Kinship and Diasporas in International Affairs Kinship & Diasporas in International Affairs

/Yossi Shain

the press ann arbor Copyright © by the University of Michigan 2007 All rights reserved Published in the United States of America by The University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid-free paper 2010 2009 2008 2007 4321

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Shain, Yossi, 1956– Kinship and diasporas in international affairs / Yossi Shain. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn-13: 978-0-472-09910-8 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-472-09910-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Transnationalism. 2. International relations. 3. National characteristics. 4. Jewish diaspora. I. Title. jz1320.s53 2007 327.101—dc22 2007012896 To my friends Avi & Tali Contents

List of Illustrations ix

Acknowledgments xi

List of Abbreviations xiii

Introduction 1

1 Dynamics of Disintegration: Diaspora, Secession, and the Paradox of Nation-States 9

2 Diasporic Financial Flows and Their Impact on National Identity 31

3 Transnational Religion and the Struggle for Jewish Pluralism 65

4 The Role of Diasporas in Con›ict Perpetuation or Resolution 101

5 Diasporas and International Relations Theory 127

Appendix: A Note on Kinship and the Law 155

Notes 161

Index 193 Illustrations

Table 1. The In›uence of Nation Type on Diaspora and Secession Processes 12

Figure 1. Diasporic Conditions in Ideofocal Libertarian States 24 Figure 2. The Link between Diasporic Financial Flows and International Relations 37 Figure 3. The Components of National Identity 43 Figure 4. The Vehicles for Transmission of the Effects of IEIS Flows on National Identity 48 Acknowledgments

This book is a culmination of research and writing on kinship and diasporas over the last decade. Most chapters represent an extension and elaboration on previously published materials. Chapters 1 and 2 were written, in the original format, in collaboration with Martin Sherman, whose scholarship and clear thinking enriched me greatly. In chapter 3 I drew, in addition to my own work, on my collaborative works with Barry Bristman. Chapter 4 was originally conceived in a joint proj- ect with Tamara Cofman-Wittes, a superb scholar of con›ict resolution. It ‹rst appeared in Yossi Shain and Tamara Cofman, “Peace as a Three Player Game: The Role of Diasporas in Con›ict Resolution,” in Thomas Ambrosio, ed., Ethnic Identity Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy (Westport: Praeger, 2000). Some ideas in this chapter also appear in Yossi Shain and Ravinatha P. Aryasinha, “Spoilers or catalysts? The Role of Diasporas in Peace Processes,” in Edward Newman and Oliver Richmond, eds., Chal- lenges to Peacebuilding: Managing Spoilers During Con›ict Resolution (New York: United Nations University Press, 2006). Chapter 5 was originally published with Aharon Barth, who taught me so much about interna- tional relations theory and its application. I would like to thank the fol- lowing journals for their permission to reprint material for this book: International Organization, Political Science Quarterly, Nations and National- ism, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, and SAIS Review. Throughout this work I have bene‹ted greatly from other scholars and students who have worked with me on other projects and writings that are not represented in this volume but in›uenced my thinking nonetheless. Above all I am grateful to Tanja Flanajan and Ariel Ahram, my superb assistants and cowriters. I am also indebted to my colleagues and friends Robert Lieber, Gil Merom, Josh Mitchell, Aharon Klieman, Avi Ben Zvi, and Azar Gat for their ideas and support. xii acknowledgments

Fellowships from the Center for International Studies in the Woodrow Wilson School at , the Center for Democracy and the Third Sector, and the Posen Foundation have helped me in conceiving and ‹nalizing this project. I am also grateful for all the support I received from ’s Department of Gov- ernment and ’s School of Government, my two gen- erous academic homes. Evgeni Kluber and Jessica Gheiler helped in preparing the index. Finally, I would like to thank Erin Carter and the staff of the Univer- sity of Michigan Press for their outstanding editing skills; Melissa Spence, my invaluable assistant and deputy director at Georgetown Uni- versity’s Program for Jewish Civilization; and Limor Rachmanov, my devoted assistant at Tel Aviv University. Abbreviations

ADL-Ramgavars Armenian Democratic Liberal Party AIPAC American- Public Affairs Committee ANIA Irish Americans for a New Irish Agenda ARF Armenian Revolutionary Federation ASSR Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic BJP Bharatiya Janata Party CJF Council of Jewish Federations CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe IDF Israel Defense Forces IEIS Intraethnic Interstate IR International Relations IRA Irish Republican Army KLA Kosovo Liberation Army NORAID Irish Northern Aid Committee SDH Social Democratic Hunchakian Party UIA United Israel Appeal UJA United Jewish Appeal UJC United Jewish Communities