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Relational Aggression and Popularity Lisa Jo Woodcock-Burroughs Wayne State University

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Relational Aggression and Popularity Lisa Jo Woodcock-Burroughs Wayne State University Wayne State University Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2011 Relational aggression and popularity Lisa Jo Woodcock-Burroughs Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Woodcock-Burroughs, Lisa Jo, "Relational aggression and popularity" (2011). Wayne State University Dissertations. Paper 421. This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. RELATIONAL AGGRESSION AND POPULARITY by LISA WOODCOCK-BURROUGHS DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2012 MAJOR: EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY Approved by: ___________________________________________________ Advisor Date ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ©COPYRIGHT LISA WOODCOCK-BURROUGHS 2012 All Rights Reserved DEDICATION To my husband Gary, your love, strength, belief, and patience have given me the fortitude to make my dream a reality. Thank you for joining me on this journey. To my mother, father, and brother, thank you for always pushing me to “reach for that apple” and for showing me that, with hard work, anything is possible. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I sincerely wish to express my deepest gratitude for my professors, family and friends, who have given me their encouragement, support and guidance throughout my many years of study and research, including: Dr. Jina Yoon, my academic advisor, who has provided her valuable guidance, expertise and support every step of the way. My committee members, Dr. Barry Markman, Dr. Cheryl Somers, Dr. Donald Coscina and Dr. John Woodard, for never missing an opportunity to teach me something new and for their willingness to do so. Dr. Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks, professor, beloved friend and founding member of Suarez, for sharing his expertise in statistics, being a willing teacher, and for his ability to make any obstacle seem manageable. Dr. Nicki Crick for her interest in my research and willingness to share her measures. Central Montcalm Public Schools, especially superintendent Jake Helms, and principals John Kearney, Tomas Torok, and Susan Koster, who made the research possible. The parents of the research participants, as well as the participants themselves, for their willingness to participate in research on such a sensitive topic. Dr. Paul Chrustowski, teacher, mentor, and friend, for his encouragement and valued clinical insights. Julie Winkelstern, supervisor, mentor, and friend, for her encouragement and flexibility which enabled me to reach for my dream. iii Dr. Patrick McConville, friend, for being willing to help in whatever capacity was necessary and for enduring a multitude of paper cuts as a result. My husband, Gary Burroughs, for his loving support and assistance with preparing study materials. My mother, Vicki Woodcock for volunteering to assist with my data collection. My father, Michael Woodcock, for providing assistance where it was needed, no matter how large or small the task. Kimberly LaPlante, Heather Carroll and all of my friends and colleagues for their support and encouragement throughout this process. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication . .ii Acknowledgements . iii List of Tables . ix Chapter 1—Introduction . 1 Definition of Popularity . 2 Gender Differences in Relational Aggression . 4 Social Dominance Theory . .. 5 Social Cognitive Theory . 7 Purpose of Study . 10 Research Questions and Hypotheses . 11 Chapter 2—Review of Literature . 13 Definition of Relational Aggression . 13 Popularity . 15 Relationship between Perceived and Sociometric Popularity . 17 Characteristics Associated with Popularity . 20 Attributes Associated with Sociometric Popularity . 22 Features Associated with Perceived Popularity . 22 Conundrum of Popularity . 25 Concurrent and Future Outcomes of Relational Aggression . 27 Victimization . .27 Perpetrators . .29 Gender Differences in Levels of Aggression . 34 v Gender Differences in Relational Aggression . 35 Early Childhood . 35 Middle Childhood . 37 Adolescence . 40 Adulthood . 44 Relationship between Relational Aggression and Age . .45 Relationship between Popularity and Aggression . 50 Relationship between Sociometric Popularity and Aggression . 51 Relationship between Perceived Popularity and Aggression . 52 Potential for Harm: Completion of a Peer Nomination Task . 54 Chapter 3—Methods . 60 Participants . 60 Measures . 62 Children’s Social Behavior Scale—Peer Report . 62 Assessment of Perceived Popularity . .66 Assessment of Sociometric Popularity . 68 Demographic Information . .71 Technology Use and School Behavior Questionnaire . 71 Reaction Measure . 71 Procedure . 72 Data Analysis . 76 Chapter 4—Results . 79 Factor Analysis of CSBS-P . .82 vi Measures of Popularity . 85 Research Questions . .86 Research Question 1 . 86 Research Question 2 . 88 Research Question 3 . 89 Research Question 4 . 91 Research Question 5 . 91 Reaction Measure . 94 Chapter 5—Discussion . 104 Implication . 110 Limitations . 112 Future Directions: Relational Aggression . 114 Appendix A Demographic Information Sheet . 116 Appendix B Peer Nomination Measure . 117 Appendix C Technology Use and School Behavior Questionnaire. .133 Appendix D Sociometric Risk Questionnaire: Self-Report . 134 Appendix E Central Montcalm Parental Permission/Research Informed Consent . 136 Appendix F Documentation of Adolescent Assent Form . 140 Appendix G Mental Health Resources in Montcalm County . .143 Appendix H Primary Investigator Letter of Introduction . 144 Appendix I Child Assent Form (Ages 7-12) . 145 Appendix J Script to Obtain Child/Adolescent Assent & Survey Directions . 146 vii Appendix K Sociometric-Risk Questionnaire: Self-Report Directions . 148 Appendix L School Approval . 149 Appendix M Human Investigation Committee Approval . .150 References . .151 Abstract . .185 Autobiographical Statement . 187 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary and Comparison of Definitions of Relational Aggression. 16 Table 2: Demographic Characteristics of Participants . 60 Table.
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