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Riding the Borderlands: the Negotiation of Social and Cultural University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2009-01-01 Riding the Borderlands: The egotN iation of Social and Cultural Boundaries for Rio Grande Valley and Southwestern Motorcycling Groups, 1900-2000 Gary L. Kieffner University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the Latin American History Commons, Transportation Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Kieffner, Gary L., "Riding the Borderlands: The eN gotiation of Social and Cultural Boundaries for Rio Grande Valley and Southwestern Motorcycling Groups, 1900-2000" (2009). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 295. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/295 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RIDING THE BORDERLANDS: THE NEGOTIATION OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BOUNDARIES FOR RIO GRANDE VALLEY AND SOUTHWESTERN MOTORCYCLING GROUPS, 1900-2000 GARY L. KIEFFNER Department of History APPROVED: _________________________________ Carl T. Jackson, Ph.D., Chair _________________________________ Maceo C. Dailey, Ph.D. _________________________________ Jeffrey P. Shepherd, Ph.D. _________________________________ David Carmichael, Ph.D. _________________________________ Patricia D. Witherspoon, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my son Dustin and to AnnaLisa. RIDING THE BORDERLANDS: THE NEGOTIATION OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BOUNDARIES FOR RIO GRANDE VALLEY AND SOUTHWESTERN MOTORCYCLING GROUPS, 1900-2000 By GARY L. KIEFFNER, M. A., B. A. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO May 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many organizations and people to whom I am indebted as they helped to create a space in which I could write this dissertation. While I mention some of them here, there are many others whom I am obligated to protect by not mentioning them. These motorcyclists include particular members of the Bandidos MC, the Hells Angels MC, and other clubs who were readers of earlier drafts. You know who you are and you know that I appreciate all that you have done for me. I am grateful to the Ani Gilohi, especially Grandma and Mom for giving me life. Thank you, Son, for tolerating a Pop who was overworked, underpaid, and frazzled for so many years. I tremendously appreciate all my sisters, brothers, and kin. Uncle Glen, Papa George (Ghost Mountain Riders MC), and the brothers of MMA district 15, I will always remember how you taught me what it means to be an old school biker. I thank and honor the Narbonas MC (Dinéh), Sputnik (Tsalagi, Lawmakers MC National), J.W. Rock (Bandidos MC), Ben Nighthorse Campbell (Cheyenne, Lawmakers MC), Terri (TMRA2), Teacher (Solo Ángeles MC, ABATE), Wicked Wanda (ABATE), Sonny Barger (Hells Angels MC), Karen Bolin (MRF), Primoå (Moto Road Racing Club), Big D (ABATE), Deb (MRF), Richard M. Lester (NCOM), Jimmie Vaughan, and the bikers of district 29 and other places in the wind for doing their part to keep everyone free. I am indebted to Barbara Bustillos-Cogswell (Bustillos and Company Media Productions, and ABATE) for reading drafts of Chapter Two and for use of videotaped transcripts of her interviews with Tobie Gene Levingston and Melvin Shadrick (East Bay iv 'UDJRQV0& DQGZLWK-DPHV³+HDY\´(YDQV DOVRRIWKH'UDJRQVDQGWKHIRUPHU3UHVLGHQWRI the Soul Brothers MC). I would like to acknowledge and extend my appreciation also to the following people and institutions for the indispensable primary source materials they made available to me, resources that helped to improve the quality of this dissertation: Xico Chocólatl (Náhua), Xochítl G. López, Art Murray, Pam Meck and -HUU\5RVV³<R]HPLWH´%ODLU (ABATE of Arizona), Pan (BOLT), Bill Bish (NCOM), )ORUHQWLQR³/LFR´6XELD ,URQ+RUVHVRI(O3DVR Chocolate George Hendricks, -DPHV³0RWKHU´0LOHVDQG $QWRQLR³(PR´6'XUDQ(Hells Angels MC), ³:LOG&KLOG´5RGQH\'XNHV(Desert Thunder MC), Char Zack and Darchelle (Raw Thunder), ³7ZR'RJV´/DQH/ROOH\ /RQHUV0& 5RJHU³5RFNHU´/\RQV 2XWODZV0& %DUQH\9LOOD Carlos Briseño, Frank Root, Elliott Fried, Wheeler Allen Davis, Doroteo Durango, Mónica &RQWUHUDV³:LFNHG´:DQGD/\QQ3HOORW-RVp$UHOODQR³3DSS\´ Donald Pittsley, Mário Ernesto Servín, Blanca Molina, Anthony Durán, Keith Urbina, Ricardo Estrada, Tom Bell, Karla Ortega, &KDUOHV3IDO6WHSKDQLH0RQJH3DXO³3.´.OHLQ/RUUDLQH&U~]$UW2¶/HDU\DQGWKH6LUHQV MC as well as the Place of the Wildcat, the Bancroft Library, the California State Library, the University of Southern California Special Collections, the Mandeville Special Collections Library, the Sharlot Hall Archives, the Arizona Historical Society, the San Diego Historical Society Archives, the Jerome Historical Society, the Jerome State Historic Park, Jerome Town Hall, the Harley-Davidson Motor Company Archives, and Sonnichsen Special Collections Department at the University of Texas at El Paso Library. I thank you, Sara C. (Tsalagi), Shorty (Australian Aboriginal), Damn Indian (Comanche, Armadillos MC), Mr. President Thomas Atcitty (Dinéh), Ned Blackhawk (Shoshone), and Susan Miller (Seminole) for feeding my courage to stand up for our peoples, and Norma Chávez v (Lawmakers MC) and anonymous others for standing up for me. Without sustenance (nutritional, physical, spiritual and intellectual) provided to me from the following (and other) people, none of this work would have been possible: AnnaLisa, Vicky (Blackfoot), Diana (TMRA2), Nina (ABATE), Wendy Moon (MRF), Bonny (ABATE), Rosa (Dinéh), Charlotta Koppanyi, Maran Mar Josef Narsai, Mar-tá Virginia, Eva, Karen, Suzanne McDonald-Walker (BMF, FEMA), Skipper (Wind and Fire MC), Red Light, Carlos, Rudy, Stephanie, Virginia Scharff and Michael Chappell. I respect, appreciate, value and honor all of you. I also am thankful to have received funding from the Les and Harriet Dodson Dissertation Fellowship, the W. Turrentine Jackson Scholarship, the Robert Nauman Memorial Foundation, the William W. Tinsley Memorial Foundation, the University of Texas at El Paso Graduate School, the Northern Arizona 8QLYHUVLW\&RPSWUROOHU¶V2IILFHDQGWKH86'HSDUWPHQWRI9HWHUDQV$IIDLUV Finally, I wish to thank my dissertation committee members Carl T. Jackson, Maceo C. Dailey, Jeffrey P. Shepherd, and David Carmichael as well as Margaret Morley, Barbara Joans (ABATE), Suzanne Ferriss, Ernesto Chávez, Valeen T. Avery, Doppler (Rough Riders MC), Charles Martin, Jill S. Dubisch, George M. Lubick, Armando Parra, Bernard E. Rollin, Carolyn M. Gray, Kerri Mommer, Cynthia Pineo, Héctor Carbajal, Steven E. Alford, and anonymous others for reading various drafts of these chapters and providing helpful suggestions for revision. vi ABSTRACT RIDING THE BORDERLANDS: THE NEGOTIATION OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BOUNDARIES FOR RIO GRANDE VALLEY AND SOUTHWESTERN MOTORCYCLING GROUPS, 1900-2000 GARY L. KIEFFNER This dissertation presents an analysis and interpretation of particular aspects of the social, cultural, and ideological history of motorcycling in the US-Mexican Borderlands from 1900 to 2000. It is based on interviews with historical correspondents, archival and other documents as well as thirty years of participant reflection during which the author was immersed in biker culture. The motorcycle served as a vehicle for personal and group identity, resistance, and liberation. Issues related to identity, gender, race, marginalization and resistance, imagery, and rhetoric become clearer when considering the perspective of riders. This study surveys interactive processes that occurred between historic motorcyclists, social, corporate and state structures. While distinct, long-lasting mores and norms emerged and crystallized into a riding culture, mass media and other centers of power constructed an imagined biker throughout the century. Meanwhile, the riding community interacted with larger ideological and social constructs and cultural practices. This dissertation highlights a hundred years of motorcycling history and its relevance. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................iv ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................xii INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1 Nineteenth-Century Antecedents...............................................................................18 CHAPTER 1. THE MARGINALIZATION OF, AND RESISTANCE BY, WOMEN BIKERS.....................................................................................................................26 1.1. Gender and the Machine.....................................................................................27 1.2. Some Early Women Motorcyclists.....................................................................28 1.3. Technical Improvements,
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