 1 2 4 Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Kilometers Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); Wetland WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover).

73°5'0"E 73°7'30"E 73°10'0"E 73°12'30"E 54 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Alifu Alifu Atoll:Map Land I.45: Use Alifu and Alifu Land Atoll, LandCover Use and Land Cover

72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 4°24'0"N 4°24'0"N 4°16'0"N 4°16'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest Harbor

4°8'0"N High Density Urban Area 4°8'0"N Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree Road Shallow Lagoon Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Wetland 4°0'0"N ¯ 4°0'0"N

0 2.75 5.5 11 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover).

72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E Land Management 55

Alifu Dhaalu Atoll:Map I.46:Land Alifu Use Dhaalu and Atoll, Land Land Cover Use and Land Cover

72°38'0"E 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 3°54'0"N 3°54'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest 3°45'0"N 3°45'0"N Harbor High Density Urban Area Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree Road Shallow Lagoon Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Wetland 3°36'0"N 3°36'0"N

¯ 3°27'0"N 3°27'0"N

0 3 6 12 Data Sources: Kilometers BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°38'0"E 72°44'30"E 72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 56 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Baa Atoll: Land UseMap and I.47: LandBaa Atoll, Cover Land Use and Land Cover

72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 73°10'30"E 5°20'0"N 5°20'0"N 5°12'0"N 5°12'0"N 5°4'0"N 5°4'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area ¯ Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest 0 2.75 5.5 11 Kilometers Harbor High Density Urban Area WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Inland Water 4°56'0"N Data Sources: 4°56'0"N BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); Island Resort and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover). Lagoon Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree Road Shallow Lagoon Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Wetland

72°51'0"E 72°57'30"E 73°4'0"E 73°10'30"E Land Management 57

Dhaalu Atoll: LandMap Use I.48: andDhaalu Land Atoll, Cover Land Use and Land Cover

72°45'0"E 72°49'30"E 72°54'0"E 72°58'30"E 3°0'0"N 3°0'0"N 2°54'0"N 2°54'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest Harbor 2°48'0"N High Density Urban Area 2°48'0"N Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree Road Shallow Lagoon Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Wetland ¯ 2°42'0"N 2°42'0"N 0 1.75 3.5 7 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover).

72°45'0"E 72°49'30"E 72°54'0"E 72°58'30"E 58 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Faafu Atoll: LandMap Use I.49: and Faafu Land Atoll, Cover Land Use and Land Cover

72°45'0"E 72°50'0"E 72°55'0"E 73°0'0"E 3°20'0"N 3°20'0"N 3°13'0"N 3°13'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest Harbor High Density Urban Area Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon 3°6'0"N 3°6'0"N Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree Road Shallow Lagoon Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Wetland ¯

0 2 4 8 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N 2°59'0"N 2°59'0"N Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover).

72°45'0"E 72°50'0"E 72°55'0"E 73°0'0"E Land Management 59

Gaafu Alifu Atoll:Map Land I.50: Gaafu Use Alifuand Atoll,Land Land Cover Use and Land Cover

73°1'0"E 73°10'30"E 73°20'0"E 73°29'30"E

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest Harbor 1°0'0"N 1°0'0"N High Density Urban Area Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon Low Density Urban Area ¯ Palm Tree Road 0 3.75 7.5 15 Shallow Lagoon Kilometers Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Wetland 0°48'0"N 0°48'0"N Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover). 0°36'0"N 0°36'0"N 0°24'0"N 0°24'0"N

73°1'0"E 73°10'30"E 73°20'0"E 73°29'30"E 60 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Gaafu DhaaluMap Atoll: I.51: Land Gaafu Use Dhaalu and Atoll, Land Land Cover Use and Land Cover

73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 73°26'30"E 0°30'0"N 0°30'0"N 0°20'0"N 0°20'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area 0°10'0"N 0°10'0"N Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest Harbor High Density Urban Area Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree

0°0'0" ¯ 0°0'0" Road

Shallow Lagoon 0 2.25 4.5 9 Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Kilometers Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover). Wetland WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 73°26'30"E Land Management 61

Gnaviyani Atoll:Map Land I.52: Use Gnaviyani and Atoll,Land Land Cover Use and Land Cover

73°24'35"E 73°25'10"E 73°25'45"E 73°26'20"E

0°16'40"S Legend 0°16'40"S

0°17'30"S Shallow Lagoon 0°17'30"S Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Wetland 0°18'20"S 0°18'20"S

0 0.25 0.5 1 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N 0°19'10"S 0°19'10"S

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover).

73°24'35"E 73°25'10"E 73°25'45"E 73°26'20"E 62 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Haa Alifu Atoll: MapLand I.53: Use Haa and Alifu Land Atoll, LandCover Use and Land Cover

72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°10'0"E 7°13'20"N

Legend 7°13'20"N

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport

Data Sources: Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); Beaches and Sand and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover). Coral Reef Forest Harbor High Density Urban Area Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon 7°5'0"N 7°5'0"N Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree Road Shallow Lagoon Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Wetland 6°56'40"N 6°56'40"N 6°48'20"N ¯ 6°48'20"N

0 3 6 12 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°49'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°10'0"E Land Management 63

Haa Dhaalu Atoll:Map LandI.54: Haa Use Dhaalu and Atoll, Land Land Cover Use and Land Cover

72°40'0"E 72°50'0"E 73°0'0"E 73°10'0"E 6°51'0"N 6°51'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest Harbor 6°38'0"N

High Density Urban Area 6°38'0"N Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree Road Shallow Lagoon Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Wetland 6°25'0"N 6°25'0"N

¯ 6°12'0"N 6°12'0"N

0 4.5 9 18 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover).

72°40'0"E 72°50'0"E 73°0'0"E 73°10'0"E 64 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Laamu Atoll: LandMap Use I.55: and Laamu Land Atoll, Cover Land Use and Land Cover

73°16'30"E 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 2°6'0"N 2°6'0"N 1°57'0"N 1°57'0"N

Legend 1°48'0"N 1°48'0"N Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest Harbor High Density Urban Area Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon Low Density Urban Area ¯ Palm Tree Road 1°39'0"N Shallow Lagoon 1°39'0"N 0 2.75 5.5 11 Data Sources: Kilometers BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Wetland

73°16'30"E 73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E Land Management 65

Map I.56: Lhaviyani Atoll, Land Use and Land Cover Lhaviyani Atoll: Land Use and Land Cover

73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 73°38'30"E 5°33'0"N 5°33'0"N 5°26'0"N 5°26'0"N 5°19'0"N 5°19'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest Harbor High Density Urban Area Inland Water Island Resort 5°12'0"N Lagoon 5°12'0"N Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree ¯ Road Shallow Lagoon 0 2.25 4.5 9 Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Kilometers Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); Wetland WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover).

73°22'0"E 73°27'30"E 73°33'0"E 73°38'30"E 66 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Meemu Atoll: LandMap Use I.57: Meemuand Land Atoll, Cover Land Use and Land Cover

73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°42'0"E 3°6'0"N 3°6'0"N 2°59'0"N 2°59'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport 2°52'0"N Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area 2°52'0"N Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest Harbor High Density Urban Area Inland Water ¯ Island Resort Lagoon 0 2.5 5 10 Low Density Urban Area Kilometers Palm Tree WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Road Shallow Lagoon

2°45'0"N Data Sources: Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area 2°45'0"N BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover). Wetland

73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°42'0"E Land Management 67

Noonu Atoll: LandMap Use I.58: and Noonu Land Atoll, Cover Land Use and Land Cover

73°12'0"E 73°18'0"E 73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 6°0'0"N 6°0'0"N 5°51'0"N 5°51'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area

5°42'0"N Beaches and Sand 5°42'0"N Coral Reef Forest Harbor High Density Urban Area Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree Road Shallow Lagoon Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Wetland 5°33'0"N ¯ 5°33'0"N Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover). 0 2.75 5.5 11 Kilometers WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

73°12'0"E 73°18'0"E 73°24'0"E 73°30'0"E 68 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

North Malé Atoll:Map Land I.59: North Use Maléand Atoll,Land Land Cover Use and Land Cover

73°21'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°39'0"E 73°48'0"E 4°52'30"N 4°52'30"N

Legend 4°41'0"N 4°41'0"N Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest Harbor High Density Urban Area Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon Low Density Urban Area 4°29'30"N 4°29'30"N Palm Tree Road Shallow Lagoon Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Wetland 4°18'0"N ¯ 4°18'0"N

0 4.25 8.5 17 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover).

73°21'0"E 73°30'0"E 73°39'0"E 73°48'0"E Land Management 69

Raa Atoll: Land UseMap and I.60: LandRaa Atoll, Cover Land Use and Land Cover

72°40'0"E 72°48'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°4'0"E

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest 5°53'0"N 5°53'0"N Harbor High Density Urban Area Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree Road Shallow Lagoon Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Wetland 5°42'0"N 5°42'0"N 5°31'0"N 5°31'0"N

0 3.25 6.5 13 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources:

5°20'0"N BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); 5°20'0"N and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover).

72°40'0"E 72°48'0"E 72°56'0"E 73°4'0"E 70 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Shaviyani Atoll:Map Land I.61: Use Shaviyani and Atoll,Land Land Cover Use and Land Cover

72°52'30"E 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E 6°30'0"N 6°30'0"N 6°20'0"N 6°20'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest Harbor High Density Urban Area 6°10'0"N 6°10'0"N Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree Road Shallow Lagoon Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Wetland 6°0'0"N 6°0'0"N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); ¯ and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover).

0 3.75 7.5 15 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

72°52'30"E 73°1'0"E 73°9'30"E 73°18'0"E Land Management 71

South Malé Atoll:Map Land I.62: South Use Malé and Atoll, Land Land Cover Use and Land Cover

73°24'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°32'0"E 73°36'0"E 4°6'0"N 4°6'0"N 4°0'0"N 4°0'0"N

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand Coral Reef Forest Harbor High Density Urban Area 3°54'0"N 3°54'0"N Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree Road Shallow Lagoon Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Wetland ¯

0 1.75 3.5 7 Data Sources: Kilometers BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover). WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N 3°48'0"N 3°48'0"N

73°24'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°32'0"E 73°36'0"E 72 Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives—Geography

Thaa Atoll: Land MapUse I.63: and Thaa Land Atoll, Cover Land Use and Land Cover

72°54'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°12'0"E 73°21'0"E 2°30'0"N 2°30'0"N 2°20'0"N 2°20'0"N 2°10'0"N 2°10'0"N Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area ¯ Beaches and Sand 0 3.5 7 14 Coral Reef Kilometers

Forest WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N Harbor High Density Urban Area Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon 2°0'0"N Low Density Urban Area 2°0'0"N Palm Tree Road Shallow Lagoon Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); Wetland and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover).

72°54'0"E 73°3'0"E 73°12'0"E 73°21'0"E Land Management 73

Vaavu Atoll: LandMap Use I.64: and Vaavu Land Atoll, Cover Land Use and Land Cover

73°20'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°44'0"E

Legend

Administrative Area Agricultural Area Airport Barren, Sparsely Vegetated Area Beaches and Sand 3°40'0"N Coral Reef 3°40'0"N Forest Harbor High Density Urban Area Inland Water Island Resort Lagoon Low Density Urban Area Palm Tree Road Shallow Lagoon Shrub and/or Herbaceous Vegetation Area Wetland 3°30'0"N 3°30'0"N 3°20'0"N ¯ 3°20'0"N

0 3.5 7 14 Kilometers

WGS 1984 UTM Zone 43N

Data Sources: BODC, IHO, and IOC. 2003. GEBCO Digital Atlas (bathymetry); and ME (administrative areas, land use and land cover). 3°10'0"N 3°10'0"N

73°20'0"E 73°28'0"E 73°36'0"E 73°44'0"E 74 Map Data Sources

Government Ministries, Departments, and Agencies in Maldives Civil Aviation Authority Airports Land and Survey Authority Atoll capital islands Cities Ministry of Economic Development Ports Ministry of Environment Administrative area Administrative atoll Island shorelines Land use and land cover Reef boundaries Water bodies Ministry of National Planning and Infrastructure Land reclamation References 75

Asian Development Bank. 2017. Climate Risk Screening for Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Development Activities and Policies in the Maldives. Consultants’ report. Manila (TA 8572-REG).

Ahmed, M., and S. Suphachalasai. 2014. Assessing the Costs of Climate Change and Adaptation in South Asia. Manila: Asian Development Bank, UK Aid.

British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC), International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2003. General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO) Digital Atlas. UK: British Oceanographic Data Centre.

Khan, T., D. Quadir, T. Murty, A. Kabir, F. Aktar, and M. Sarker. 2002. Relative Sea Level Changes in Maldives and Vulnerability of Land Due to Abnormal Coastal Inundation. Marine Geodesy 25 (1–2). pp. 133–143.

Waheed, M., and H. Shakoor. 2015. The Impact of the Indian Ocean Tsunami on Maldives. In C. Bassard, D. W. Giles, and A. M. Howitt, eds. Natural Disaster Management in the Asia- Pacific: Policy and Governance. pp. 49–68. New York: Springer. Maps were prepared by the Country Consultant Team and the Manila Observatory on behalf of the Asian Development Bank. Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives Geography—Volume I

This atlas provides spatial information about Maldives and thematic maps necessary for assessing future development investments in terms of climate risks and geophysical hazards. It is also intended to support the formulation of cobeneficial options for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction and management. The five-volume atlas is a major output of the project “Establishing a National Geospatial Database for Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Development Activities and Policies in Maldives” under the Asian Development Bank’s regional knowledge and support (capacity development) technical assistance Action on Climate Change in South Asia (2013–2018).

The Multihazard Risk Atlas of Maldives is composed of Geography—Volume I, Climate and Geophysical Hazards —Volume II, Economy and Demographics—Volume III, Biodiversity—Volume IV, and Summary—Volume V.

About the Asian Development Bank

ADB is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. Established in 1966, it is owned by 68 members —49 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance.

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