Critical Discourse Analysis of Cable News Network (Cnn)

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CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF CABLE NEWS NETWORK (CNN)

NEWS

A THESIS

By:

TETTY MARLINA

REG. NO. 140705074

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, TETTY MARLINA DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF

THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF

THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED

ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A

THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER

DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT

DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS

THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER

DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

Date : December 19th, 2018.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : TETTY MARLINA

TITLE OF THESIS : CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF

NEWS NETWORK (CNN) NEWS

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT

OF ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW

OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

Date : December 19th, 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all I would like to thank the Almighty God, Jesus Christ. For all of

His grace, His nonstop blessing that has guided me in completing this thesis. I am feeling grateful for every His wonderful time that surprised me every day until I had finished this thesis.

I would like express the deepest gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural

Studies, Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S., the Head of English Department, Prof. T.

SilvanaSinar, M.A., Ph.D., and the Secretary of English Department, Rahmadsyah

Rangkuti, M.A. Ph.D. for all of the facilities and opportunities given to the writer during the study.

I also would like express my sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr. Masdiana

Lubis, M.Hum., and my co-supervisor Dian Marisha Putri, S.S., M.Si. for the valuable guidance, support, previous time and for all advices until this thesis completed. And also thanks to my lecturers of English Literature for their countless knowledge they have given to me, thanks to Bang Kirno as the admin in English

Department who has done a good job and his kindness for helping and fulfill my needs in finished this thesis.

Special thanks to all of my family members. Especially to my beloved parents, Darman Manurung and Helmi Br. Sinaga, thank you for giving me loves, supporting me, and all of the material you had given as long as in college. I thank

God for sent both of you in my life. To my sister-in-law Novia Venny Tumanggor and my one and only little sister Nelsy Manurung, thank you for hearing all about my worries and stories. And also to my three wonderful brothers Nelson Manurung,

vii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Bintora Mnurung and Join Manurung, thanks for being my superhero after daddy, you are my happiness, thanks for your nonstop love.

Big thanks to my Small Group TRIA GRACELLA (Family in Christ), Ka

Eva Yun Elisa Silalahi, Ka Mariana Simanjuntak, Sabrina Ginting Seragih, and Wita

Afsari Surbakti. I am grateful for having you guys, thanks for always be there in ups and downs of my college period. Thanks to my home mate RICA-RICA, kak Trikk,

Nelsy, Tian & Eka. Thank you for always supporting me, thank you for every your helps at home.

And also to my close friends in college THE BANGKE, Noni Novyanti,

Sabrina Ginting, Titian Sinambela, Dessy Arisanti Tarigan, Anisa Pujianti, Dheanita

Gusridiya Daulay, for every jokes and tears that makes me to be stronger in faced the problems because I have you in my side. Thanks to my friends since Senior High

School and until now Endong, Selot, Tasyoi, Emitung, Tondet, Irma, Kiki, Gia,

Boby, and Franz for every supports, helps, and pray. Last but not least, to all of

English Literature B 2014 students, thanks for every moment we have made together in four years. See you on top guys.

Finally, I realize that this thesis is still far from being perfect. For every suggestions and advices from the reader will be pleasantly accepted. Hopefully, this thesis will be useful for the readers. Thank you very much.

Medan, December 2018

The Writer

Tetty Marlina

Nim: 140705074

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT Thesis which entitled Critical Discourse Analysis of Cable News Network (CNN) News is study about Critical Discourse Analysis of CNN news as the data. The objectives of this study areto describe how is the text of CNN news realized based on CDA approach and to find out the dominant element of text used in CNN news. The theory that supports this study is CDA theory, three dimension model of CDA especially first dimension: text proposed by Fairclough to analysis text news of CNN based on text only. The method of this study is qualitative descriptive. The data of this research are the clauses and sentences that contained of representation, the paragraph to see the relation and identity. The sources of data of this research are text news of CNN. From the representation of text, the structuring of proposition, in transitivity analysis the writer found the material process (40 clauses or 49,4%), mental process (13 clauses or 16%), relational process (3 clauses or 3,7%), behavioural process (0 clause or 0%), verbal process (22 clauses or 27,2%) and existential process (3 clauses or 3,7%). The dominant applied is the material process, and followed by verbal process, mental process, relational process, existential process and the minimum applied is behavioural process. And the combination and sequencing of proposition, in local coherence relation/cohesion analysis the writer found elaboration (16 sentencesor 16,8%), extension (11 sentences or 11,6%) enhancement (11 sentences or 11,6%), conjunction (21 sentences or 22,1%), lexical cohesion (4 sentences or 4,2%), reference (20 sentences or 21,1%), and ellipsis (12 sentences or 12,6%). The dominant applied is conjunction and followed by reference, elaboration, ellipsis, extension, enhancement, and the minimum applied is lexical cohesion. And in global text structure/schematic view analysis the writer found Headline + Writer Name + Update Time + Paragraph Lead + Sub-headline + Satellite + Wrap-up. From the analysis relation of text, the writer found that the whole text news relation is between US and North Korea. And from the analysis identity of text, the writer found that the producer text news is identified his self as ordinary people.

Keywords: Representation of text, Relation of text, Identity of text, CDA, CNN News.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Skripsi yang berjudul Analisis Wacana Kritis Cable News Network (CNN) berita adalah studi analisis tentang Analisis Wacana Kritis dari berita CNN sebagai data. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana berita teks CNN direalisasikan berdasarkan pendekatan analisis wacana kritis dan untuk menemukan elemen yang dominan ditemukan di berita CNN. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori analisis wacana kritis yaitu tiga dimension model terkhususnya model dimensi yang pertama: teks oleh Fairclough untuk menganalisis berita teks CNN. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitian ini adalah klausa-klausa dan kalimat-kalimat yang mengandung representasi, paragraph yang menunjukkan relasi dan identitas. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah berita teks CNN. Dari representasi teks, struktur proposisi, bagian transitivitas analisis penulis menemukan proses material (40 klausa atau 49,4%), proses mental (13 klausa atau 16%), proses relational (3 klausa atau 3,7%), proses behavioural (0 clausa atau 0%), proses verbal (22 clausa atau 27,2%) dan proses existential (3 klausa atau 3.7%). Elemen yang dominan diaplikasikan adalah proses material, dan diikuti oleh proses verbal, proses mental, proses relational, proses existential dan elemen yang paling sedikit diaplikasikan adalah proses behavioural. Dari kombinasi dan urutan proposisi bagian koherensi/kohesi analisis penulis menemukan elaborasi (16 kalimat atau 16,8%), ekstensi (11 kalimat atau 11,6%) enhansi (11 kalimat atau 11,6%), konjungsi (21 kalimat atau 22,1%), kohesi leksikal (4 kalimat atau 4,2%), referensi (20 kalimat atau 21,1%), dan elipsis (12 kalimat atau 12,6%). Elemen yang dominan diaplikasikan adalah konjungsi dan diikuti oleh referensi, elaborasi, elipsis, ekstensi, enhansi, dan yang paling sedikit diaplikasikan adalah kohesi leksikal. And dari structur teks analisis penulis menemukan Judul + Nama Penulis + Waktu Dirilis + Paragraf Utama + Sub Judul + Paragraf Pendukung + Penutup. Dari analisis relasi teks penulis menemukan bahwa dari keseluruhan teks berita ditemukan relasi antara Amerika Serikat dan Korea Utara. Dan dari analisisidentitas teks penulis menemukan produksi teks mengidentifikasikan dirinya sebagai masyarakat umum.

Kata kunci: Representasi teks, Relasi teks, Identitas teks, AWK, berita CNN.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION…………………………..…………………………v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………….……...... ………………….....vii

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………...... ……………….ix

ABSTRACT……………………………………………………...... ………………..x

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………...... xi

LIST OF FIGURE………………………………………………………..……….xiv

LIST OF PICTURE………………………………………………………...... xv

LIST OF TABLE…………………………………………………………...... …...xvi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study...... 1

1.2Problem of the Study...... 4

1.3 Objective of the Study...... 4

1.4 Scope of the Study...... 5

1.5 Significance of the Study...... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)……………....………6

2.1.1 Three Dimensions Model……………...... ……………..7

2.1.1.1 Text………………………………………..………….8

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a. Representation of the text………………………………...... 8

b. Relations of the text……………………………………....18

c. Identities of the text…………………………………...…..19

2.1.1.2 Discourse Practice……………………………...……19

2.1.1.3 Sociocultural Practice…………………………....….20

2.2 News……………………………………..……………...21

2.3 Theoretical Framework……………………………...…..23

2.4 Relevant Study…………………………………..………24

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design...... 27

3.2 Dataand Sourse of Data...... 27

3.3 Data Collection Procedure...... 28

3.4 Data Analysis Method...... 28

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Analysis…………………...………………………….….33

4.1.1 Analysis the Representation of the Text………...... 33

4.1.1.1 The structuring of proposition……………….....…...33

A. Transitivity process…………………………………...... 33

4.1.1.2 The combination and sequencing of proposition…....41

A. Local coherence relations/cohesion………………….…..41

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA B. Global text structure/schematic view……………….....…50

4.1.2 Analysis the Relations of the text…………………...... 54

4.1.3 Analysis the Identities of the text……………………...60

4.2 Finding……………………………..……………………63

4.2.1 Transitivity process……………………………...….....63

4.2.2 Local coherence relation/cohesion………………..…...64

4.2.3 Global text structure/schematic view……………...... 65

4.2.4 The relations of the text…………………...…..………66

4.2.5 The identities of the text……………………...…..…...67

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions…………………………...... …...………….68

5.2 Suggestions…………………………………..………….69

REFERENCES………………..…………………...………………………..……...70

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 Transitivity process of CNN news

APPENDIX 2 Local coherence relation/cohesion of CNN news

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 2.1 A Framework for CDA of a Communicative Event…………...……..7

Figure 2.2 Theoretical Framework……………………………………………...23

Figure 3.1 The Component of Data Analysis: Intractive Model………….…….29

Figure 4.1 The global structure/schematic view of news text of CNN entitled

―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political

dummy‘‖……...... 66

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA LIST OF PICTURE

Picture 2.1 News Article from Fairclough…………………………...……………...17

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA LIST OF TABLE

Table 3.1 The Contribution of Process Type……………………………..……31

Table 3.2 The Contribution of Local Coherence Relation/Cohesion…………..32

Table 4.1 The Frequency and Percentage of Transitivity Process in news text

of CNNentitled ―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls

Pence 'politicaldummy‘‖………….....………..…………………...…65

Table 4.2 The Frequency and Percentage of Local coherence relation in news

text of CNN entitled ―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown,

calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖…………………...…...... ……….66

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

In daily life,people need information to know what event happens around them or in other places. People can not get it just by their self, they need a help of media. Especially, in this modern era, everything is easy for people to get the information they need through that media, such as printed and electronic media. By these ways people can interact to each other and can exchange information in a short time. Absar

(https://www.academia.edu/4619886/Print_Media_vs._Electronic_Media) says that printed media contain materials that are available to us in printed form and which we can carry with ourselves or we can simply say they are portable. The major types of print media are books, megazines, newspapers, newsletters, posters, brochures, and press releases. Electronic media imply to that form of media which can only be accessed by an electronic device. The largely use electronic media are radio, television and internet.

There are more than two media that released news now days. They are CNN,

CBSN, BBC, NY TIMES, etc. But in this study the writer is interested in analyzing the news text of CNN (Cable News Network) media because CNN is being the world's leaders in online news and information delivery. CNN is not stranger in public area because it has spread widely. Some people know and access CNN to explore the whole world in second and clearly. CNN is an American television news found on first June, 1980; 38 years ago. CNN has produced several types of news topic, such as about the world, entertainment, tech, sport, travel, style, and health.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The writer chooses the news text about the world and politics. The characteristics of news structure produced by CNN are, there is title of news, followed by news writer name, about time of update and sometimes in the content of news there is subtitle.

The news that writer chooses for this research is electronic media, internet for two reasons. First, it is the phenomenon that now days people access the news from the internet mostly. Second, it is practice and does not spend much time, people can access the news lazily every time they want to by mobile phone that people hold on everytime.

Based on the writer observation, a news need to be analyzed. For now days its role is changing, from giving an actual information as what happens in real world to the fake one. The news lost its balance just because it has been controlled by dominant group, the news readers just consume the news without realizing whether it is true or fake. President of Unite State Donal Trumpismad on CNN while on his interview moment. (ITV news, “Donald Trump in angry exchange with CNN” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OlUi1mJuFPI) he said that CNN news is fake.

The news writer chosen from CNN entitled ―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‟‖. It chooses as the object of the study, because the way CNN produced the news is different, especially in giving the title that catch the readers attention. There are ‗warns‘ and ‗nuclear‘ word, which makes readers curious and bring reader‘s fingers open the news. The news topic about nuclear was viral for along time. In the first paragraph of the news above, the writer found ―North Korean official has lashed out at US Vice President Mike Pence and said Pyongyang is ready for a nuclear showdown if dialogue with the United States fails‖. From that sentence, it shows how North Korea treats US Vice President.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Besides that, the news text above is also difficult to understand. It needs more extracting, and CDA approach is suitable for the above reasons.

CDA is continuation or part of discourse analysis. Discourse Analysis is a way or method to examine the discourse contained in communication messages both textually and contextually. Discourse analysis regards the content of communication messages, some of which are text, such as speeches, articles contained in newspapers, books, news, etc. For this research the writer used news internet based as the discourse for analyze. Discourse analysis has a central nuance that is critical and uncritical, here discourse analysis is critically influenced by critical theory.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a type of discourse analytical research that primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context.

With such dissident research, critical discourse analysts take explicit position, and thus want to understand, expose, and ultimately resist social equality (Van Dijk,

1985).

Critical Discourse Analysis of News Reports on China‘s Bullet-Train Crash in Wang Weiwei and Liu Weihua research (2015) news is as a product of social practice, although claimed as objective and fair discourse, is inevitably influenced by ideology. Meanwhile Critical Discourse Analysis at Tempo.co on the News about the

Death of Taruna Stip Jakarta in Genta Maghvira research (2017)shows that

Tempo.co does an election diction; use of the causation phrase; and selecting resource in direct quotation.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In this study, the writer applies Norman Fairclough‘s approach: three- dimensions model of CDA (1995b). They are text (it is about text/news structure or grammatically), and then discourse practice (how thetext/news produced and consumed and the last is sociocultural practice (about the economic, politic and culture). But the writer applies only one dimension that is text analysis.

1.2 Problems of the Study

Based on to the background of the study above, the problem of this study are as the following:

1. How is the text representation of CNN news realized based on CDA

approach?

2. How is the text relation of CNN news realized based on CDA approach?

3. How is the text identity of CNN news realized based on CDA approach?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

In line with the problems, the objectives of the study are as the following:

1. To describe how is the text representation of CNN news realized based on

CDA approach.

2. To describe how is the text relation of CNN news realized based on CDA

approach.

3. To describe how is the text identity of CNN news realized based on CDA

approach.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.4 Scope of the Study

The writer focuses the study on the Critical Discourse Analysis and applies

Fairclough‘s three-dimension model of CDA on CNN news. There is only one news that is taken from CNN media, the news title is “North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‟‖

The Fairclough‘s three-dimension model of CDA that the writer applies on that news is onlythe first dimension that is text. Text consists of representation, relation and identity.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This analysis hopefully could give worth significances theoretically and practically.

Theoretically, the writer hopes this analysis could be a reference forfurther study about Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in news. This analysis may help the readers in understanding the news text.

Practically, this analysis will help the readers in understanding to apply

Fairclough‘s three-dimension model especially about the first dimension model; text of CDA.This analysis may help the readers to be aware of news around us, so the readers have knowledge about news critically.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)

CDA is continuation of Dicourse Analysis (DA). DA focused on the internal structure of texts. And Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of socialpractice.CDA has now become one of the most widely used DA models in modern linguistics. Its aim is to uncover ideological and power relations and it has mainly been applied for the analysis of political discourse. Discourse Analysis (DA) is the analytical framework which was created for studying actual text and talk in the communicative context. Scholars working in the tradition of CDA generally argue that (non-linguistic) social practice and linguistic practice constitute one another and focus on investigating how societal power relations are established and reinforced through language use. The discourse analyzed not only grammatically but also critically. Calling the approach ‗critical‘ is a recognition that our social practice in general and our use of language in particular are bound up with causes and effects which we may not be at all aware of under normal conditions (Bourdieu 1977, in

Fairclough 1995b:54). There are four basic CDA frameworks proposed by Van

Leeuwen, Van Dijk, Hodge and Kress, and Faircalough.

Furthermore, Norman Fairclough focuses on social conflict and its linguistic manifestations in discourses of dominance, difference and resistance (Wodak and

Meyer, 2001).According to Fairclough, the big problem is about language used as a social practice, more than individual activities or for reflect something. Language is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA used for dominance practice, it means the language as a news controlled by for those

people who has a dominance.

2.1.1 Three Dimensions Model

In 1995b, Fairclough divides three dimensional method of discourse analysis

in a book entitled Media Discourse. Language here, can be a text or discourse. The

three dimensions are text, discourse practice and sociocultural practice. ‗Texts‘ may

be written or oral, and oral texts may be just spoken (radio) or spoken and visual

(television). By ‗discourse practice‘ Fairclough means the processes of text

production and text consumption. And by ‗sociocultural practice‘ Fairclough means

the social and cultural goings-on which the communicative event is a part of.For

making it easy, look at the figure 2.1 below:

Text production

TEXT

Text consumption

DISCOURSE PRACTICE

SOCIOCULTURAL PRACTICE

Fig 2.1: A framework for CDA of a communicative event (Fairclough 1995b: 59)

CDA analytical framwork above means the visual representation of the

relationship between the three dimensions of communicative events in the diagram is

significant: Fairclough see discourse practice as mediating between the textual and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the social and the cultural, between text and sociocultural practice, in the sense that the link between the sociocultural and the textual is an indirect one, made by way of dicourse practice: properties of sociocultural practice shape texts, but by way of shaping the nature of the discorse practice, i.e. Following is the description of three dimensions model.

2.1.1.1 Text

Analysis of texts is concerned with both their meanings and their forms.

Although it may be useful analytically to contrast these two aspects of texts, it is in reality difficult to separate them. Meanings are necessarily realized in forms, and differences in meaning entail differences in form. Conversely, it is a sensible working assumption that where forms are different, there will be some difference in meaning (Fairclough, 1995b:57). There are three processes in text analysis: representation, contruction of relations, and contruction of identities as following:

a) Representation of the text

Fairclough has already suggested, when people represent in language events, actions, relationships and states, the people and objects involved in them, the time and place and other circumtances of their occurence, and so forth, there are always choices available. The grammar is a choice of a language differentiates a small number of ‗process types‘ and associated ‗ participant types‘. It may seem at first glance that the difference between an action (with a casual actor) and an event

(with put a casual actor) is a difference in reality, in the nature of things, but that is not so, at least in any simple sense. When people represent in language something

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA that happens, they have to choose whether to represent it as an action or an event.

There are two major aspects of representation in text:

1) The Structuring of Proposition

This first aspect of representation in texts is concerned with how events and relationships and situations are represented. Actually, since the analysis here is linguistic rather than logical, we should be looking for this questions ‗how is this clause structured in terms of the process (typically realized in its verb), participant

(typically realized in its nouns and nominal groups), and circumstantial (typically realized in adverbials) elements it contains?‘. ‗What choices have been made from among the possible types of process, participant, and circumstance?‘.

Halliday, however, found the new concept of transitivity. Thenew conceptrepresents a further development of the old concept. InHalliday's conception in his Introduction to Functional Grammar,whether a verb takes or does not takedirect object is not a primeconsideration. There are three components of what

Halliday calls a―transitivity process‖ (Halliday, 2004:175) namely:

- The process itself,

- Participants in the process; and

- Circumstances associated with the process

Then, Halliday divides the system of transitivity or process types intosix processes,namely: material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal,and existential.

(a) Material Process

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA This type of processes includes clauses of doing and happening (Halliday,

2004:179). The two main participants associated with this process are: the Actor (the doer of the process) and the Goal (the entity affected by the process).

Example:

The policeman hunted the demonstrator

Actor Material Process Goal

(From the table above, ‗the policemen‘ words as an actor is the person who does the action, and the ‗hunted‘ word is as the process is an action, and the ‗the demonstrator‘ words as a goal is the one who is effected by the action).

(b) Mental Process

Mental process is processes sensing (Halliday, 2004:197).Mental processes are grouped into four subtypes which are perception (see, hear, feel), cognition

(know, understand, believe), affection (like, love), and desire (hope, want, wish).

Within this process, there is always a conscious participant known as the Senser: the one who perceives, knows, likes, etc. in addition to the sensor, there is another participant involved in the mental processes which is the Phenomenon which is felt, perceived, known, thought, or wanted.

Example:

She Saw them crossing the road

Senser Mental Process Phenomenon

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (From the table above, ‗she‘ word as a senser is the one who does the mental action, and ‗saw‘ as process is the process of perception, and ‗the crossing road‘ words as the phenomenon is the thing that is perceived.

Relational process is processes of being and having (Halliday, 2004:210).

Relational processes are typically realized by the verb ‗be‘ or some verbs of the same class (known as copular verbs); for examples, seem, become, appear, etc, or sometime by verbs such as have, own, possess. Halliday (1994:119) states that relational process is divided into two modes: identifying relational process and attributive relational process.

Example:

John Is the Doctor

Identified Process Identifier

(In the table above, ‗John‘ as identified is being equated with another, and ‗is‘ as process is a process of relational, and ‗the Doctor‘ as identifier is the other description of John).

(d) Behavioral Processes

Behavioral Processes are processes of physiological andpsychological behavior, like smiling, coughing, laughing, breathing, etc (Halliday, 2001:248). They usually have one participant only the Behaver; for example, Johnsmiled gently. They are intermediate between material and mentalprocesses, in that the Behaver is typically a conscious being, like theSenser, but the process functions more like one of ‗doing‘.

Example:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA She snores Loudly

Behaver Process Circumstantial

(From the table above, ‗she‘ as behaver is the person who conscious being, ‗snores‘ as process is process of behavioral, and ‗loudly‘ as circumstantial).

(e) Verbal Processes

Verbal Processes are processes of ‗saying‘ of any kind (Halliday, 2004:252).

Itcovers ―any kind of symbolic exchangeof meaning‖. The participant; Sayer: the onewho gives out the message and Receiver: the one to whom the message is addressed, and the Verbiage: the nominalized statement of the verbal process.

Example:

He Told me a story

Sayer Process Receiver Verbiage

(From the example in the table above, ‗he‘ as sayer is the one who gives out the message, and ‗told‘ as process is a process of verbal, and ‗me‘ as receiver is the one to whom the message is addressed).

(f) Existential Processes

Existential Processes show that something exists or happens (Halliday,

2004:256).The word there is frequently used in such clauses, but it has noidentified function or meaning, and is merely subject filler. Thetypical verbs used in these clauses are ‗be‘, ‗exist‘, ‗arise‘ and otherverbs expressing existence. The nominal group that follows these verbsis called ‗Existent‘.

Example:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA There was no choice

Cir Process Existent

(In the table above, ‗was‘ as process is process of existential and ‗no choice‘ as existent is the thing that exist).

2) The Combination and Sequencing of Propositions

Turning to the second aspect of representation in text, concerned with the combination and sequencing of propositions. Below there are local coherence relation and global text structure:

(a) Local Coherence Relations

Local coherence relations between clauses, clause complexes or sentences are of three main types: elaboration, extension, and enhancement (Halliday 1985:202-

27 in Fairclough 1995b:121). These three types are explained as following:

(1) Elaboration

In elaboration, one clause elaborates on another by describing it or making it more specific – by rewording it, exemplifying it, or clarifying it.

Example: They decided to cancel the show, | upsetting a lot of people

(Second clause above elaborates first clause. The effect of cancelling the show is upsetting people who waits the show).

(2) Extension

In extension, one clause ‗extends the meaning of another by adding something new to it‘. This may be straight addition (marked with and, moreover,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA etc.), adversative or contrastive (marked with but, yet, however, etc.), or variation

(marked with or, alternatively, etc.)

Example: it‟s my book, | but you can read it.

(Second clause is the extension towards first clause marked by ‗but‘ word. It is called adversative or contranstive).

(3) Enhancement

In enhancement, ‗one clause enhances the meaning of another by qualifying it‘, in terms of time (e.g. A then B, A after B, A while B – where A and B are clauses or sentences), place (e.g. A where B), cause (e.g. A because B, A so B) or condition

(e.g. if A then B).

Example: We'll work for about an hour on Saturday, | then we'll work Monday and

Tuesday of next week, | then taper off.

(The sentence that consists of three clauses above is enhancement of time, because for continued to the next clause there is ‗then‘ word).

Local coherence relation between clauses or sentences (clause complexes) may be explicit or implicit; they may be, but are not necessarily, signalled by markers of cohesion such as conjunctions or sentence-linking adverbials (but, accordingly, nevertheless, afterwards, for example). Halliday and Hasan 1976 in

Firclough 1995bdistinguis four main types of cohesion: conjunction, lexical cohesion, reference, and ellipsis.

(1) Conjunction

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The markers of cohesion Fairclough has referred to so far are cases of conjunction, including both what traditional grammar calls conjunctions.

Conjunction is a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in same clause (e.g. and, but, because, if) and ‗sentence adverbials‘ like however and nevertheless.

Example: Mary went to the supermarket and bought a pen

(2) Lexical cohesion

Lexical cohesionis cohesion through vocabulary – through repetition of words, and words are linked in meaning occurring across clause and sentence boundaries.

Example: Sports cars are beautiful. Small cars are practical.

(From the sentence above, the ‗car‘ word is repeated two times)‘

(3) Reference

Referenceincludes referring back or forward in a text with pronouns, the definite article or demonstrative (this, that).

Example: The first time met Helen was late August last year, she was my home mate.

(From the sentence above, ‗she‘ word in second clause stands for ‗Helen‘ word in first clause).

(4) Ellipsis

Ellipsisis missing out repeated material or replacing it with a substitute word.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Example:Tebbit failed to mention Thatcher. Hurd on the other hand did.

(The ‗did‘ word is substituted of ‗mention Thatcher‘)

(b) Global Text Structure/schematic view

For the global text structure, Fairclough called it schematic view. To analyze discourse in terms of steps, stages or structures is an essential component of critical analysis normally referred to as genre studies (c.f. Labov and Waletzky 1967; van Dijk 1988 ; Fowler 1985). The genre or schematic structure of a news article, according to Fairclough (1995: 85) for example consists of ―Headline + Lead +

Satellites + Wrap up. The order of these four stages is fixed‖. Headline can be complex the article actually had a major and a minor Headline. Lead paragraph summarize the gist of the whole story. Satellite paragraph which elaborate various aspect of the story. And Wrap-up (which is the one optional stage in this generic schema) consists of the final paragraph of the story.

Example:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Picture 2.1 News article from Fairclough 1995b:69

As the example picture above showed, the Headline is number (1) as the major and number (2) as the minor. The number (3) and (4) as the Paragraph Lead,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the first two paragraphs (3) summarize the gist of the whole story. There are eight

Sattelite paragraphs Number (2-9) which elaborate various aspect of the story. it is characteristic of sattelite paragraphs that there is little progression within them – they could be quite extensively reordered without disrupting the story. The all link back to the Lead, but they are relatively independent of one onother. Theren is, however, some embedding in this case: three of the paragraphs are the direct quotations and obviously group together. Another detail is that the scheme allows for Sattelite paragraphs to be divided by sub-headlines – Profits in that example. The Wrap-up

(which is the one optional stage in this generic scheme is number (9) as the final paragraph of the story (Fairclough, 1995b:85).

b) Relations of the text

This term is about the interaction between reporters and audiences, between various categories of ‗others‘ and audiences, and between reporters and politicians, experts, and other categories of ‗others‘. There are three major categories of participants: reporters (a term use for all categories of media personnel, including announcers, presenters, and anchor-persons), audienceand various categories of

‗other participants‘, mainly from the public domain(politicians, trade unionists, religious leader, scientists and other experts, etc). Notice that the concern here is not with how ‗others‘ are referred to and represented, but with others as direct participants in media output, for instance as interviewees in broadcasting

(Fairclough, 1995b: 125). From the news text, the writer will see how the relation between the participants.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA c) Identities of the text

This term is about the sorts of social and personal identity that are set up in media output for reporters, for audiences, and for the various categories of ‗others‘ participant in the news text.

2.1.1.2 Discourse Practice

A further dimension of communication in the mass media is the institutional practices associated both with the production of media texts and with the consumption of media text. Fairclough referred to institutional routines such as editorial procedures involved in producing media text, and how, for instance, watching television fits into the routines of the household; but Fairclough also referred to discourse processes in the narrower sense in discussing the transformations which text undergo in production and consumption.

a) Text Production

Processes of text production are managed through sets of institutional routines. Media organizations are characterized by routine ways of collecting and sellecting material, and editing and transforming source material into finished texts

(Bell 1991, Silverstone 1985, Tuchman 1978, Van Dijk 1988a in Fairclough,

1995b:48). Text production of a text is a collective process, involving journalists, producers, and various categories of editorial staff, as well as technical staff. Bell estimates, for instance, that in moderate-sized press newsroom up to eightp people may contribute to the production of a story, and the story may correspondingly go through uo to eight versions. Silverstone shows similiar complexity in the production of documentary. The journalist‘s first draft may be changed by the chief reporter, the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA news editor, the editor, the chief sub-editor, a page sub-editor, a copy sub-editor, or the check sub editor (Bell 1991: 44-6 in Fairclough 1995b:48).

b) Text Consumption

The consumption of media texts is characterized by its own institutional practices and routines. Overwhelmingly, media texts are consumed in private domain contexts, in the home and in the context of family life. Research on media reception has shown the various ways in which media text consumtion may be embedded within domestic life (Fairclough 1995b:48-49).

2.1.1.3 Sociocultural Practice

Analysis of the sociocultural practice dimenion of communicative event may be at different levels of abstraction from the particular event: it may involve its more immediate situational context, the wider context of instituational practices the event is embedded within, or the yet wider frame of the society and the culture. All of these layers may be relevant to understanding the particular event – and indeed particular events cumulatively constitute and reconstitute social and cultural practice at all levels. The three aspect of sociocultural practice may enter into critical discourse analysis are economic, political (concerned with issues of power and ideology), and cultural(concerned with questions of value and identity) (Fairclough

1995b:62).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.2 News

News is a report of recent events (Merriam Webster). News is an information about recent events that are of interest to a sufficiently large group, or that may affect the lives of a sufficiently large group (Reah, 2002:4). It is same with a news used being a media to report every single event that happens in the whole world. So many definitions of news, but simply is about reported something new or recently. News can be spoken and written, spoken news such as live on TV, live on

Radio, and broadcast. Written news could be prepared by newspaper, tabloid, megazine and internet. News here, that want to be analyzed by the writer is a news which base on internet, it is the news from CNN.

CNN is acronym of Cable News Network an American television news channel founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner. After it launches, it was the first all-news television channel in United States. The slogan of

CNN is ‗Go there, thi is CNN, the most trusted name in news, facts first, the worldwide leader in news reporting from arround the world‘ (Wikipedia). From the slogan, it told us it self major presence function in the whole world clearly. Just like one of news function is about present the facts, and CNN has it on it slogans. CNN has been there for giving information about the world for thirty eight years. CNN was produced the news about world, politic, money, entertainment, tech, sport, travel, health, style, and features. The following is lists of CNN personnel

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CNN_personnel). The executive consists of 4 people: (John Stankey as CEO), (Jeff Zucker as President of CNN Worldwide), (Ken

Jautz as Executive Vice President of CNN, responsible for CNN/US), and (Tony

Maddox as Executive Vice President and Managing Director of CNN International).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The current personalities consist of 255 people. The news analysis host consists of 14 people. The series and special host consists of 15 people. The political and legal analysis consists of 27 people. The political contributor consists of 40 people. The security and foreign policy analysis consists of 22 people. And the former personality consists of 188 people.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.3 Theoretical Framework

FAIRCLOUGH’S CDA

Text

Relation Representation Identity

The structuring of The combination The interaction proposition; and sequencing of The identity of each between each Transitivity proposition participants participants

Local coherence Global Text relation/cohesion; Structure / elaboration, extension and enhancement; conjunction, Schematic view lexical cohesion, reference and ellipsis

CDA in CNN News

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4 Relevant Study

For complete this research the writer need some relevant studies to support this research. As the following:

Critical Discourse Analysis of News Reports on China‟s Bullet-Train Crash

(A Journal) by Wang Weiwei & Liu Weihua (2015). That study is about Critical

Discourse Analysis. The study explained how to apply Fairclough‘s the three- dimensions model very clear. What is analyzed as an object is a news. The conclusion of the study are news as a product of social practice, although claimed as objective and fair discourse, is inevitably influenced by ideology. That study help the writer complete this research because has a similarity discussion about CDA and the object too. The writer also used Fairclough‘s three-dimensions model. That study really helps the writer so much, in completing and doing this research.

Critical Discourse Analysis at Tempo.co on the News about the Death of

Taruna Stip Jakarta (A Journal) by Genta Maghvira (2017). The purpose of that study is to know Critical Discourse Analysis of the news about the death of Taruna

STIP that Tempo.co has been published. That study notices all of the aspects such as microstructure, meso-structure, and macrostructure. That study‘s object is a news from Tempo.co with title ‗Taruna STIP Tewas Dihajar Senior, Ini Kronologinya‟ online published in January 11th 2017. That study used Norman Fairclough‟s critical discourse analysis model. The result shows that Tempo.co does an election diction; use of the causation phrase; and selecting resource in direct quotation. Realization of the result rates in line with the Tempo.co‘s company mission. Which is to create an independent multimedia product that free from any pressure. There was a motivation in news produced which lead the reader to give a positive sight for Tempo.co. That

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA study helps in completing the writer research just like how applies the theory and how to analysis. The writer used Fairclough‘s theory and analysis the news as an object too.

Transitivity Analysis of « The Crying lot of 49 » by Thomas Pynchon(A

Journal) by Rym Ezzina (2015). This study investigates the relationship between linguistic structures and meanings in a literary text. By applying Halliday‘s transitivity framework, the paper attempts to reveal how the use of some linguistic cues can unveil the characteristics and techniques employed by Pynchon as a post- modernist writer. In particular, the paper focused on the analysis of the verbs according to the different process types in the experiential metafunction. The processes are material processes, mental processes, relational processes, verbal processes, behavioral processes, and existential processes. In addition, the paper seeks to uncover power relations by analyzing participants‘ roles involved in each process. That study above will help the writer for enrich writer‘s knowledge about transitivity system and knows how to analysis the text based on the transitivity process..

Critical Discourse Analysis of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyuno‟s speech (A

Thesis) by F. X. Nova Anggit Priatmoko (2013). The result of that thesis shows that

CDA can explore the relationships among language, power, and ideology. Through the language used, it can be known the strength of power and the purpose of the speaker, which the power is strongly felt and the ideology is clearly seen as well as understandable. That thesis can help the writer in completingthis study how to apply

Fairclough‘s framewrok.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Analisis Wacana Kritis Pemberitaan Kekerasan Berbasis Gender di Surat

Kabar Harian Suara Merdeka (A Journal) by Yuliyanto Budi Setiawan (2011). His journal is about CDA, his journal used three dimensions of Fairclough. The object analyzed on her jornal is also the news, so the writer does. This journal will help the writer most in complete this research, because the writer uses three dimensions framework of Fairclough to complete this research too. And this journal presented in

Indonesian language that can make the writer easier tu understand the topic of CDA.

And it will drive the writer in doing this research.

Kohesi dan Koherensi Paragraf pada Teks Berita Tribun News dalam

Jaringan (Daring) (A Journal) by Aisah, Pastika, and Putrayasa (2017). That studyaims to describe cohesion and grammatical lexical toolsof the news text, also explain the connection of meaning or coherence in Tribun‘s news text May-July

2016 editions. In this study, that research helps the writer in analysis cohesion and coherence of CNN news text.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

3.1 Research Design

To get the maximal result of this research, the writer applies the methods in this research. The writerin completing this research by using the descriptive qualitative method with critical perspective, because the writer needs to describe how language is used in CNN news based on one of Fairclough‘s three dimensions model: text analysis.

However, the writer also used quantitative approach in processing the data foranswering the second problem to find out the dominant element found in CNN news. In this term, the writer used Bungin‘s formula.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

Data is the result of data source processing. The data may contain a state, image, sound, letter, number, math, language or other symbols that we can use as material for viewing the environment, objects, events or a concept. The data used to analyze the text dimension of Fairclough framework is CNN news clauses and sentences that consists of representation, and the paragraph to see the relation and identity.

Data source is the source of the subject from which the data can be obtained.

The source of data for this research is news text. The news text has been taken from

CNN, titled ―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA dummy‟‖which accessed from https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/23/politics/mike- pence-north-korea-intl/index.html, and published in May 24th 2018.

3.3 Data Collection Procedures

Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study.

Inaccurate data collection can impact the result of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results.The words we collect and analyze are based on observations, interviews, documents, andartifacts (Miles 2014:30). The data collected by the writer is based on documents because the data is a news. In collecting data, the writer did some steps:

a. Reading the news text of CNN, entitled North Korea warns of nuclear

showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‟‖,

b. Categorize which is the representation by clauses and sentences,

relation and identity by paragraph of CNN news.

3.4 Data Analysis Method

Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014:31),see analysis as three concurrent flows ofactivity: (1) data condensation, (2) data display,and(3) conclusion drawing/verification.

The three streams can also be represented as shown as Intractive Model below: In this view, the threetypes of analysis activity and theactivity of data collection itself form aninteractive, cyclical process. The researcher steadily movesamong these fournodes during data collection and then shuttles among condensing, displaying, andconclusion drawing/verifying for the remainder of the study.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Data Data collecction display

Data Conclusions: condensation drawing/ verifying

Figure 3.1 The Component of Data Analysis: Intractive Model

Source: Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (2014). Qualitative dataanalysis: An expanded sourcebook

(3nd ed.). ThousandOaks,CA: Sage Publications.

a. Data Collection

The words we collect and analyze are based on observations, interviews, documents, andartifacts (Miles 2014:30).

b. Data Condensation

Data condensation refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and/ortransforming the data that appear in the full corpus (body) ofwritten-up field notes, interviewtranscripts, documents, and other empirical materials.By condensing, we are making data stronger.

c. Data Display

The second major flow of analysis activity is data display. Generically, a display is an organized,compressed assembly of information that allows conclusion drawing and action.As with data condensation, the creation and use of displays is not

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA separate from analysis—it is apart of analysis. Designing displays—decidingon the rows and columns of a matrix for qualitativedata and deciding which data, in which form, should be entered in the cells—are analytic activities.

d. Drawing and Verifying Conclusions

The third stream of analysis activity is conclusion drawing and verification.

From the start of datacollection, the qualitative analyst interprets what things mean by noting patterns, explanations, causalflows, and propositions.The competentresearcher holds these conclusions lightly, maintainingopenness and skepticism,but the conclusions are still there, vague at first, then increasingly explicitand grounded. ―Final‖ conclusions may not appear until data collection is over,depending on thesize of the corpus of field notes; the coding, storage, and retrieval methods used; the sophistication ofthe researcher; and any necessary deadlines to be met.

For answering the problems of the study in this research, the writer is doing the following steps analysis:

1. Reading the data that has been categorized,

2. Selecting the representation data consists of ‗the structuring of proposition‘

and ‗the combination and sequencing of proposition‘,

3. Focusing ‗the structuring of proposition‘ data, it is clauses for analysis the

transitivity process and ‗the combination and sequencing of proposition‘

data, it is sentences for analysis the local coherence relation/cohesion and

paragraph for analysis the global text structure/schematic view,

4. Simplifying the data in to the six types of Transitivity process: material

process, verbal process, mental process, relational process, behavioural

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA process, existential process, and in to the seven types local coherence

relation/cohesion: elaboration, extension, enhancement, conjunction,

lexical cohesion reference, and ellipsis,

5. Analyzed the relation between the participants in news text by paragraph,

6. Analyzed the identity ofthe participants in news text by paragraph, and

7. Reading above result,

8. Grouping the result in the table,

9. Counting with the formula for knowing the percentage of element that

found in CNN news.

Table 3.1 The contribution of Transitivity Process Type

CNN news NO Process types Frequency Percentage (%) 1. Material 2. Verbal 3. Mental 4. Relational 5. Behavioural 6. Existential

Table 3.2 The contribution of Local Coherence Relation/Cohesion Type CNN news NO Coherence types Frequency Percentage (%) 1. Elaboration 2. Extension 3. Enhancement 4. Conjunction 5. Lexical Cohesion 6. Reference 7. Ellipsis

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

In counting the percentage of the data, Bungin‘s formula (2005: 171-172) is used to find the transitivity processand local coherence relation/cohesion type that mostly occur in the CNN news ‗North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence

'political dummy‟‖. The formula is:

For transitivity process, the statement as the following: n = Percentage of transitivity process type.

Fx = Individual frequency of transitivity process type.

N = Total number of transitivity process type.

And for local coherence relation/cohesion, the statement as the following: n = Percentage of local coherencerelation/cohesion type.

Fx = Individual frequency of local coherence relation/cohesion.

N = Total number of local coherence relation/cohesion type.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 ANALYSIS

This analysis includes analyse of text only based on Critical Discourse

Analysis approach by Fairclough‘s theory. In this term the writer analysed text based on representation of the text that consists of the structuring of proposition

(transitivity) and the combination and sequencing of proposition (coherence/cohesion and global text structure), and then analysed the relation between participants in the text and the last analysed the identity of participants in the text. What the writer analysed is news text of CNN entitled ―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖.

4.1.1 Analysis the Representation of the Text

In this term, the writer analyses about the structuring of proposition and the combination and sequencing of proposition news text of CNN.

4.1.1.1 The structuring of proposition

In this term, the writer only analyses about transitivity process.

A. Transitivity process

There are 81 clauses that have been analysed based on transitivity system.

However, the writer chose some clauses only as the sample to be described more clearly in this chapter. The whole analysis is enclosed in the appendices.

(1) Material process

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA This type of processes includes clauses of doing and happening (Halliday,

2004:179). The two main participants associated with this process are the Actor (the doer of the process) and the Goal (the entity affected by the process).

Sample of Material process:

(1)North Korean official has lashed out at US Vice President Mike Pence

North Korean has lashed out at US Vice President Mike official Pence Actor Material process Goal (6)byPence made Monday during aFox News interview

By Pence made Mondayduring aFox News interview

Actor Material process Cir: Time (10)because they come directly from a high-ranking official

Because they come directly from a high-ranking official Actor Material process Goal (11)and so close to the summit

and so close to the summit Material process Goal (12)which isscheduled for June 12 in Singapore.

which is scheduled for June 12 in Singapore Material process Cir: Time & Place

In the sample material process above, in clause 1 shows that ‗North Korean official‘ is as Actorwho does the process ‗has lashed out‘ is as the Material process and the ‗US Vice President Mike Pence‘ is as the Goal who is effected by the process. In clause 6 shows that ‗Pence‘ is as Actor who does the process ‗made‘ as the Material process and completed by the Circumstance ‗Mondayduring aFox News interview‘. In clause 10 shows that ‗they‘ is as Actor or the person who does the process towards ‗from a high-ranking official‘ as the Goal that is effected by the

‗come directly‘ as the Material process. In clause 11 shows that ‗so close‘ is as the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Material process, and ‗to the summit‘ is as the Goal that is effected by the process.

The last sample in clause 12 shows that ‗is scheduled‘ is as the Material process and completed by the Circumstance „for June 12 in Singapore‘ is as the time and place the process happened.

(2) Mental process

Mental process is processes of sensing (Halliday, 2004:197).Mental processes are grouped into four subtypes. They are perception (see, hear, feel), cognition

(know, understand, believe), affection (like, love), and desire (hope, want, wish).

Within this process, there is always a conscious participant known as the Senser: the one who perceives, knows, likes, etc. in addition to the sensor, there is another participant involved in the mental processes that is the Phenomenon which is felt, perceived, known, thought, or wanted.

Sample of Mental process

(7)that she deemed "unbridled and impudent."

that she Deemed "unbridled and impudent." Senser Mental process Phenomenon (8)North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric,

North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric, Senser Mental process Phenomenon (22)Less than a decade after Moammar Gadhafiagreed to abandon its nuclear aspirations in a deal with the United States,

Less than a after Moammar agreed to abandon its nuclear decade Gadhafi aspirations in a deal with the United States Cir: Time Senser Mental process Phenomenon (26)Adam Mount, the director of the Defense Posture Project at the Federation of American Scientists, believes Pence's comments were the"most explicit regime change threat yet" from the Trump administration.

Adam Mount, the Believes Pence's comments were the"most director of the Defense explicit regime change threat yet" Posture Project at the from the Trump administration Federation of American

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Scientists Senser Mental process Phenomenon (43)Analysts believe that Choe, a diplomat

Analysts Believe that Choe Senser Mental process Phenomenon

In the sample mental process above, in clause 7 shows that ‗deemed‘ belongs to Mental process. ‗Deemed‘ is process of cognition. The Senser (the one who deemed) in the clause is ‗she‘. The clause completed with the Phenomenon

‗unbridled and impudent‘ which is deemed the Senser. In clause 8 shows that ‗is known‘ belongs to Mental process. ‗Is known‘ is process of cognition. The Senser

(the one who is known) in the clause is ‗North Korea‘. The clause is completed with the Phenomenon by‗for its fiery rhetoric‘. In clause 22 shows that ‗agreed‘ belongs to Mental process. ‗Agreed‘ is process of cognition. The Senser (the one who agreed) in the clause is ‗Moammar Gadhafi‘. The clause is completed with the Phenomenon

‗to abandon its nuclear aspirations in a deal with the United States‘ and

Circumstance ‗Less than a decade‘ is as the time the senser agreed. In clause 26 shows that ‗believes‘ belongs to Mental process. ‗Believes‘ is process of cognition.

The Senser (the one who believes) in the clause is ‗Adam Mount, the director of the

Defense Posture Project at the Federation of American Scientists‘. The clause is completed with the Phenomenon ‗Pence's comments were the"most explicit regime change threat yet" from the Trump administration‘. And the last sample, in clause 43 shows that ‗believe‘ belongs to Mental process. ‗Believe‘ is process of cognition.

The Senser (the one who believes) in the clause is ‗Analysts‘. The clause completed with the Phenomenon ‗that Choe‘.

(3) Relational process

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The process type occurs outside and inside human being (Halliday, 2004:210).

Sample of Relational process

35)Pence has been vocal critic of North Korea

Pence has been vocal critic of North Korea Carrier Relational process Attribute (45)is a rising star in North Korea's Foreign Ministry

Is a rising star in North Korea's Foreign Ministry

Relational process Identified/Value Cir: Place (48)Trump and Kim's summit will be the the first meeting between a sitting US President and NorthKorean leader,

Trump and will be the first meeting between a sitting Kim'ssummit US President and NorthKorean leader Actor Relational Attribute process

In the sample relational process above, clause 35 shows that the clause is

Attribute Relational process. ‗Has been‘ as the Relational process, ‗Pence‘as the

Carrier is an entity being described, and ‗vocal critic of North Korea‘ as the

Attribute is the description of the entity. The clause is not completed by any

Circumstance. In clause 45 shows that the clauses is Identifying Relational process.

‗Is‘ as the Relational process, ‗a rising star‘ as the Identifiedthat identifying the carrier. There is no Carrier in that clause but it is completed by Circumstance ‗in

North Korea's Foreign Ministry‘. In clause 48 shows that the clause is Attribute

Relational process. ‗Will be‘ belongs to the Relational process, ‗Trump and

Kim'ssummit‘ as the Carrier is an entity being described, and ‗the first meeting

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA between a sitting US President and NorthKorean leader‘ as the Attribute is the description of the entity. The clause is not completed by any Circumstance.

(4) Behavioral process

Behavioral Processes are processes of physiological andpsychological behavior, like smiling, coughing, laughing, breathing, etc (Halliday, 2004:248). They usually have one participant only the Behaver; for example, Johnsmiled gently. They are intermediate between material and mentalprocesses, in that the Behaver is typically a conscious being, like theSenser, but the process functions more like one of ‗doing‘. But there is no behavioral process found in the news text of CNN entitled

―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖.

(5) Verbal process

Verbal Processes are processes of ‗saying‘ of any kind (Halliday, 2004:252).

Itcovers ―any kind of symbolic exchangeof meaning‖. The participant; Sayer is the onewho gives out the message and Receiver is the one to whom the message is addressed, and the Verbiage is the nominalized statement of the verbal process.

Sample of Verbal process

(2)And said Pyongyang is ready for a nuclear showdown if dialogue with the United States fails.

And said Pyongyang is ready for a nuclear showdown if dialogue with the United States fails Verbal process Verbiage (3)Choe Son Hui, a vice-minister in the North Korean Foreign Ministry, said if the US continued onits current path she would suggest to NorthKorea's leadership that they reconsider the plannedsummit between President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un.

Choe Son Hui, a Said if the US continued onits current path she vice-minister in would suggest to NorthKorea's leadership the North Korean that they reconsider the plannedsummit Foreign Ministry between President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. Sayer Verbal process Verbiage

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (4) ―Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting room or encounter us at nuclear-to- nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision and behavior of the United States,‖ Choe said in comments carriedby North Korea's state-run KCNA news agency Thursday.

―Whether theUS will meet us at a Choe said in comments meeting roomor encounter us at carriedby North nuclear-to-nuclear showdown is Korea's state-run entirelydependent upon the KCNA news agency decision and behavior of the Thursday. United States,‖ Verbiage Sayer Verbal process Cir: Time (5)Choe was responding to comments

Choi was responding to comments Sayer Verbal process Verbiage (13)"It's clear that the North Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it," said Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center forKorean History and Public Policy at the Wilson Center.

"It's clear that the Said Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai North Koreans feel Motor-Korea Foundation Center the White forKorean History and Public Policy at Housedoesn't get the Wilson Center. it," Verbiage Verbal process Sayer

In the sample verbal process above, clause 2 shows that ‗said‘ belongs to

Verbal process. The clause is completed by the Verbiage ‗Pyongyang is ready for a nuclear showdown if dialogue with the United States fails‘ is as the nominalized statement of the verbal process. In clause 3 shows that ‗said‘ belongs to Verbal process. The Sayer of that clause is ‗Choe Son Hui, a vice-minister in the North

Korean Foreign Ministry‘. And the clause is completed by Verbiage ‗if the US continued onits current path she would suggest to NorthKorea's leadership that they reconsider the plannedsummit between President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un‘ is as the nominalized statement of the verbal process. In clause

4 shows that ‗said‘ belongs to Verbal process. The Sayer of that clause is ‗Choe‘.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA And the clause is completed by the Verbiage ‗―Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting roomor encounter us at nuclear-to-nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision and behavior of the United States,‖ is as the nominalized statement of the verbal process and Circumstance ‗in comments carriedby North Korea's state- run KCNA news agency Thursday‘ is the time the statement said. In clause 5 shows that ‗was responding‘ belongs to Verbal process. The Sayer of that clause is ‗Choe‘ and it is completed by the Verbiage ‗to comments‘. And in the last sample, in clause

13 shows that ‗said‘ belongs to Verbal process. The Sayer of that clause is ‗Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center forKorean History and

Public Policy at the Wilson Center.‘ The clause is completed by Verbiage ‗"It's clear that the North Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it,"

(6) Existential Processes

Existential Processes show that something exists or happens (Halliday,

Sample of Existential process

(9)but these latest comments are particularly noteworthy

but these latest comments Are particularly noteworthy Existent Existential Cir: Manner (55)but both sides appear to be moving ahead with theplanning process.

but both sides appear to be moving ahead with theplanning process Existent Existential Cir: Cause (74)There have been suggestions

There have been suggestions Existential Existent

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In the sample Existential process above, in clause 9 shows that ‗are‘ belongs to Existential process. The Existent (The nominal group) in the above clause is ‗these latest comments‘. The clause is completed by the Circumstance of manner

‗particularly noteworthy‘ which informs how the phenomenon exist. In clause 55 shows that ‗appear‘ belongs to Existential process. The Existent (The nominal group) in the above clause is ‗both sides‘. The clause is completed by the Circumstance of cause‗to be moving ahead with theplanning process‘ which informs why the phenomenon exist. And in the last sample, in clause 74 shows that ‗There have been‘ belongs to Existential process. The Existent(The nominal group) in the above clause is ‗Suggestions‘. The clause is not completed by the Circumstance.

4.1.1.2 The combination and sequencing of proposition

In this term, the writer analysis about local coherence relations/cohesion and

Global text structure/schematic view.

A. Local coherence relations/cohesion

There are 95 sentences that have been analysed based on local coherence relation/cohesion. However, the writer chose some sentences only as the sample to be described more clearly in this chapter. The whole analysis is enclosed in the appendices.

(1) Elaboration

In elaboration, one clsause elaborates on another by describing it or making it more specific – by rewording it, exemplifying it, or clarifying it (Halliday 1985 in

Fairclough 1995b:121).

Sample of Elaboration

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (6) "It's clear that the North Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it," said Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center forKorean History and Public Policy at the Wilson Center. (7) Choe took particular issue with Pence's remarks about US National Security Adviser JohnBolton, who said the US would look to the negotiations with Libya during the early 2000s whendealing with North Korea. (9) "As the President made clear, this will only end like the Libya model endedif Kim Jong Un doesn't make a deal." (11) North Korea has long cited Libya's case as the reason it needs nuclear weapons. (13) "They (the North Koreans) are very proud, they don't like being bullied and they certainly don't like the repeated references to Libya and the repeated reference to its poverty," Lee said.

In the sample elaboration above, in sentence 6 shows that the first clause ‗it‘s clear‘ is elaborated by relative pronoun ‗that‘ becomes the second clause ‗the North

Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it‘. The first clause is clarified by the second clause. In sentence 7 shows that first clause is elaborated by relative pronoun

‗who‘ and becomes the second clause ‗said the US would look to the negotiations with Libya during the early 2000s whendealing with North Korea‘. From the above sentence, in the first clause John Bolton is mentioned and in the second clause he is explained more by what he said. In sentence 9 shows that first clause is elaborated becomes second clause ‗this will only end like the Libya model endedif Kim Jong

Un doesn't make a deal‘. From above sentence, the first clause ‗As the President made clear‘ starts to mention what the President wants to explain about, and in the second clause is about what the President explained. In sentence 11 shows that first clause ‗North Korea has long cited Libya's case‘ is elaborated by ‗as‘ word. The second clause ‗the reason it needs nuclear weapons‘ becomes the example for making sure about the first clause. And the last sample, in sentence 13 shows that the first clause is elaborated by clarifying it with second, third, fourth and fifth clauses.

(2) Extension

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In extension, one clause ‗extends the meaning of another by adding something new to it‘. This may be straight addition (marked with and, moreover, etc.), adversative or contrastive (marked with but, yet, however, etc.), or variation

(marked with or, alternatively, etc.) (Halliday 1985 in Fairclough 1995b:121).

Sample of Extension

(1) A North Korean official has lashed out at US Vice President Mike Pence and said Pyongyang is ready for a nuclear showdown if dialogue with the United States fails. (3) "Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting room or encounter us at nuclear-to- nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision and behavior of the United States," Choe said in comments carriedby North Korea's state-run KCNA news agency Thursday. (5) North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric, but these latest comments are particularly noteworthy because they come directly from a high-ranking official and so close to the summit -- which isscheduled for June 12 in Singapore. (12) Less than a decade after Moammar Gadhafiagreed to abandon its nuclear aspirations in a deal with the United States, he was ousted frompower and killed with the help of NATO-backed forces. (15) "The Libya analogy is deliberately inflammatory. It never applied to North Korea and is useful neither to convey resolve or to set expectations on nuclear issues," he told CNN in an email.

In the sample extension above, in sentence 1 shows that ‗and‘ word is as the mark addition of extension. In the above sentence, the second clause is addition of the first clause. In the first clause mentioned about the threat and in the second clause mentioned what is the threat about, it is nuclear. In sentence 3 shows that ‗or‘ word is as the mark variation of extension. In the above sentence the word ‗or‘ used for making a choice between two things. That‘s why used ‗or‘ word in the middle of the choices. In sentence 5 shows that ‗but‘ word is as the mark adversative or contrastive of extension. From the above sentence, ‗but‘ word used for the exception of first clause statement. In sentence 12 shows that the word ‗and‘ is as the mark addition of extension. From the above sentence, a clause ‗killed with the help of NATO-backed forces‘ is the addition of another clause 'he was ousted frompower‘. In sentence

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 15shows that the word ‗and‘ is as the mark addition of extension and the word ‗or‘ is as the mark variation of extension. From the above clause, a clause ‗is useful neither to convey resolve‘ is the addition of another clause ‗It never applied to North Korea‘.

And the word ‗or‘ in that sentence used for making a choice between two things.

That‘s why used ‗or‘ word in the middle of the choices.

(3) Enhancement

(e.g. if A then B) (Halliday 1985 in Fairclough 1995b:121).

Sample of Enhancement

(2) Choe Son Hui, a vice-minister in the North Korean Foreign Ministry, said if the US continued onits current path, she would suggest to North Korea's leadership that they reconsider the plannedsummit between President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. (4) Choe was responding to comments byPence made Monday during a Fox News interview that she deemed "unbridled and impudent." (5) North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric, but these latest comments are particularly noteworthy because they come directly from a high-ranking official and so close to the summit -- which isscheduled for June 12 in Singapore. (7) Choe took particular issue with Pence's remarks about US National Security Adviser JohnBolton, who said the US would look to the negotiations with Libya during the early 2000s whendealing with North Korea. (9)"As the President made clear, this will only end like the Libya model endedif Kim Jong Un doesn't make a deal."

In sample enhancement above, in sentence 2 shows that the word ‗if‘ refers to the condition terms of enhancement. In the sentence, the word ‗if‘ shows the condition of US that still on their own stand, the North Korea will take another plan.

In sentence 4 shows that the word ‗during‘ refers to the time terms of enhancement.

In the above sentence, the word ‗during‘ shows the time of as long as interview on

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA going. In sentence 5 shows that the word ‗because‘ refers to the cause terms of extension. In the sentence, the clause ‗they come directly from a high-ranking official and so close to the summit‘ is the cause of the clause before word ‗because‘. In sentence 7 shows that the word ‗when‘ refers to the time terms of extension. In the sentence, the word ‗during‘ explains about the moment of has a business North

Korea. In the last sample, in sentence 9 shows that the word ‗if‘ refers to condition terms of enhancement. In the between clauses, the word ‗if‘ shows the condition of

Kim Jong Un dealing.

Local coherence relation between clauses or sentences (clause complexes) may be explicit or implicit; they may be, but are not necessarily, signalled by markers of cohesion. Halliday and Hasan 1976 in Firclough 1995b distinguis four main types of cohesion: conjunction, lexical cohesion, reference, and ellipsis.

(4) Conjunction

The markers of cohesion Fairclough has referred to so far are cases of conjunction, including both what traditional grammar calls conjunctions.

Conjunction is a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in same clause (e.g. and, but, because, if) and ‗sentence adverbials‘ like however and nevertheless(Halliday & Hasan 1976 in Fairclough 1995b:121).

Sample of Conjunction

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (5) North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric, but these latest comments are particularly noteworthy because they come directly from a high-ranking official and so close to the summit -- which isscheduled for June 12 in Singapore. (6) "It's clear that the North Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it," said Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center forKorean History and Public Policy at the Wilson Center. (9) "As the President made clear, this will only end like the Libya model endedif Kim Jong Un doesn't make a deal."

In sample conjunction above, in sentence 1 shows that the words ‗and‘ and

‗if‘ is called as conjunction to connect between clauses. In the sentence, the word

‗and‘ used to connect first clause ‗A North Korean official has lashed out at US Vice

President Mike Pence‘ to the second clause ‗said Pyongyang is ready for a nuclear showdown‘. And the word ‗if‘ in that clause used to connect second clause to third clause ‗dialogue with the United States fails‘.

In sentence 3 shows that the word ‗or‘ and ‗and‘ is called as conjunction to connect between clauses. In the sentence, the words ‗or‘ used to connect first clause

‗Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting room‘ to the second clause ‗encounter us at nuclear-to-nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision‘. And the word ‗and‘ used to connect the second clause to the third clause ‗behavior of the

United States,"Choe said in comments carriedby North Korea's state-run KCNA news agency Thursday‘.

In sentence 5 shows that the words ‗but‘ and ‗and‘ is called as conjunction to connect between clauses. In the above sentence, the word ‗but‘ used to connect first clause ‗North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric‘ to the second clause ‗these latest comments are particularly noteworthy because they come directly from a high- ranking official‘. And the word ‗and‘ used to connect second clause to the third clause ‗so close to the summit -- which isscheduled for June 12 in Singapore‘.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In sentence 6 shows that the word ‗and‘ is called as conjunction to connect between clauses. In the above sentence, the word ‗and‘ used to connect first clause

‗It's clear that the North Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it," said Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center forKorean History‘ to the second clause ‗Public Policy at the Wilson Center‘.

In the last sample, in sentence 9 shows that the word ‗if‘ is called as conjunction to connect between clauses. In the above sentence, the word ‗if‘ used to connect first clause ‗As the President made clear, this will only end like the Libya model ended‘ to the second clause ‗Kim Jong Un doesn't make a deal‘.

(5) Lexical cohesion

Lexical cohesionis cohesion through vocabulary – through repetition of words, and words are linked in meaning occurring across clause and sentence boundaries (Halliday & Hasan 1976 in Fairclough 1995b:122).

Sample of Lexical cohesion

(9) "As the President made clear, this will only end like the Libya model endedif Kim Jong Un doesn't make a deal." (13) "They (the North Koreans) are very proud, they don't like being bullied and they certainly don't like the repeated references to Libya and the repeated reference to its poverty," Lee said. (28) Top White House officials are expected to travelto Singapore this weekend to work with the North Koreans on logistical and agenda items. (38) "Pyongyang is trying to shift the discussion away from immediate disarmament and economic benefits and toward a protracted exchange of security concessions," said Mount of the Federation of American Scientists.

In sample lexical cohesion above, in sentence 9 shows that there is repetition of words. In the above sentence, the word that repeat are ‗end‘ and ‗ended‘. In sentence 13 shows that there is repetition of words. From the above sentence, the word that repeat is word ‗don‘t like‘. In sentence 28 shows that there is repetition

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA words. From the above sentence, the word that repeat is word ‗to‘. In the last sample, in sentence 38 shows that there is repetition words. From the above sentence, the word that repeat is word ‗of‘.

(6) Reference

Referenceincludes referring back or forward in a text with pronouns, the definite article or demonstrative (this, that) (Halliday & Hasan 1976 in Fairclough

1995b:122).

Sample of Reference

(2)Choe Son Hui, a vice-minister in the North Korean Foreign Ministry, said if the US continued onits current path, she would suggest to North Korea's leadership that they reconsider the plannedsummit between President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. (3) "Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting room or encounter us at nuclear-to- nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision and behavior of the United States," Choe said in comments carriedby North Korea's state-run KCNA news agency Thursday. (4)Choe was responding to comments byPence made Monday during a Fox News interview that she deemed "unbridled and impudent." (5)North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric, but these latest comments are particularly noteworthy because they come directly from a high-ranking official and so close to the summit -- which isscheduled for June 12 in Singapore. (10) When MacCallum saidthat some people may have seenBolton's comments as a threat, Pence said "I think it's more of a fact.‖

In sample reference above, in sentence 2 shows that the pronouns ‗she‘ and

‗they‘ is called as the reference. In the sentence, the pronoun ‘she‘ in second clause refers to ‗Choi Son Hui‘ in the first clause. And the pronoun ‗they‘ in third clause refers to the ‗North Koreans‘. In sentence 3 shows that the pronoun ‗us‘ is called as the reference. In the above sentence, the pronoun ‗us‘ in the first clause refers to

‗North Koreans‘ in the second clause. In sentence 4 shows that the pronoun ‗she‘ is called as the reference. From the above sentence, the pronoun ‗she‘ in the second

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA clause refers to ‗Choe‘ in the first clause. In sentence 5 shows that the pronouns ‗its‘ and ‗they‘ is called as the reference. In the above sentence, the pronoun ‗its‘ in the first clause refers to ‗North Korea‘ in the first clause too. And the pronoun ‗they‘ in the third clause refers to ‗these latest comments‘ in the second clause. In sentence 10 shows that the demonstrative ‗that‘ is called as the reference. In the above sentence, the demonstrative ‗that‘ in second clause refers to ‗said‘ in the first clause.

(7) Ellipsis

Ellipsisis missing out repeated material or replacing it with a substitute word

(Halliday & Hasan 1976 in Fairclough 1995b:122).

Sample of Ellipsis

(3) "Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting room or encounter us at nuclear-to- nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision and behavior of the United States," Choe said in comments carriedby North Korea's state-run KCNA news agency Thursday. (4) Choe was responding to comments byPence made Monday during a Fox News interview that she deemed "unbridled and impudent." (6) "It's clear that the North Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it," said Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center forKorean History and Public Policy at the Wilson Center. (8) "There was some talk about the Libya model," Pence told Fox News'Martha MacCallum. (unlist) (10) When MacCallum said that some people may have seenBolton's comments as a threat, Pence said "I think it's more of a fact.‖

In sample ellipsis above, in sentence 3 shows that the word ‗said‘ is called as the ellipsis. In the above sentence, the word ‗said‘ replaces or substitutes word of

"Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting room or encounter us at nuclear-to-nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision and behavior of the United

States.‖ In sentence 4 shows that the word ‗comments‘ is called as the ellipsis. In the above sentence, the word ‗comments‘ replaces or substitutes word of third sentence.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In sentence 6 shows that the word ‗said‘ is called as the ellipsis. In the above sentence, the word ‗said‘ replaces or substitutes word of "It's clear that the North

Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it". In sentence 8 shows that the word ‗told‘ is called as the ellipsis. In the above sentence, the word ‗told‘ replaces or substitutes word of "There was some talk about the Libya model". In sentence 10 shows that the word ‗said‘ is called as the ellipsis. In the above clause, the word ‗said‘ replaces or substitutes word of "I think it's more of a fact‖.

B. Global text structure/schematic view

Dijk 1988 ; Fowler 1985). The genre or schematic structure of a news article, according to Fairclough (1995: 85) for example consists of ―Headline + Lead +

Satellites + Wrap up.

The global text structure/schematic view of news text of CNN entitled ―North

Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖ consists of a

Headline, Writer name, Update time, a Paragraph Lead, three Sub-headlines, eight

Satellites and a Wrap-up as following:

(1)North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy'(Headline)

(2)By Joshua Berlinger, CNN (Writer Name)

(3)Updated 0835 GMT (1635 HKT) May 24, 2018 (Update Time)

(4)(CNN) A North Korean official has lashed out at US Vice President Mike Pence and said Pyongyang is ready for a nuclear showdown if dialogue with the United States fails. (ParagraphLead)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (5) Choe Son Hui, a vice-minister in the North Korean Foreign Ministry, said if the US continued onits current path, she would suggest to North Korea's leadership that they reconsider the plannedsummit between President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. "Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting room or encounter us at nuclear-to-nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision and behavior of the United States," Choe said in comments carriedby North Korea's state-run KCNA news agency Thursday.Choe was responding to comments byPence made Monday during a Fox Newsinterview that she deemed "unbridled and impudent."

(6) North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric, but these latest comments are particularly noteworthy because they come directly from a high-ranking official and so close to the summit -- which isscheduled for June 12 in Singapore."It's clear that the North Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it," said Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center forKorean History and Public Policy at the Wilson Center.

'Political dummy'(Sub-headline)

(7) Choe took particular issue with Pence's remarks about US National Security Adviser JohnBolton, who said the US would look to the negotiations with Libya during the early 2000s whendealing with North Korea."There was some talk about the Libya model," Pence told Fox News'Martha MacCallum. "As the President made clear, this will only end like the Libya model endedif Kim Jong Un doesn't make a deal." When MacCallum said that some people may have seenBolton's comments as a threat, Pence said "I think it's more of a fact."North Korea has long cited Libya's case as the reason it needs nuclear weapons. Less than a decade after Moammar Gadhafiagreed to abandon its nuclear aspirations in a deal with the United States, he was ousted frompower and killed with the help of NATO-backed forces."They (the North Koreans) are very proud, they don't like being bullied and they certainly don't like the repeated references to Libya and the repeated reference to its poverty," Lee said.Adam Mount, the director of the Defense Posture Project at the Federation of American Scientists, believes Pence's comments were the"most explicit regime change threat yet" from the Trump administration. "The Libya analogy is deliberately inflammatory. It never applied to North Korea and is useful neither to convey resolve or to set expectations on nuclear issues," he told CNN in an email.

(8) Vice President Mike Pence, sitsin front of Kim Yong Nam, Kim Jong Un's sister, at the openingceremony of the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games.Choe called Pence a "politicaldummy" for comparing Libya to North Korea. She noted that Libya's nuclear program was in itsearly stages when it came to the negotiating table, while North Korea has spent years developingits nuclear weapons. "As a person involved in the US affairs, I cannot suppress my surprise atsuch ignorant and stupid remarks gushing out from the mouth of the US vice president," she said.Pence has been vocal critic of North Korea and its human rights abuses.While representing the United States at the Winter Olympics in South Korea earlier this year, he brought along thefather of Otto Warmbier, an American university student who was imprisoned in North Koreaand died shortly after his return to the United States in a vegetative state. At the openingceremony, he chose to ignore Kim Yo Jong, Kim

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Jong Un's sister, when sitting feet away from her.Analysts believe that Choe, a diplomat who focuses on the US-North Korea relationship, is a rising star in North Korea's Foreign Ministry. She was reportedly promoted to vice ministerearlier this year.North Korea's Choe Son Hui, center, meets with reporters in Beijing on June 23, 2016.

‗Summit preparations underway‘ (Sub-headline)

(9) Trump and Kim's summit will be the the first meeting between a sitting US President and NorthKorean leader, but the North Koreans have expressed displeasureover recent comments by theUnited States and joint military exercises between Washington and Seoul.The North Koreanshave largely spared Trump from the charged insults aimed at Bolton and Pence. Trump, for hispart, has shifted to a more positive tone when discussing North Korea's young leader.Trump saidTuesday that the meeting could be delayed, but both sides appear to be moving ahead with theplanning process.

‗Trump on North Korea summit: We're moving along 01:53‘(Sub-headline)

(10) Top White House officials are expected to travel to Singapore this weekend to work with the North Koreans on logistical and agenda items. The North Koreans are also expected to blow upthe tunnels at their nuclear test site in the coming days -- a promise Kim made when he met withSouth Korea's Moon Jae-in at the end of April. Speaking alongside his Chinese and Japanesecounterparts in Washington, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo told reporters he's hopefulabout the prospects."I hope that we can have this opportunity, this historic opportunity to do something that would truly transform this global challenge that's been threatening the world foran awfully long time," he said. But a senior administration official involved in the planning process told CNNthat Trump's team wants more high-level talks with Pyongyang before thesummit. Those comments come as the Pentagon made public a study on 2017's military and security developments in North Korea. The current version of the study, which is produced dueto a congressional mandate, was completed before Trump agreed to meet with Kim. (11)The White House has maintained it will not repeat what it believes were mistakes by previous US administrations -- signing on to agreements that were supposed to exchange concessions forsteps toward denuclearization over time.There have been suggestionsthat Trump may try to negotiate a deal in which the North Koreans give up much of their nuclear weapons at the outset.

(12)But some experts worry about that approach, and it's unclear if the North Koreans would be interested."Pyongyang is trying to shift the discussion away from immediate disarmament and economic benefits and toward a protracted exchange of security concessions," said Mount of the Federation of American Scientists."Dismantling a weapons program this complex would take time to fully understand and safely tear down. It is not reasonable or prudent to rush this process."(Wrap-up)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The first sentence of news text above is as a Headline (1). Headline is the title of a news story, or the main points of the news which told the readers what the news is talking about. From the news text of CNN above, the Headline is ―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖. By the Headline, the readers know that the news talking about is Nuclear showdown.

And the continued by the Writer Name(2). The writer of this news text is

Joshua Berlinger. He is Digital Producer at CNN International, covering, geopolitics, with a specific focus on the Asia-pacific region

(https://edition.cnn.com/profiles/josua-berlinger).

And then, there is the Update Time (3).„Updated 0835 GMT (1635 HKT) May

24, 2018‟. GMT is acronym of Greenwich Mean Time, HKT is acronym of Hong

Kong Time. The news text was updated on May 24, 2018.

Paragraph Lead summarize the gist of the whole story. The ParagraphLead

(4) of the news text CNN is ―(CNN) A North Korean official has lashed out at US

Vice President Mike Pence and said Pyongyang is ready for a nuclear showdown if dialogue with the United States fails‖. That sentence is summarize the gist of the whole story and being the opening paragraph of the news text. From that sentence the readers know what list news text is talking about. In the news text, the readers will found A North Korean Official and US Vice President Mike Pence are involved in the news text.

And from the news text above, there are 3 Sub-Headlines found. They are

'Political dummy' (Before 7), ‗Summit preparations underway‘ (Before 9) and

‗Trump on North Korea summit: We're moving along 01:53‘ (Before 10). Sub-

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Headline can be either a subordinate title under the main headline. So, these three sub-headlines have their own topic but is not so far from the meaning of Headline and Paragraph Lead.

Satellite paragraph which elaborate various aspect of the story. The writer found there are eight Satellites Paragraphs in the news text of CNN above. See from number 5-12 in the news text, they are the satellite paragraph that elaborate various aspect of the news story.

The last one is about the Wrap-up which is the one optional stage in this generic schema which consists of the final paragraph of the news story. The Wrap-up

(12) found in the final paragraph. That paragraph being the wrap-up because it is the last paragraph in news text of CNN.

4.1.2 Analysis the Relations of the Text

This term, the writer analysis about how is the interaction between participants of news text of CNN entitled ―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖ is represented. About the interaction between reporters and audiences, between various categories of ‗others‘ and audiences, and between reporters and politicians, experts, and other categories of ‗others‘ (Fairclough,

1995b:125).

Based on the news text production, there is participant involved, he is Joshua

Berlinger as the text producer. And in the news text, there are several participants that reported, they are Choe Son Hui, Mike Pence, Donald Trump, Kim Jong Un,

Jean Lee, John Bolton, Martha MacCallum, Moammar Gadhafi, Adam Mount, Kim

Yong Nam, the father of Otto Warmbier, Kim Yo Jong, Top White Officials, Moon

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Jae-in, Mike Pompeo, and Pentagon. In the whole news text shows the relation between United States and North Korea. The writer analysis the relation by paragraph:

“(CNN) A North Korean official has lashed out at US Vice President Mike Pence and said Pyongyang is ready for a nuclear showdown if dialogue with the United States fails.” From the paragraph of news text above, the writer didn‘t find the relation between reporter and the participants of news text. It has shown by the way the reporter reported the participants, the reporter just mentioned ‗A North Korean official‘ and ‗US Vice President Mike Pence‘ without including his self. And then, the writer found the relation between participants in the news text. It is between A

North Korean official and US Vice President Mike Pence, the paragraph is shown that one of North Korean official so rude towards Pence. They are the same as officials in different countries. So, it is about disputes between two countries, US and

North Korea, and about nuclear showdown.

“Choe Son Hui, a vice-minister in the North Korean Foreign Ministry, said if the US continued onits current path, she would suggest to North Korea's leadership that they reconsider the plannedsummit between President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. "Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting room or encounter us at nuclear-to-nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision and behavior of the United States," Choe said in comments carriedby North Korea's state-run KCNA news agency Thursday.Choe was responding to comments byPence made Monday during a Fox News interview that she deemed "unbridled and impudent." In paragraph above shows there is no the relation between reporter and participants found by the writer. It marks how the reporter was presenting news, the reporter just mentions the name of participant who involved. But it shown the relation between Choe and Pence. Choe is a vice-minister in the North Korean

Foreign Ministry and Pence is US Vice president. They are the official of their own country. In the paragraph is shown the relation between Choe and Pence, Choe was

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA responding Pence‘s comment. Offer two things ‗whether theUS will meet North

Korea at a meeting room or encounter North Korea at nuclear-to-nuclear showdown‘.

It means Choe insists US to make a decision through Pence. The relation between

Choe and Kim Jong Un, they are part of North Korea. Kim is Choe‘s president and

Choe is one of Kim‘s official. The other relation between Pence and Donal Trump, they are part of US. Trump is Pence‘s president as country leader and Pence is

Trum‘s co-worker. And then can be seen the relation between Kim Jong Un and

Donald Trump, they are the same as the president but in the different country. They certainly have the opportunity to work together, to meet each other as the president.

“North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric, but these latest comments are particularly noteworthy because they come directly from a high-ranking official and so close to the summit -- which isscheduled for June 12 in Singapore. "It's clear that the North Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it," said Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center forKorean History and Public Policy at the Wilson Center.” In the paragraph above, it shows there is no relation between the reporter and other participant, it can be seen by the way the reporter mentions the other participants name only in the news text and doesn‘t include his self. The other relation is between participants in the news text North Korea and Jean Lee. North

Korea here means the whole, either the community or the officials. Jean Lee is the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center. It shown that Jean Lee is part of North Korea, Jean Lee comments used by the reporter for supporting reporter statement.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA case as the reason it needs nuclear weapons. Less than a decade after Moammar Gadhafiagreed to abandon its nuclear aspirations in a deal with the United States, he was ousted frompower and killed with the help of NATO-backed forces."They (the North Koreans) are very proud, they don't like being bullied and they certainly don't like the repeated references to Libya and the repeated reference to its poverty," Lee said.Adam Mount, the director of the Defense Posture Project at the Federation of American Scientists, believes Pence's comments were the"most explicit regime change threat yet" from the Trump administration. "The Libya analogy is deliberately inflammatory. It never applied to North Korea and is useful neither to convey resolve or to set expectations on nuclear issues," he told CNN in an email.”

In the paragraph above, it shows there is no relation between reporter and participants. It marks by the way reporter produced the news, reporter just reported the participants without includes hi self. The reporter describes the participants by mention their name. The other relation between Choe and Pence, just like in first paragraph above, Choe and Pence are same as an official in their own countries. As officials, they represent their respective countries to negotiate. Choe represents North

Korea and Pence represents US. They are the doer of the conflicts between North

Korea and US. According to paragraph, Choe is always sensitive to what Pence says and takes it seriously. And then the relation between Choe and Bolton. Choe interests about Bolton statement because he is the person who said about the negotiation with Libya. And the relation between Pence and Bolton, Pence is the person who brings back Bolton‘s statement. The relation between Pence and Martha

MacCallum, Pence is vice president of US, and MacCallum is one of reporter of Fox

News media. As a state employee, Pence cannot be separated from the media. Fox

News is one of media that reported about Pence through reporter MacCallum. Anf then the relation between Moammar Gadhafi and Pence. Moammar Gadhafi was the president of Libya period 1969-2011, Pence is vice president of US. In the past, there is relationship between Libya and US. And now US used it to be a threat towards North Korea. The last relationship is between Adam Mount and Pence,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Adam Mount is the director of the Defense Posture Project at the Federation of

American Scientist, Pence is vice-president of US. In the paragraph, Adam Mount supporting Pences statement.

“Vice President Mike Pence, sitsin front of Kim Yong Nam, Kim Jong Un's sister, at the openingceremony of the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games.Choe called Pence a "politicaldummy" for comparing Libya to North Korea. She noted that Libya's nuclear program was in itsearly stages when it came to the negotiating table, while North Korea has spent years developingits nuclear weapons. "As a person involved in the US affairs, I cannot suppress my surprise atsuch ignorant and stupid remarks gushing out from the mouth of the US vice president," she said.Pence has been vocal critic of North Korea and its human rights abuses.While representing the United States at the Winter Olympics in South Korea earlier this year, he brought along thefather of Otto Warmbier, an American university student who was imprisoned in North Koreaand died shortly after his return to the United States in a vegetative state. At the openingceremony, he chose to ignore Kim Yo Jong, Kim Jong Un's sister, when sitting feet away from her.Analysts believe that Choe, a diplomat who focuses on the US-North Korea relationship, is a rising star in North Korea's Foreign Ministry. She was reportedly promoted to vice ministerearlier this year.

In the paragraph above, the relation between reporter and participants is not shown. Just like the other paragraph, the reporter describe the other participants by mentioned their name directly. And then can be seen the relation between Pence and Kim Yong Nam, Pence as a vice-president of US sit in Kim Yong Nam, Kim

Jong Un‘s sister. And again, the paragraph shows the relation between Choe and

Pence, Choe called Pence a ‗political dummy‘. It means between Choe and Pence is there was something wrong, Choe is too dare to say Pence as political dummy. And another relation between participants Kim Yong Nam and Kim Yo Jong and Kim

Jong Un, Kim Yong Nam and Kim Yo Jong are Kim Jong Un‘s sister. The relation between Pence and the father of Otto Warmbier, Pence in representing the US at the Winter Olympics in South Korea, he brought the father of Otto Warmbier . the last relation is between Choe and Analyst, Analyst is person who believes in Choe a diplomat who focuses on the US-North Korea‘s relationship.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “Trump and Kim's summit will be the the first meeting between a sitting US President and NorthKorean leader, but the North Koreans have expressed displeasure over recent comments by when discussing North Korea's young leader.Trump saidTuesday that the meeting theUnited States and joint military exercises between Washington and Seoul.

There is no relation between reporter and participants in the paragraph above, it shown by the way the reporter didn‘t involve his self on the news text, he just mentioned the name of participants in describing the news text. The relation between participants is between Trump and Kim, this is about the first meet up two presidents of North Korea and US.

“Top White House officialsare expected to travel to Singapore this weekend to work with the North Koreans on logistical and agenda items. The North Koreans are also expected to blow upthe tunnels at their nuclear test site in the coming days -- a promise Kim made when he met withSouth Korea's Moon Jae-in at the end of April. Speaking alongside his Chinese and Japanesecounterparts in Washington, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo told reporters he's hopefulabout the prospects."I hope that we can have this opportunity, this historic opportunity to do something that would truly transform this global challenge that's been threatening the world foran awfully long time," he said.

In the paragraph above, there is no relation between reporter and the participants in the news text, it is seen by the way news text is produced. It used name of participants to describing the participants without includes his self. And the in the beginning of paragraph, it is seen the relation between Top House Officials and North Koreans. It is about all the employees or the officials of North Korea and

US need to meet each other on logistical and agenda items in Singapore. Another relation is between Kim and Moon Jae-in, Kim is a president of North Korea and

Moon Jae-in is a president of South Korea. According to paragraph, Kim had promised Moon Jae-in to blow up the tunnels at nuclear test. And the last relation is between Mike Pompeoand Top White House officials, Mike Pompeo is US

Secretary of State, he is part of US and ofcourse he is part of Top White House officials too.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

4.1.3 Analysis the Identities of the Text

This term is about the sorts of social and personal identity that are set up in media output for reporters, for audiences, and for the various categories of ‗others‘ participant in the news text (Fairclough, 1995b:126). In this term is about how the producer text news identity is displayed.The writer analysis about how is the identity between participants of news text of CNN entitled ―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖.

In the whole text news, it shows that the producer text news identifies himself as ordinary people, the producer wrote the news based on what happened between US and North Korea. Just like relation part, the writer analysis the identity by paragraph as the following:

“(CNN) A North Korean official has lashed out at US Vice President Mike Pence and said Pyongyang is ready for a nuclear showdown if dialogue with the United States fails.” From the paragraph above, the participant A North Korean officialidentifies her self towards North Korea because he is part of North Korea. It can be seen, by the way he lashed US Vice President Mike Pence.

“Choe Son Hui, a vice-minister in the North Korean Foreign Ministry, said if the US continued onits current path, she would suggest to North Korea's leadership that they reconsider the plannedsummit between President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. "Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting room or encounter us at nuclear-to-nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision and behavior of the United States," Choe said in comments carriedby North Korea's state-run KCNA news agency Thursday.Choe was responding to comments byPence made Monday during a Fox News interview that she deemed "unbridled and impudent." From the paragraph above, it shown the participant Choi Son Huiidentifies herself toward North Korea as her own country. It can be seen from statement ‗she

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA would suggest to North Korea‘s leadership‘, it is shown that she is stand in North

Korean leader side. And then, the participant Donald Trump is US president, he is identified as part of US. As Donald Trump, the participant Kim Jong Un is a president, North Korean president, he is identified his self as part of North Korea.

And the last participant Pence, he identifies his self toward US because he is part of

US. It can be seen from the argue between his self and Choe, a North Korean.

“North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric, but these latest comments are particularly noteworthy because they come directly from a high-ranking official and so close to the summit -- which isscheduled for June 12 in Singapore. "It's clear that the North Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it," said Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center forKorean History and Public Policy at the Wilson Center.” Jean Lee in the paragraph above, the other participant that mentioned in the text news by producer is identified himself toward North Korea, he told something might make North Korea in a ‗must be careful‘ situation.

“Choe took particular issue with Pence's remarks about US National Security Adviser JohnBolton, who said the US would look to the negotiations with Libya during the early 2000s whendealing with North Korea. "There was some talk about the Libya model," Pence told Fox News'Martha MacCallum. "As the President made clear, this will only end like the Libya model endedif Kim Jong Un doesn't make a deal." When MacCallum said that some people may have seenBolton's comments as a threat, Pence said "I think it's more of a fact."North Korea has long cited Libya's case as the reason it needs nuclear weapons. Less than a decade after Moammar Gadhafiagreed to abandon its nuclear aspirations in a deal with the United States, he was ousted frompower and killed with the help of NATO-backed forces."They (the North Koreans) are very proud, they don't like being bullied and they certainly don't like the repeated references to Libya and the repeated reference to its poverty," Lee said.Adam Mount, the director of the Defense Posture Project at the Federation of American Scientists, believes Pence's comments were the"most explicit regime change threat yet" from the Trump administration. "The Libya analogy is deliberately inflammatory. It never applied to North Korea and is useful neither to convey resolve or to set expectations on nuclear issues," he told CNN in an email.”

Still about the controversy of Choe and Pence, they are identified their self toward their own country. Choe is part of North Korea, and Pence is part of US. The others participant, John Bolton and Adam Mountare identified their self towards US

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA because they are part of US. Martha MacCallum in the text news is identified as part of Pence, the other media ‗Fox News‘ a place of Pence is sharing for. Moammar

Gadhafi death in the text news identified as part of US by the producer news. Adam

Mount identified toward US, because he is part of US.

The participant Kim Yong Nam and Kim Yo Jong are identified as Kim Jong

Un‘s sister, part of North Korea. And also about the controversy between Choe and

Pence. The producer identifies Choe and Pence self in to their own each country. Choe is part North Korea, and Pence is part of US. The father of Otto Warmbier identifies his self towards US, because Otto is an American who died in North Korea. In the paragraph shown analysts identified as part of Choe, a part of North Korea.

“Trump and Kim's summit will be the the first meeting between a sitting US President and NorthKorean leader, but the North Koreans have expressed displeasure over recent comments by when discussing North Korea's young leader.Trump saidTuesday that the meeting theUnited States and joint military exercises between Washington and Seoul.

As the paragraph shown above, Trump and Kim are identified their self as a president. Trump is president of US, and Kim is president of North Korea.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ―Top White House officialsare expected to travel to Singapore this weekend to work with the North Koreans on logistical and agenda items. The North Koreans are also expected to blow upthe tunnels at their nuclear test site in the coming days -- a promise Kim made when he met withSouth Korea's Moon Jae-in at the end of April. Speaking alongside his Chinese and Japanesecounterparts in Washington, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo told reporters he's hopefulabout the prospects."I hope that we can have this opportunity, this historic opportunity to do something that would truly transform this global challenge that's been threatening the world foran awfully long time," he said.

In the following paragraph, it shown that Top White House officials are identified as part of US and North Koreans are identified as part of North Korea.

There are the other participants that appear in the text news, they are Kim and Moon

Jae-in. Kim identifies his self toward North Korea and Moon Jae-in identifies his self towards on his own country South Korea. Mike Pompeo identifies as part of US, he is US secretary of state.

4.2 FINDINGS

4.2.1 Transitivity process

Based on the analysis of transitivity process in news text of CNN entitled

―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖. The writer found that there are 81 clauses which are constructed by the six types of transitivity process. They are material process, mental process, relational process, behavioural process, verbal process and existential process. The frequency and percentage of each process is shown in table below:

Table 4.1 The Frequency and Percentage of Transitivity Process in news text of CNN entitled “North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy’”

CNN NEWS No Types of Process Frequency Percentage 1. Material process 40 49,4% 2. Mental process 13 16% 3. Relational process 3 3,7%

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. Behavioural process 0 0% 5. Verbal process 22 27,2% 6. Existential process 3 3,7% Total 81

From the result above, the dominant proses that used of CNN News is

Material Process (49,4%) which is process of doing and happening. It shows that in the news text of CNN so many things happened. And continued by Verbal Process

(27,2%) which is process of saying. It shows that in the news text of CNN so many quotations, such as what other people said. Continued by Mental process (16%) which is process of sensing. It shows in the news text of CNN consists of sensing word that express between each participant‘s feeling. And continued by Existential process (3,7%) which is process shows something exists. And just like existential process, in the same percent, relational process (3,7%) which is process of human being. And the last is behavioural process (0%) which is process of physiological and psychological behaviour. It shows that in the news text of CNN there is no word smiling, coughing, laughing, breathing, etc. Because it is a news text, it is a report of something new event. So, there is no process physiological and psychological.

4.2.2 Local coherence relation/cohesion

Based on the analysis local coherence relation in news text of CNN entitled

―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖. The writer found that there are 95 sentences which are constructed by the seven types. They elaboration, extension, enhancement, conjunction, lexical cohesion, reference and ellipsis. The frequency and percentage of each type is shown in table below:

Table 4.2 The Frequency and Percentage of Local coherence relation in news text of CNN entitled “North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy’”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CNN news

NO Local Coherence Relation/Cohesion types Frequency Percentage (%)

1. Elaboration 16 16,8%

2. Extension 11 11,6%

3. Enhancement 11 11,6%

4. Conjunction 21 22,1%

5. Lexical Cohesion 4 4,2%

6. Reference 20 21,1%

7. Ellipsis 12 12,6%

Total 95

From the result above, the dominant element used is conjunction (22,1%). It shows that the news text structure is formed systematically, because between clauses or sentences connected by conjunction component. And the continued by reference

(21,1%). It shows in the news text of CNN, the reporter used so many pronoun for referring something. And continued by elaboration (16,8) and then ellipsis (12,6%) and then extension (11,6%) and then enhancement (11,6%). And the last is lexical cohesion (4,2%). It shows that in the news text of CNN, found not many repetition of words.

4.2.3 Global text structure/schematic view

The global text structure/schematic view of news text of CNN entitled ―North

Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖ described as following:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Figure 4.1The global structure/schematic viewof news text of CNN entitled “North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy’”

Headline + Writer Name + Update Time + Paragraph Lead + Sub-headline + Satellite paragraph + Wrap-up

4.2.4 The relations of the text

The relations of the news text of CNN entitled ―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖ described as following:

Table 4.3 The relations of the news text of CNN entitled “North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy’” NO Participants Relation 1. A North Korean official – AS Vice The same as officials in different President Mike Pence country. 2. Choe – Pence The official of their own country. 3. Choe – Kim Jong Un An official and president of North Korea. 4. Pence – Donal Trump Co-worker and President of US. 5. Kim Jong Un – Donal Trump The same as the president in different country. 6. North Korea – Jean Lee Part of North Korea. 7. Choe – Bolton A Vice minister of North Korea and US National Security Adviser. 8. Pence – Bolton Vice President of US and US National Security Adviser. 9. Pence – Martha MacCallum Vice President of US and Reporter of Fox News Media. 10. Moammar Gadhafi – Pence President of Libya and Vice President of US. 11. Adam Mount – Pence Director of the Defense Posture Project at the Federation of American Scientist and Vice President of US. 12. Pence – Kim Yong Nam Vice President of US and Kim‘s sister.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 13. Top House Officials – North Koreans The officials of each country of US nd North Korea.

4.2.5 The identities of the text

The identities of the news text of CNN entitled ―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖ described as following:

Table 4.4 The identities of the news text of CNN entitled “North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy’” NO Participants Identity 1. A North Korean official Identified as part of North Korea. 2. US Vice President Mike Pence Identified as part of US. 3. Choi Son Hui Identified as part of North Korea. 4. Donal Trump Identified as part of US. 5. Kim Jong Un Identified as part of North Korea. 6. Jean Lee Identified as part of North Korea. 7. John Bolton Identified as part of US. 8. Adam Mount Identified as part of US. 9. Martha MacCallum Identified as part of US. 10. Moammar Gadhafi Identified as part of US. 11. Kim Yong Nam Identified as part of North Korea. 12. Kim Yo Jong Identified as part of North Korea. 13. Father of Otto Warmbier Identified as part of US. 14. Analysts Identified as part of North Korea. 15. Top White House officials Identified as part of US. 16. Mike Pompeo Identified as part of US.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

From the result of the analysis CDA in CNN news text entitled ―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖ can be drawn the conclusions as following:

From the representation of text, the structuring of proposition, in transitivity analysis the writer found the material process (40 clauses or 49,4%), mental process

(13 clauses or 16%), relational process (3 clauses or 3,7%), behavioural process (0 clause or 0%), verbal process (22 clauses or 27,2%) and existential process (3 clauses or 3,7%). The dominant applied is the material process, and followed by verbal process, mental process, relational process, existential process and the minimum applied is behavioural process.

And the combination and sequencing of proposition, in local coherence relation/cohesion analysis the writer found elaboration (16 sentences or 16,8%), extension (11 sentences or 11,6%) enhancement (11 sentences or 11,6%), conjunction

(21 sentences or 22,1%), lexical cohesion (4 sentences or 4,2%), reference (20 sentences or 21,1%), and ellipsis (12 sentences or 12,6%). The dominant applied is conjunction and followed by reference, elaboration, ellipsis, extension, enhancement, and the minimum applied is lexical cohesion. And in global text structure/schematic view analysis the writer found Headline + Writer Name + Update Time + Paragraph

Lead + Sub-headline + Satellite + Wrap-up.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA From the analysis relation of text, the writer found that the whole text news relation is between US and North Korea. And from the analysis identity of text, the writer found that the producer text news is identified his self as ordinary people.

5.2 Suggestions

Based on the results achieved in this research, the writer feels it necessary to give suggestions so that it can be used as a material consideration. the writer hopes to the other next researchers who are also interested in critical discourse analysis (CDA). It is suggested to more explore the other dimension model of Fairclough CDA

‗Discourse practice and Sociocultural practice‘ because in this thesis only discuss about first dimension ‗Text‘. And since the CDA begin commonly used for research, it is also expected that the next researchers give the 'new thing' on future CDA research.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES

Buatam, Muhammad Rayhan. 2011. Analyzing Clause by Halliday‟s Transitivity System. In Jurnal Ilmu Sastra: 6(1). CNN. Wikipedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN (August 2018)

CNN NEWS. May 24, 2018. ―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‟‖https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/23/politics/mike-pence north korea-intl/index.html (June 2018)

Eriyanto. 2001. Analisis Wacana. Yogyakarta: PT. LkiS Pelangi Aksara Yogyakarta.

Ezzina, Rym. 2015. Transitivity Analysis of « The Crying lot of 49 » by Thomas Pynchon. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies: 2(3).

Fairclough, Norman. 1995. Critical Discourse Analysis:The Critical Study of Language. America: Addison Wesley Longman Limited.

Fairclough, Norman. 1995b. Media Discourse. University of Lancaster: E.Arnold.

Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd ed.). London, Melbourne, Auckland:Edward Arnold.

Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.). London:Arnold.

Maghvira, Genta. 2017. Critical Discourse Analysis at Tempo.co on the News about the Death of Taruna Stip Jakarta. The Messenger Journal: 9(2).

Miles, M. B. et.al. 2014. Qualitative data analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3rded). SAGE Publication, inc. Priatmoko, F. X. Nova Anggit. 2013. Critical Discourse Analysis of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyuno‟s speech: A Thesis. Reah, D. 2002. The Language of Newspapers. 2nd ed. London: Routledge

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Setiawan, Yuliyanto Budi. 2001. Analisis Wacana Kritis Pemberitaan Kekerasan Berbasis Gender di Surat Kabar Harian Suara Merdeka. In Ilmiah Komunikasi Journal: 2(1).

Van Dijk, 1985. A Handbook of Discourse Analysis London Academic Press Limited. Volumn 4.

Wewei, and Weihua. 2015. Critical Dicourse Analysis of News Reports on China‟s Bullet Train Crash. In Studies in Literature And Language Journal: 10(2).

Wodak, R. and M. Meyer. 2001. Methods of critical discourse analysis. Great Britain: SAGE Publications.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDIX I TRANSITIVITY PROCESS OF CNN NEWS ―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖

1. Material process No Material process 1. (1)North Korean official has lashed out at US Vice President Mike Pence North Korean has lashed out at US Vice President Mike official Pence Actor Material process Goal

2. (6)byPence made Monday during aFox News interview by Pence made Monday during aFoxNews interview Actor Material process Cir: Time

3. (10)because they come directly from a high-ranking official Because they come directly from a high-ranking official Actor Material process Goal

4. (11)and so close to the summit and so close to the summit Material process Goal

5. (12)which isscheduled for June 12 in Singapore. which is scheduled for June 12 in Singapore Material process Cir: Time & Place

6. (14)Choe took particular issue Choe took particular issue Actor Material process Goal

7. (20)North Korea has long cited Libya's case as the reason North Korea has long cited Libya's case as the reason Actor Material process Goal

8. (21)it needs nuclear weapons. it needs nuclear weapons Actor Material process Goal

9. (23)he was ousted frompower he was ousted frompower

Actor Material process Goal

10. (24)and killed with the help of NATO-backed forces. and killed with the help of NATO-backed forces Material process Goal

11. (28)Vice President Mike Pence sits in front of Kim Yong Nam, Kim Jong Un's sister, at the openingceremony of the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Vice sits in front of Kim Yong Nam, Kim Jong Un's President sister, at the openingceremony of the Mike Pence PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games.

Actor Material Cir: Place & Time process

12. (30)for comparing Libya to North Korea. for comparing Libya to North Korea Material process Goal

13. (31)She noted that Libya's nuclear program was in itsearly stages She noted that Libya's nuclear program was in itsearly stages Actor Material process Goal

14. (32)when it came to the negotiating table When it came to the negotiating table Actor Material process Goal

15. (33)while North Korea has spent years developingits nuclear weapons. while North Korea has spent years developingits nuclear weapons Actor Material process Goal

16. (36)and its human rights abuses. and its human rights abuses Actor Material process

17. (37)While representing the United States at the Winter Olympics in South Korea earlier this year, While representing the United at the Winter Olympics in States South Korea earlier this year Material Phenomenon Cir: Place process

18. (38)he brought along thefather of Otto Warmbier, an American university student he broughtalong thefather of Otto Warmbier, an American university student Actor Material process Goal

19. (39)who was imprisoned in North Korea who wasimprisoned in North Korea Material process Cir: Place

20. (40)and died shortly after his return to the United States in a vegetative state. and died shortly afterhis return to the United States in a vegetative state

Material process Cir: Quality Goal

21. (41)At the openingceremony, he chose to ignore Kim Yo Jong, Kim Jong Un's sister, At the he chose to ignore Kim Yo Jong, openingceremony Kim Jong Un's sister

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Cir: Place Actor Material process Goal

22. (42)when sitting feet away from her. when sitting feet away from her Material process Goal

23. (44)who focuses on the US-North Korea relationship, who focuses on the US-North Korea relationship Material process Goal

24. (47)North Korea's Choe Son Hui, center, meets with reporters in Beijing on June 23, 2016. North Korea's Choe meets with reporters in Beijing on June Son Hui, center 23, 2016

Actor Material Goal Cir: Place & Time process

25. (50)and joint military exercises between Washington and Seoul. and joint military exercises between Washington and Seoul Material process Goal

26. (51)The North Koreanshave largely spared Trump from the charged insults aimed at Bolton and Pence. The North have largely Trump from the charged insults Koreans spared aimed at Bolton and Pence Actor Material process Goal Cir: Manner

27. (52)Trump, for hispart, has shifted to a more positive tone

Trump, for hispart has shifted to a more positive tone Actor Material process Goal

28. (53)when discussing North Korea's young leader. when discussing North Korea's young leader Material process Goal

29. (57)to work with the North Koreans on logistical and agenda items. to work with the North Koreans on logistical and agenda items Material Goal Cir: Place process

30. (59)a promise Kim made a promise Kim made Goal Actor Material process

31. (60)when he met withSouth Korea's Moon Jae-in at the end of April. when he met withSouth Korea's in at the end Moon Jae of April

Actor Material process Goal Cir: Time

32. (65)Those comments come as the Pentagon made public a study on 2017's military and security developments in North Korea. Those come as the Pentagon made public a study comments on 2017's military and security developments in North Korea

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Actor Material process Goal

33. (66)The current version of the study, which is produced dueto a congressional mandate, The current version of which is dueto a congressional the study produced mandate Actor Material process Goal

34. (67)the current version of the study was completed the current version of the study was completed Actor Material process

35. (69)The White House has maintained The White House has maintained Actor Material process

36. (72)signing on to agreements signing on to agreements Material process Goal

37. (73)that were supposed to exchange concessions forsteps toward denuclearization over time. that were supposed to concessions forsteps toward exchange denuclearization over time Material process Goal

38. (75)that Trump may try that Trump may try Actor Material process

39. (76)to negotiate a deal to negotiate a deal Material process Goal

40. (77)in which the North Koreans give up much of their nuclear weapons at the outset. in the North give up much of their nuclear which Koreans weapons at the outset Actor Material process Goal

2. Mental process No Mental process 1. (7)that she deemed "unbridled and impudent." that she deemed "unbridled and impudent." Senser Mental process Phenomenon

2. (8)North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric, North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric, Senser Mental process Phenomenon

3. (22)Less than a decade after Moammar Gadhafiagreed to abandon its nuclear aspirations in a deal with the United States, Less than a after Moammar agreed to abandon its nuclear

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA decade Gadhafi aspirations in a deal with the United States Cir: Time Senser Mental Phenomenon process

4. (26)Adam Mount, the director of the Defense Posture Project at the Federation of American Scientists, believes Pence's comments were the"most explicit regime change threat yet" from the Trump administration. Adam Mount, the believes Pence's comments were director of the Defense the"most explicit regime Posture Project at the change threat yet" from the Federation of American Trump administration Scientists Senser Mental process Phenomenon

5. (43)Analysts believe that Choe, a diplomat Analysts believe that Choe Senser Mental process Phenomenon

6. (49)but the North Koreans have expressed displeasure over recent comments by theUnited States but the North have expressed over recent comments Koreans displeasure by theUnited States Senser Mental process Phenomenon

7. (56)Top White House officials are expected to travel to Singapore this weekend Top White are expected to travel to Singapore House officials this weekend Senser Mental process Phenomenon

8. (58)The North Koreans are also expected to blow upthe tunnels at their nuclear test sitein the coming days The North are also to blow upthe tunnels at their nuclear Koreans expected test sitein the coming days Senser Mental process Phenomenon

9. (68)before Trump agreed to meet with Kim. before Trump agreed to meet with Kim Cir: Time Senser Mental process Phenomenon

10. (71)what it believes were mistakes by previous US administrations what it believes were mistakes by previous US administrations Senser Mental process Phenomenon

11. (78)But some experts worry about that approach, But some experts worry about that approach Senser Mental process Phenomenon

12. (79)and it is unclear and it is unclear Senser Mental process

13. (80)if the North Koreans would be interested If the North Koreans would be interested Senser Mental process

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. Relational process No Relational process 1. (35)Pence has been vocal critic of North Korea Pence has been vocal critic of North Korea Carrier Relational process Attribute

2. (45)is a rising star in North Korea's Foreign Ministry Is a rising star in North Korea's Foreign Ministry Relational process Identified/Value Cir: Place

3. (48)Trump and Kim's summit will be the the first meeting between a sitting US President and NorthKorean leader, Trump and will be the the first meeting between a Kim'ssummit sitting US President and NorthKorean leader Actor Relational Attribute process

4. Verbal process No Verbal process 1. (2)And said Pyongyang is ready for a nuclear showdown if dialogue with the United States fails. And said Pyongyang is ready for a nuclear showdown if dialogue with the United States fails Verbal process Verbiage

2. (3)Choe Son Hui, a vice-minister in the North Korean Foreign Ministry, said if the US continued onits current path she would suggest to NorthKorea's leadership that they reconsider the plannedsummit between President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. Choe Son Hui, a said if the US continued onits current path she vice-minister in would suggest to NorthKorea's leadership the North that they reconsider the plannedsummit Korean Foreign between President Donald Trump and Ministry North Korean leader Kim Jong Un.

Sayer Verbal Verbiage process

3. (4) ―Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting room or encounter us at nuclear- to-nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision and behavior of the United States,‖ Choe said in comments carriedby North Korea's state-run KCNA news agency Thursday.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ―Whether theUS will meet us at a Choe said in comments meeting roomor encounter us at carriedby North nuclear-to-nuclear showdown is Korea's state-run entirelydependent upon the KCNA news decision and behavior of the agency Thursday. United States,‖

Verbiage Sayer Verbal Cir: Time process

4. (5)Choe was responding to comments Choi was responding to comments Sayer Verbal process Verbiage

5. (13)"It's clear that the North Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it," said Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center forKorean History and Public Policy at the Wilson Center. "It's clear that the said Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai North Koreans feel Motor-Korea Foundation Center the White forKorean History and Public Policy Housedoesn't get it," at the Wilson Center.

Verbiage Verbal Sayer process

6. (15)with Pence's remarks about US National Security Adviser JohnBolton with Pence's remarks about US National Security Adviser JohnBolton Sayer Verbal process Verbiage

7. (16)who said the US would look to the negotiations with Libya during the early 2000s whendealing with North Korea. who said the US would look to the negotiations with Libya during the early 2000s whendealing with North Korea Verbal process Verbiage

8. (17)―There was some talk about the Libya model,‖ Pence told Fox News'Martha MacCallum. ―There was some talk Pence told Fox News'Martha about the Libya model,‖ MacCallum.

Verbiage Sayer Verbal process Receiver

9. (18)When MacCallum said that some people may have seenBolton's comments as a threat, when MacCallum said that some people may have seenBolton's comments as a threat, Sayer Verbal process Verbiage

10 (19)Pence said "I think it's more of a fact.‖

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA . Pence said "I think it's more of a fact‖ Sayer Verbal process Verbiage

11 (25)―They (the North Koreans) are very proud, they don't like being bullied and . they certainly don't like the repeated references to Libya and the repeated reference to its poverty,‖ Lee said. ―They (the North Koreans) are very proud, Lee said they don't like being bulliedand they certainly don't like the repeated references to Libya and the repeated reference to its poverty‖ Verbiage Sayer Verbal process

12 (27)―The Libya analogy is deliberately inflammatory. It never applied to North . Korea and is useful neither to convey resolve or to set expectations on nuclear issues," he told CNN in an email. ―The Libya analogy is deliberately He told in an inflammatory. It never applied to email North Korea and is useful neither to convey resolve or to set expectations on nuclear issues," Verbiage Sayer Verbal process Cir: Place

13 (29)Choe called Pence a "politicaldummy" . Choe called Pence a "politicaldummy" Sayer Verbal process Receiver Verbiage

14 (34)―As a person involved in the US affairs, I cannot suppress my surprise atsuch . ignorant and stupid remarks gushing out from the mouth of the US vice president,‖ she said. ―As a person involved in the US affairs, I she said cannot suppress my surprise atsuch ignorantand stupid remarks gushing out from the mouth of the US vice president‖ Verbiage Sayer Verbal process

15 (46)She was reportedly promoted to vice ministerearlier this year. . She was reportedly promoted to vice ministerearlier this year Receiver Verbal process Verbiage

16 (54)Trump saidTuesday that the meeting could be delayed, . Trump said Tuesday that the meeting could be delayed Sayer Verbal Cir: Time Verbiage process

17 (61)Speaking alongside his Chinese and Japanesecounterparts in Washington, . Speaking his Chinese and in Washington alongside Japanesecounterparts Verbal process Receiver Cir: Place

18 (62)US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo told reporters he's hopefulabout the . prospects. US Secretary of told Reporters he's hopefulabout State Mike Pompeo the prospects Sayer Verbal process Receiver Verbiage

19 (63)―I hope that we can have this opportunity, this historic opportunity to do

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA . something that would truly transform this global challenge that's been threatening the world foran awfully long time," he said. ―I hope that we can have this opportunity, this he said historic opportunity to do something that would truly transform this global challenge that's been threatening the world foran awfully long time" Verbiage Sayer Verbal process

20 . (64)But a senior administration official involved in the planning process told CNN that Trump's team wants more high-level talks with Pyongyang before thesummit. But a senior told CNN that Trump's team administration wants more high- official involved in level talks with the planning Pyongyang before process thesummit. Sayer Verbal Receiver Verbiage process

21 (70)it will not repeat . it will not repeat Sayer Verbal process

22 (81)―Pyongyang is trying to shift the discussion away from immediate . disarmament and economic benefits and toward a protracted exchange of security concessions,‖ said Mount of the Federation of American Scientists. ―Pyongyang is trying to shift the said Mount of the discussion away from immediate Federation of disarmament and economic benefits American Scientists and toward a protracted exchange of security concessions,‖ Verbiage Verbal Sayer process

5. Existential process N Existential process o 1. (9)but these latest comments are particularly noteworthy but these latest are particularly noteworthy comments Existent Existential Cir: Manner

2. (55)but both sides appear to be moving ahead with theplanning process. but both sides appear to be moving ahead with theplanning process Existent Existential Cir: Cause

3. (74)There have been suggestions There have been suggestions

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Existential Existent

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDIX II LOCAL COHERENCE RELATION/COHESION OF CNN NEWS ―North Korea warns of nuclear showdown, calls Pence 'political dummy‘‖

1. Elaboration No Elaboration 1. (6) "It's clear that the North Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it," said Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center forKorean History and Public Policy at the Wilson Center. 2. (7)Choe took particular issue with Pence's remarks about US National Security Adviser JohnBolton, who said the US would look to the negotiations with Libya during the early 2000s whendealing with North Korea. 3. (9) "As the President made clear, this will only end like the Libya model endedif Kim Jong Un doesn't make a deal." 4. (11) North Korea has long cited Libya's case as the reason it needs nuclear weapons. 5. (13) "They (the North Koreans) are very proud, they don't like being bullied and they certainly don't like the repeated references to Libya and the repeated reference to its poverty," Lee said. 6. (14) Adam Mount, the director of the Defense Posture Project at the Federation of American Scientists, believes Pence's comments were the"most explicit regime change threat yet" from the Trump administration. 7. (15) Vice President Mike Pence, sitsin front of Kim Yong Nam, Kim Jong Un's sister, at the openingceremony of the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games. 8. (16)Choe called Pence a "politicaldummy" for comparing Libya to North Korea. 9. (18) "As a person involved in the US affairs, I cannot suppress my surprise atsuch ignorant and stupid remarks gushing out from the mouth of the US vice president," she said. 10. (20) While representing the United States at the Winter Olympics in South Korea earlier this year, he brought along thefather of Otto Warmbier, an American university student who was imprisoned in North Koreaand died shortly after his return to the United States in a vegetative state. 11. (22) Analysts believe that Choe, a diplomat who focuses on the US-North Korea relationship, is a rising star in North Korea's Foreign Ministry. 12. (31) "I hope that we can have this opportunity, this historic opportunity to do something that would truly transform this global challenge that's been threatening the world foran awfully long time," he said. 13. (33) Those comments come as the Pentagon made public a study on 2017's military and security developments in North Korea. 14. (34)The current version of the study, which is produced dueto a congressional mandate, was completed before Trump agreed to meet with Kim. 15. (35) The White House has maintained it will not repeat what it believes were mistakes by previous US administrations -- signing on to agreements that were

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA supposed to exchange concessions forsteps toward denuclearization over time. 16. (36)There have been suggestions that Trump may try to negotiate a deal in which the North Koreans give up much of their nuclear weapons at the outset.

2. Extension No Extension 1. (1) A North Korean official has lashed out at US Vice President Mike Pence and said Pyongyang is ready for a nuclear showdown if dialogue with the United States fails. 2. (3) "Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting room or encounter us at nuclear- to-nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision and behavior of the United States," Choe said in comments carriedby North Korea's state-run KCNA news agency Thursday. 3. (5) North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric, but these latest comments are particularly noteworthy because they come directly from a high-ranking official and so close to the summit -- which isscheduled for June 12 in Singapore. 4. (12) Less than a decade after Moammar Gadhafiagreed to abandon its nuclear aspirations in a deal with the United States, he was ousted frompower and killed with the help of NATO-backed forces. 5. (15) "The Libya analogy is deliberately inflammatory. It never applied to North Korea and is useful neither to convey resolve or to set expectations on nuclear issues," he told CNN in an email. 6. (24) Trump and Kim's summit will be the the first meeting between a sitting US President and NorthKorean leader,but the North Koreans have expressed displeasure over recent comments by theUnited States and joint military exercises between Washington and Seoul. 7. (27)Trump saidTuesday that the meeting could be delayed, but both sides appear to be moving ahead with theplanning process. 8. (32)But a senior administration official involved in the planning process told CNN that Trump's team wants more high-level talks with Pyongyang before thesummit. 9. (37) But some experts worry about that approach, and it's unclear if the North Koreans would be interested. 10. (38) "Pyongyang is trying to shift the discussion away from immediate disarmament and economic benefits and toward a protracted exchange of security concessions," said Mount of the Federation of American Scientists. 11. (40) It is not reasonable or prudent to rush this process."

3. Enhancement No Enhancement 1. (2)Choe Son Hui, a vice-minister in the North Korean Foreign Ministry, said if the US continued onits current path, she would suggest to North Korea's leadership that they reconsider the plannedsummit between President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. 2. (4)Choe was responding to comments byPence made Monday during a Fox

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA News interview that she deemed "unbridled and impudent." 3. (5) North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric, but these latest comments are particularly noteworthy because they come directly from a high-ranking official and so close to the summit -- which isscheduled for June 12 in Singapore. 4. (7)Choe took particular issue with Pence's remarks about US National Security Adviser JohnBolton, who said the US would look to the negotiations with Libya during the early 2000s whendealing with North Korea. 5. (9)"As the President made clear, this will only end like the Libya model endedif Kim Jong Un doesn't make a deal." 6. (10)WhenMacCallum said that some people may have seenBolton's comments as a threat, Pence said "I think it's more of a fact.‖ 7. (12) Less than a decade afterMoammar Gadhafiagreed to abandon its nuclear aspirations in a deal with the United States, he was ousted frompower and killed with the help of NATO-backed forces. 8. (17) She noted that Libya's nuclear program was in itsearly stages when it came to the negotiating table, while North Korea has spent years developingits nuclear weapons. 9. (20)While representing the United States at the Winter Olympics in South Korea earlier this year, he brought along thefather of Otto Warmbier, an American university student who was imprisoned in North Koreaand died shortly after his return to the United States in a vegetative state. 10. (21) At the openingceremony, he chose to ignore Kim Yo Jong, Kim Jong Un's sister, when sitting feet away from her. 11. (29) The North Koreans are also expected to blow upthe tunnels at their nuclear test site in the coming days -- a promise Kim madewhen he met withSouth Korea's Moon Jae-in at the end of April.

4. Conjunction No Conjunction 1. (1) A North Korean official has lashed out at US Vice President Mike Pence and said Pyongyang is ready for a nuclear showdown if dialogue with the United States fails. 2. (3) "Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting room or encounter us at nuclear- to-nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision and behavior of the United States,"Choe said in comments carriedby North Korea's state-run KCNA news agency Thursday. 3. (5) North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric, but these latest comments are particularly noteworthy because they come directly from a high-ranking official and so close to the summit -- which isscheduled for June 12 in Singapore. 4. (6) "It's clear that the North Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it," said Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center forKorean History and Public Policy at the Wilson Center. 5. (9) "As the President made clear, this will only end like the Libya model endedif Kim Jong Un doesn't make a deal." 6. (12) Less than a decade after Moammar Gadhafiagreed to abandon its nuclear

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA aspirations in a deal with the United States, he was ousted frompower and killed with the help of NATO-backed forces. 7. (13) "They (the North Koreans) are very proud, they don't like being bullied and they certainly don't like the repeated references to Libya and the repeated reference to its poverty," Lee said. 8. (15) "The Libya analogy is deliberately inflammatory. It never applied to North Korea and is useful neither to convey resolve or to set expectations on nuclear issues," he told CNN in an email. 9. (19) Pence has been vocal critic of North Korea and its human rights abuses 10. (20) While representing the United States at the Winter Olympics in South Korea earlier this year, he brought along thefather of Otto Warmbier, an American university student who was imprisoned in North Koreaand died shortly after his return to the United States in a vegetative state. 11. (24) Trump and Kim's summit will be the the first meeting between a sitting US President and NorthKorean leader,but the North Koreans have expressed displeasure over recent comments by theUnited States and joint military exercises between Washington and Seoul. 12. (25) The North Koreanshave largely spared Trump from the charged insults aimed at Bolton and Pence. 13. (27) Trump saidTuesday that the meeting could be delayed, but both sides appear to be moving ahead with theplanning process.

14. 28) Top White House officials are expected to travel to Singapore this weekend to work with the North Koreans on logistical and agenda items. 15. (30) Speaking alongside his Chinese and Japanesecounterparts in Washington, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo told reporters he's hopefulabout the prospects. 16. (32)But a senior administration official involved in the planning process told CNN that Trump's team wants more high-level talks with Pyongyang before thesummit. 17. (33) Those comments come as the Pentagon made public a study on 2017's military and security developments in North Korea. 18. (37)But some experts worry about that approach, and it's unclear if the North Koreans would be interested. 19. (38) "Pyongyang is trying to shift the discussion away from immediate disarmament and economic benefits and toward a protracted exchange of security concessions," said Mount of the Federation of American Scientists. 20. (39) "Dismantling a weapons program this complex would take time to fully understand and safely tear down. 21. (40) It is not reasonable or prudent to rush this process."

5. Local cohesion No Lexical cohesion 1. (9) "As the President made clear, this will only end like the Libya model endedif Kim Jong Un doesn't make a deal." 2. (13) "They (the North Koreans) are very proud, they don't like being bullied and they certainly don't like the repeated references to Libya and the repeated

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA reference to its poverty," Lee said. 3. 28) Top White House officials are expected to travelto Singapore this weekend to work with the North Koreans on logistical and agenda items. 4. (38) "Pyongyang is trying to shift the discussion away from immediate disarmament and economic benefits and toward a protracted exchange of security concessions," said Mount of the Federation of American Scientists.

6. Reference No Reference 1. (2)Choe Son Hui, a vice-minister in the North Korean Foreign Ministry, said if the US continued onits current path, she would suggest to North Korea's leadership that they reconsider the plannedsummit between President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un. 2. (3) "Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting room or encounter us at nuclear- to-nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision and behavior of the United States," Choe said in comments carriedby North Korea's state-run KCNA news agency Thursday. 3. (4)Choe was responding to comments byPence made Monday during a Fox News interview that she deemed "unbridled and impudent." 4. (5) North Korea is known for its fiery rhetoric, but these latest comments are particularly noteworthy because they come directly from a high-ranking official and so close to the summit -- which isscheduled for June 12 in Singapore. 5. (10) When MacCallum said that some people may have seenBolton's comments as a threat, Pence said "I think it's more of a fact.‖ 6. (13) "They (the North Koreans) are very proud, they don't like being bullied and they certainly don't like the repeated references to Libya and the repeated reference to its poverty," Lee said. 7. (15) "The Libya analogy is deliberately inflammatory. It never applied to North Korea and is useful neither to convey resolve or to set expectations on nuclear issues," he told CNN in an email. 8. (17)She noted that Libya's nuclear program was in itsearly stages when it came to the negotiating table, while North Korea has spent years developingits nuclear weapons. 9. (18) "As a person involved in the US affairs, I cannot suppress my surprise atsuch ignorant and stupid remarks gushing out from the mouth of the US vice president," she said. 10. (19) Pence has been vocal critic of North Korea and its human rights abuses 11. (20) While representing the United States at the Winter Olympics in South Korea earlier this year, he brought along thefather of Otto Warmbier, an American university student who was imprisoned in North Koreaand died shortly after his return to the United States in a vegetative state. 12. (21) At the openingceremony, he chose to ignore Kim Yo Jong, Kim Jong Un's sister, when sitting feet away from her. 13. (23)She was reportedly promoted to vice ministerearlier this year.North Korea's Choe Son Hui, center, meets with reporters in Beijing on June 23, 2016 14. (26) Trump, for hispart, has shifted to a more positive tone when discussing

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA North Korea's young leader. 15. (29) The North Koreans are also expected to blow upthe tunnels at their nuclear test site in the coming days -- a promise Kim made when he met withSouth Korea's Moon Jae-in at the end of April. 16. (30) Speaking alongside his Chinese and Japanesecounterparts in Washington, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo told reporters he's hopefulabout the prospects. 17. (31) "I hope that we can have this opportunity, this historic opportunity to do something that would truly transform this global challenge that's been threatening the world foran awfully long time," he said. 18. (35) The White House has maintained it will not repeat what it believes were mistakes by previous US administrations -- signing on to agreements that were supposed to exchange concessions forsteps toward denuclearization over time. 19. (37) But some experts worry about that approach, and it's unclear if the North Koreans would be interested. 20. (40) It is not reasonable or prudent to rush this process."

7. Ellipsis No Ellipsis 1. (3) "Whether theUS will meet us at a meeting room or encounter us at nuclear- to-nuclear showdown is entirelydependent upon the decision and behavior of the United States," Choesaid in comments carriedby North Korea's state-run KCNA news agency Thursday. 2. (4)Choe was responding to comments byPence made Monday during a Fox News interview that she deemed "unbridled and impudent." 3. (6) "It's clear that the North Koreans feel the White Housedoesn't get it," said Jean Lee, the director of the Hyundai Motor-Korea Foundation Center forKorean History and Public Policy at the Wilson Center. 4. (8) "There was some talk about the Libya model," Pence told Fox News'Martha MacCallum. (unlist) 5. (10) When MacCallum said that some people may have seenBolton's comments as a threat, Pence said "I think it's more of a fact.‖ 6. (12) Less than a decade after Moammar Gadhafiagreed to abandon its nuclear aspirations in a deal with the United States, he was ousted frompower and killed with the help of NATO-backed forces. 7. (13) "They (the North Koreans) are very proud, they don't like being bullied and they certainly don't like the repeated references to Libya and the repeated reference to its poverty," Lee said. 8. (15) "The Libya analogy is deliberately inflammatory. It never applied to North Korea and is useful neither to convey resolve or to set expectations on nuclear issues," he told CNN in an email. 9. (16)Choe called Pence a "politicaldummy" for comparing Libya to North Korea. 10. (18) "As a person involved in the US affairs, I cannot suppress my surprise atsuch ignorant and stupid remarks gushing out from the mouth of the US vice president," she said. 11. (31) "I hope that we can have this opportunity, this historic opportunity to do

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA something that would truly transform this global challenge that's been threatening the world foran awfully long time," he said. 12. (38) "Pyongyang is trying to shift the discussion away from immediate disarmament and economic benefits and toward a protracted exchange of security concessions," said Mount of the Federation of American Scientists.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA