HOW TO PREPARE A SILVICULTURAL PRESCRIPTION
FOR UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT
David C. Powell Forest Silviculturist Pike and San Isabel National Forests Pueblo, Colorado
SEPTEMBER, 1987
CONTENTS Page
INTRODUCTION 1
WHAT IS UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT? 1 WHAT STANDS QUALIFY FOR UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT? 8 REGULATING AN UNEVEN-AGED STAND STRUCTURE 8 PRESCRIPTION PREPARATION PROCEDURE 9 WHAT IT TAKES TO MAKE UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT WORK 20
USING COMMON SENSE WHEN APPLYING UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT 21
SELECTED REFERENCES ABOUT UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT 22
APPENDIX A: Terminology and Definitions for Uneven-Aged Management 24
APPENDIX B: Stage II Printout for Site 103510-0010 25
APPENDIX C: GROW Printouts for Uneven-Aged Management Simulations 31
APPENDIX D: Diagnosis, Prescription and Marking Guide for site 103510-0010 47
INTRODUCTION
The Land and Resource Management Plan for the Pike and San Isabel National Forests specifies that uneven-aged management will be used in certain management areas for every species except aspen. Table 1 summarizes timber standards and guidelines from the Pike and San Isabel National Forests' Forest Plan. When reviewing Table 1, you'll notice that selection cutting is the primary cutting method (which means it will be used 80 percent or more of the time) in four management areas for spruce/fir stands, 1 management area for lodgepole pine, mixed conifer or ponderosa pine stands, and five management areas for other forest types except aspen. This emphasis on selection cutting is considerably greater than at any time in the past.
Uneven-aged management has only been attempted in one project area on the Pike and San Isabel National Forests (Jones Mountain area on Salida District). Some of the material in this paper represents the process used to prepare prescriptions and marking guides for the Jones Mountain timber sale.
In October of 1983, the Pike and San Isabel National Forests held a timber workshop, part of which was devoted to training about uneven-aged management. During the workshop, participants visited an uneven-aged spruce/fir stand for which a prescription and marking guide had been prepared (site 103510-0010 on Greenhorn Mountain, San Carlos Ranger District). They were divided into several groups and then attempted to implement the marking guide (but not with paint guns). The stand data and certain other information in this paper was taken from the October, 1983 timber workshop.
WHAT IS UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT?
Uneven-aged management is manipulation of a stand for continuous high-forest cover, recurring regeneration of desirable species, and the orderly growth and development of trees through a range of age classes to provide a sustained yield of forest products. Selection involves the removal of both immature and mature trees, either in groups or individually, to maintain an uneven-aged stand structure. Since uneven-aged management is usually applied in uneven-aged stands, it would be helpful to discuss the differences between even-aged and uneven-aged stands.
Foresters generally classify stands on the basis of age-class composition. Strictly defined, an even-aged stand is one in which all trees are the same age (as in a plantation), but in common field usage, even-aged stands can have ages ranging up to 20 percent of the rotation length. Even-aged stands have a "bell shaped" diameter distribution, as shown below (from Daniel et al. 1979):
D iameter
1 Table 1.--Timber Standards and Guidelines From the Pike and San Isabel National Forests' Land and Resource Management Plan.
GROW STOCK CUTTING ADOPT. MIN MIN. MAs ROTATIONS LEVELS CYCLES VQOs STK HEIGHT CUT. METHODS
SPRUCE/FIR COVER TYPE
2A 100-180 60-160 20 - 30 PR 150 25% SHELTERWOOD 2B 100-180 60-160 20-30 PR 150 25% SHELTERWOOD 3A 100-180 60-160 20-30 PR 150 25% SHELTERWOOD
4B 90-140 60-160 10 - 50 MOD 150 6' CC & SELECT. 4D NS(50-180) NS(60-160) NS(10-50) MOD 150 6' CC, SW & SEL 5B NA 60-160 20-30 MOD 150 6' SELECTION 6B NS(50-180) NS(60-160) NS(10-50) MOD 150 6' CC & SHELTER. 7A 90-180 80-160 10-50 PR;MOD 150 25%;6' CC & SHELTER. 7D 50-90 80-160 10-30 PR;MOD 150 25%;6' SHELTERWOOD 9A NA 90-160 20-30 PR 150 25% SELECTION 9B 90-180 60-160 10-50 MOD 150 6' CC & SELECT. 10E 90-180 60-160 10-50 MOD 150 6' CC & SHELTER.
LODGEPOLE PINE COVER TYPE
2A 90-140 80-140 10-50 PR 150 25% CLEARCUT 2B 90-140 80-140 10-50 PR 150 25% CLEARCUT 3A 90-140 80-140 10-50 PR 150 25% CLEARCUT 4B 90-140 60-160 10-50 MOD 150 6' CLEARCUT 4D NS(50-140) NS(80-120) NS(10-50) MOD 150 6' CC & SHELTER. 5B 90-140 60-160 10-50 MOD 150 6' CLEARCUT 6B 90-140 NS(80-120) NS(10-50) MOD 150 6' CLEARCUT 7A 90-180 80-160 10-50 PR;MOD 150 25%;6' CLEARCUT 7D 50-90 80-140 10-30 PR;MOD 150 25%;6' CLEARCUT 9A NA 90-160 20-30 PR 150 25% SELECTION 9B 90-180 60-160 10-50 MOD 150 6' CLEARCUT 10E 90-180 80-160 10-50 MOD 150 6' CLEARCUT
ASPEN COVER TYPE
2A 80-120 NA NA PR 300 25% CLEARCUT 2B 80-120 NA NA PR 300 25% CLEARCUT 3A 80-120 NA NA PR 300 25% CLEARCUT 4B 80-120 NA NA MOD 300 6' CLEARCUT 41) 80-120 NA NA MOD 300 6' CLEARCUT 5B 80-120 NA NA MOD 300 6' CLEARCUT 6B 80-120 NA NA MOD 300 6' CLEARCUT 7A 80-120 NA NA PR;MOD 300 25%;6' CLEARCUT 7D 60-80 NA NA PR; MOD 300 25%;6' CLEARCUT 9A 80-120 NA NA PR 300 25% CLEARCUT 9B 80-120 NA NA MOD 300 6' CLEARCUT 10E 80-120 NA NA MOD 300 6' CLEARCUT
2 Table 1.--(continued)
GROW STOCK CUTTING ADOPT. MIN MIN. MAs ROTATIONS LEVELS CYCLES VQOs STK HEIGHT CUT. METHODS
MIXED CONIFER (DF/WF) AND PONDEROSA PINE COVER TYPES
2A 100-180 60-160 20-30 PR 190 25% SHELTERWOOD 2B 100-180 60-160 20-30 PR 190 25% SHELTERWOOD 3A 100-180 60-160 20-30 PR 190 25% SHELTERWOOD 4B 100-160 60-160 20-30 MOD 190 6 ' SHELTERWOOD 4D NS(50-180) NS(60-160) NS(20-30) MOD 190 6' SHELTERWOOD 5B 100-160 60-160 20-30 MOD 190 6' SHELTERWOOD 6B 100-160 NS(60-160) NS(20-30) MOD 190 6' SHELTERWOOD 7A 100-160 60-160 20-30 PR; MOD 190 25%;6' SHELTERWOOD 7D 50-90 80-160 10-30 PR; MOD 190 25%;6' SHELTERWOOD 9A NA 90-160 20-30 PR 190 25% SELECTION 9B 90-180 60-160 10-50 MOD 190 6' CLEARCUT 10E 100-160 60-160 20-30 MOD 190 6' SHELTERWOOD
OTHER FOREST TYPES
2A 100+ 60-120 10-50 PR NS NS CC & SHELTER. 2B 100+ 60-120 10-50 PR NS NS CC & SHELTER. 3A 100+ 60-120 10-50 PR NS NS CC & SHELTER. 413 100+ 60-120 10-50 MOD NS NS CC & SHELTER. 4D NS(70+) NS(60-120) NS(10-50) MOD NS NS CC, SW & SEL 5B 100+ 60-120 10-50 MOD NS NS CC, SW & SEL 6B NS(70+) NS(60-120) NS(10-50) MOD NS NS CC, SW & SEL 7A 100+ 60-120 10-50 PR; MOD NS NS CC & SHELTER. 7D 70+ 60-120 10-30 PR; MOD NS NS CC & SHELTER. 9A NA 90-160 20-30 PR NS NS SELECTION 9B 100+ 60-120 20-40 MOD NS NS CC & SELECT. 10E 100+ 60-120 10-50 MOD NS NS CC & SHELTER.
NA: NOT APPLICABLE; NS: NOT SPECIFIED IN MANAGEMENT AREA PRESCRIPTION (DEFAULTS TO FOREST DIRECTION).
MANAGEMENT AREA EMPHASES
2A: SEMIPRIMITIVE, MOTORIZED RECREATION OPPORTUNITIES. 2B: RURAL AND ROADED NATURAL RECREATION OPPORTUNITIES. 3A: SEMIPRIMITIVE, NONMOTORIZED RECREATION OPPORTUNITIES. 4B: WILDLIFE HABITAT FOR MANAGEMENT INDICATOR SPECIES. 4D: ASPEN MANAGEMENT. 5B: BIG GAME WINTER RANGE MANAGEMENT. 6B: LIVESTOCK GRAZING MANAGEMENT. 7A: WOOD FIBER PRODUCTION (SAWTIMBER-SIZED PRODUCTS). 7D: WOOD FIBER PRODUCTION (FUELWOOD MANAGEMENT). 9A: RIPARIAN AREA MANAGEMENT. 9B: INCREASED WATER YIELDS. 10E: MUNICIPAL WATERSHED MANAGEMENT.
3 Uneven-aged stands have at least three distinct age classes and usually have gaps in their age-class distribution. They have a diameter distribution with an "inverse-J" shape, as shown below (from Daniel et al. 1979):
Dsometer
The main biological differences between even-aged and uneven-aged stands can be compared as follows (adapted from Daniel et al. 1979): EVEN-AGED STANDS UNEVEN-AGED STANDS
Canopy A level, shallow canopy on A deep, irregular canopy with slender stems. sturdy boles.
Wind Hazard Careful management required Wind hazard very low. to prevent windthrow losses, especially for shallow-rooted species.
Small Trees Small trees are suppressed; Small trees are future crop release is unlikely. trees and will respond to release.
Species Includes high percentage of Includes high percentage of Composition shade-intolerant, seral shade-tolerant, climax species. species.
Regeneration Occurs over a short period. Occurs continuously or over a long time period.
Site Site exposed to erosion and Openings are always protected harsh environmental effects by adjacent trees. during regeneration phase.
Site Control Site may be lost to competing Site conditions stable; unde- vegetation during regenera- sirable vegetation difficult tion; unwanted vegetation is to control. easier to control.
Hazards Subject to serious fire, Fire, diseases, and insect insect and disease losses. losses less likely to be serious. A one-time, heavy accumula- Continous production of light Slash tion which adds to insect slash and low insect or fire and fire hazard. hazard.
4 There are two cutting methods used during implementation of uneven-aged management: individual tree selection and group selection.
Individual tree selection involves the removal of individual trees rather than groups of trees (see figure 1). This cutting method provides maximum flexibility in choosing trees to cut or leave, but is applicable only in uniformly spaced stands with irregular or all-aged structures. In mixed stands, it leads to an increase in the proportion of shade-tolerant species.
Group selection is an ideal cutting method in uneven-aged stands with a groupy or clumpy structure. It can maintain a higher proportion of shade-intolerant species in a mixed stand than individual tree selection. For this purpose, larger groups are more effective than smaller ones. When groups approach maximum size (about 2 acres), they resemble small clearcut patches or the group shelterwood cutting method. Group selection cutting is distinguished from small-patch clearcutting because its intent is to create a balance of age
Figure 4. Single-tree Selection System. Cuts are made more often than m other systems. !nit since the entire stand is never removed. appearances are not much 41.1ected C naesirable trees art' removed, overly dense areas are thinned, and mature trees are harvested during each cut. Seedlings of shade-tolerant species develop wherever they can find room. The stand contains trees of many ages.
[Reproduced from Choices in Silviculture for American Forests, by the Society of American Foresters, 1981]
5 or size classes as a mosaic of small, contiguous groups. Some advantages of the group selection method are:
1. Less tolerant trees can be maintained in the stand composition. In many areas, the intolerant species are more valuable commercially (ponderosa pine on many Douglas-fir habitat types, for example), or wildlife objectives may emphasize maintenance of species diversity (retention of small aspen clones or lodgepole pine inclusions within an uneven-aged spruce/fir stand, for instance).
2. Logging damage can be reduced because equipment movement tends to concentrate in the openings.
3. Logging costs are reduced somewhat (as compared to individual tree selection) because the cut trees are concentrated.
Some disadvantages or dangers of the group selection method are:
1. There may be a tendency to make the groups so large that the essential elements of uneven-aged management -- site protection and an all-aged stand structure -- are diminished.
2. Harvest entries tend to emphasize removal of mature trees in groups; weedings, thinnings, improvement cuts and other cultural operations in immature trees may be ignored.
3. When large groups are used, the esthetic advantages of uneven-aged management may be compromised.
The advantages and disadvantages of selection cutting can be summarized as follows (these pertain mostly to the "classical" application of uneven-aged management -- individual-tree selection cutting):
ADVANTAGES
1. Selection is the only cutting method capable of regenerating and perpetuating an uneven-aged stand (although most uneven-aged stands will regenerate themselves without man's intervention).
2. Establishing reproduction is usually easy because sites are protected and a heavy seed source is always present. The need to practice artificial reforestation, and incur its high costs, is rare with uneven-aged management.
3. Site protection is maximized -- there is little direct exposure to sunlight and wind.
4. Selection may be the best cutting method available for protection of sensitive esthetic values (recreation sites, heavily-used road corridors, etc.).
5. Damage from windfall and snow breakage is minimal.
6 6. Stands managed with selection cutting may be more stable ecologically, which would increase their natural resistance to catastrophes such as wildfire, insect outbreaks and disease epidemics.
7. Maintenance of high water quality is easy with selection cutting, especially if specified roads, temporary roads and designated skid trails are properly maintained.
8. A large amount of vertical diversity is provided by uneven-aged stands, which favors wildlife species requiring late-seral or old-growth habitats.
DISADVANTAGES
I. Logging costs are higher than for most even-aged cutting methods. However, the preparatory cut of a three-step shelterwood is probably as expensive as selection cutting in most of our spruce/fir stands.
2. There is high potential for logging damage to the residual stand, which includes our future crop trees. This disadvantage is especially true for individual tree selection.
3. Layout, marking, administration and other implementation jobs require great skill.
4. Stem quality and product value is lower than for even-aged stands, especially on poor sites. This occurs because trees in uneven-aged stands are able to maintain full crowns for most of their lives. Since self-pruning is inhibited, more knots and other grade defect ultimately result.
5. Livestock grazing is not generally possible because herbage production is very low, and grazing damage to regeneration would be unavoidable.
6. It's difficult to keep the intensive and costly inventory records associated with uneven-aged management. When group selection is used, it's difficult to keep track of individual groups and schedule them for cultural treatments, regeneration surveys, etc.
7. It's difficult to predict future growth and yield for selection cutting methods. In Region Two, the GROW program provides some capability for simulating uneven-aged management, but it's not ideal for that use. Until we have access to an individual-tree or diameter-class model with ample cutting flexibility, it will be difficult to predict the future consequences of uneven-aged prescriptions.
8. If applied incorrectly, selection cutting can result in a high-grade, with a genetically inferior stand being the ultimate result.
9. It's difficult to scarify seedbeds or complete other site preparation activity (such as prescribed burning), especially with individual tree selection. This means that species capable of establishing in litter and duff (true firs, for example) are favored over those requiring a mineral soil seedbed (Engelmann spruce, for instance).
7 WHAT STANDS QUALIFY FOR UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT?
When completing presale planning for project areas where uneven-aged management is being contemplated, the following factors should be considered:
1. Selection cutting may be applied to a wide variety of stands, but the conversion process is much simpler in stands that are already multi-storied or uneven-aged. The stand should have good vigor and not be highly defective. It could have a component of shade-intolerant species, but shouldn't be dominated by them because the stand's regeneration will have to occur in shaded or partially-shaded conditions.
2. On the Pike and San Isabel National Forests, uneven-aged management seems best adapted to stands with a high component of climax species. For example, selection cutting could be accomplished easier on sites where ponderosa pine is climax (i.e., ponderosa pine habitat types) than on those where it's seral to Douglas-fir. Because of their intolerance for shade, seral stands of lodgepole pine or aspen provide few opportunities to practice uneven-aged management. But remember that not all stands of lodgepole pine or aspen are seral; climax stands of these types could probably be managed using group selection cutting.
3. The site and species to be managed must tolerate frequent entries. Areas with fragile soils or other limiting site factors may not qualify. Neither may stands comprised chiefly of true firs or other easily-damaged species.
4. Unroaded areas will require a high initial investment to develop an acceptable road system. Volumes removed in the first entry will often be lower than those produced by using even-aged cutting methods; in unroaded areas, this could have a major effect on the sale's financial viability.
5. Stands managed using an uneven-aged cutting method usually require more administration than areas regulated with even-aged management. Sale layout and logging requirements are more complex, and will result in sale preparation being more expensive than normal (as compared to even-aged management).
6. Low volumes per acre and low-value products (small-diameter trees) will be removed at each entry, especially on sites of low productivity.
After you've considered these factors and identified some stands that qualify for uneven-aged management, it's time to regulate their diameter distribution.
REGULATING AN UNEVEN-AGED STAND STRUCTURE
In even-aged management, yields are regulated by controlling the area in each age-class and the rotation length, which is the time required to grow trees to maturity. Managed, even-aged forests are characterized by a mix of stands of varying ages.
8 For uneven-aged management, yields are regulated through control over growing stock. Managed, uneven-aged stands are characterized by trees of many sizes occurring individually or in groups. Since an entire stand is treated under uneven-aged management, area objectives (treat 1/3 of the site, etc.) are immaterial. If a silviculturist says that he or she intends to treat 25 percent of a site with group-selection, it's a sure tipoff that an even-aged treatment (group shelterwood or small-patch clearcutting) will actually be used because regulation is based on area, not growing stock.
Once you've decided to implement uneven-aged management, the following stand regulation objectives must be established:
1. An optimum diameter-class distribution must be described.
2. A maximum tree size (diameter) objective must be established.
3. An optimum cutting cycle must be determined.
4. A strategy should be developed for converting the existing stand to the desired condition (the desired condition is described by the diameter-class and maximum tree size objectives -- items 1 and 2 above).
5. A strategy should be developed for maintaining the optimum diameter distribution once it has been reached.
The balance of this paper describes a procedure for developing silvicultural prescriptions that incorporate the regulation objectives given above.
PRESCRIPTION PREPARATION PROCEDURE
This section provides a step-by-step process for regulating an uneven-aged stand structure. Since some specialized terms about uneven-aged management will be used, they are defined in a short glossary (Appendix A).
The process is best described with an example, so I've chosen an uneven-aged stand on the San Carlos Ranger District for this exercise.
1. Graph the stand table, using data provided on page type 2 of the Stage II stand examination printout. See figure 2 for an example using an actual stand (location 103510, site 10) from San Carlos District. The Stage II printout for this stand is also included as appendix B.
2. Choose a maximum diameter tree to be grown and a total residual stand basal area objective. For site 103510/0010, I chose a maximum diameter of 24 inches and a residual basal area objective of 100 square feet per acre. These selections can be based on several factors, but site productivity should always be considered. Productivity affects a site's capability to grow a certain-size tree, as well as the amount of tree density a site can support and still produce acceptable growth (low-productivity sites can carry loss stocking than highly productive ones). The Land and Resource Management Plan allows a wide range of residual basal areas and cutting cycles (see the Silvicultural Prescriptions section in Forest Direction). I recommend the following:
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10 Residual Basal Area (S.F./Ac.) Site 100-Year Ponderosa Mixed Max DBH Cutting Cycle Quality Site Index Spruce/Fir Pine Conifer (Inch) (Years)
High > 70 ft. 120 80 100 24 10-20 Medium 50-70 ft. 100 8o 8o 20-22 20-3o Low < 50 ft. 8o 6o 6o 16-18 3o-4o
3. Choose a "Q- factor" for the stand. A Q-factor is the ratio of trees in one diameter class to those in the adjoining (larger) class. For example, a Q-factor of 1.5 means that the 4-inch diameter class should have 1.5 times more trees than the 6-inch class. Some points to consider when deciding which Q-factor to use:
a. Low Q-factors emphasize large-diameter trees and discriminate against smaller size classes.
b. High Q-factors emphasize small-diameter trees; less stocking in larger classes is produced.
c. Is a market available for small-diameter trees (fuelwood, etc.)? If it isn't, a high Q-factor should probably be avoided.
d. If markets for both small- and large-diameter products are available, consider choosing a Q-factor close to the stand's existing diameter distribution.
Since the San Carlos District has a market for small-diameter trees (fuelwood), I decided to choose a Q-factor that best fits the stand's current structure. Choosing a Q-factor close to the stand's existing diameter distribution (akin to a "go with the flow" philosophy) allows quicker attainment of the desired stand structure, and initial harvests are less severe environmentally.
Because the existing stand has moderate densities in most diameter classes (see fig. 2), I'll evaluate two "middle of the road" Q-factors: 1.3 and 1.5. If the current structure had been skewed in one direction or the other, I would have evaluated factors emphasizing smaller trees (1.1 or 1.2) or larger ones (1.6 or 1.7). Remember that the current stand structure does not have to dictate the future one; an existing stand could have many small-diameter trees, but you still choose a Q-factor emphasizing large stems because the markets for that material are better.
4. Determine a K-factor from the table below for the Q-factors you want to graph: K-Factors for Given Q-Factors and Maximum Diameters *************** Q-Factor *************** Maximum Diameter Objective (Inch) 1.1 1.2 1_,3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
24 18.5 24.8 34.3 48.1 68.o 97.3 139.3 22 14.0 18.2 24.0 32.1 43.4 58.9 80.1 20 10.3 13.0 16.4 21.1 27.2 35.2 45.6 18 7.4 9.0 11.0 13.5 16.7 20.6 25.5
1 1 Note: These factors are meant to be used with 2-inch diameter classes only; if you want to regulate an uneven-aged stand using 1-inch diameter classes (not recommended), these factors won't help you prepare Q-factor reference curves.
Since the curves to be graphed are for Q-factors of 1.3 and 1.5, the K-factors I'll need are 34.3 and 68.0 (using a maximum tree-size objective of 24 inches).
5. Divide the K-factor into the residual basal-area objective to compute the number of trees in the largest size class (24-inch class in our example). For a Q-factor of 1.3, this result is 2.92 (100 divided by 34.3); for a Q-factor of 1.5, the result is 1.47 (100 divided by 68.0).
6. Multiply the result from step 5 by the Q-factor to compute the number of trees in the next smaller diameter class. Since the number of 24-inch trees was computed to be 2.92 for a Q-factor of 1.3 and 1.47 for a Q-factor of 1.5, the number of trees in the 22-inch diameter class is 3.8 for a Q-factor of 1.3 (2.92 times 1.3) and 2.2 for a Q-factor of 1.5 (1.47 times 1.5). Continue this process until you've computed the number of trees for each 2-inch diameter class. In my example, the results are:
DBH CLASS TREES/ACRE (Q=1.3) TREES/ACRE (Q=1.5) (INCHES) ACTUAL ROUNDED ACTUAL ROUNDED
2 52.39 52 127.44 127 4 40.30 40 84.96 85 6 31.00 31 56.64 57 8 23.84 24 37.76 38 10 18.34 18 25.17 25 12 14.11 14 16.78 17 14 10.85 11 11.19 11 16 8.35 8 7.46 7 18 6.42 6 4.97 5 20 4.94 5 3.32 3 22 3.80 4 2.21 2 24 2.92 3 1.47 1 7. Now that the mathematical gyrations are complete, it's time to plot the reference curves for Q-factors of 1.3 and 1.5. It's easiest to do this on the same sheet you used to graph the stand table data (fig. 2). The stand table and reference curves plotted on a single graph are shown as figure 3.
8. Compare the existing stand structure with the plotted reference curves and decide which Q-factor "fits" best. Since figure 3 indicates that a Q-factor of 1.3 is closest to the existing structure, I've decided to use it when prescribing uneven-aged management for site 103510-0010.
9. Prepare a table comparing existing tree densities with those we hope to achieve in the future (desired stand condition). This comparison is included as Table 1. I also prepared another graph showing existing and desired (future) tree densities (the desired condition is the same as the reference curve for a Q-factor of 1.3). This graph is included as figure 4. By using Table 1 and figure 4, it's easy to see which diameter classes have surplus
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Table 1: Existing and Desired Diameter Distributions for Site 103510-0010, San Carlos Ranger District.
COLUMN: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) EXISTING DESIRED STAND SURPLUS STEMS DBH BASAL STAND (Q-FACTOR=1.3) (CUT TREES) RESIDUAL STAND CLASS AREA Trees/ Basal Trees/ Basal Trees/ Basal Trees/ Basal (In.) (S.F.) Acre Area Acre Area Acre Area Acre Area
2 * .022 136 3.0 52 1.1 0 0 136 3.0 4 .087 55 4.8 40 3.5 0 0 55 4.8 6 .196 29 5.7 31 6.1 0 0 29 5.7 8 .349 43 15.0 24 8.4 19 6.6 24 8.4 10 .545 35 19.1 18 9.8 17 9.3 18 9.8 12 .785 4 3.1 14 11.0 0 0 4 3.1 14 1.069 21 22.4 11 11.8 10 10.7 11 11.8 16 1.396 10 14.0 8 11.2 2 2.8 8 11.2 18 1.767 5 8.8 6 10.6 0 0 5 8.8 20 2.182 6 13.1 5 10.9 1 2.2 5 10.9 22 2.640 1 2.6 4 10.6 0 0 1 2.6 24 3.142 2 6.3 3 9.4 0 0 2 6.3 TOTAL 347 117.9 216 104.4 49 31.6 298 86.4
* Does not include the seedling size class (682 growing-stock seedlings/acre).
COLUMN DESCRIPTIONS
1: Basal area of a tree with a diameter equal to the midpoint of the diameter class. 2: Densities of live, growing-stock trees (typically taken from "page type 2" of a Stage II printout). 3: Multiply the value in column 1 by tree density in column 2 to compute these values. 4: Densities of live, growing-stock trees associated with the selected Q-factor (these were computed in step 6 of the stand regualation process; see page 12). 5: Multiply the value in column 1 by tree density in column 4 to compute these values. 6: Subtract the value in column 4 from the value in column 2 unless column 4 is larger, in which case 0 would be entered in this column. Always enter a value of 0 for all classes below your "minimum threshold diameter," which is usually 5 or 7 inches DBH depending upon whether a multi-product sale will be prepared. 7: Multiply the value in column 1 by tree density in column 6 to compute these values. 8: Subtract the value in column 6 from the value in column 2 (existing tree densities) to compute these values. 9: Multiply the value in column 1 by tree density in column 8 to compute these values.
15 stocking and which have a deficit of trees. The information in Table 1 will be very useful when preparing a prescription and marking guide for site 103510-0010.
After preparing Table 1, you may want to graphically compare the desired and residual stand structures. Such a plot would show how close the residual and desired structures would be after an initial harvest. I've prepared that plot for our example stand and it's included as figure 5.
10. Choose a cutting cycle. How should one be selected? You should consider the following factors when making that decision:
A. Site Quality. Highly-productive sites will recover more quickly, and respond faster to a cultural treatment, than those with low productivity (see page 9 for more information about the effects of site quality).
B. Projected Volume Production. Harvest entries are usually controlled by an economic or merchantability threshold; below the threshold volume (removal of 2000 board feet or more per acre, for example), an entry may not be economically viable. If a stand can't grow fast enough to produce the threshold volume in a specified time period (10 years, let's say), then it's fruitless to consider that time period as a cutting cycle. Highly-productive sites will add volume faster than low-quality sites, and can be regulated using shorter cutting cycles.
C. Other Resource Considerations. If an uneven-aged stand is located in an area with high erosion potential, sensitive soils or wildlife objectives emphasizing solitude, long cutting cycles may be selected regardless of a site's potential productivity.
11. Put the stand data into a growth and yield simulator (GROW in this instance) and test alternative cutting strategies for future entries. These simulations will show you how soon the classes with deficits will reach optimum stocking, and how many seedlings must become established following each entry to assure perpetuation of an uneven-aged condition. Growth and yield simulations also provide valuable information about the outputs or consequences associated with a particular treatment (such as the residual basal area, average stand diameter, residual stem density, and average stand height after harvest).
Completing growth and yield simulations using the GROW model will require the following steps:
A. Run mortality tests to calibrate GROW's mortality functions. My example stand has gross growth of 54.8 cubic feet per acre per year, mortality of 31.8 cf/ac/yr from spruce beetle activity, and a resultant net growth of 23 cf/ac/yr. Simulations with differing values for GROW's mortality variables (MOR5 and MOR9 ) were made until one was obtained with n net, growth rate clw;e to that for site 103510-0010.
B. Run simulations to test alternative prescriptions. The following prescriptions were tested for site 103510-0010:
16
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- ■■ • .1. • ••• .w. ■•• • •• ••• • •"• • r il l !I II 1 1 / 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CV O O N 00 ••:1- O
17 1. Selection entries on a 10-year cutting cycle. Seedlings were established after each entry, a residual basal area of 100 square feet per acre was used, and trees were removed from all diameter classes after first cutting all trees 26-inches DBH and larger. [GROW uses a minimum threshold diameter of 5 inches -- only trees larger than that are harvested.]
2. Selection entries on a 20-year cutting cycle. Otherwise, the same specifications as for number 1 above.
Note: I didn't evaluate selection entries on a 30-year cutting cycle because this site's productivity (site index of 78 feet at 100 years) results in too much volume production to reasonably analyze long cutting cycles (30 or 40 years). Average harvest volume was about 2,500 board feet per acre with a 10-year cutting cycle, and 5,500 board feet per acre with a 20-year cutting cycle, once the stand's diameter distribution had been regulated (see pages 38 and 46 in appendix C).
C. Evaluate the prescription simulations and modify them if necessary.
These simulations were completed for site 103510-0010 and are included as appendix C.
How well does the GROW model simulate uneven-aged prescriptions? Unfortunately, not very well (see figure 6). GROW can't produce a stand structure identical to the one we desire (or even one close to it) because it doesn't allow users to enter a Q-factor, or specify harvest trees by individual diameter class. Either capability would allow us to produce simulations where managed stand structures eventually match the desired ones.
One note regarding attainment of your residual basal area objective -- when existing density is very high (200 or more square feet of basal area per acre), you'll probably need to reach your residual basal area goal in stages. Otherwise, the first entry will be too severe, resulting in unacceptable damage to the residual stand, windthrow, or an excessively large percentage of the project area being treated in one entry. Generally, the initial entry shouldn't remove more than about 40 percent of the existing basal area (less in high windrisk situations).
In uneven-aged stands with high susceptibility to spruce beetle attack, pressure to meet the residual basal area objective in one entry (rather than stages) may be especially great. [Susceptibility to spruce beetle attack is based on several criteria, but stands with more than 150 square feet per acre of basal area are generally in a high risk category.]
12. Incorporate the data from Table 1 and the appropriate growth and yield simulation in a silvicultural prescription. I've attempted to do this for site 103510-0010, and the resultant prescription is included in appendix D.
13. If the prescription is too complex for direct use by your marking crew, translate the first entry into marking guides. Once again, I've attempted to do this and the result is included in appendix D.
18 YCLE YR C --- 10-
u j 1 cf) I—Li 1 , a_. I. J. j -c:( c) i2 1--- LL._ 19 A note regarding the prescription phase (steps 12 and 13 above) -- a wise silviculturist once said: "Good physicians do not prescribe treatment without first examining the patient, and so it should be with silviculturists." I've examined the patient (site 103510-0010) and the result (a site diagnosis) is also included in appendix D.
WHAT IT TAKES TO MAKE UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT WORK
Proper application of uneven-aged management is complex, especially when compared with even-aged management. If you prescribe selection cutting for a stand, you need the following items to really make it work:
1. Detailed stand information. Better information than we are now gathering is needed. A typical Stage II inventory, even if completed to survey level 4 standards, won't provide reliable information if only 1 point is sampled for every 10 acres of site area. Remember that the old "1 point for every 10 acres" guideline (which has been used in Region 2 for almost as long as Stage II inventories have been collected) was designed to be statistically accurate for basal area only. When preparing a silvicultural prescription for uneven-aged management, good information about tree densities is much more important than accurate data about basal area.
2. A silvicultural prescription. The silvicultural prescription should incorporate the stand regulation objectives discussed on page 9. It should also describe the desired condition expected in the future. Treatment specifications should be detailed enough that the prescription could be used for follow-up monitoring and evaluation. If marking guides are used, the prescription probably has more usefulness for post-treatment monitoring than it does for on-the-ground preparation of the initial harvest (although the prescription was a prerequisite for preparation of marking guides).
3. Good stand records. The silvicultural prescription, and the stand structure objectives it contains, must be retained. Uneven-aged management won't work if we set different stand regulation objectives for each entry. Follow-up information (regeneration surveys, post-treatment examinations, etc.) is important for evaluating all silvicultural treatments, but especially so for uneven-aged management. Reaching the diameter distribution we desire will require establishment of natural regeneration after each entry; maintenance of good stand records (in site folders and a computerized data base system, like Region Two's Resource Information System -- RIS) will be the easiest way to monitor and evaluate our progress toward those objectives.
4. Tight control. A silvicultural prescription for uneven-aged management is more complex and detailed than those prepared for even-aged cutting methods. Prescription objectives will never be attained if sloppy layout, marking or logging result in a woods job having little resemblance to the desired stand structure.
5. Skilled help. Both the professional-level prescription and technician-level marking must be done with more expertise than we're accustomed to using. Markers must not only select cut trees based on damages, vigor, form and other typical marking criteria, but they also have to keep detailed records
20 on tree-tally forms or tallywhackers as marking progresses. Cut-tree selection is complicated further because all diameter classes (above a minimum threshold diameter) are generally treated; this differs from partial cutting in even-aged stands where nothing but large, codominant and dominant trees are left.
6. Discipline. A long-term commitment is needed. Sometimes, the Forest Service or its Rangers, foresters, planning teams or silviculturists don't want to be tied-down with a long-term plan or prescription, especially if they perceive it as restricting their future flexibility. Occasionally, an employee new to an area may be unwilling to find out what his or her predecessor intended for a stand, much less execute the next step as it was planned.
Unfortunately, many practitioners of the art of uneven-aged management haven't been able (or willing?) to meet the requirements given above. The result was not unexpected -- widespread dissatisfaction with uneven-aged management and a national trend in the late 1940s and 1950s toward exclusive use of even-aged cutting methods.
USING COMMON SENSE WHEN APPLYING UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT
Uneven-aged management has acquired a tarnished reputation because it's perceived to be cumbersome, complex, impractical and uneconomical. In many situations, these claims are true and uneven-aged management shouldn't be used. Some recommendations regarding when and how to use uneven-aged cutting methods:
1. Work in areas with high resource values. Uneven-aged management is well suited to sensitive road corridors, developed recreation sites and administrative sites, but only if they're valuable enough to guarantee that a good job will result.
Normally, timber values in the outback are not high enough to prevent a hasty job. The high preparation and administration costs of selection cutting will put undue pressure on the sale layout personnel to remove all of the big or high-value stumpage. The result can be another example of a "mill cut" or "high-grade" operation under the guise of uneven-aged management.
2. Don't try to do too much. Limit the amount of uneven-aged management you attempt. With our limited manpower and financial resources, attempts to manage thousands of acres using individual-tree or group selection can only result in a series of botched partial cuts. The bottom line is: don't bite off more selection than you can successfully chew!
3. Make your job easier whenever possible. It is more practical to prepare marking guides based on 5- or 6-inch diameter classes than the 2-inch classes used in Table 1. You should continue using 2-inch diameter classes to prepare your inverse J-curves and compare stand tables (Table 1), but aggregate these into larger classes during marking.
If you're preparing a multi-product timber sale, it might be possible to work with 5 classes: 1- to 5-inch trees, 6- to 10-inch trees, 11- to 15-inch trees, 16- to 20-inch trees and 21-inch and greater trees. Since 1- to 5-inch trees are below your merchantability threshold and wouldn't be marked, the markers
21 have only four classes to worry about (and keep records on as the marking job progresses). If a multi-product sale isn't used, four classes would probably be appropriate: 1- to 6-inch trees, 7- to 12-inch trees, 13- to 18-inch trees and 19-inch and greater trees. Since the 1- to 6-inch trees would not be marked, the markers would only have three classes to keep track of.
Aggregating 2-inch diameter classes into larger ones for marking works best when adjacent classes have a similar situation -- such as surplus trees that should be harvested, or a stocking deficit. When adjacent, 2-inch classes include a mix of treatment needs, such as some with surplus trees and others with stocking deficits, aggregation may not work as well.
4. Guides for choosing a Q-factor are subjective. Keep in mind that your objectives in practicing uneven-aged management are to: a) establish good conditions for growth and stand development; b) provide a sustained yield of wood products; and c) maximize yield by establishing a harvest system where removals equal growth. As you gain experience with uneven-aged management, you'll discover which Q-factors are best meeting these objectives while simultaneously producing the stand structure you want.
5. Work with the existing stand structure whenever possible. A stand's existing diameter distribution should have a major effect on your choice of a Q-factor and other regulation objectives. Attempts to "strong-arm" a certain diameter distribution in a stand where it doesn't really fit is a good way to make a difficult job even harder.
SELECTED REFERENCES ABOUT UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT
Alexander, R. R. 1987. Ecology, Silviculture, and Management of the Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir Type in the Central and Southern Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 659, 144 p. Washington, D. C.
Alexander, R. R. and C. B. Edminster. 1977a. Regulation and Control of Cut Under Uneven-Aged Management. USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-182, 7 p. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
Alexander, R. R. and C. B. Edminster. 1977b. Uneven-Aged Management of Old Growth Spruce-Fir Forests: Cutting Methods and Stand Structure Goals for the Initial Entry. USDA Forest Service Research Paper RM-186, 12 p. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
Daniel, T. W., J. A. Helms and F. S. Baker. 1979. Principles of Silvicul- ture. Second Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, N.Y. 500 p.
Frank, R. M. and B. M. Blum. 1978. The Selection System of Silviculture in Spruce-Fir Stands -- Procedures, Early Results, and Comparisons with Unmanaged Stands. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NE-425, 15 p. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA.
22 Graham, R. T. and R. A. Smith. 1983. Techniques for Implementing the Individual Tree Selection Method in the Grand Fir-Cedar-Hemlock Ecosystems of Northern Idaho. USDA Forest Service Research Note INT-332, 4 p. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT.
Hall, D. 0. and J. A. Bruna. 1983. A Management Decision Framework for
Winnowing Simulated All -Aged Stand Prescriptions. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-147, 13 p. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT.
Tubbs, C. H. and R. R. Oberg. 1978. How To Calculate Size -Class Distribution
for All -Age Forests. USDA Forest Service, Unnumbered Leaflet, 5 p. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Broomall, PA.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1978. Uneven-Aged Silviculture and Management in the United States. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report WO-24, 234 p. Timber Management Research, Washington, D.C.
23 APPENDIX A: TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS FOR UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT
Uneven-aged Silvicultural System. Manipulation of a forest or stand for continuous high-forest cover, recurring regeneration of desirable species, and the orderly growth and development of trees through a range of age classes to provide a sustained yield of forest products. Treatments that develop and maintain uneven-aged stands are the individual-tree and group selection cutting methods.
Individual-Tree Selection Cutting. Removal of selected trees from specified size or age classes, over an entire stand area, to meet predetermined diameter distribution and species composition objectives.
Group Selection Cutting. Removal of small groups of trees to meet predetermined diameter distribution and species composition objectives. The distance across an opening created by this cutting method is usually no more than 1 to 2 times the surrounding tree height, up to a maximum size of 2 acres.
Improvement Cuttings. Cuttings made in poletimber or sawtimber stands to improve their composition and quality, mainly by removing trees of undesirable species, form or condition from the main canopy.
Release Cuttings. Cuttings which free young trees (seedlings or saplings) from the competition of undesirable trees that threaten to suppress them.
Cutting Cycle. A specified time interval between harvests in an uneven-aged stand.
Reserve Growing Stock. The specified stocking to be retained after an uneven-aged entry. Usually expressed in terms of basal area and is sometimes called residual basal area. Diameter Distribution. The desired number of trees in each of a stand's diameter classes. It can be portrayed as a mathematically-derived curve, the shape of which is controlled by a stand's Q-factor and its maximum diameter.
Maximum Diameter. The largest diameter (DBH) that trees will be allowed to reach before cutting. This, along with a specified Q-factor, controls a stand's diameter distribution.
Q-Factor. The ratio of trees in one diameter class to those in the adjoining (larger) class. Low Q-factors have less difference in the number of trees in adjacent diameter classes than high Q-factors.
K-Factor. A mathematical coefficient which simplifies computing the number of trees in the largest diameter class when regulating an uneven-aged stand.
J-Curve. A curve that expresses the desired diameter distribution for an uneven-aged stand. It is shaped like an inverse "J".
24
APPENDIX B: STAGE II PRINTOUT FOR SITE 103510-0010
• LOC-SITE 103510-0010 • • FOREST 12 DISTRICT 1 SURVEY DATE 8309 • • NET MERCH FACTORS PAGE TYPE 1 • • COMBINATION RUN • • DATA FOR UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP • • SAMPLE POINTS 11 SAMPLE TREES 88 • • SPRUCE-FIR SAWTIMBER • • ORIGIN DATE 1895 STAND ACRES 40 • • BAF 0 FPS 300 GP 0 SURVEY TYPE 4 •
••PER ACRE MEASUREMENTS BY TREE CLASS •• MEASUREMENT DESIRABLE ACCEPTABLE GROWINGSTK CULL LIVE SND DEAD TOTAL CV%(TOTAL) SE%(TOTAL) 7O%CI(TOTL) TREES (01N+) 888. 142. 1029. 3245. 4275. 4. 4279. to8. 32. 1492. BASAL (51N+) 80. 28. 108. 0. 108. 7. 115. 46. 14. 17. CUBIC (51N+) 1832. 545. 2377. o. 2377. 159. 2536. 5o. 15. 409. SCRIB (91N+) 7207. 1417. 8624. o. 8624. 669. 9293. 55. 16. 1659. SCRIB (71N+) 7295. 184o. 9135. o. 9135. 669. 9804. 52. 15. 1628.
• GROSS VOLUME PER ACRE OF LIVE TIMBER SPECIES • • OF LIVE OTHER SPECIES 3 INCHES+ DRC (CHOJNACKY, INT-339) • SCRIB7+ SCRIB8+ SCRIB9+ MER-CU5+ TOT-CU3+ JUNIPER PINYON OAK OTHER HARDWOOD TOTAL 10822. 10441. 10285. 2571. 2811. O. O. O. 0. O.
• P E R ACRE DEAD TOTAL STEM CUBIC V 0 L (51N+) • *LODGEPOLE TREES(5IN+) • SOUND DEAD: STANDING DOWN; NONSOUND DEAD: STANDING; TOTAL OPEN CONES CLOSED CONES NO CONES 182. O. O. 182. O.% O.% O.%
• PER ACRE STAND AVERAGES* *NUMBER OF STANDING SNAGS* STORY DBH HEIGHT AGE STEMS BA CUBIC(51N+) SCRIB(9IN+) *PER A C R E * UNDER 1.4 7 20 943 28 287.93 184.04 HARD SOFT QMD(51N"+) OVER 13.o 59 go 86 87 2088.66 8440.37 0 0 .0 TOTAL 10.4 50 75 156 108 2376.59 8624.41
• LIVE MISTLETOE TREES PER ACRE • • HAWKSWORTH MISTLETOE RATING • DBH LODGEPOLE DOUGFIR PONDEROSA OTHERS UNDERSTORY OVERSTORY TOTAL • SPRUCE BEETLE RISK • 0-5" O. 0. O. O. 0 0 0 3 51N+ o. o. o. o.
**PERCENT OF NONSTOCKED POINTS PER ACRE DUE TO** >75% HIGH >75% LOW >75% >75% >75% >25% NONSTOCKED >25% NONSTOCKED OTHER BRUSH BRUSH SOD DUFF SLASH NOT OVERTOPPED OVERTOPPED O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O.
••PERCENT OF NONSTOCKABLE POINTS PER ACRE DUE TO** ROCKY MTN BEDROCK- POOR SOIL SOIL SOIL CLAY CLIMAX NC OTHER JUNIPER BOULDERS DRAINAGE DEPTH EROSION CONTENT SPECIES O. O. O. O. O. O. O. O.
' *PER ACRE GROWING STOCK GROWTH AND MORTALITY* * ANNUAL PER ACRE GROWTH BASED ON 17 TALLIED GROWTH TREES ANNUAL PER ACRE MORTALITY BY CAUSE MEASURE INGROWTH ACCRETION GROSS MORT LOG. NET MEASURE INSECT DISEASE FIRE ANIMAL WEATHER SUPP. UNKNOWN CUR1C(51N+) .0 54.8 54.8 31.8 .0 23.0 CUB1C(51N+) 31.80 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 SCRIB(91N+) 349.7 159.2 509.0 133.7 .0 375.2 SCRIB(91N+)133.74 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 STEMS(51N+) .00 .84 .00 STEMS(51N+) .84 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 STMS(1-4.9) .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
* *NUMBER OF LIVE STEMS PER ACRE DAMAGED BY* * DAMAGE 0-4.9IN 5-8.91N 91N+ DAMAGE 0-4.9IN 5-8.91N 91N+ DAMAGE 0-4.9IN 5-8.91N 91N+ 1- NONE 4036.4 49.9 80.9 22- BUTT ROT .0 .0 1.2 61- SUPPRESSION 81.8 .0 .0
76- UNREAL. FOL. .0 12.5 1.7 79 - SWEEP & CROOK .0 9.0 1.1
25 • LOC-SITE 103510-0010 • • FOREST 12 DISTRICT 1 SURVEY DATE 8309 • • NET MERCH FACTORS PAGE TYPE 2 • • COMBINATION RUN • • DATA FOR UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP • • SAMPLE POINTS 11 SAMPLE TREES 88 • • SPRUCE-FIR SAWTIMBER • • ORIGIN DATE 1895 STAND ACRES 40 • • BAF 0 FPS 300 GP 0 SURVEY TYPE 4 •
**PER ACRE STAND SUMMARY OF LIVE GROWING STOCK TREES*•
DIAMETER TOT HWD AVG AVG TOT HWD TOT HWD TOT HWD TOT HWD SFT DBH HWD DBH SFT HT HWD HT SFT HWD (INCHES) STM STM DBH HGT BA BA CUB CUB SCB SCB INT INT AN. INC AN. INC AN.INC AN.INC AGE AGE o- .9 681.8 .o .0 1.7 .o .o o. o. o. o. 0. O. .00 .00 .160 .000 12. O. 1- 1.9 54.5 .0 1.2 7.5 .5 .o o. o. o. o. 0. O. .05 .00 .000 .000 22. 0.
2 - 2.9 81.8 .0 2.3 13.3 2.4 .o o. o. o. o. o. 0. .05 .00 .000 .000 22. O. 3- 3.9 54.5 .0 3.5 20.0 3.7 .o o. 0. o. o. o. O. .04 .00 .400 .000 50. O. 4- 4.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. 0. .04 .00 .000 .000 50. 0. 5- 5.9 14.9 .0 5.8 22.0 2.7 .0 13. O. o. o. o. 0. .18 .00 .825 .000 23. 0. 6- 6.9 14.0 .0 6.9 40.0 3.6 .0 48. o. o. o. o. 0. .18 .00 .825 .000 23. 0. 7- 7.9 33.5 .0 7.4 44.2 10.0 .0 154. o. 362. o. o. 0. .10 .00 .5o6 .000 59. o. 8- 8.9 9.o .0 8.6 40.0 3.6 .0 52. o. 148. 0. 0. 0. .10 .00 .506 .000 59. o. 9-10.9 34.6 .0 9.5 5o.4 17.3 .0 316. 0. 1037. o. 1255. o. .13 .00 .665 .000 44. o. 11-12.9 4.1 .0 11.0 61.0 2.7 .0 62. 0. 228. o. 276. o. .07 .00 .334 .000 83. 0. 13-14.9 21.3 .0 13.7 63.2 21.8 .0 522. 0. 2060. o. 2492. o. .09 .00 .378 .000 96. 0. 15-16.9 10.2 .0 16.2 68.8 14.5 .0 384. 0. 1615. 0. 1955. o. .08 .00 .307 .000 91. 0. 17-18.9 5.4 .0 17.5 64.9 9.1 .0 226. 0. 964. 0. 1166. O. .00 .00 .000 .000 0. O. 19-20.9 5.9 .0 19.9 69.5 12.7 .0 340. o. 1498. 0. 1813. O. .12 .00 .403 .000 101. 0.
21 - 22.9 1.1 .0 21.0 57.0 2.7 .0 60. 0. 258. 0. 312. o. .08 .00 .185 .000 89. O. 23-24.9 2.3 .0 23.9 76.8 7.3 .0 199. o. 964. o. 1166. 0. .10 .00 .282 .000 142. O. 25-26.9 .o .o .o .o .o .0 0. o. o. 0. o. o. .00 .00 .000 .000 O. O. 27-28.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o o. 0. 0. 0. o. o. .00 .00 .000 .000 O. O. 29-30.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. .00 .00 .000 .000 O. 0. 31-99.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. .00 .00 .000 .000 0. 0.
0 - 99.9 1029.1 .0 .0 .0 114.8 .0 2377. o. 9135. 0.10436. o. .00 .00 .000 .000 O. O.
**SITE TREE INFORMATION**
DBH TOT SURVEY GROSS SITE/BASE USING TOTAL TREE AGE • SITE/BASE USING DBH AGE • SPECIES AGE AGE HEIGHT CLASS YIELD YIELD BRICKELL ALEXANDER HORNIBROOK ALEXANDER MINOR EDMINSTER ENGELMANN SPRUCE 23. 38. 22. 1. 45. 0. 30./50 0./100 0./100 76./100 0./100 0./100 ENGELMANN SPRUCE 44. 59. 46. 1. 59. O. 40./50 0./100 0./100 79./100 0./100 o./loo ENGELMANN SPRUCE 91. 106. 71. 1. 69. O. 46./50 0./100 0./100 75./100 0./100 0./100 ENGELMANN SPRUCE 83. 98. 61. 1. 57. O. 39./50 0./100 0./100 68./100 0./100 0./100 ENGELMANN SPRUCE 79. 94. 63. 1. 62. O. 42./5o 0./100 0./100 73./100 0./100 0./100 ENGELMANN SPRUCE 85. 100. 73. 2. 73. 0. 48./50 0./100 0./100 80./100 0./100 0./100 ENGELMANN SPRUCE 47. 62. 60. 1. 79. 0. 51./50 0./100 0./100 95./100 0./100 0./100 AVERAGE ENGELMAN 65. 80. 57. 1 63. 0 42./50 0./100 o./loo 78./100 0./100 0./100
26
• LOC-SITE 103510-0010 • • FOREST 12 DISTRICT 2 SURVEY DATE 8309 • • NET MERCH FACTORS PAGE TYPE 3 - • COMBINATION RUN • • DATA FOR UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP • • SAMPLE POINTS 11 SAMPLE TREES 88 • • SPRUCE-FIR SAWTIMBER • • ORIGIN DATE 1895 STAND ACRES 40 • • BAF 0 FPS 300 GP 0 SURVEY TYPE 4 •
* *ECOLOGICAL SUMMARY OF ALL LIVE TREES (COOL-MOIST TO WARM-DRY) • *
•TREES • ENGEI.M CORKBK WB/BC LODGE DOUG WHITE PONDER COTTON LIMBER OTHER PINYON JUNI OTHER DIAMETER SPRUCE ALPFIR PINE PINE ASPEN FIR FIR PINE WOOD PINE SOFT PINE PER HARD TOTAL
.0 - .0 3572.7 272.7 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 3845.5 .1- .9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o 1.0- 2.9 190.9 .o .o .0 27.3 .o .0 .0 .o .o .o .o .o .0 218.2 3.o- 4.9 54.5 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 54.5 5.o- 6.9 28.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 28.9 7.0- 8.9 42.5 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 42.5 9.0-10.9 34.6 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 34.6 11.0-12.9 4.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 4.1 13.0-14.9 21.3 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 21.3
15.0 - 16.9 10.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 10.2 17.0-18.9 5.4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 5.4
19.0 - 20.9 5.9 .0 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 .o .0 5.9 21.0-22.9 1.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 1.1 23.0-24.9 2.3 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 2.3 25.0-26.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 27.0-28.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 29.0-99.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
.0 - 4.9 3818.2 272.7 .o .0 27.3 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 .0 4118.2 5.o- 8.9 71.4 .o .o .0 .0 .0 .o .0 .o .o .0 .0 .o .0 71.4 9.0-99.9 85.o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 85.o .0-99.9 3974.5 272.7 .o .0 27.3 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 4274.5 •BASAL AREA
.0 - 4.9 6.9 .0 .0 .o .6 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 7.5
5.o - 8.9 20.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 20.0 9.0-99.9 88.2 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 88.2 .0-99.9 115.1 .o .o .o .6 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 115.7
* *PER ACRE POINT SUMMARY OF STEMS & BASAL A R E A (ALL LIVE TREES) * •
TIMBER SPECIES OTHER SPECIES ALL TREES POINT TREES PER ACRE BASAL AREA TREES PER ACRE BASAL AREA MISTLETOE
NUMB. 012: 112• 9-12" 12-99" ALL SOFT LIVE SOFT 213 .. 3 - 9" 9 - 99 - ALL SOFT LIVE SOFT TREES DMR 1 300.0 163.5 59.7 12.5 535.7 535.7 90.0 90.0 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 2 1200.0 100.4 .0 96.7 1397.2 1397.2 171.2 171.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 3 1200.0 .0 162.8 55.8 1418.5 1418.5 180.0 180.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 4 4800.0 .o .0 81.5 4881.5 4881.5 120.0 120.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 5 300.0 .0 113.4 25.1 438.5 138.5 96.5 90.0 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o 6 1500.0 .o .0 110.3 1610.3 1610.3 121.6 121.6 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o 7 6000.o .o .o .0 6000.0 6000.o 47.9 47.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o 8 13200.0 422.o .0 38.5 13660.5 13660.5 200.0 200.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .o 9 1200.0 .0 .0 58.0 1258.0 1258.0 81.6 81.6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 10 12000.0 99.2 .0 .0 12099.2 12099.2 40.0 40.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 11 3600.0 .0 90.5 30.0 3720.6 3720.6 123.7 123.7 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0
27
• LOC-SITE 103510-0010 • • FOREST 12 DISTRICT 2 SURVEY DATE 8309 • • NET MERCH FACTORS PAGE TYPE 4 • • COMBINATION RUN • • DATA FOR UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP • • SAMPLE POINTS 11 SAMPLE TREES 88 • • SPRUCE-FIR SAWTIMBER • • ORIGIN DATE 1895 STAND ACRES 40 • • BAF 0 FPS 300 GP 0 SURVEY TYPE 4 •
-PER ACRE STAND TABLE SUMMARIES FOR TIMBER SPECIES ONLY-
ENGELMANN SPRUCE (093) STEMS •• BASAL AREA •• • CUBIC VOLUME • SCRIBNER VOLUME SAWLOG CUB 7+ DIAMETER SND ROTN SND SND SND SND (INCHES) DES ACC CULL CULL SALV MORT DES ACC CULL DEAD DES ACC CULL DEAD DES ACC DEAD DES ACC DEAD 0 - .9 627.3 27.3 2918.2 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. O. O. O. O. O. 0. 0. 0.
1 - 2.9 81.8 54.5 54.5 .0 .0 .0 1.1 1.8 .3 .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 3- 4.9 54.5 .o .o .o .o .0 3.7 .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 5- 6.9 14.9 14.o .o .o .o .0 2.7 3.6 .o .0 13. 48. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 7- 8.9 9.1 33.4 .o .o .o .0 2.7 10.9 .o .0 39. 166. o. o. 87. 423. o. 36. 15o. o. 9-10.9 26.4 8.2 .o .o .o .0 13.6 3.6 .o .0 255. 61. o. o. 853. 184. o. 23o. 55. o. 11-12.9 4.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 2.7 .0 .0 .0 62. 0. 0. 0. 228. 0. 0. 56. o. 0. 13-14.9 21.3 .o .o .o .o .0 21.8 .o .o .0 522. o. o. o. 2060. o. o. 470. o. o. 15 - 16.9 10.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 14.5 .0 .0 .0 384. O. O. O. 1615. O. O. 346. o. 0. 17-18.9 5.4 .0 .0 .0 .0 4.2 9.1 .0 .0 7.3 226. o. o. 159. 964. o. 669. 204. o. 143. 19-20.9 4.1 1.7 .o .o .o .0 9.1 3.6 .o .0 238. 102. 0. O. 1047. 451. 0. 214. 92. 0. 21-22.9 .0 1.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 2.7 .0 .0 0. 6o. o. o. o. 258. o. o. 56. o. 23 - 24.9 1.1 1.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 3.6 3.6 .0 .0 92. 107. 0. O. 440. 524. o. 86. 101. o. 25-26.9 .0 .0 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 27-28.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 29-30.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 31-99.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o- 4.9 763.6 81.8 2972.7 .o .o .0 4.8 1.8 .3 .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 5-99.9 96.7 59.7 .o .o .0 4.2 80.0 28.2 .0 7.3 1832. 545. 0. 159. 7295. 1840. 669. 1641. 454. 143. 0-99.9 860.3 141.5 2972.7 .o .0 4.2 84.8 30.0 .3 7.3 1832. 545. o. 159. 7295. 184o. 669. 1641. 454. 143.
CORKBARK FIR (018) STEMS •• BASAL AREA •• • CUBIC VOLUME • SCRIBNER VOLUME SAWLOG CUB 7+ DIAMETER SND ROTN SND SND SND SND (INCHES) DES ACC CULL CULL SALV MORT DES ACC CULL DEAD DES ACC CULL DEAD DES ACC DEAD DES ACC DEAD o - .9 27.3 .0 245.5 .o .o .0 .o .0 .0 .0 0. o. 0. 0. o. o. o. o. o. o.
1 - 2.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
3- 4.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. O. O. O. o. 5- 6.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 7- 8.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .0 .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. 0. o. 0. o. o. 9-10.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. 0. o. o. o. o. o. o. 11-12.9 .o .0 .0 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 13-14.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 0. o. o. 15-16.9 .o .o .o .o .0 .0 .0 .o .o .o o. o. 0. o. o. 0. 0. 0. o. o. 17-18.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 19-20.9 .o .o .o .o .o .0 .o .o .o .0 0. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 0. 21-22.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
23-24.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 25-2h.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 27-28.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 O. O. 0. 0. 0. O. 0. 0. 0. 0.
29-30.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 O. O. O. O. O. 0. O. 0. O. O. 31-99.9 .0 .0 .o .o .0 .o .0 .0 .o .0 0. 0. o. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
0 - 4.9 27.3 .0 245.5 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
5-99.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 O. O. O. O. 0. O. O. 0. 0. 0. 0-99.9 27.3 .0 245.5 .0 .0 .o .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.
28 • LOC-SITE 103510-0010 • • FOREST 12 DISTRICT 2 SURVEY DATE 8309 • * NET MERCH FACTORS PAGE TYPE 4 • • COMBINATION RUN • • DATA FOR UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP • • SAMPLE POINTS 11 SAMPLE TREES 88 • • SPRUCE-FIR SAWTIMBER • • ORIGIN DATE 1895 STAND ACRES 40 • • BAF 0 FPS 300 GP 0 SURVEY TYPE 4 •
-PER ACRE STAND TABLE SUMMARIES FOR TIMBER SPECIES ONLY-
ASPEN (746) STEMS •• BASAL AREA •• • CUBIC VOLUME • SCRIBNER VOLUME SAWLOG CUB 7+ DIAMETER SND ROTN SND SND SND SND (INCHES) DES ACC CULL CULL SALV MORT DES ACC CULL DEAD DES ACC CULL DEAD DES ACC DEAD DES ACC DEAD o- .9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 1- 2.9 .o .0 27.3 .o .o .0 .o .o .6 .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 3- 4.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 5- 6.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 7- 8.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 9-10.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 0. 11-12.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. O. 0. 0. 0. 13-14.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 15-16.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 17-18.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 19-20.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. O. 0. 0. 21-22.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 23-24.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. O. O. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 25-26.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. O. 0. O. O. O. O. 0. 0. 27-28.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. O. 0. 0. 0. 0. 29-30.9 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 31-99.9 .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o- 4.9 .o .0 27.3 .o .o .o .o .o .6 .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 0. 5-99.9 .o .o .o .o .o .0 .o .o .o .0 0. o. o. o. 0. 0. o. o. o. 0. 0-99.9 .o .0 27.3 .o .o .o .o .o .6 .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o.
ALL TIMBER TREES STEMS •• BASAL AREA •• • CUBIC VOLUME • SCRIBNER VOLUME SAWLOG CUB 7+ DIAMETER SND ROTN SND SND SND SND (INCHES) DES ACC CULL CULL SALV MORT DES ACC CULL DEAD DES ACC CULL DEAD DES ACC DEAD DES ACC DEAD 0- .9 654.5 27.3 3163.6 .0 .o .o .o .0 .0 .o o. o. o. 0. o. 0. 0. o. o. o. 1- 2.9 81.8 54.5 81.8 .0 .0 .0 1.1 1.8 .9 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. o. O. o. 0. o. 3- 4.9 54.5 .o .o .o .o .0 3.7 .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 5- 6.9 14.9 14.0 .o .o .o .0 2.7 3.6 .o .0 13. 48. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 7- 8.9 9.1 33.4 .o .o .0 .0 2.7 10.9 .o .0 39. 166. o. o. 87. 423. o. 36. 150. o. 9-10.9 26.4 8.2 .o .0 .o .0 13.6 3.6 .o .0 255. 61. o. o. 853. 184. 0. 23o. 55. o. 11-12.9 4.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 2.7 .0 .0 .0 62. 0. 0. 0. 228. 0. 0. 56. 0. o. 13-14.9 21.3 .o .o .o .o .0 21.8 .0 .0 .0 522. 0. 0. 0. 2060. o. 0. 470. 0. o.
15 - 16.9 10.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 14.5 .0 .0 .0 384. O. o. 0. 1615. O. O. 346. 0. o. 17 - 18.9 5.4 .0 .0 .0 .0 4.2 9.1 .0 .0 7.3 226. o. o. 159. 964. o. 669. 204. 0. 143. 19-20.9 4.1 1.7 .o .o .o .0 9.1 3.6 .o .0 238. 102. 0. 0. 1047. 451. 0. 214. 92. 0. 21-22.9 .0 1.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 2.7 .0 .0 0. 6o. o. o. o. 258. o. o. 56. o. 23 - 24.9 1.1 1.2 .0 .0 .0 .0 3.6 3.6 .0 .0 92. 107. O. o. 440. 524. 0. 86. 101. o. 25-26.9 .o .0 .0 .o .0 .o .o .o .o .0 0. 0. 0. 0. o. o. 0. 0. 0. o. 27-28.9 .o .o .o .o .o .0 .0 .o .o .o o. 0. o. o. o. o. o. 0. 0. o. 29-30.9 .0 .o .o .o .0 .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. 3 1 -99.9 .o .0 .0 .o .0 .o .o .o .o .o o. o. o. o. 0. o. o. o. o. o. 0- 4.9 790.9 81.8 3245.5 .o .o .0 4.8 1.8 .9 .0 0. o. o. o. o. 0. o. o. o. o. 5-99.9 96.7 59.7 .0 .0 .0 4.2 80.0 28.2 .0 7.3 1832. 545. o. 159. 7295. 1840. 669. 1641. 454. 143. 0-99.9 887.6 141.5 3245.5 .0 .0 4.2 84.8 30.0 .9 7.3 1832. 545. o. 159. 7295. 1840. 669. 1641. 454. 143.
29
• LOC-SITE 103510-0010 • • FOREST 12 DISTRICT 2 SURVEY DATE 8309 • • NET MERCH FACTORS PAGE TYPE 5 • • COMBINATION RUN • • DATA FOR UNEVEN-AGED MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP • • SAMPLE POINTS 11 SAMPLE TREES 88 • • SPRUCE-FIR SAWTIMBER • • ORIGIN DATE 1895 STAND ACRES 40 • • BAF 0 FPS 300 GP 0 SURVEY TYPE 4 •
STAND SUMMARY MANAGEMENT AREA 911
•••• RIS CARD TYPE 5 DATA ••••
TREE SURVEY TYPE: 4 BF SW: 9135 TREE SURVEY DATE: 0 CUBIC SAW SW: 2110 FOREST TYPE: SF CUBIC SAW HW: 0 STAND SIZE CLASS: 9 CUBIC POLE SW: 267 PCT NON STOCK: 0 CUBIC POLE HW: 0 ORIGIN DATE: 1895 CUBIC CULL: 0 DBH: 10 CUBIC SND DEAD: 159 HT: 50 PCT DOWN SND DEAD: 0 BA: 108 HARD SNAGS: 0 TOTAL TREES: 4275 SOFT SNAGS: 0 LARGE TREES: 156 GROSS CUBIC GROWTH: 55 SEROTINY: 0 CUBIC MORT: 32 DAMAGE: 76 (UNH. FOLIAGE) MISTLETOE: 0 (ABSENT) BEETLE RATING: 3
•••• LIVE TREE STOCKING ••••
• BASAL AREA X DBH •• •••• BASAL AREA X SPECIES GROUP (1"+) 1-4 5-8 9-15 16-99 FIR SPR PP OP LP DF AS OH OS 8 20 47 41 0 115 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
TREES(1+) BAA QMD SDI AGE MAI PAI YIELD SCRIB(7+) CUBIC(7+) 429 116 7.0 242 92 25 23 63 9135 2316
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SITE DATA AREA (AC.) 40 ASPECT Northeast ELEVATION (FT.) 11,000 SLOPE % 0 to 15 SLOPE POSITION Moist Sidehill WIND RISK Moderate GRAZING USE Light SOILS: DEPTH 35 to 40" TEXTURE Loam EROSION HAZARD Low COMPACTION HAZARD Moderate FUEL LOADING: - 2 tons/ac. PHOTO 45 (GTR INT-98) SITE INDEX 78/100 SPECIES PIEN CURVE Alexander PROD (CF/AC/YR) 63 HABITAT TYPE ABLA/Erigeron eximius; EREX phase ACCESS Treatment area access- ible from Greenhorn Road (FDR 403) southeast of Ophir Creek Road (FDR 400). ROS Roaded Natural VQO NTE Modification EVC Change not noticed VAC Medium VEGETATION DATA SURVEY DATE 9/1983 SURVEY LEVEL 4 SURVEY QUALITY Good TYPE & SIZE SF 9 STOCKING (% BA) OM 6 ST 71 PT 17 SAP 6 SEED (T/A) 682/3845 Uneven-aged, with abundant seedlings and saplings present. STRUCTURE ACCRETION (CF/AC/YR) 54.8 INGROWTH None MORTALITY 31.8 NET 23.0 PRIOR CUTTING? No WHEN; HOW? VOLUME/ACRE AVG GS TREES PER ACRE MAJOR SPECIES MBF CF B.A. DBH S & S/POLES/SAWT. AGE DAMAGES/PESTS PIEN 9.8 2536 122 10" 845*/ 71/ 86 15/60 Spruce Beetle ABLA 0 0 0 0" 27**/ 0/ 0 15 Suppression POTR2 (27 cull saplings per acre -- 2" DBH -- present) Suppression * 2918 cull seedlings also present; ** 245 cull seedlings also present. TOTAL 9.8 2536 122 10" 872/ 71/ 86 VEGETATION COVER TREES 50% DOMINANT SPECIES PIEN; ABLA; POTR2 SHRUBS 15% DOMINANT SPECIES LOIN; RIMO2; VAMY 30% FORBS DOMINANT SPECIES EREX1; FRVI; ORPA 5% GRASSES DOMINANT SPECIES BRCI; LUPA2; TRSP LITTER/DUFF 75% MOSS/LICHEN 10% ROCK 0-5% BARE GROUND None 47 SEED SOURCE POTENTIAL Good for Engelmann spruce; poor for other species. RELATIONSHIP TO ADJACENT SITES Adjoined by a willow site (028) to the NE, grass site (042) to the SE, location boundary to the S and other S-F to the W. COMMENTS The Greenhorn road (FDR 403) runs through this site in a northwest- southeast direction. This site was severely burned in the far past (at least 120 to 150 years ago). TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES 1. Defer treatment for now. Reinventory and diagnose again in 10 or 20 years. 2. Remove overstory and manage the existing understory. 3. Perpetuate an uneven-aged condition with group selection entries every 10 or 20 years. 4. Perpetuate an uneven-aged condition with individual-tree selection entries every 10 or 20 years. RECOMMENDED TREATMENT AND RATIONALE Group selection cutting method. This stand's overstory is naturally clumpy or groupy and group selection will readily perpetuate that condition. Overstory removal would do little to increase water yield, and is premature at this point anyway (overstory is only 60 years old at BH). Individual-tree selection would perpetuate an uneven-aged condition, but would do little (if anything) to increase water yields. Group selection would also be effective at reducing spruce beetle mortality. PRESCRIPTION NEEDED? Yes WHEN? After approval of a NEPA document. URGENCY TO IMPLEMENT RECOMMENDED TREATMENT: a. ASAP b. BY 5 YEARS c. BY 10 YEARS ✓ d. DELAY TO WHY? Stand is vigorous now, but prompt entry could reduce beetle mortality. SITE BOUNDARY MODIFICATIONS NEEDED (HOW AND WHY)? Yes, because SE corner of site 10 (area covered by this diagnosis) is uneven-aged; balance often isn't. ADDITIONAL EVALUATION NEEDED? Analysis of visual consequences by an L.A. PREPARED BY: DATE ct /30/K3 APPROVED BY: got. /ze/am. DATE ; 0 / 1 I r3 48 SILVICULTURAL PRESCRIPTION FOR SITE 103510-0010 OBJECTIVES: Manage forest vegetation to increase water yields. EXISTING CONDITION DESIRED CONDITION Clumpy or groupy, uneven-aged Vigorous, uneven-aged stand of stand of Engelmann spruce, sub- Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir and alpine fir (minor) and aspen aspen. When possible, initial (as suppressed saplings only). treatments should reestablish a Advance spruce and fir regenera- seral stage of aspen dispersed tion is abundant. thruout the site as small clones. PRESCRIPTION SPECIFICATIONS YEAR ACTIVITY SPECIFICATIONS 0 Layout and Mark Group Mark cut trees with red paint. Remove Selection Cuts (4152) small groups or clumps, being sure to stay with the natural group size, and mark or leave the entire group. One of every three groups comprised mainly of I- to 18-inch trees should be marked for removal, as shown below: DBH Desired Existing Group Stocking Stocking Percent (Inch) (Trees Per Acre) of Desired 0-6 NO MARKING IN THESE GROUPS! 7-12 56 82 146 13-18 25 36 144 19-24 12 9 75 25+ MARK ALL OF THESE GROUPS! Don't mark any groups comprised of trees from 19- to 24-inches DBH in this entry. Stand regulation objectives for this entry are: Q-factor: 1.3. Residual Basal Area: 100 square feet per acre. Maximum Tree Size: 24 inches DBH. Desired Diameter Distribution is: EXISTING DESIRED CUT RESIDUAL DBH STAND STAND TREES STAND CLASS Trees/ Trees/ Trees/ Trees/ (In.) Acre Acre Acre Acre 2 * 136 52 0 136 4 55 40 0 55 6 29 31 0 29 8 43 24 19 24 10 35 18 17 18 49 YEAR ACTIVITY SPECIFICATIONS EXISTING DESIRED CUT RESIDUAL DBH STAND STAND TREES STAND CLASS Trees/ Trees/ Trees/ Trees/ (In.) Acre Acre Acre Acre 12 4 14 0 4 14 21 11 10 11 16 10 8 2 8 18 5 6 0 5 20 6 5 1 5 22 1 4 0 1 24 2 3 0 2 TOTAL 347 216 49 298 * Does not include the seedling size class (682 growing-stock seedlings/acre). Stems/Acre Before Cut: 1017; After: 1002 BA (SF/Ac) Before Cut: 111; After: 100 DBH (In) Before Cut: 10.7; After: 10.7 Cubic Feet Per Acre After Cut: 2220 Board Feet Per Acre After Cut: 9100 Estimated Sawtimber Yield: 1700 bf/acre Estimated Products Yield: 0.4 cords/acre 5 Post-Treatment Evaluation Evaluate site following treatment to (4347) determine if the desired results were obtained. In addition to treated areas, evaluate seedling and sapling groups (untreated this entry) and decide if release and weeding should be completed. 5 Spruce Beetle Control (8115) Evaluate spruce beetle populations and initiate treatment if necessary. 10 Regeneration Survey (4341) Complete surveys in a representative sample of treated groups to determine the quantity, spacing and quality of established regeneration. At least 55 well-formed seedlings per acre should be present, of which half or more should be Engelmann spruce. 11 Natural Regeneration If regeneration meets minimum specifica- Certification (4380) tions contained in the Land and Resource Management Plan for the Pike and San Isabel National Forests (150 or more seedlings per acre at least 6' tall), certify that those requirements have been met. Load appropriate certification records in the District.'s RIS data base. Note: 36 CFR 219.27 C (3) requires that a cutover area contain the minimum number, size, distribution and species composi- 50 YEAR ACTIVITY SPECIFICATIONS tion of regeneration, as specified in the Forest Plan, within 5 years of selection cutting. I don't foresee a problem attaining the Plan's objectives regarding the minimum number, distribution or species composition of regeneration. But, harvested areas will continue to qualify as openings for many years after treatment because the Forest Plan requires that trees be 6-feet or taller before a cutover area is no longer considered an opening! 18 Stand Examination (4311) Complete an intensive stand examination and Site Diagnosis (4320) and a new site diagnosis to verify that continuation of this prescription is still appropriate. 19 Prescription Preparation Prepare a silvicultural prescription for (4330) the second entry in this stand. Obtain treatment specifications from the growth and yield simulations used for this prescription, or prepare new simulations using data from the updated inventory. If new simulations are completed, they should utilize the same stand regulation objectives embodied in this prescription (Q-factor, residual basal area, maximum tree size, etc.). 7/30/g3 Prepared By: boimieic. David C. Powell Date Silviculturist 51 MARKING GUIDE FOR SITE 103510 - 0010 You'll be marking in the southeast corner of this site, approximately 40 acres in all. The silvicultural prescription calls for group selection, a cutting method in the uneven-aged silvicultural system. You should expect to find a stand with small clumps or groups of Engelmann spruce and corkbark fir trees, most of which are still young, vigorous and growing well. The volume to be marked is light, averaging about 1000 board feet per acre in most areas. All of this volume will be in groups; the area between groups will not be marked right now. Your marking objectives are: 1. Concentrate on recognizing the natural groups or clumps before deciding whether to mark or leave them. Most groups are small, averaging a quarter-acre or less in size. 2. All of a group will be marked or left. There will be no partial cutting in the groups! 3. The primary objective of this entry is to remove one out of every three groups where more than half of the trees are between 7 and 18 inches in diameter. To do this properly, you should: A. Identify the naturally-occurring groups. They'll vary in size across the treatment area. B. Assign each group to one of the following classes: 1. More than half the trees are from 0 to 6 inches diameter. 2. More than half the trees are from 7 to 18 inches diameter. 3. More than half the trees are from 19 to 24 inches diameter. 4. More than half the trees are 25 inches or more in diameter. Note: You can best accomplish this by measuring some of the group's trees with a D-tape or Biltmore stick. Although it's considered an obsolete piece of equipment, the Biltmore stick would probably be faster. Don't estimate diameters unless you're checking yourself fairly often. C. Record on a tree-tally sheet or tallywhackers the number of 7-18 inch diameter groups you've encountered, and how many of those have been marked for removal. Two tallywhackers might work well for this job -- one to record how many 7-18" DBH groups have been found, and the other to keep track of how many were marked. 52