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Association Between Carotid Hemodynamics and Asymptomatic White and Gray Matter Lesions in Patients with Essential Hypertension

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Association Between Carotid Hemodynamics and Asymptomatic White and Gray Matter Lesions in Patients with Essential Hypertension 797 Hypertens Res Vol.28 (2005) No.10 p.797-803 Original Article Association between Carotid Hemodynamics and Asymptomatic White and Gray Matter Lesions in Patients with Essential Hypertension Mie KURATA, Takafumi OKURA, Sanae WATANABE, and Jitsuo HIGAKI The aim of this study was to clarify the magnitude of common carotid artery (CCA) structural and hemody- namic parameters on brain white and gray matter lesions in patients with essential hypertension (EHT). The study subjects were 49 EHT patients without a history of previous myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, chronic renal failure, symptomatic cerebrovascular events, or asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. All patients underwent brain MRI and ultrasound imaging of the CCA. MRI findings were evaluated by periventricular hyperintensity (PVH), deep and subcortical white matter hyperintensity (DSWMH), and état criblé according to the Japanese Brain dock Guidelines of 2003. Intima media thickness (IMT), and mean diastolic (Vd) and systolic (Vs) velocities were evaluated by carotid ultra- sound. The Vd/Vs ratio was further calculated as a relative diastolic flow velocity. The mean IMT and max IMT were positively associated with PVH, DSWMH, and état criblé (mean IMT: = 0.473, 0.465, 0.494, p=0.0007, 0.0014, 0.0008, respectively; max IMT: = 0.558, 0.443, 0.514, p=0.0001, 0.0024, 0.0004, respec- tively). Vd/Vs was negatively associated with état criblé ( = - 0.418, p=0.0038). Carotid structure and hemo- dynamics are potentially related to asymptomatic lesions in the cerebrum, and might be predictors of future cerebral vascular events in patients with EHT. (Hypertens Res 2005; 28: 797–803) Key Words: essential hypertension, asymptomatic lesions, white matter lesions, deep gray matter lesions, Doppler ultrasound reported to be increased with aging and has been associated 8 Introduction with hypertension ( ). Prospective population-based studies in Europe and the Recently, MRI studies have rendered it possible to assess United States have reported that carotid intima-media thick- asymptomatic cerebral white matter lesions and basal gan- ness (IMT) and plaques diagnosed by ultrasound (US) imag- glial change. White matter lesions are generally considered to ing are positively associated with a subsequent occurrence of be associated with a high risk of stroke (1−3). Numerous stud- stroke (9−12). The aim of the current study was to clarify the ies have demonstrated that age and hypertension are highly relationship between the hemodynamics and the structure of and independently correlated with white matter lesions, the common carotid artery (CCA) and white and gray matter periventricular hyperintensity (PVH) and subcortical white lesions in the brain of patients with essential hypertension matter hyperintensity (DSWMH) (4−7). The incidence of a (EHT). type of ganglial gray matter lesion, état criblé, has also been From the Second Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Japan. Address for Reprints: Takafumi Okura, M.D., Ph.D., Second Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon 791−0295, Japan. E-mail: [email protected] Received May 6, 2005; Accepted in revised form August 7, 2005. 798 Hypertens Res Vol. 28, No. 10 (2005) Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of Participants Table 2. Vascular Wall and Hemodynamic Characteristics of Common Carotid Artery in Participants N (male/female) 49 (27/22) Age (years) 58.7±15.6 Mean IMT (mm) 0.78±0.17 BMI (kg/m2) 25.2±4.6 Max IMT (mm) 0.90±0.23 SBP (mmHg) 153±23 Plaque number 0.41±0.78 DBP (mmHg) 87±15 Ds (mm) 7.06±0.93 Pulse pressure (mmHg) 65±19 Dd (mm) 6.57±0.92 Pulse (beats/min) 74±12 Arterial strain (%) 6.97±3.16 Mean 24-h SBP (mmHg) 140±16 β 10.2±7.6 Mean 24-h DBP (mmHg) 85±16 Vs (cm/s) 41.6±12.8 TC (mg/dl) 203±36 Vd (cm/s) 19.7±7.1 HDL-C (mg/dl) 52.9±15.8 Vd/Vs 0.47±0.07 FBG (mg/dl) 93.1±13.5 PI 1.92±0.50 Smoking (yes/no) 24/25 RI 0.76±0.07 BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, dias- IMT, intima-media thickness; Ds, end-systolic diameter; Dd, end- tolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density diastolic diameter; β, carotid arterial stiffness index; Vs, mean lipoprotein cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose. Values are systolic velocity; Vd, mean diastolic verocity; Vd/Vs, relative dias- mean±SD. tolic flow velocity; PI, pulsatility index; RI, resistive index. Val- ues are mean±SD. Methods Intermittent 24-h Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) Study Population Twenty-four-hour SBP and DBP were measured by a cuff- Forty-nine hospitalized patients with EHT participated in this oscillometric method using an FB-250 oscillometer (Fukuda study. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure Denshi Co., Tokyo, Japan). Blood pressure was measured (SBP) ≥140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90 every 30 min from 6:00 AM to 10:00 PM and every 60 min mmHg, averaged by a three-fold determination and measured from 10:00 PM to 6:00 AM of the following day. using a brachial sphygmomanometer while the patient was sitting down. The participants were recruited from consecu- Ultrasound Evaluation tive cases that were admitted to Ehime University Hospital for the evaluation of hypertension. Patients with congestive Ultrasound evaluation of the CCA was performed with an heart failure, previous myocardial infarction, atrial fibrilla- SSD-2000 (Aloka Co., Tokyo, Japan) using a 7.5-MHz probe tion, diabetes mellitus (fasting blood glucose [FBG] level equipped with a Doppler system, as described previously >126 mg/dl), impaired glucose tolerance (FBG level <126 (13). After the subjects had rested in the supine position for at mg/dl, and oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] 2-h data >200 least 10 min with the neck in slightly hyperextended position, mg/dl), chronic renal failure (serum creatinine ≥3.0 mg/dl), we performed optimal bilateral visualization of the carotid or history of stroke were excluded from the study. All sub- artery. Based on multiple visualizations, plaque formation jects received a diet containing 7 g of NaCl per day, and all was identified as the presence of a wall thickening that was at medications were discontinued on admission. All procedures least 50% greater than the thickness of the surrounding wall were performed after a stabilization period of at least 2 weeks. (13, 14). The IMT of the far wall was measured in the CCA at Informed consent was obtained from each subject for blood both 1 and 2 cm proximal to the bulb from the anterior, lat- sampling and ultrasound evaluation. All patients agreed to eral, and posterior approaches, and then was averaged to undergo an MRI study of the brain. obtain the mean IMT values (13, 14). No measurements were carried out at the level of discrete plaques. Two-dimensional guided M-mode tracing of the right CCA Blood Sampling at a point 2 cm proximal to the bulb was recorded simulta- Measurement of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipopro- neously by both electrocardiogram and phonocardiogram. M- tein cholesterol (HDL-C), and FBG were carried out using an mode images were obtained in real time using a frame grab- automatic analyzer (model TBA-60S; Toshiba Inc., Tokyo, ber. The axial resolution of the M-mode system was 0.1 mm. Japan). The internal diameter of the CCA at end-diastole (Dd) and peak-systole (Ds) was determined by continuous tracing of the intimal-luminal interface of the near and far walls of the Kurata et al: Carotid Hemodynamics and Asymptomatic Cerebral Lesions 799 Table 3. Rank Correlation Coefficients (Risk Factors) Table 4. Rank Correlation Coefficients (Ultrasound Param- PVH DSWMH État criblé eters) Age 0.643‡ 0.558† 0.591‡ PVH DSWMH État criblé BMI -0.188 -0.182 -0.053 Mean IMT 0.473† 0.465† 0.494† SBP 0.194 0.071 0.112 Max IMT 0.558‡ 0.443* 0.514† DBP -0.238 -0.273 -0.302 Plaque number 0.356 0.300 0.247 † PP 0.446 0.321 0.348 Ds 0.210 0.091 0.324 Mean 24-h SBP 0.115 0.074 0.092 Dd 0.203 0.102 0.344 Mean 24-h DBP -0.190 -0.144 -0.292 Arterial strain -0.104 -0.135 -0.328 TC -0.016 -0.073 -0.127 β 0.291 0.290 0.345 HDL-C 0.157 0.158 0.169 Vs -0.071 -0.049 -0.192 FBG 0.080 0.138 0.141 Vd -0.193 -0.131 -0.353 † Smoking 0.328 -0.142 -0.171 Vd/Vs -0.309 -0.220 -0.418 PVH, periventricular hyperintensity; DSWMH, deep subcortical PI -0.166 -0.170 -0.010 white matter hyperintensity; BMI, body mass index; SBP, sys- RI 0.113 0.055 0.254 tolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse IMT, intima-media thickness; Ds, end-systolic diameter; Dd, end- pressure; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein diastolic diameter; β, carotid arterial stiffness index; Vs, mean † ‡ cholesterol; FBG, fasting blood glucose. p<0.01, p<0.001. systolic velocity; Vd, mean diastolic verocity; Vd/Vs, relative dias- tolic flow velocity; PI, pulsatility index; RI, resistive index. *p<0.05, †p<0.01, ‡p<0.001. CCA in three cycles, and the results were averaged (13). The cross-sectional distensibility coefficient (CSDC) and the carotid arterial stiffness index (β) were calculated using the “caps”; 2: irregular “halo”; 3: irregular margins and extension following formulae (12, 15). into the deep white matter; 4: extension into the deep white matter and the subcortical portion.
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