Metabolism: what you know and what might surprise you Lecture Lab

Chapter 5 Streak plate subcultures Staining: Gram stain Aerobic and anaerobic Motility respiration Pre-labs Review Gram Staining and other assays

Microbial metabolic diversity- how is it possible?

Recipe: 500 ml mud from beach at low tide 10 g filter paper (cellulose)

1 g NH4Cl 1 g KH2PO4 1 g CaSO4 jan.ucc.nau.edu/.../lectures/lec23/lec23.html

Metabolism is possible through enzymatic diversity

Figure 5.2 structure

Cofactors

Ions of , zinc, magnesium and calcium

Coenzymes

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide () - NAD+/ NADP+ from B

Flavin adenine dinucleotide- FAD from B vitamin riboflavin Figure 5.3 Effects on enzyme activity: temp and pH

Figure 5.6 Effects on enzyme activity: competitive inhibition

Example:

Sulfa drugs

Figure 5.7 Effects on enzyme activity: noncompetitive inhibition

Example: Mercury poisoning

Figure 5.7 Effects on enzyme activity: inhibition

Figure 5.8 Pit Stop

Why would it be beneficial to have a fever during a bacterial ? Why is a fever over 40° C often threatening? Metabolism: and anabolism~ dehydration synthesis~ condensation

catabolism~ ~ decomposition

Figure 2.8 reactions- the basis of metabolism Redox reactions- the basis of metabolism

O I L R I G Major carriers

- FAD accepts two H+/e-  FADH2

- NAD+ accepts one H+/ e-  NADH

- Cytochromes accept e-

Phosphorylation reactions or HOW WE MAKE ATP

1. level

2. Oxidative phosphorylation

3. Photophosphorylation

Phosphorylation reactions or HOW WE MAKE ATP

?

1. Substrate level phosphorylation

2. Oxidative phosphorylation

3. Photophosphorylation

1. Substrate level phosphorylation Phosphorylation reactions or HOW WE MAKE ATP

?

1. Substrate level phosphorylation

2. Oxidative phosphorylation

3. Photophosphorylation

2. Oxidative Phosphorylation ( catabolism)

Fermentation Aerobic respiration - ferm - ferm - Mixed acid ferm - Butanediol ferm - Butylic/ - Etc. Let’s review: aerobic respiration Steps: 1.

1a. Pentose phosphate pathway 1b. Entner-Doudoroff pathway

2. Transition/preparatory step

3. Krebs Cycle/ TCA

4. (ETC)

Total output:

How does the ETC make so much ATP?

Figure 5.16 What is a terminal ?

In aerobic respiration=

Bacteria Electron acceptor Products

In , – – NO3 NO2 , N2 + H2O anaerobic respiration= Bacillus

– no oxygen Desulfovibrio SO4 H2S + H2O

2 – CO3 CH4 + H2O

Figure 5.14 (2 of 2) Anaerobic respiration

Steps: 1. Glycolysis

1a. Pentose phosphate pathway 1b. Entner-Doudoroff pathway

2. Intermediate step

3. Krebs Cycle/ TCA

4. Electron transport chain (ETC)

Total energy output:

Independent Study

1. Review the light dependent and light independent reactions of (see Figure 5.25 and 5.26).

***Print out and bring APO-2: A Metabolism Case Study for next class.

More cool

Lecture Lab

Continue Chapter 5 Acid fast, spore and capsule stains Photophosphorylation Pre-labs Microbial metabolic diversity Using the Spectrophotometer and Exam Review APO 2: Case study in fermentation Let’s review: aerobic respiration Steps: 1. Glycolysis 2 substrate level ATP 2 NADH 1a. Pentose phosphate pathway 1b. Entner-Doudoroff pathway 2. Transition/preparatory step

2CO2 2 NADH 3. Krebs Cycle/ TCA 2 substrate level ATP

4 CO2 6 NADH

2 FADH2 4. Electron transport chain (ETC) 34 ATP

Total energy output:

38 ATP () 36 ATP () Figure 5.16 What is a terminal electron acceptor?

In aerobic respiration= oxygen

Bacteria Electron acceptor Products

Pseudomonas, – – NO3 NO2 , N2 + H2O In Bacillus anaerobic respiration= – no oxygen Desulfovibrio SO4 H2S + H2O

2 – methanogens CO3 CH4 + H2O

Figure 5.14 (2 of 2) Anaerobic respiration

Steps: 1. Glycolysis 2 substrate level ATP 2 NADH 1a. Pentose phosphate pathway 1b. Entner-Doudoroff pathway 2. Intermediate step

2CO2 2 NADH 3. Krebs Cycle/ TCA partially utilized 4. Electron transport chain (ETC) partially utilized

Total energy output:

Varied, between 2-38 ATP Varieties of fermentation

Steps:

1. Glycolysis 2 substrate level ATP 2 NADH

2. Fermentative pathway

** Homolactic OR Heterolactic **Alcoholic fermentation Additional fermentation pathways

Fermentative microbes

See Figure 5.18 and Table 5.4 Comparison of catabolic efficiency Reminder: other organic can be used for ATP production

Figure 5.21 What good are alternative to us?

Pt. Loma Wastewater Treatment Plant

http://www.sandiego.gov/mwwd/facilities/ptloma.shtml How does it happen?

Figure 27.18 Phosphorylation reactions or HOW WE MAKE ATP

1. Substrate level phosphorylation

2. Oxidative phosphorylation

3. Photophosphorylation

3. Photophosphorylation

Photo reactions of photosynthesis Photo reactions: cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Cyclic outcomes

e- thru ETC produce ATP e- recycle back to chloropyll

Non-cyclic outcomes

e- thru ETC produce ATP Terminal acceptor is NADP+ Photoylsis recycles e- to clorophyll: + H2O  2H + ½O2 + 2e-

Figure 5.24 What is the ATP and NADPH used for?

Synthesis reactions Figure 5.26 Varieties of photosynthesis Example of anoxygenic photosynthesis Nutritional classification of organisms

Figure 5.28 Independent Study 1. Test yourself on the energy and carbon needs of microbes. Use the blank flowchart in the following slide and fill in the appropriate nutritional categories. Once you have done this, use the flowchart to answer question #2.

2. Determine carbon source, energy course, and type of metabolism (i.e. aerobic or anaerobic respiration, fermentation, oxygenic or oxygenic photosythesis) for the following organisms:

a. Pseudomonas, an aerobic chemoheterotroph b. , an anaerobic chemoheterotroph c. Spirulina, an oxygenic photoautotroph d. Ectothiorhodopsin, an anoxygenic photoautotroph e. Nitrosomonas, a nitrogen oxidizing chemoautotroph

3. Study for Exam 1

All organisms

Energy source

Carbon source Carbon source

Final electron acceptor Use H2O to reduce CO2?