Gandrung at Gandrung Sewu Festival As a Tourist Attraction in Banyuwangi District

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GANDRUNG AT GANDRUNG SEWU FESTIVAL AS A TOURIST ATTRACTION IN BANYUWANGI DISTRICT

Nanda Beauty Yoniardini [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper analyses why the Gandrung dance at the Gandrung Sewu Festival is used as a tourist attraction in the Banyuwangi district. This paper uses R.M Soedarsono's tourism concept which explaining the characteristics of the art of travel packaging that is the imitation from the original, packed in tightly and briefly, attractive or entertaining, leaving sacred value, and cheap price for tourist. Through this paper, the writer tries to explain the reasons for making the Gandrung dance at the Gandrung Sewu Festival as a tourist attraction. Interestingly, Gandrung dance can be observed from the social aspects of society, art and culture, economic, as well as ethnic and religious aspects. Another interesting thing is the form and aesthetic contained in the Gandrung dance at the Gandrung Sewu Festival so that the Gandrung dance is used as the asset of tourism in Banyuwangi district.

Key words: Gandrung, Gandrung Sewu Festival, tourism

PREFACE Based on Traditional art history, Gandrung is one of the originally Gandrung is danced by traditional performing arts in male dancer ,then in the Banyuwangi which has been many development, it is danced by a developments into a form of secular female dancer. Gandrung perfor- entertainment dance. The word mance in the society is often called Gandrung is interpreted as charmed as Gandrung terob. Gandrung terob or infatuated. It means the is usually performed at wedding, fascination of the Blambangan pethik laut, circumcision, people that is agrarian to Dewi Sri, Independence Day and various namely Dewi Padi who brings official and unofficial events in prosperity to the people (Sudjadi, Banyuwangi and other regions 1986: 68). The expressions of people (Anoegrajekti, 2003: 31). In the gratitude after harvest embody a performance the Gandrung show is form of joy and amusement. divided into three parts: jejer, paju,

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and seblangan. Jejer and seblangan is located on the edge of the are the opening and closing scenes of Banyuwangi boom beach with the the show, it is around 45-60 minutes view of the Bali strait so that Bali (jejer) and 85-120 minutes Island can be seen from this beach. (seblangan) which does not involve The Gandrung Sewu Festival is held any of the audience. While paju, every year, the first performance was which takes longer between 4-5 held in 2012 and continuing to this hours, it is an open scene for day in 2019.The interesting thing in audiences to dance in pairs or every Gandrung Sewu show is that perform songs. (Anoegrajekti, 2010: the theme is in Banyuwangi 29) originating from gending-gending / Gandrung, in order to be seen old Javanese songs in the classical in various performances, Gandrung performances. Gandrung Banyuwangi artists create various Sewu Festival in 2012 brought Jejer Gandrung dances in creations taken Gandrung theme, the next from Gandrung terob parts. The performance was held in 2013 with Gandrung dance that is created from Paju Gandrung theme, in 2014 with the Gandrung terob performance is Seblang Subuh theme, in Gandrung jejer dance, jejer jaran 2015Gandrungsewu performance dawuk dance taken from jejer section was presented with Podo Nonton in the Gandrung terob performance, theme, in 2016 with the theme of paju Gandrung dance taken from Seblang Lukinto, in 2017 with the paju section, and Gandrung seblang theme of Seblang Subuh Kembang lukint odance taken from seblangan Pepe, in 2018 with the theme of section. Gandrung dance which is Layar Kumendung, and in 2019 with created in creation then making into the theme of Panji – Panji a colossal dance in the Gandrung Sunagkoro. These themes tell the sewu show. story of Gandrung's journey against Gandrung Sewu is one of colonialist in Banyuwangi. More Gandrung dance performance that is than that, the theme which is used danced in mass by thousands of also influenced the Gandrung sewu dancers. The Gandrung Sewu stage performance looking from the form

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of choreographic show in accordance object that will be discussed using with the story or theme that is the RM Soedarsono tourism theory performed. that the characteristics of art travel Gandrung dance in its package is imitation of the original, development always dynamically packaging in a brief and short adapt to the needs.The form of manner, attractive or entertaining, Gandrung performance that has been leaving sacred value, and cheap price modified further summary the for the tourists (Soedarsono, 1999: existing parts, by making Gandrung 100). choreography shorter and eliminating paju or dancing with MAIN PART man. This colossal Gandrung sewu A. Gandrungis seen by various show has become one of the local aspects culture and the most awaited cultural 1. Social Aspect of Society activity by the society and tourist. At Gandrung art life has its first, Gandrung sewu was held to roots and it is supported by the introduce the glory of Banyuwangi society. Certainly, it has a culture but at this time Gandrung very important role in the sewu has become an icon of social life of the society. Each Banyuwangi tourism (interview performance of Gandrung art Sumitro Hadi, 27 December 2018). is always attended by fans Based on the background of consisting of various description above, the main problem ethnicities and religions. They that will be discussed in this paper is together enjoy Gandrung why the Gandrung at the Gandrung dance and gending in an arena Sewu Festival was made as a tourist peacefully. Indirectly, this is a attraction. Through this paper, it will way for mutual interaction be explained things which influenced between one ethnic and the Gandrung dance become a another without ethnicity so tourist attraction in Banyuwangi. there is no intersection of With Gandrung as a moral object values of each ethnic group. and tourist attraction as a formal

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It is important to realize value of Gandrung dance that creating a sense of unity mainly lies in the characteristic and unity of multi-ethnic of basic motion of society is very important and Banyuwangi dance which lies become our responsibility, art in harmonious hip or egol activities have an attraction to movement with violin bind the sense of relationship rhythmic patterns and the like Gandrung art. dancer expression with an 2. Aesthetic Aspect attractive smile. A total Related to dance, beauty is appreciation of the dancer something that giving inner followed by a good dance skill satisfaction. Thus, all will give a result in erotic movements that give inner value of Gandrung dance satisfaction are called performance. Erotic Gandrung beautiful. Not only subtle dance expression is a universal movements can be called attraction, because it is more beautiful, but also movements enjoyable by the audience. that are rough, hard, strong, Besides the aesthetic value of full of pressures and even Gandrung dance can also be strange also can be called as seen from the costume. beautiful movements. Thus, Omprok is an ornament that beauty is anything that is makes Gandrung dancer interesting, touching the soul looking more charming by the or is called beautiful because it presence of a curved front is valuable for us (Martin in pilisan with two ukel at both Widyastutieningrum 2011, 72) ends making the dancer's face An aesthetic value of looking oval which makes the Gandrung dance is determined dancer more attractive. by motion, expression and 3. Cultural Aspect presentation value of a dancer's As one of the arts that live besides that appreciation power and develop with other arts, of a performer. The aesthetic Gandrung art is still loved by

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many people. Many inspiration presence of Gandrung art in the of creation of new dance types midst of the society, art and music are inspired by creations emerge from Gandrung art. The existence of Gandrung art. Thus, at schools, Gandrung art enriches the dance studios participate in traditional culture of opening job vacancy through Banyuwangi. Its dynamic the needs of dance trainers, appearance influences the form Gandrung clothing craftsmen of appearance in other types of whose scope is very broad and art, it can be seen from a it has a huge impact variety of typical arts of economically on improving the Banyuwangi which are almost economy among the wider as dynamic. Infrequently, in society. Damar wulan theater 5. Ethnic aspects performance, Barong Theater Gandrung is an using and other arts are always show ethnic art that has lived and with the performance of developed since ancient time, Gandrung dance which is a the using value traditions is dance creation created from carried out in Gandrung art Gandrung art. This indicates very much. From the that Gandrung art is accepted dynamism of music and songs by the society and easily also poems which are sung interact with other arts. using “using” language with a 4. Economic aspects very distinctive pronunciation, Every performance of although some other ethnic Gandrung will always be music is also often sung in the followed by food and toy performance of Gandrung art, merchants who join in but the accent used is still seen enlivening each performance, as using ethnicity. There fore, this will support the economic this Gandrung art can be used rotation among the wider as an art mascot of using society. In addition, with the traditional ethnic.

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From this point of view, in (arena) then singing a song terms of ethnic Gandrung art, entitled podho nonton by it is the wealth of the tribal spreading a hand fan in front of using society that needed to be him/her like a person who is preserved. reading a poetry. This gending podho nonton must be B. The Form of Gandrung performed in the first round and Performance (traditionally) closed with gending embang Gandrung art perfor- menur. mances are usually held at night After Gandrung finishes starting at 21:00 until 04:00 in bringing the Gandrung jejer the morning. Sometimes also dance and gending-gending during the day adjust to the related to the dance, then needs of a particular event. Its delivered by a gedhong, users, among others, for Gandrung dancer comes down entertainment or other enter- from a stage and goes to a guest tainment purposes. While the which is chosen. Gandrung position of Gandrung dancer atthis ngrepen event, the dancer serves as a medium for the host sits with the guest to bring songs or who has the event in (gending-gending) as his/her entertaining their guests. request, before the guest joins to Namely, it is through dance dance on the stage. Usually, forms in accordance with after the song (gending) ends, gending. In the performance, the guest puts a sum of money Gandrung dancer can sing on the tray as a reward or gift for several gending, according to the the song (gending) request that dancer’s ability. has been sung. Jejer is as an opening In arranging of dancing scene. Jejer means that the sequence for the guests, they are Gandrung art performance is arranged by an event organizer begun. An attraction by standing called gedhong, as it is done in in the middle of the circle ngrepen. This is Gedhong who

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gives a chance of dancing with who has the event are awake. So Gandrung dancer when entering they can watch Seblangan paju section based on an dance. For those who can individual position of the guest explore the meaning of rhymes in the community. For example, and Seblangan dance for individuals who have the movements, many of them are highest official position or affected and shed tears. But the authority in their environment, things like this depend on the they will get the first chance ability of the audience to among the other guests. understand the meaning of the If there is no more dance and also Gandrung sequence through the position, dancers them selves in thus as the consideration, the performing the dance. order of guest arrival at the That is because the event is taken. Gedhong in meaning of the poetry which is arranging the sequence is done delivered describing unrequited with the first dance scene with love, dream of love, drunken Gandrung dancer performed by love because of charm which walking dancing carrying a tray can all touch the hearts of on which lies a piece of sampur women who hear it. Besides which is deliberately provided that, the poetry implies remorse for pemaju candidates in their for the loss of glory that was turns. The tray carriers are once possessed in the past and sometimes also performed by also aims to raise the awareness Gandrung dancers themselves. of the listeners of the suffering Seblangan as a final scene experienced during the colonial is intended to end the entire period. show. Seblangan dance is In seblangan performance, performed at late morning, there is an additional property because in the morning the that is quite unique, namely a women including the farmer small stick used to sweep the girls in the person’s environment floor or stage after dancing. This

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is described to clear all the One of Gandrung's sacred temptations of life by singing valueis found in the selection of orgending which sounds implied Gandrung dancer. Traditionally, wiping out the pariahs of Dutch a professional Gandrung is an colonial. early dancer who must be a virgin young girl. One of C. Gandrung Dance as Form of requirement to become Art of Banyuwangi Tourism Gandrung dancer is only from On its development, at this the family who is the descendant time, Gandrung dance has of Gandrung dancer. Gandrung changed in the form of dancer also has to do a ritual performance that has been made process called Meras Gandrung, simply. Gandrung dance which a step that will bring disaster if it was previously performed is not passed. Gandrung's meras comprehensively with three steps are: (1) Sasrahan: dancer parts, currently the Gandrung candidate must get permission dance is only taken a part from parents and submit it to of Gandrung performance Gandrung's dancer teacher; (2) traditionally. Gandrung dance kramasan: after being accepted movements still use the basic by Gandrung teachers, dancer movements that already exist, candidate is bathed from head to but there are movements that are feet in a running water from well added and subtracted as needed. spring wearinga white cloth. At Gandrung dance which was that place, there is also offering previously danced in a long time in the form of ingkung, white from the night until before chicken and snack; (3) dawn, Gandrung dance is Cekoan/pupuhan: with the body presented in just 5 minutes still wears the white cloth, nowadays. But it does not dancer's candidate nose is eliminate the parts namely inserted with concoction so that opening, body and closing. the Gandrung candidate dancer can quickly learn the knowledge

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which is taught by Gandrung performances are usually only teacher; (4) belajaran: this ritual sought by dancers who have a is carried out during the full tall body, beautiful, charming, moon, at 12P.M., Gandrung and have good ability in dancing candidate dancer learns dance Gandrung dance. However, this and sings Gandrung songs; (5) election can not apply in Perasan: this step is the last step Gandrung sewu festival, because of the ritual to be a professional it takes thousands of dancers. Gandrung. Gandrung teacher The selection of dancer is no calls the handler to test and longer chosen from height. crown dancer candidate into a Currently, the selection of professional Gandrung dancer. Gandrung dancer is seen from Candidate dancer is needed to the ability of a dancer to dance sing podho nonton song with her Gandrung dance expressively dance and sekar jenang song. and it has the correct movement After graduated, Gandrung technique. handler puts on omprok on the In the classic Gandrung dancer's head which is a sign performance, it is always that the dancer is legally a identical with man who is called professional Gandrung. At the as pemaju. Paju scene, in the end of the ritual, Gandrung classic Gandrung performance dancer that has been graduated is has quite long time around 4-5 required to dance in pairs with hours. On paju scene, Gandrung two men who are accompanied dancer will dance and sing with Santri Moleh song. a man in turn. Commonly, there Gandrung as the tourism is a fight between pemaju to one art form, in the selection of its another. The cause of fighting is dancer is no longer using the one of pemaju usually asking for tradition of meras. In fact, an additional song which makes Gandrung can already be danced the dance time longer and giving by various groups of society. dissatisfaction toother guests The dancers selection in who do not get their turn. The

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bad image of Gandrung dancer Gandrung dancer who must also can be seen from a woman perform a ritual ofmeras, the who danced all night with a man main requirement to become a who is not her own husband but Gandrung dancer in the other people's husbands. Gandrung Sewu Festival is Nowadays, Gandrung's determined by executive team. performance which is in the art The main requirement to form of tourism no longer become a Gandrung Sewu presenting male or pemaju to be dancer is to have the main involved in the show. Gandrung element of a dancer's ability. dance is only danced by a The main element of a dancer's woman as a single dance ability deals with her expertise without any pemaju. This is of movement skill (Murgianto, clearly creating a better image in 1983: 6). All movements have public. an expression factor, because motion is done in order to D. The Form of Gandrung dance express or support the choreography at Gandrung expression of feeling, desire and Sewu Festival thought (Parani, 1986: 65). The 1. Dancer simplest Gandrung motion in Dancer as a motor in an art Gandrung Sewu Festival is performance has an important certainly related to the variety of meaning in the success of the movements that express certain show. For this reason, as a desire and thought. Thus, the dancer, it is important to pay main need to become a attention to the basic readiness. Gandrung dancer in Gandrung Persistence or effort which is Sewu Festival is having well trained to be able to use her expertise of Gandrung dance body as a mean of expression movements. According to Suko, (Rohkyatmo 1986, 75). In it must be done so that the contrast to the main requirement executive team knows the to become a Professional capabilities of the participants, if

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they are not tested from basic body so that it looks like she is the executive team will find showing off her body shape. difficulty to work on complex Besides that, with various movements in Gandrung Sewu motives in fast tempo making show (Suko Priyatno, interview Gandrung dance more dynamic. on 29 November 2018). As well Gandrung dance has a Besides, the main characteristic motion of motive requirement to be a Gandrung gives an erotic impression dancer in Gandrung Sewu who making the performance of the has to master a variety of Gandrung dance more Banyuwangi dance motions, interesting to be enjoyed by the there is a selection with audience. supporting requirement which is Gandrung motion in determined by the executive Gandrung Sewu Festival is team or organizing committee of divided into two parts, namely Gandrung Sewu Festival. The Gandrung motion in a fragment selection is due to the high and Gandrung motion in interest of teenagers in colossal. The entire motions at Banyuwangi to be involved in this Festival use wide-volume this mass performance. This is motions and hand motions becoming the pride of frequently to the side. This can Banyuwangi culture or artists be seen in the motion which is that young generation has made by Gandrung when in the enthusiasm and love to his/her fragment for instance, it tells of regional art. war, Gandrung dancer uses her 2. Motion hand fan to be raised high and Gandrung dance motion at moved to the right and left the Gandrung Sewu Festival, according to the rhythm. Basically, Banyuwangi dance Gandrung presence when in the motions have an erotic fragment is different each year, characteristic in order to show it has function to support the more motions that swaying the situation by using simple

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gestures with a variety of room melody. This understanding designs from low, medium and emphasizes repetition or high levels that describe the alternation (Hadi 2003, 59) situation in each scene. There Unison motif or serempak are different motive motions in is used in Gandrung motion at Gandrung performance when in fragment for group motion the fragment. Gandrung motive because they can show the when fragments are more ability and skill of dancers to concerned with aspects of time. dance simultaneously together, Motifs that are more concerned so that the form of motion to be with time aspect can be orderly, beautiful, and amazing. identified including unison or This motif is more concerned to simultaneous motif and canon or the time aspect, namely the alternating motif (Hadi 2003, togetherness of the dancers to 57) move certain motions, in The definition of unison is addition to uniformity or rampak or serempak. This motif similarity of motion. In order to is widely used for group make dancers can do the same choreography because it can motions in, the motif and time show the ability and skill of aspect are used simpler than dancers to dance in unison usual so that they are easily together, so that the form of achieved compactly by dancers. choreography becomes orderly, Gandrung motion at colossal beautiful, formal and amazing. also usesunison motif which is Mean while, Canon is a group of done simultaneously by choreography motif that is more Gandrung dancer. concerned with motivating time 3. Floor Pattern pattern. This term is actually Floor pattern is needed in borrowed from the music term, every dance performance, both which is a part or composition of solo and group. The room aspect music that is repeated with one that is presented at Gandrung or more sounds in the same Sewu Festival has connection

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with the number of dancer. Gandrung floor pattern in Therefore, Gandrung Sewu Gandrung Sewu Festival Festival floor pattern always changes every year. The changes changes every year. in floor pattern that change Floor patterns is formed to every year and it ismore varied support every scene in the story, in its making, indicate the the making of floor pattern at the development of floor pattern. Gandrung Sewu Festival is a The complicated floor pattern at major change made by Gandrung Sewu with the many choreographer who worked on movements of the floor pattern the formation of attractive is dominated by vertical straight patterns using floor pattern. line and horizontal straight line. According to Soedarsono, floor The line which is obtained from design is floor line that is passed the movement with simple by dancer or floor line made by formations using a lot of group formation. Basically, symmetrical shape, it is seen there are two basic line patterns, from the many rectangular and namely straight line and curved square patterns in each group line. Straight line looks simple that are united in one and strong, mean while, curved performance arena. Simple line is soft but weak. Straight making is performed by line can be drawn forward, choreographer so that dancer can backward, sideway or easily move and memorize the diagonally. Besides, the line can floor pattern which is taught. be made into V design, 4. Music rectangular triangle design, T This accompaniment can letter, and so on. Curved line can be chosen because of the need be made forward, backward, for dance rhythm and parallel sideway, and also it can be made music. Dance presents because it the design of snake, spiral, adjusts the music that is created circle, 8 figure, etc. (1992, 42- first. Thus, the music material 43). structure that will strengthen the

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dance material structure or the important part of Gandrung music tempo adapts to performance at Gandrung Sewu Gandrung dance movement Festival. Among the rhythm, tempo at Gandrung Sewu melody and harmony as well as Festival. The application of the dramatic impression several Gandrung musical contained in the types of music instruments often provoke or and its forms and styles if it is give dance stimuli such as the understood diligently, it can sound of violin that capable to bring musical inspiration to a present a luxurious and glorious dance creator. situation, besides that the use of 5. Makeup and Fashion violin instrument can create Gandrung make-up and distinctive characteristic and fashion at Gandrung Sewu character for the Banyuwangi Festival develops in every performance art that cannot be performance. The fashion replaced with other instruments. development is very significant. Although it does not always The cloth that used by dancer produce rhythmic tones of sound changed from the beginning of that can make the dancer to the first performance up to the move. Violin has become an present. At the beginning, the identity for Banyuwangi culture jarik fabric that is used looking especially Gandrung, both various and the motif is used classical Gandrung and difference among the dancers. Gandrung which has developed Quite different from the cloth into new creation, violin was used in the first year, the instrument will always be used. show only used one color and Sometimes,it is also with a had the same pattern which was rhythmic situation but it is done white with an oling elephant by contrasting the sound of motif. The sampur color is used music with dance movement. uniformly by using red. The The riches of gending form or development of fashion also existing musical elements is an happens escpecially for the

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body, namely ilat-ilat that is attract the attention of the audience made thicker and wider so that and the society outside Banyuwangi when used directly can cover the which can be used as a tourist chest under the neck. Beading attraction, this is also related to the decoration is more complete and government's policy to attract it looks more elegant. Every cultural and artistic activity into year the cuff is used as a hand Banyuwangi Festival which is held cover. The use of white jarik every year from 2012 to 2018. In fabric is originated in the addition, Gandrung Sewu is made as colonial period of Banyuwangi, an annual festival because of Human which making the choreographer Resources (HR) so that Gandrung describing Gandrung under Sewu Festival can be held every developed and using white jarik year. fabric. Besides the use of jarik The development of Gandrung fabric, a different use is the color choreography at Gandrung Sewu of the scarf which is used by Festival is begun with Jejer using red. It means courage Gandrung dance by Sumitro Hadi. against the invaders in The development of Gandrung Banyuwangi (Suko Priyatno, 29 choreography form at Gandrung November 2018). The colors Sewu Festival can be seen in the that are used in Gandrung Sewu choreographic elements that show using many bright colors emerging on theme that change to show that this dance every year, the dancer selection is arrangement is set in a glorious based on good dancing skill that is situation, there is happiness even shown in the perception of dancer in though in the performance there dancing Gandrung dance with some is also sadness situation. requirements such as having an ideal posture, health and beauty. the CLOSING SECTION motion change that is in the sequence Gandrung Sewu is made as an motion, reduction of motion, annual festival in Banyuwangi repetition of motion and compaction because Gandrung Sewu show can of motion, the development of

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human resources which is increasing image, improve the dancer's life level also causes the most fundamental and also increasing foreign exchange development of motion that is more for the local government. Gandrung orderly. The development happened dance has been formed in a compact, because of the creativity of artist, as concise manner, leaving a sacred well as the role of the Culture and value and easily accessible to Tourism Office of Banyuwangi tourists. The negative element of District. The role of the government Gandrung dance has been eliminated is realized by doing Gandrung Sewu so that giving a better image. Thus, Festival program routinely every Gandrung dance performance year. The effort is to maintain, especially at Gandrung Sewu preserve, and develop Gandrung Festival is one of the attraction for Sewu Festival year by year. tourists to visit Banyuwangi. Gandrung dance is the cultural identity of Banyuwangi people. Since it has declared as a tourist destination, the government of Banyuwangi District explores tourist attraction that can be visited by tourist. Besides tourist attraction from natural beauty, it can also be explored from historical, archaeological remain and cultural attraction. Gandrung dance which is originally considered a less attractive dance, then, it is formed to be a tourist attraction. Based on observation, infact, Gandrung dance at Gandrung Sewu Festival is very attractive both local or domestic and foreign tourists. Gandrung Sewu Festival can improve the dancer's

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