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Time Domain Astronomy with the THESEUS Satellite Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Time Domain Astronomy with the THESEUS Satellite S. Mereghetti · S. Balman · M. Caballero-Garcia · M. Del Santo · V. Doroshenko · M. H. Erkut · L. Hanlon · P. Hoeflich · A. Markowitz · J.P. Osborne · E. Pian · L. Rivera Sandoval · N. Webb · L. Amati · E. Ambrosi · A.P. Beardmore · A. Blain · E. Bozzo · L. Burderi · S. Campana · P. Casella · A. D'A`ı · F. D'Ammando · F. De Colle · M. Della Valle · D. De Martino · T. Di Salvo · M. Doyle · P. Esposito · F. Frontera · P. Gandhi · G. Ghisellini · D. Gotz · V. Grinberg · C. Guidorzi · R. Hudec · R. Iaria · L. Izzo · G. K. Jaisawal · P. Jonker · A.K.H. Kong · M. Krumpe · P. Kumar · A. Manousakis A. Marino · A. Martin-Carrillo · R. Mignani · G. Miniutti · C.G. Mundell · K. Mukai · A.A. Nucita · P.T. O'Brien · M. Orlandini · M. Orio · E. Palazzi · A. Papitto · F. Pintore · S. Piranomonte · D. Porquet · C. Ricci · A. Riggio · M. Rigoselli · J. Rodriguez · T. Saha · A. Sanna · A. Santangelo · R. Saxton · L. Sidoli · H. Stiele · G. Tagliaferri · F. Tavecchio · A. Tiengo · S. Tsygankov · S. Turriziani · R. Wijnands · S. Zane · B. Zhang Received: date / Accepted: date and Space Sciences, MC 0424, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0424, S. Mereghetti, R. Mignani, M. Rigoselli, L. Sidoli USA INAF, IASF-Milano, via A. Corti 12, I-20133 Milano, Italy E-mail: [email protected] J.P. Osborne, A.P. Beardmore, A. Blain, P.T. O'Brien Dept of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, S. Balman Leicester LE1 7RH, UK Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Dept. of Astronomy and Space Sciences, Beyazit, Istanbul, 34119, Turkey E. Pian, L. Amati, M. Orlandini, E. Palazzi INAF, Astrophysics and Space Science Observatory, via P. M. Caballero-Garcia Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy Instituto de Astrof´ısicade Andaluc´ıa(IAA-CSIC), P.O. Box 03004, E-18080, Granada, Spain L. Rivera Sandoval University of Alberta, Canada M. Del Santo, E. Ambrosi, A. D'A`ı,F. Pintore, A. Marino INAF { IASF Palermo, via U. La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo, N. Webb Italy Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Plan´etologie,9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 44346, 31028 Toulouse Cedex V. Doroshenko, A. Santangelo 4, France Institut fuer Astronomie und Astrophysik Tuebingen, Sand 1, Tuebingen, Germany E. Bozzo Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Ch. Profsoyuznaya Str. 84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia d'Ecogia 16, 1290, Versoix (Geneva), Switzerland M.H. Erkut L. Burderi, A. Riggio, A. Sanna Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Bilgi Universit`adegli Studi di Cagliari, Dipartimento di Fisica, arXiv:2104.09533v1 [astro-ph.IM] 19 Apr 2021 University, 34060, Istanbul, Turkey SP Monserrato-Sestu, KM 0.7, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy L. Hanlon, M. Doyle, A. Martin-Carrillo S. Campana, G. Ghisellini, G. Tagliaferri, F. Tavecchio Space Science Group, School of Physics, University College INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, via Bianchi 46, Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland I-23807 Merate, Italy P. Hoeflich P. Casella, A. Papitto, S. Piranomonte Florida State University, Tallahassee, Fl 32309, USA INAF { Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via di Frascati 33, I-00044, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy A. Markowitz Centrum Astronomiczne im. Mikolaja Kopernika, Polskiej F.D'Ammando Akademii Nauk, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warszawa, Poland INAF - Istituto di Radioastronomia, via P. Gobetti 101, University of California, San Diego, Center for Astrophysics I-40129 Bologna, Italy 2 S. Mereghetti et al. Abstract THESEUS is a medium size space mission clude a wide field of view X-ray (0.3-5 keV) telescope of the European Space Agency, currently under evalu- based on lobster-eye focussing optics and a gamma-ray ation for a possible launch in 2032. Its main objectives spectrometer with imaging capabilities in the 2-150 keV are to investigate the early Universe through the obser- range, are also ideal for carrying out unprecedented vation of gamma-ray bursts and to study the gravita- studies in time domain astrophysics. In addition, the tional waves electromagnetic counterparts and neutrino presence onboard of a 70 cm near infrared telescope events. On the other hand, its instruments, which in- Department of Applied Physics & Astronomy, College of De Colle Sciences & Sharjah Academy for Astronomy, Space Sciences, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Au- and Technology, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272, tonoma de Mexico, A. P. 70-543 04510 D. F. Mexico Sharjah, UAE M. Della Valle, D. De Martino G. Miniutti INAF { Capodimonte Observatory, Salita Moiariello 16, Centro de Astrobiolog´ıa (CSIC-INTA), Camino Bajo del 80131, Napoli, Italy Castillo s/n, E-28692 Villanueva de la Ca~nada,Spain T. Di Salvo, R. Iaria C. Mundell Universit`adi Palermo, via Archirafi 36 - 90123 Palermo, Department of Physics, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Italy Bath, BA2 7AY, UK P. Esposito, A. Tiengo K. Mukai Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS Pavia, piazza della CRESST II and X-ray Astrophysics Laboratory, Vittoria 15, 27100 Pavia, Italy NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA F. Frontera, C. Guidorzi Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, University of Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44100 Ferrara, Italy 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore MD 21250, USA P. Gandhi A.A. Nucita School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton, Department of Mathematics and Physics "Ennio De Giorgi", SO17 1BJ, UK University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy D. Gotz, J. Rodriguez M. Orio AIM-CEA/DRF/Irfu/D´epartement d'Astrophysique, CNRS, INAF, Osservatorio di Padova, vicolo Osservatorio 5, 35122 Universit´e Paris-Saclay, Universit´e de Paris, Orme des Padova, Italy Merisiers, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France Dept. of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, 475 N, Charter Str., Madison, WI 53706, USA V. Grinberg, A. Santangelo Institut fuer Astronomie und Astrophysik Tuebingen, Sand D. Porquet 1, Tuebingen, Germany Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France R. Hudec C. Ricci Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Electrical N´ucleode Astronom´ıa, Facultad de Ingenier´ıa y Ciencias, Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic Universidad Diego Portales , Santiago de Chile, Chile Astronomical Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, On- T. Saha drejov, Czech Republic Centrum Astronomiczne im. Mikolaja Kopernika, Polskiej Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation Akademii Nauk, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warszawa, Poland L. Izzo R. Saxton DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Telespazio UK Ltd., 350 Capability Green, Luton, Bedford- Lyngbyvej 2,DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark shire LU1 3LU - UK G. K. Jaisawal S. Tsygankov National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics and Astronomy, FI-20014 University Elektrovej, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark of Turku, Finland P. Jonker Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Sorbon- Profsoyuznaya Str. 84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia nelaan 2, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands S. Turriziani Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University, Physics Department, Gubkin Russian State University (Na- P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands tional Research University), 65 Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow, A.K.H. Kong, H. Stiele 119991, Russian Federation Institute of Astronomy, National Tsing Hua University, R. Wijnands Guangfu Road 101, Sect. 2, 30013 Hsinchu, Taiwan Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of M. Krumpe Amsterdam, Postbus 94249, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Leibniz-Institut f¨urAstrophysik Potsdam, An der Sternwarte Netherlands 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany S. Zane P. Kumar Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College Lon- University of Texas, Austin, TX , USA don, UK A. Manousakis B. Zhang Time Domain Astronomy with the THESEUS Satellite 3 will allow simultaneous multiwavelegth studies. Here 0.7-1.8 µm, [4]). The main properties of these instru- we present the THESEUS capabilities for studying the ments, described in more detail below, are summarized time variability of different classes of sources in parallel in Table 1. All the instruments will operate simultane- to, and without affecting, the gamma-ray bursts hunt. ously. GRBs and other transient sources occurring in the large imaging fields of view of the SXI and XGIS Keywords First keyword · Second keyword · More will be detected and localized in real time by the on- board software. Their coordinates and other relevant 1 Introduction information will be immediately down-linked thanks to a network of VHF ground stations, and the satellite THESEUS (Transient High Energy Sky and Early Uni- will autonomously reorient itself in order to place the verse Surveyor, [1]) is a space mission devoted to the discovered source in the IRT field of view. study of Gamma-ray bursts (GRB) which has been se- THESEUS will be placed in a low equatorial or- lected by the European Space Agency for an assessment bit (height ∼600 km, inclination < 6◦), to guarantee study in response to the call for a satellite of medium a low and stable background, and will operate with size class (M5) to be launched in 2032. THESEUS has a pointing strategy optimized to maximise the num- been conceived with the two main objectives of a) ex- ber of detected GRBs and, at the same time, facilitate ploiting GRBs to investigate the early Universe and b) their follow-up with large ground based telescopes (see providing a great contribution to multi-messenger as- Sect. 2.4). To fully exploit the THESEUS capabilities, trophysics with the observation of the electromagnetic in particular those offered by the IRT, small deviations counterparts of gravitational waves (GW) and neutrino from the nominal pointing directions (up to a few de- events. grees) are foreseen to place interesting targets, selected To fulfill these scientific objectives, THESEUS will through a Guest Observer Program, in the IRT field carry wide field monitors operating in the X-ray-to-γ- of view.
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