Archive of SID

Archive of SID رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ Rostaniha 11(1): 69-81 (2010) (1389 69) 81- :( 11)1 ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه از ذرت در اﻳﺮان* Six new Fusarium species isolated from maize in Iran

در ﻳﺎﻓﺖ : /30 10/1388 / ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : Received: 20.01.2010 / Accepted: 16.06.2010 1389 /3/ 26

ﺧﺴﺮو ﭼﻬﺮي : داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﻛﺘﺮي، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﺑﻴﻮﻟـﻮژي، داﻧـﺸﮕﺎه ,K. Chehri : Ph.D. student, School of Biological Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺲ ﻣﺎﻟﺰي (E-mail: [email protected]) (E-mail: [email protected]) B. Salleh: Prof., School of Biological Sciences, Universiti ﺑﺤﺎراﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ: اﺳﺘﺎد داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺳﺎﻳﻨﺲ ﻣﺎﻟﺰي Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺟﻮاد ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻧﻲ : داﻧﺸﻴﺎر داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑـﻮﻋﻠﻲ M.J. Soleimani: Associate Prof., Department of Plant ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ، ﻫﻤﺪان Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran ﻣـﺼﻄﻔﻲ دروﻳـﺶ ﻧﻴـﺎ : اﺳـﺘﺎدﻳﺎر داﻧـﺸﻜﺪه ﻛـﺸﺎورزي، داﻧــﺸﮕﺎه M. Darvishnia: Assistant Prof., Department of Plant ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن ، ﺧﺮم آﺑﺎد ,Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University Khorram-abad, Iran دوﺳﺘﻤﺮاد ﻇﻔﺮي : اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر داﻧـﺸﻜﺪه ﻛـﺸﺎورزي، داﻧـﺸﮕﺎه ﺑـﻮﻋﻠﻲ D. Zafari: Assistant Prof., Department of Plant Pathology, ﺳﻴﻨﺎ ، ﻫﻤﺪان ,Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan ﺑﻬﺮام ﺷﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﺒﻲ : داﻧﺸﻴﺎر داﻧـﺸﻜﺪه ﻛـﺸﺎورزي، داﻧـﺸﮕﺎه ﺻـﻨﻌﺘﻲ Iran اﺻﻔﻬﺎن B. Sharifnabi: Associate Prof., Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎ ﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮزارﻳـﻮم ﻣـﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑـﺎ رﻳـﺸﻪ و Abstract ﺳــﺎﻗﻪ ذرت در اﺳــﺘﺎن ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧــﺸﺎه ﻃــﻲ ﻓــﺼﻮل زراﻋــﻲ ﺳــﺎﻟ ﻬﺎي In order to determine morphological characteristics of Fusarium species associated with root and stem of maize in -87 1385 از ﻣــﺰارع ذرت ﻣﻨــﺎﻃﻖ ﮔــﻴﻼن ﻏــﺮب، ﺳــﺮﭘﻞ ذﻫــﺎب، Kermanshah province, during two growing seasons of 2006- ﻗــﺼﺮﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ، ﻛﻨﮕــﺎور، ﭘــﺎوه، رواﻧــﺴﺮ، ﺻــﺤﻨﻪ، ﺳــﻨﻘﺮ، ﺑﻴــﺴﺘﻮن و 2008, 110 samples, mostly from diseased plants were ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻪﺑ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻣﺪ و 1100 ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم از 110 collected from different geographic regions of the province. ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ از ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻤﺎر ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﮔﺮدﻳـﺪ . ﺑﺮاﺳـﺎس The collecting localities were Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, ﻣﺸﺨــﺼﺎت ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟــﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﻌــﺪاد 29 ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ از ﺑﺨــﺶ ﻫــﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ Qasr Shirin, Sonqor, Kangavar, Bisotun, Ravansar, اﻳــﻦ ﺷــﺒ ﻪ ﺟــﻨﺲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻳﻲ ﺷــﺪ . در اﻳــﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳــﻲ آراﻳــﻪ ﻫــﺎي Kermanshah, Paveh and Sahneh. About 1100 Fusarium F. brevicatenulatum Fusarium pseudoanthophilum ، ، .isolates were collected and 29 species were identified F. napiforme ، F. beomiforme ، F. dlaminii و F. aywerte ﺑـﺮاي , This is the first report of Fusarium pseudoanthophilum ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴ ﻦ ﺑﺎر از اﻳ ﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﻣﻲﺷ .وﻧﺪ , F. brevicatenulatum , F. dlaminii , F. beomiforme F. napiforme and F. aywerte from Iran. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﻓﻠﻮر ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ، رﻛﻮرد ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ، ذرت ، ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه

Keywords: Mycoflora, new record, maize, Kermanshah * ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧـﺪه اول ﺑـﻪ راﻫﻨﻤـﺎﻳﻲ آﻗﺎﻳـﺎن دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺟﻮاد ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻧﻲ و دوﺳﺘﻤﺮاد ﻇﻔﺮي اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻨﺎي ﻫﻤﺪان

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70/ 70 ﭼﻬﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻮ زارﻳﻮم ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ، ﺟﻠﺪ )1(11 ، 1389 Archive of SID ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ وارﻳﺘﻪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . در ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ از ذرت (.Zea mays L ) از ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن زراﻋﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﺸﺨــــﺼﺎت ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳــــﻚ ﮔﻮﻧــــﻪ ﻫــــﺎي ﺑﺨــــﺶ ﻟﻴﺰﻳــــﻮﻻ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده اﻧﺴﺎن، دام و ﺑﻪ ﺧﺼﻮص ﻃﻴﻮر اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴـﺖ ﻓﺮاواﻧـﻲ ﻋــﺪ م ﺗﻮﻟﻴــﺪ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳــﭙﻮر ﺑــﻮده اﺳــﺖ ﺗــﺎ اﻳﻨﻜــﻪ ﻛﻮﺳــﻨﺎ و ﺑــﺮاي اﺑــﺘﻼ ﺑــﻪ آﻟــﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫــﺎي ﻗــﺎرﭼﻲ ﺑــﻮﻳﮋه ﻓﻮزارﻳــﻮم دارد ﻫﻤﻜـﺎران ( Kwasna et al. 1991 ) ﭘﻴـﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻛﺮد ﻧـﺪ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ( Marasas 1995, Fandohan et al . 2003 ). ﺳــﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ F. napiforme ، F. dlaminii ،F. nygamai 10 30- و F. beomiforme درﺻﺪ از ﻛﻞ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ذرت در دﻧﻴﺎ در اﺛﺮ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎر ي ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺑ ﻪ دﻟﻴـﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳـﭙﻮر در ﺑﺨـﺶ دﻻﻣﻴﻨﻴـﺎ ﻗـﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ . ﻧﺎﺷــﻲ از ﻓﻮزارﻳــﻮم از ﺑــﻴﻦ ﻣــﻲ رود ( Logrieco et al . 2002 ). ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻓﻴﻠﻮژﻧﺘﻴـﻚ، ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺑﺨـﺶ ﻫـﺎ ي از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻤﺎرﻳﺰاي ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ﻛﻪ ﺳـﺒﺐ اﻳﺠـﺎد ﻟﻴﺰﻳﻮﻻ و دﻻﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء F. beomiforme در ﻛﻨﺎر ﻫﻢ و ﺟـﺪا ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﻳﺸﻪ، ﻃﻮﻗﻪ، ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ و از ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ( Nirenberg & O'Donnell 1998 ). داﻧــﻪ ذرت ﻣــﻲ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻫــﺎي ﻣﻮﺟــﻮد در ﺑﺨــﺶ ﻫــﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴـﻖ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻟﻴﺰﻳــــﻮﻻ ( Liseola ) و دﻳــــﺴﻜﺎﻟﺮ ( Discolor ) ﻣــــﻲ ﺑﺎﺷــــﻨﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ﺑﻮﻳﮋه ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫـﺎي ( Fandohan et al . 2003 ). ﻟﻴﺰﻳــﻮﻻ و دﻻﻣﻴﻨﻴــﺎ ﻣــﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑــﺎ ذرت در ﻣﻨــﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘ ﻠــﻒ اﺳــﺘﺎن ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟـﻨﺲ ﻓﻮزار ﻳـ ﻮم ﺑـﻮﻳﮋه ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺑﺨـﺶ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . . ﻟﻴﺰﻳﻮﻻ و دﻻﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎ ( Section Dlaminia ) از ﻣﻬﻤﺘـﺮﻳﻦ ﻗـﺎرچ ﻫـﺎي در اﻳﺮان ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ در ﺧﺼﻮص ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ﺻﻮرت ﻫﻴﻔﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖ ﺧﺎﻛﺰي ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ داﺷـﺘﻪ و ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﻲ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮزارﻳـﻮم ﮔـﺰارش ﺷـﺪه از ذرت در ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻴﻤـﺎرﻳﺰاي ﮔﻴـﺎﻫﻲ و ﻣﻮﻟـﺪ ﺗﻮﻛـﺴﻴﻦ اﻳﺮان در ﺟﺪول 1 اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ د ﻧﻴﺎ ا ﻧﺘﺸﺎر وﺳﻴﻌﻲ روي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن زراﻋﻲ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ذرت دارﻧـﺪ (& Kommedahl & Windels 1977, Salleh روش ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ .Sulaiman 1984, Burgess et al. 1994, Sangalang et al از ﻣــﺰارع ذرت ﻣﻨــﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠــﻒ اﺳــﺘﺎن ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧــﺸﺎه ، ﻃــﻲ 1995a, Nirenberg & O'Donnell 1998) . ﻓﺼﻮل زراﻋﻲ 87 - 1385 ﺑﺎزدﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻣـﺪ و ﺑﻮﺗـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ذرت ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ﺑﻮﻳﮋه آن ﻫﺎ ﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺨـﺶ آﻟﻮده و ﻛﻢ رﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻧﺪام ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آن (ﻫﺎ رﻳﺸﻪ، ﻃﻮﻗﻪ و ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ) ﻟﻴﺰﻳﻮﻻ و د ﻻﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﻗـﺮار دارﻧـﺪ ﻗـﺎدر ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻃﻴـﻒ وﺳـﻴﻌﻲ از ﭘﻮﺳﻴﺪه ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و در ﭘﺎﻛﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻏـﺬي ( اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻓﻮﻣﻮﻧﻴﺰﻳﻦ ﻫـﺎ ( fumonisins) ، ﻣـﻮﻧﻴﻠﻲ ﻓـﻮرﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﺸﺪه ) ﻗﺮار داده و ﺳﺮﻳﻌ ﺎ ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ﻧﺪ . اﻧﺪام ﻫـﺎي ( moniliformin ،) اﺳـﻴﺪ ﻓﻮزارﻳـﻚ ( fusaric acid ) و ﺑﻴﻮورﻳـﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن آﻟﻮده ( رﻳﺸﻪ، ﻃﻮﻗـﻪ و ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ ) ﺑﻌـﺪ از ﺷﺴﺘـﺸﻮي ( beauvericin ) ﻫــﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛــﻪ ﺑــﺮاي ﺳــﻼﻣﺘﻲ اﻧــﺴﺎن و ﺣﻴﻮاﻧــﺎت ﻛﺎﻣﻞ زﻳ ﺮ ﺷﻴﺮ آب ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻫﻴﭙﻮﻛﻠﺮﻳﺖ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ( NaClO ) ﻣﻀﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺳـﺮﻃﺎن زاﻳـﻲ و اﻟﺘﻬـﺎب ﻛﺒـﺪ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮ ﻧﺪ ﻳﻚ درﺻﺪ ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺷﺪ و ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮدن ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ (Marasas et al. 1984, Wilson et al. 1985, Gelderblom ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﻦ ﺳﺘﺮون ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻗﻄﻌﺎت ﻧﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘـﺮي روي et al. 1988, Nelson et al. 1994, Salleh & Safinat 1994, Salleh 1996, 1998) . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ در آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻧـﺸﺎن ﻣﺤـــﻴﻂ ﻛـــﺸﺖ اﻧﺘﺨـــﺎﺑﻲ ﭘﻨﺘـــﺎﻛﻠﺮوﻧﻴﺘﺮوﺑﻨﺰن- آﮔـــﺎر ( PPA) داده ﺷﺪه اﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑﻌـﻀﻲ از ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺑﺨـﺶ ﻟﻴﺰﻳـﻮﻻ ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ( Nash & Snyder 1962 ) ﻛــﺸﺖ ﮔﺮدﻳــﺪ . ﺗــﺸﺘﻚ ﻫــﺎي ﭘﺘــﺮي F. proliferatum ﺑ ﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻓـﺮاوان از ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﺷـﺒﻜ ﻴﻪ ﭼـﺸﻢ اﻓـﺮاد ﺑـــﺮاي 48 ﺳـــﺎﻋ ﺖ در ﺷـــﺮاﻳﻂ اﺳـــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﻗـــﺮار داد ه ﺷـــﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎر ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Salleh & Sulaiman 1984 ) .( Tg Norina et al. 2005 ). ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي رﺷﺪ ﻛﺮده ﺗـﻚ اﺳـﭙﻮر ﺑﺮاﺳــﺎس ﻳ اﻓﺘــﻪ ﻫــﺎي ﺗﺎﻛــﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﻛــﻼ ﺳﻴﻚ و ﻣﻮﻟﻜــﻮﻟﻲ، ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه و ﺑﺮاي ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺪت و ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ ﻃﺒﻘــﻪ ﺑﻨــﺪي ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻫــﺎي ﺑﺨــﺶ ﻟﻴﺰﻳــﻮﻻ دﺳــﺘﺨﻮش ﺗﻐﻴﻴــﺮات و ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺰان رﺷﺪ، رﻧﮓ و ﺑـﻮ، ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻛـﺸﺖ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻟﻲ ﺳـﻴﺐ اﺻﻼﺣﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ ﺑ. ﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺜﺎل در ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫـﺎي ﻃﺒﻘـﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪي زﻣﻴﻨــﻲ ( PDA ) اﻧﺘﻘــﺎل داده ﺷــﺪﻧﺪ . ﺟﻬــﺖ ﺗﺤﺮﻳــﻚ ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪ ﻫــﺎ ووﻟﻦ وﺑﺮ و رﻳﻨﻜﻴﻨﮓ ( Wollenweber & Reinking 1935 ) ، ﺑﻮس ﺑﻪ ﻫﺎﮔﺰاﻳ ﻲ و ﺗ ﻴﻮﻟ ﺪ ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم، ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ زﻧﺠﻴﺮه ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ( Booth 1971 ) ، ﻧﻴﺮﻧﺒﺮگ ( Nirenberg 1976 ) ، ﮔﺮﻻخ و ﻧﻴﺮﻧﺒﺮگ و ﻣـــﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳـــﭙﻮرﻫﺎ از ﻣﺤـــﻴﻂ ﻫـــﺎي ﻛـــﺸﺖ ﺑـــﺮگ ( Gerlach & Nirenberg 1982 ) و ﻧﻠـــﺴﻮن و ﻫﻤﻜـــﺎران ﻣﻴﺨــﻚ ( Fisher et al. 1982 (2%) CLA) ، اس ان آ ( SNA ) ( Nelson et al. 1983 ) ﺑــﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴــﺐ 6 2، ، 10 ، 10 و 4 ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ و ( Nirenberg 1976) ، آب آﮔــﺎر ﺣــﺎوي 6 ﮔــﺮم در ﻟﻴﺘــﺮ ﻛﻠــﺮ ور ور

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ﭼﻬﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ، ﺟﻠﺪ )1(11 ، 1389 71/ 71 71 Archive of SID ﺟ ﺪول -1 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ذرت ﻛﻪ از اﻳﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه ﻧﺪا ﻧﺪا Table 1. Fusarium spp. associated with maize reported from Iran Species Locality Reference F. anthophilum Anzali Ershad (1995) F. aquaeductum Anzali Ershad (1995) F. longipes Gorgan Zare (1995), Zare & Ershad (1997) F. avenaceum Gorgan Zare & Ershad (1997) F. globosum Zanjan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil Darvishnia et al. (2006) F. graminearum Gilan, Mazandaran, Qazvin Mehrian (2000), Dawoodee & Mehrian (2004) F. lateritium Gorgan Zare & Ershad (1997) Fusarium sp. Karaj, Sari, Dasht-e-Moghan Zamani (2004) F. equiseti Anzali Ershad (1995) F. sulphureum Gorgan Zare & Ershad (1997) F. proliferatum var. Golestan ,Gilan, Mazandaran, Darvishnia et al. (2006) minus Ardabil, Tehran

F. semitectum Gorgan & Gonbad, Kerman, Ershad (1995), Darvishnia et al. (2008) Hamedan, Isfahan F. nygamai Gorgan, Kerman, Fars, Isfahan, Zare (1995), Zare & Ershad (1997), Darvishnia et al. Hamedan, Ardabil, Golestan, (2008) Zanjan F. proliferatum Mazandaran, Gilan, Qazvin, Mehrian (2000), Naderpour (2004), Dawoodee & Dasht-e-Moghan, Khuzestan,, Mehrian (2004), Darvishnia et al. (2008) Lorestan, Kerman, Fars, Golestan, Isfahan

F. subglutinans Anzali, Lorestan, Khuzestan, Ershad (1995), Naderpour (2004), Darvishnia et al. Kermanshah, West Azerbaijan, (2008) East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Isfahan, Kerman, Fars, Zanjan F. verticillioides Khuzestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, Mehrian (2000), Dawoodee (2002), Mohammadi et al. (= F. moniliforme ) Qazvin, Zanjan, Karaj, Sari, (2002), Zamani (2004), Dawoodee & Mehrian (2004), Dasht-e-Moghan, Faizabad Jelodar & Farokhinejad (2008), Darvishnia et al . (2008) (Gorgan), Hamedan, West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Isfahan, Kerman, Lorestan, Golestan

ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ( Fisher et al. 1983 ) ( KClA و) ﺧﺎك آﮔﺎر ( SA %2/5) ﻫـــﺮ ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ در ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـــﻪ ﻓﻮزارﻳـــﻮم ﻫـــﺎي داﻧـــﺸﮕﺎه ﺳـــﺎﻳﻨﺲ ( Klotz et al. 1988) اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ Fusarium Culture Collection Unit, School of Biological) Sciences (SBS), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)) ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد و آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﻧﮕﻬـــــﺪاري ﻣـــــﻲ ﺷـــــﻮد . ﮔﻮﻧـــــﻪ ﻫـــــﺎي F. andiyazi ، ، Gerlach & Nirenberg 1982,) ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ F. brevicatenulatum ،F. pseudoanthophilum ، ، Nelson et al. 1983, Marasas et al. 1985, ,F. napiforme ، F. beomiforme ، F. dlaminii Burgess et al. 1994, Nirenberg Sangalang et al. 1995b و F. aywerte ,Leslie & Summerell et al. 1998, Marasas et al. 2001 ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮ ح زﻳﺮ ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﮔﺰارش ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ: . . (2006

Fusarium andiyazi Marasas Lamprecht, Zeller & ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ و ﺑ ﺤﺚ Leslie در اﻳــﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴــﻖ ، 1100 ﺟﺪاﻳــﻪ ﻓﻮزارﻳــﻮم از اﻧــﺪام ﻫــﺎي ﻣﻴﺰان رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ ﻗـﺎرچ روي ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ PDA ﺑﻌـﺪ از 72 72 ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎي ذرت آﻟﻮده ﺑ ﻪ دﺳـﺖ آﻣـﺪ . ﺑﺮاﺳـﺎس ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﺎت ﺳﺎﻋﺖ در دﻣـﺎي 25 درﺟـﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴ وس ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ 3 ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘـﺮ و د ر ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟــﻮژﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﻌــﺪاد 29 ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳــﺪ ﻛــﻪ ﻟﻴــﺴﺖ دﻣﺎي 30 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴ وس ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 3/2 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد . ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ آن ﻫــــﺎ د ر ﺟــــﺪول 2 اراﻳــــﻪ ﺷــــﺪه اﺳــــﺖ . ﺟﺪاﻳــــﻪ اي از ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﺮﻛﺪار و ﭘﻮدري ﺑﻮد . رﻧـﮓ ر ﻳﺴﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻫـﻮاﻳﻲ و رﻧـﮓ www.SID.ir

72/ 72 ﭼﻬﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ، ﺟﻠﺪ )1(11 ، 1389 Archive of SID ﺟﺪول -2 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه از ﮔﻨﺪﻣﻴﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺷﺪه اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺸﻮر Table 2. Fusarium spp. obtained from gramineous plants from different provinces of Iran Fusarium species Locality F. proliferatum Sarpol Zohab, Ravansar, Sahneh, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. nygamai Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Ravansar, Sahneh, Bisotun F. graminearum Qasr Shirin, Ravansar, Sahneh, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. chlamydosporum Qasr Shirin, Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Ravansar F. anthophilum Sarpol Zohab, Paveh, Ravansar, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. longipes Sarpol Zohab, Paveh, Ravansar, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. scirpi Qasr Shirin, Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Ravansar F. subglutinans Sahneh, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. verticillioides Qasr Shirin, Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Kangavar, Paveh, Ravansar, Sahneh, Sonqor, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. semitectum Qasr Shirin, Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Kangavar, Paveh, Ravansar, Sahneh, Sonqor, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. equiseti Qasr Shirin, Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Kangavar, Paveh, Ravansar, Sahneh, Sonqor, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. solani Qasr Shirin, Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Kangavar, Paveh, Ravansar, Sahneh, Sonqor, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. oxysporum Qasr Shirin, Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Kangavar, Paveh, Ravansar, Sahneh, Sonqor, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. avenaceum Gilan Gharb, Paveh, Ravansar, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. compactum Qasr Shirin, Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Sahneh, Bisotun F. lateritium Sarpol Zohab, Ravansar, Sahneh, Bisotun, Kermanshah, Kangavar, Paveh F. culmorum Kangavar, Paveh, Ravansar, Sahneh, Sonqor, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. fujikuroi Qasr Shirin, Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Kangavar, Paveh, Ravansar, Sahneh, Sonqor, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. sporotrichioides Ravansar, Sahneh, Sonqor, Bisotun, Kermanshah, Kangavar, Paveh F. sambucinum Kangavar, Paveh, Ravansar, Sahneh, Sonqor, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. poa Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Sahneh, Sonqor, Bisotun, Kangavar, Paveh F. globosum Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Ravansar, Sahneh, Sonqor, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. andiyazi Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Kangavar, Ravansar, Sahneh, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. pseudoanthophilum ∗ Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Ravansar, Sahneh, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. beomiforme ∗ Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Ravansar, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. napiforme ∗ Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Ravansar, Sahneh, Bisotun F. dlaminii ∗ Sarpol Zohab, Sahneh, Bisotun F. brevicatenulatum ∗ Sarpol Zohab, Ravansar, Sahneh, Bisotun, Kermanshah F. aywerte ∗ Gilan Gharb, Sarpol Zohab, Ravansar, Bisotun, Kermanshah ∗ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺮان . Newly recorded taxa ∗

ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ از ﭘﺸﺖ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺳﻔﻴﺪ و ﺑﻌﺪ زرﺷﻜﻲ رﻧـﮓ ﺷـﺪ ﻳﺎ. ﺧﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻳﺎ داراي اﻧﺤﻨﺎي داﺳﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ 3-6 ﺑﻨـﺪ ﻧـﺎزك ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم زا روي ر ﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻫـﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴـﺪ، ﺳـﺎده ( ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ 3 ﺑﻨـﺪ ) دارﻧـﺪ ﻳﺎ. ﺧﺘـﻪ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ اي ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ و ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ دار اﺳـﺖ و ﻣﻨــﺸﻌﺐ ﺗــﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷــﺪﻧﺪ. اﻧــﺪازه ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘــﻪ ﻫــﺎي ﻛﻨﻴــﺪﻳﻮم زا ( pedicellate ) ﻳﺎو ﺧﺘﻪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ آراﻣﻲ ﺧﻤﻴﺪه و در اﻧﺘﻬـﺎ 2-3/5 × -42 13 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد . اﻳـﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴـﺪﻳﻮم ﻫـﺎي ﭘــﺴﺘﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﻣــﻲ ﺷــﻮد . اﻧــﺪازه ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴــﺪﻳﻮم ﻫــﺎ 4-2 × 54- 19 19 ﮔﺮزي ﺗﺎ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﺮﻏﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺑﺮﻳﺪه و ﻳـﻚ ﺗـﺎ 3 ﺣﺠـﺮه اي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘـــﺮ اﺳـــﺖ . اﻳـــﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳـــﭙﻮرﻫﺎي دروﻏـــﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت زﻧﺠﻴـﺮه ﻫـﺎي ﺑﻠﻨـﺪ ( 15≤ ) و ﺳـﺮ ( pseudochlamydospore ) ﺑﺎ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺻـﺎف ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨـﺪ ﻛـﻪ دروﻏﻴﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﺗﻌﺪادي از زﻧﺠﻴﺮه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴـﺪﻳﻮم ﻏﺎﻟﺒــﺎ در اﻃــﺮاف ﻗﻄﻌــﺎت ﺑــﺮگ ﻣﻴﺨــﻚ و ﺑــﻪ ﺻــﻮرت ﻣﻨﻔــﺮد ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﻦ ﺗـﺮ ﺷـﺪن ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ روي ﺳـﻄﺢ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ ﻣـﻲ رﻳﺰﻧـﺪ و ﻛﻮﺗـﺎه و زﻧﺠﻴــﺮه ﻫــﺎي ﻛﻮﺗــﺎه ﺗــﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣــﻲ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ و اﻧــﺪازه آن ﻫــﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ( 15≥ ). اﻧﺪازه ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫـﺎ 1/5-4/2 × /3 4/8-23 7-16 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘــﺮ اﺳــﺖ ( ﺷــﻜﻞ ).1 ﻣﺸﺨــﺼﺎت اﻳــﻦ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد . ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴـﺪﻳﻮم ﻫـﺎ روي ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻛﻨﻴـﺪﻳﻮم زاي ﺑـــﺎ ﺷـــﺮح اراﻳـــﻪ ﺷـــﺪه ﺗ ﻮﺳـــﻂ ﻣﺎراﺳـــﺎس و ﻫﻤﻜـــﺎران ﻣﻨﺸﻌﺐ اﺳﭙﻮرودوﺧ ﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎ راﺳﺖ و ( Marasas et al. 2001) ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ داﺷﺖ . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ

www.SID.ir ﭼﻬﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ، ﺟﻠﺪ )1(11 ، 1389 73/73 Archive of SID a b c d z

ﺷﻜﻞ a : Fusarium andiyazi 1- . زﻧﺠﻴﺮه ﻫﺎي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم، b . ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴـﺪﻳﻮم ﻫـﺎ، c-f. ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴـﺪﻳﻮم ﻫـﺎ، g . ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳـﭙﻮرﻫﺎي دروﻏﻴﻦ ( ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 20 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ). ). Fig. 1. Fusarium andiyazi : a. Long chains of microconidia, b. Microconidia, c-f. Macroconidia, g. Pseudochlamydospore (Bar = 20 µm).

زﻧﺠﻴﺮه ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم و ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم زاي ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ زﻧﺠ ﻴــ ﺮه ﻏﺎﻟﺒــﺎ ﺑــﻪ ﺻــﻮرت ﺟــﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻛﻨــﺎر ﻫــﻢ ﻗــﺮار ﻣــﻲ ﻴﮔ ﺮﻧــﺪ F. verticillioides ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ وﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳـﭙﻮر ( side-by-side ). اﻧــﺪازه ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴــﺪﻳﻮم ﻫــﺎي ﺗــﻚ ﺣﺠــﺮه اي دروﻏﻴﻦ و ﺗ ﺎ ﺣﺪي ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫـﺎ از اﻳـﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻣﺘﻤـﺎﻳﺰ 3/7 )-2/7( 2/1 × 12 -8/8( 6/5) ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘـــﺮ ﺑـــﻮد . در ﻫﻤـــﻪ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . اﻳـﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻛـﻪ ﻧﺨـﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑـﺎر ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻣﻴﺮاﺑـﻮاﻟﻔﺘﺤﻲ و ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﻫﺎ روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ CLA، اﺳﭙﻮرودوﺧﻴﻮم ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪرت ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ . ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( 2010 ) از ﻣﻴﻮه اﻧﺠﻴﺮ در اﺳـﺘﺎن ﻓـﺎرس ﮔـﺰارش ﺷـﺪه ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎي اﺳﭙﻮرودﺧﻴﻮﻣﻲ راﺳﺖ و 3-5 ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﻛـﻪ اﺳﺖ، در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ از ﻃﻮﻗﻪ، رﻳﺸﻪ و ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ذرت ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫـﺎي ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اي ﭘﺎﺷـﻨﻪ اي ﺷـﻜﻞ ( foot-shaped ) ﻳﺎو ﺧﺘـﻪ اﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺮﭘﻞ ذﻫﺎب، ﮔﻴﻼن ﻏﺮب، ﻛﻨﮕﺎور، رواﻧﺴﺮ، ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧـﺸﺎه، ﺑﻴـ ﺴﺘﻮن و ﺧﻤﻴﺪه ( bent ) داﺷﺘﻨﺪ . ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎي 5 ﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﻴـﺸﺘﺮ ﺻﺤﻨﻪ ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪ . اﺳــﺖ . اﻧــﺪازه ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴــﺪﻳﻮم ﻫــﺎي 4 )4/3-( 3 × 46 ( )40- 33 33 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳﭙﻮر اﺳﺖ ( ﺷﻜﻞ ).2 ).2 ,Fusarium brevicatenulatum Nirenberg, O'Donnell ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮح اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪ ه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻴﺮﻧﺒـﺮگ و Kroschel & Andrianaivo ﻫﻤﻜــﺎران ( Nirenberg et al. 1998 ) ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘــﺖ داﺷــﺖ . اﻳــﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﻗﺎرچ روي ﻣﺤﻴﻂ PDA ﺑﻌﺪ از 10 روز ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ از ﻧﻈــﺮ ﺗــﺸﻜﻴﻞ زﻧﺠﻴــﺮه ﻫــﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴــﺪﻳﻮم ﻛﻮﺗــﺎه و در دﻣﺎي 20 درﺟـﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴ وس ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ 4/5 ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘـﺮ ﺑـﻮد . رﻧـﮓ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘــﻪ ﻫــﺎي ﻛﻨﻴــﺪﻳﻮم زاي ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴــﺪ و ﭘﻠــﻲ ﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴــﺪ ﺷــﺒﻴﻪ ر ﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﻲ ﺑـﻮد و رﻧـﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ از F. pseudoanthophilum و F. pseudonygamai اﺳــﺖ وﻟــﻲ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺗﺸﺘ ﻚ ﭘﺘﺮي اﺑﺘـﺪا ﻧـﺎرﻧﺠﻲ و ﺑﻌـﺪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳـﻞ ﺑـﻪ آﺑـﻲ ﺷـﺪ . ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺪم ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳﭙﻮر و ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛ ﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫـﺎي ﮔﻼﺑـﻲ ﭘﺮﮔﻨــﻪ داراي ﺣﺎﺷــﻴﻪ ﺻــﺎف ﺑــﻮد ﻳﺎ. ﺧﺘــﻪ ﻫــﺎي ﻛﻨﻴــﺪﻳﻮم زا ﺷﻜﻞ از F. pseudoanthophilum ﻣﺘﻤـﺎﻳﺰ ﻣـﻲ ﮔـﺮدد . ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮرت اﺳـﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي روي ر ﻳﺴﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻫـﻮاﻳﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻮﺗﺎه ﺗﺮ از F. pseudoanthophilum ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴﺪ و ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﭘﻠﻲ ﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴـﺪ ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣـﻲ ﮔﺮدﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺷﻜﻞ و اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎ و ﻋﺪم ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺑﻴﺶ از 30 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻃﻮل و 2 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮض دارﻧﺪ . اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎي ﮔـﺮزي ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺑـﺎ F. pseudonygamai ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﺮﻏﻲ و ﺑﻴـﻀﻲ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻛـﺸﻴﺪه ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . . ﻏﺎﻟﺒــﺎ ﺗــﻚ ﺣﺠــﺮه اي ﺑــﻮده، ﺗﻮﻟﻴــﺪ ﻣــﻲ ﻛﻨــﺪ ﻛــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺻــﻮرت ا ﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻠﻮر اﻳـﺮان ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻮده و از ﺑﻘـﺎﻳ اي ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ ﺳــﺮ دروﻏــﻴﻦ و زﻧﺠﻴــﺮه ﻫــﺎي ﻛﻮﺗــﺎه ﺗــﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣــﻲ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ . ذرت و رﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻨﺪم ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﭘﻞ ذﻫﺎب، ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻮن، رواﻧﺴﺮ، زﻧﺠﻴـــﺮه ﻫـــﺎ ي ﻛﻮﺗـــﺎه ﻏﺎﻟﺒـــﺎ در ﺷـــﺮاﻳﻂ اﺳـــﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺗـــﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه و ﺻﺤﻨﻪ ﺟ ﺪا ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . . ﺷــﺪﻧﺪ ( Salleh & Sulaiman 1984 ). ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴــﺪﻳﻮم ﻫــﺎ در www.SID.ir 74/74 ﭼﻬﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ، ﺟﻠﺪ )1(11 ، 1389 Archive of SID Fusarium pseudoanthophilum Nirenberg, O’Donnell اﻧــﺪازه ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴــ ﻮم ﻫــﺎي ﻳــ ﻚ ﺣﺠــﺮه اي 2/3-5/1 × /3 15-3 15-3 & Mubatanhema ﻣﻴﺰان رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﻗﺎرچ روي ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ PDA ﺑﻌـﺪ از 72 ﻴﻣ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘــــﺮ و اﻧــــﺪازه ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻴــــ ﻳﺪ ﻮم ﻫــــﺎي 2 ﺣﺠــــﺮه يا ﺳﺎﻋﺖ در دﻣﺎي 20 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴ وس ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ 1/3 ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘـﺮ ﺑـﻮد . 1/5-3/2 × -20 12 ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد و ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫﺎي ﺷـﻠﻐﻤﻲ رﻧﮓ ر ﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﻲ و رﻧـﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ از ﺷــﻜﻞ ﻳــ ﻚ و 2 ﺣﺠــﺮه اي ﻛــﻪ اﻧــﺪازه آن ﻫــﺎ 2/7-2/3 × 11-4 11-4 ﭘﺸﺖ ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﻲ ﺑﻮد . ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم زا ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت اﺳﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي روي ﻴﻣ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘـــﺮ ﺑـــﻮد . در ﻫﻤـــﻪ ﺟﺪا ﻳـــ ﻪ ﻫـــﺎ روي ﻣﺤـــﻴ ﻂ CLA ،

ر ﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴـﺪ و ﭘﻠـﻲ ﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴـﺪ ﻣﻨـﺸﻌﺐ اﺳﭙﻮرودوﺧﻴ ﻮم ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﻲ رﻧﮓ ﺗﺸﻜﻴ ﻞ ﺷﺪ. ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ 25 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻃﻮل و 3 ﻣﻴﻜﺮ وﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮض ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫﺎ روي ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴـ ﻮم زاي ﻣﻨـﺸﻌﺐ داﺷﺘﻨﺪ . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﺮﻏﻲ، ﮔﺮزي، ﺑﻴـﻀ ﻲ و اﺳﭙﻮرودوﺧﻴ ﻮﻣﻲ ﺗﺸﻜ ﻞﻴ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫـﺎ داراي اﻧﺤﻨـﺎي ﮔﻼﺑﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺗـﻚ ﺣﺠـﺮه اي ﺑـﻮده، ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﻣـﻲ ﻛﻨـﺪ ﻛـﻪ داﺳﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ 3-5 ﺑﻨﺪ ﻧﺎزك ( اﻏﻠﺐ 5 ﺑﻨﺪ ) دارﻧﺪ . ﺑــﻪ ﺻــﻮرت ﺳــﺮ دروﻏــﻴﻦ و زﻧﺠﻴــﺮه ﻫــﺎي ﻛﻮﺗــﺎه ﺗــﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘﻪ ﭘﺎ ﻪﻳ اي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ و ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ دار اﺳـﺖ و ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘـﻪ اﻧﺘﻬـﺎﻳ ﻲ آن ﻫـﺎ ﻣـــﻲ ﺷـــﻮﻧﺪ اﻧـــﺪازه ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴـــﺪﻳﻮم ﻫـــﺎي ﮔـــﺮزي ﺷـــﻜﻞ داراي ﻛﻤﻲ اﻧﺤﻨﺎ اﺳﺖ . اﻧـﺪازه ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴـﺪﻳﻮم ﻫـﺎ 5-3 × 55- 30 30 3/7 )-2/7( 2/1 × /3 13 -9/6( 6/4) ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘـــــﺮ و اﻧـــــﺪازه ﻴﻣ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد . ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳ ﻳﻦ و ﮋﮔﻲ اﻳ ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﻟ ﺪﻴ ﻛﻼﻣﻴ ﺪوﺳﭙﻮ رﻫﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎي ﮔﻼﺑﻲ ﺷـﻜﻞ 6/7 )-4/8( 3/2 × (-10 -8 5/6) ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﺎف ﻳ ﺎ ﻧﺎﺻـﺎف ﺑـﻮد ﻛـﻪ ﻓـﺮاوان و ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻣﻨﻔـﺮد و .ﺑﻮد ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎي اﺳﭙﻮرودوﺧﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﺷـﺒﻴﻪ ﺳـﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﺟﻔﺘﻲ، ﭼﻨﺪ ﻳﺗﺎ ﻲ روي ﻫﻢ و ﻳ ﺎ زﻧﺠ ﻴ ﺮه اي ﺗﺸﻜ ﻴ ﻞ ﺷـﺪ ﻧﺪ و اﻧـﺪازه ﺑﺨﺶ ﻟﻴﺰﻳﻮﻻ ، راﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ 3-5 ﺑﻨﺪ و ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اي ﭘﺎﺷـﻨﻪ اي ﺷـﻜﻞ آن ﻫﺎ 7-16 ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد ( ﺷﻜﻞ ).4 ).4 ( foot-shaped ) ﻳﺎو ﺧﺘﻪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻴﺰ ( pointed ) ﺑﻣﻲ اﺷـﻨﺪ . اﻧـﺪازه ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت اﻳ ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮح اراﻳ ﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺎراﺳـﺎس و ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴـــﺪﻳﻮم ﻫـــﺎي 4 ﺣﺠـــﺮه يا 4 )-3/4( 3 × 56 (48 )- 39 ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( Marasas et al. 1985 ) ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ داﺷﺖ . F. dlaminii از ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘــــﺮ و اﻧــــﺪازه ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴــــﺪﻳﻮم ﻫــــﺎي 6 ﺣﺠــــﺮه اي ﻧﻈــ ﺮ ﻧﺤــﻮه ﺗﻮﻟ ﻴــ ﻴﺪ ﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴــ ﻮم و ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘــﻪ ﻫــﺎي ﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴــ ﻮم زاي 3/8 )-3/6( 3/4 × /8 73 (68 )- 59 ﺑــــﻮد . در اﻳــــﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـــــﻪ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓ ﺎﻟﻴ ﻴـــ ﺪ ﻣـــﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ ﻫـــﺎي ﺑﺨـــﺶ ﻟ ﺰﻴ ﻳـــ ﻮﻻ و اﻟﮕـــﺎﻧﺲ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻧﺠﻴﺮه ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ( ﺷﻜﻞ ).Section Elegans ) 3 ) اﺳــﺖ ﻳــا. ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ از ﻧﻈــﺮ ﻧﺤــﻮه ﺗﻮﻟ ﻴــ ﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮح اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻴﺮﻧﺒـﺮگ و ﻴﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﺳـﺮ دروﻏـ ﻴ ﻦ ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ F. oxysporum ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( Nirenberg et al. 1998 ) ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ داﺷﺖ . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ از ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ وﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ دﻟ ﻴ ﻞ ﺗﻮﻟ ﻴ ﻴﺪ ﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫﺎي ﺷﻠﻐﻤﻲ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺑـﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎي ﮔﻼﺑﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ و اﻧﺸﻌﺎب ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻳــا ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻣﺘﻤــﺎﻳ ﺰ ﻣــﻲ ﮔــﺮدد . ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴ ﻦ ﻛﻼﻣﻴ ﺪوﺳــﭙﻮرﻫﺎ در F. oxysporum ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم زاي ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴﺪ و ﭘﻠﻲ ﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ F. anthophilum اﺳﺖ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻨﻔﺮد ﺗﺸﻜﻴ ﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ در ﺣـﺎﻟ ﻲ ﻲ وﻟــﻲ ﺑــﻪ دﻟﻴــﻞ ﺗــﺸﻜﻴﻞ زﻧﺠﻴــﺮه ﻫــﺎي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴــﺪﻳﻮم ﻛﻮﺗــﺎه و ﻛﻪ در F. dlaminii ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻨﻔﺮد و ﺟﻔﺘﻲ، ﭼﻨﺪ ﻳﺗﺎ ﻲ روي ﻫـﻢ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳﭙﻮر از اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﺮاي ﻓﻠـﻮر ﻳو ﺎ زﻧﺠﻴ ﺮه اي ﺗﺸﻜﻴ ﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . F. dlaminii از ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﺎت اﻳﺮان ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑ ﻮده و از ﻃﻮﻗﻪ و ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ذرت ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺘﺎن ﻫـﺎي ﺳـﺮﭘﻞ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ روي PDA و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫﺎ ، ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫﺎ ﻮم ذﻫﺎب، ﮔﻴﻼن ﻏﺮب، ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻮن، رواﻧﺴﺮ، ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه و ﺻﺤﻨﻪ ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه ﻳﺎو ﺧﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم زاي ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓ ﻴﺎﻟﻴ ﺪ ﺷﺒﻴ ﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺶ ﻟ ﻳﺰﻴ ﻮﻻ اﺳﺖ . اﺳﺖ ﻳﺑﻮ. ﻳﮋه ا ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ از ﻧﻈـﺮ ﻧﺤـﻮه ﺗﻮﻟ ﻴـ ﻴﺪ ﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴـ ﻮم ﻫـﺎي ﺷﻠﻐﻤﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ F. anthophilum اﺳﺖ وﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ دﻟ ﻴـ ﻞ ﺗﻮﻟ ﻴـ ﺪ Fusarium dlaminii Marasas, Nelson & Toussoun ﻛﻼﻣﻴ ﺪوﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ از اﻳ ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳ ﺰ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد ﻳا. ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻠـﻮر ﻴﻣ ﺰان رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ ﻗـﺎرچ روي ﻣﺤـ ﻴ ﻂ PDA ﺑﻌـﺪ از 72 ﻳا ﺮان ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪ ﺑﻮده و از رﻳ ﺸﻪ ذرت ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺘﺎن ﻫـﺎي ﺳـﺮﭘﻞ ذﻫـﺎب، ﺳﺎﻋﺖ در دﻣﺎي 25 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴ وس ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ 3/4 ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘـﺮ و در ﻴﺑ ﺴﺘﻮن و ﺻﺤﻨﻪ ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . . دﻣﺎي 30 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴ وس ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 3/5 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد . ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﺮﻛﺪار و ﭘﻮدري ﺑﻮد . رﻧـﮓ ر ﻳﺴﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻫـﻮاﻳ ﻲ و رﻧـﮓ Fusarium beomiforme Nelson, Toussoun & Burgess PDA ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ از ﭘﺸﺖ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺳﻔﻴ ﺪ و ﺑﻌﺪ زرﺷﻜﻲ رﻧـﮓ ﺷـﺪ ﻳﺎ. ﺧﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻴﻣ ﺰان رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ ﻗـﺎرچ روي ﻣﺤـ ﻴ ﻂ ﺑﻌـﺪ از 72 72 ﻳﺪﻴﻛﻨ ﻮم زا روي ر ﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻳﻫﻮا ﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓ ﺎﻟﻴ ﻴـ ﺪ ﺳـﺎده و ﺳﺎﻋﺖ در دﻣﺎي 25 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴ وس ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ 3/5 ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘـﺮ و در ﻣﻨــﺸﻌﺐ ﺗــﺸﻜﻴ ﻞ ﮔــﺮدﻳ دﻧــﺪ . اﻧــﺪازه ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘــﻪ ﻫــﺎي ﻛﻨ مﻮﻳﺪﻴــ زا دﻣﺎي 30 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴ وس ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 4 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑـﻮد . ﺳـﻄﺢ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ 2-3 × 8-27 ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد ا. ﻳـ ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ دو ﺗ ﻴـ ﻴﭗ ﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴـ ﻮم ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﺮﻛﺪار ﺑﻮد . رﻧﮓ ر ﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻳﻫﻮا ﻲ ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﻲ ﻛﻢ رﻧﮓ ﺑـﻮد ﻴﺗﻮﻟ ﺪ ﻛﺮد ﻛﻪ ﻫـﺮ دو ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﺳـﺮ دروﻏـ ﻴ ﻦ ﺗـﺸﻜ ﻴ ﻞ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ . و رﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ از ﭘﺸﺖ اﺑﺘـﺪا ﻧـﺎرﻧﺠﻲ ﺗـﺎ ﻗﺮﻣـﺰ و ﻪﺑـ ﻣـﺮور زﻣـﺎن ﻴﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫﺎي ﺑ ﻀﻴ ﻲ ﺗﺎ دوﻛﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳـ ﻚ و 2 ﺣﺠـﺮه اي ﻛـﻪ ﻗﻬﻮ ه اي ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳ ﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ. ﺧﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴـ ﻮم زا ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت www.SID.ir ﭼﻬﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ، ﺟﻠﺪ )1(11 ، 1389 75/ 75 Archive of SID ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓ ﺎﻟﻴ ﻴـــ ﺪ، ﺳـــﺎده و ﻣﻨـــﺸﻌﺐ ﺗـــﺸﻜ ﻴ ﻞ ﺷـــﺪ ﻧﺪ و اﻧـــﺪازه ﻳﺪﻴــﻛﻨ ﻮم زاي ﻣﻨــﺸﻌﺐ اﺳــﭙﻮرودوﺧﻴ ﻮﻣﻲ و ﻳــ ﺎ در ﺳــﻄﺢ ﭘﺮﮔﻨــﻪ آن ﻫــﺎ 1/7-2 × -33 12 ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘــﺮ ﺑــﻮد ﻳــا. ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ دو ﺗ ﻴــ ﭗ ﺗﺸﻜﻴ ﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫـﺎ داراي اﻧﺤﻨـﺎي داﺳـﻲ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻴﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﺗﻮﻟ ﻴ ﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ دو ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﺳـﺮ دروﻏـ ﻴ ﻦ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ 3-5 ﺑﻨﺪ ﻧﺎزك دارﻧـﺪ ﻳد. واره ﻃـﻮﻟﻲ داﺧﻠـﻲ ﻳـ ﺎ ﻳـ ﺗــﺸﻜﻴ ﻞ ﻣــﻲ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ و از ﻧﻈــﺮ اﻧــﺪازه ﺑــﺎ ﻫــﻢ ﻣﺘﻔــﺎوت ﻫــﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﺷﻜﻤﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﺒﺎ داراي اﻧﺤﻨﺎي ﻛﻤﺘﺮي ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪ دﻳ واره ﭘـﺸﺘﻲ ﻳـ ﺎ ﻳـ ﻴﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴــ ﻮم ﻫــﺎي ﺗﺨــﻢ ﻣﺮﻏــﻲ ﺗــﺎ دوﻛــﻲ ﺷــﻜﻞ ، ﻳــ ﻚ و ﻴﺑ ﺮوﻧﻲ دارد ﻳﺎ. ﺧﺘﻪ ﭘﺎ ﻪﻳـ اي ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ و ﺳـﺎﻗﻪ دار اﺳـﺖ و ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘـﻪ 2 ﺣﺠــﺮ ه اي ﻛــﻪ اﻧــﺪازه ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴــ ﻮم ﻫــ ﺎي ﻳــ ﻚ ﺣﺠــﺮ ه اي اﻧﺘﻬـــﺎﻳ ﻲ آن ﻫـــﺎ ﺧﻤ ﻴـــ ﺪه اﺳـــﺖ . اﻧـــﺪازه ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨ ﻴـــ ﻳﺪ ﻮم ﻫـــﺎ 1/1-2/5 × /4 3/2-15 ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘــﺮ و اﻧــ ﺪازه ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴــ ﻮم ﻫــ ﺎي 3-4/5 × -65 30 ﻴﻣ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘــﺮ ﺑــﻮد ﻳــا. ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻛﻼﻣﻴ ﺪوﺳــﭙﻮرﻫﺎي 2 ﺣﺠﺮ ه اي 1/4-3 × -18 12 ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد و ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫ ﺎي ﺑــﺎ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺻــﺎف ﻳــ ﺎ ﻧﺎﺻــﺎف ﺗﻮﻟ ﻴــ ﺪ ﻣــﻲ ﻛﻨــﺪ ﻛــﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒــﺎ ﻛﺮوي ﺗـﺎ ﺷـﻠﻐﻤﻲ ﺷـﻜﻞ ، ﻳـ ﻚ و 2 ﺣﺠـﺮ ه اي ﻛـﻪ اﻧـﺪازه آن ﻫـﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻨﻔﺮد و ﺟﻔﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜ ﻴ ﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و اﻧـﺪازه آن ﻫـﺎ 15-7 15-7 6-15 × 9-20 ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد . ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫﺎ روي ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻴﻣ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ ( ﺷﻜﻞ ).5 ).5

a b .

c d e f

g h

i j

ﺷﻜﻞ a-f : Fusarium brevicatenulatum 2-. ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓ ﻴﺎﻟﻴ ﺪﻫﺎ، ﭘﻠﻲ ﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ و ﻣ ﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮ م ﻫﺎ ﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ در ﻛﻨـﺎر ﻫـﻢ ﻗـﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ، h ، g . ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮ م ﻫﺎ ، j ، i. ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮ م (ﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 25 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ). ). Fig. 2. Fusarium brevicatenulatum : a-f. Monophialides, polyphialides and side-by-side microconidia, g, h. Microconidia, i-j. Macroconidia (Bar = 25 µm).

www.SID.ir 76/76 ﭼﻬﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ، ﺟﻠﺪ )1(11 ، 1389 Archive of SID a b c

h f

i g

j k l m

ﺷﻜﻞ d ،a :Fusarium pseudoanthophilum 3- . ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴـﺪﻫﺎ و ﭘﻠـﻲ ﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴـﺪﻫﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﺳـﺮ دروﻏـﻴﻦ، c ، b . زﻧﺠﻴـﺮه ﻫـﺎي ﻛﻮﺗـﺎه ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم، e-g. ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ،ﻫﺎ i ، h. ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪوﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ ، j-m . ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎي ﮔﻼﺑﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ( ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 20 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ .) .) Fig. 3. Fusarium pseudoanthophilum : a, d. Monophialides and polyphialides, b, c. Short chains and microconidia, e-g. Macroconidia, h, i. Chlamydospores, j-m. Pyriform microconidia (Bar = 20 µm).

a b c d

e f g

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ﺷــﻜﻞ a-d : Fusarium dlaminii 4-. ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓ ﺎﻟﻴ ﻴــ ﺪ ﻫــﺎ، f ، e. ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨ ﻴــ ﻳﺪ ﻮم ﻫــﺎ، g-k ﻣ. ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻴــ ﻳﺪ ﻮم ﻫــﺎ، m ، l. ﻛﻼﻣﻴ ﺪوﺳــﭙﻮرﻫﺎ ﻴﻣﻘ( ﺎس ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 20 ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ). ). Fig. 4. Fusarium dlaminii: a-d. Monophialides, e, f. Macroconidia g-k. Microconidia, l, m. Chlamydospores (Bar = 20 µm).

www.SID.ir ﭼﻬﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ، ﺟﻠﺪ )1(11 ، 1389 77/ 77 Archive of SID a b c

f g

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ﺷــﻜﻞ a-c : Fusarium beomiforme 5-. آرا ﻳــ ﺶ ﻛﻨ ﻴــ ﻳﺪ ﻮﻓﻮرﻫﺎ و ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓ ﺎﻟﻴ ﻴــ ﺪ ﻫــﺎ، d-g ﻣ. ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻴــ ﻳﺪ ﻮم ﻫــﺎ، h. ﻛﻼﻣﻴ ﺪوﺳــﭙﻮرﻫﺎ، i-k. ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻴﻣﻘ(ﻫﺎ ﺎس ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 20 ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ). ). Fig. 5. Fusarium beomiforme : a-c. Monophialides, d-g. Microconidia, h. Chlamydospores, i-k. Macroconidia (Bar = 20 µm).

ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت اﻳ ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷـﺮح ارا ﻳـ ﻪ ﺷـﺪه ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻧﻠـﺴﻮن و دﻣﺎي 30 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴ وس ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 2/8 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد . ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ( Nelson et al. 1987 ) ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ داﺷﺖ ا. ﻳـ ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ از ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﺮﻛﺪار ﺑﻮد . رﻧﮓ ر ﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻳﻫﻮا ﻲ ﺳﻔﻴ ﺪ و رﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ ﻧﺤﻮه ﺗﻮﻟ ﻴ ﻴﺪ ﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻛﺮوي ﺗﺎ ﺷﻠﻐﻤﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨ ﻴ ﻦ ﺗﻮﻟ ﻴـ ﺪ از ﭘﺸﺖ زرﺷﻜﻲ ﺑﻮد ﻳﺎ. ﺧﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم زا ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮرت اﺳـﺘﻮاﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻼﻣﻴ ﺪوﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ F. dlaminii ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ وﻟﻲ ﻛﻼﻣﻴ ﺪوﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ در روي ر ﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻳﻫﻮا ﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓ ﻴﺎﻟﻴ ﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴ ﻞ ﮔﺮدﻳ دﻧـﺪ ﻛـﻪ F. beomiforme ﺑﺮﺧﻼف F. dlaminii ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻣﻨﻔـﺮد و ﺟﻔﺘـﻲ ﻳﺗﻘﺮ ﺒﺎ -32 ﻴﻣ12 ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻃﻮل و 1/5-3 ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮض داﺷـﺘﻨﺪ . ﺗﺸﻜﻴ ﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪرت ﭼﻨﺪﺗﺎﻳ ﻲ روي ﻫﻢ و ﻳ ﺎ زﻧﺠ ﺮهﻴ اي وﺟـﻮد ﻳا ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ دو ﺗ ﻴ ﻴﭗ ﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﺗﻮﻟ ﻴ ﺪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺳـﺮ دارد . ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﻴ ﻴﻦ ﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻮمﻳﺪﻴــ ﻫــﺎي ﻛــﺮوي در F. beomiforme دروﻏﻴ ﻦ و زﻧﺠ ﻴ ﺮه ﺗﺸﻜ ﻴ ﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . زﻧﺠﻴ ﺮه ﻫـﺎي ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛ ﻨ ﻳﺪﻴـ ﻮم از ﻧﻈﺮ اﻧـﺪازه ﺑـﺴ ﻴ ﺎر ﺑـﺰرگ ﺗـﺮ ﻴﻣاز ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻮمﻳﺪﻴـ ﻫـﺎي F. dlamini روي CLA ﻛﻮﺗــﺎه ( 10≥ ) و روي KClA ﺑﻠﻨــﺪ ( 25≤ ) ﻫــﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ا ،ﻦﻳ رﻧـﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻗﻬـﻮه اي ﻣﺘﻤﺎ ﻳـ ﻞ ﻴﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻴــ ﻳﺪ ﻮم ﻫــﺎ از ﻧﻈــﺮ اﻧــﺪازه ﺑــﺎ ﻫــﻢ ﻣﺘﻔــﺎوت ﺑﻮدﻧــﺪ . ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ رﻧﮓ ﻓﻘﻂ در F. beomiforme دﻳ ﺪه ﻣﻲ .ﺷﻮد ﻴﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﺮﻏﻲ ﺗﺎ دوﻛﻲ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺑـﺎ اﻧﺘﻬـﺎي ﺑﺮ ﻳـ ﺪه، ﻳــا ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﺑــﺮاي ﻓﻠــﻮر ا ﻳــ ﺮان ﺟﺪ ﻳــ ﺪ ﺑــﻮده و از ر ﻳــ ﺸﻪ ذرت ﻳ ﻚ و 3 ﺣﺠﺮه اي ﻛﻪ اﻧﺪازه ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴـ ﻮم ﻫـﺎي ﻳـ ﻚ ﺣﺠـﺮه اي ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﮔ ﻴ ﻼن ﻏﺮب، ﺳﺮﭘﻞ ذﻫﺎب، رواﻧﺴﺮ، ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه و ﺑ ﻴ ﺴﺘﻮن 1/5-2/8 × /2 -15 5 ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘــﺮ و اﻧــﺪازه ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮ وﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴــ ﻮم ﻫــﺎي ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . دو و 3 ﺣﺠــــﺮه اي 3 1/7-4/ × -23 10 ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘــــﺮ ﺑــــﻮد و ﻴﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫﺎي ﻟ ﻴ ﻳﻤﻮ ﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻠﻐﻤﻲ ﺷـﻜﻞ ، ﻳـ ﻚ و 2 ﺣﺠـﺮه اي Fusarium napiforme Marasas, P.E. Nelson & Rabie ﻴﻣ ﺰان رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﻗﺎرچ روي ﻣﺤـ ﻴ ﻂ PDA ﺑﻌـﺪ از 72 ﻛﻪ اﻧﺪازه آن ﻫﺎ 6/5-11 × 9-16 ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد . در ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺪا ﻪﻳ ﻫﺎ ﻪﻳ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ در دﻣـﺎي 25 درﺟـﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴ وس ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ 3 ﺳـﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘـﺮ و در روي ﻣﺤــﻴ ﻂ CLA ، اﺳــﭙﻮرودوﺧﻴ ﻮم ﻫــﺎي ﻧــﺎرﻧﺠﻲ ﺗــﺸﻜﻴ ﻞ ﺷــﺪ . www.SID.ir 78/78 ﭼﻬﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ، ﺟﻠﺪ )1(11 ، 1389 Archive of SID ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨ ﻴـــ ﻳﺪ ﻮم ﻫـــﺎ داراي ﻛﻤـــﻲ اﻧﺤﻨـــﺎ ﻫـــﺴﺘﻨﺪ . داراي 3-5 ﺑــﻮد ﻳــا. ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻛﻼﻣﻴ ﺪوﺳــﭙ ﻮرﻫﺎي ﺑــﺎ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺻــﺎف ﺗﻮﻟ ﻴــ ﺪ ﺑﻨــﺪ ( اﻏﻠــﺐ 5 ﺑﻨــﺪ ) ﻳﺎو ﺧﺘــﻪ ﭘﺎ ﻪﻳــ اي ﭘﺎﺷــﻨﻪ اي ﺷــﻜﻞ و ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘــﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻧﺠ ﻴ ﺮه اي ﺗﺸﻜ ﻴ ﻞ ﻣـﻲ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ و ﺗﻌـﺪاد اﻧﺘﻬــﺎ ﻲﻳ ﻛﻤــﻲ ﺗ ﻴــ ﺰ ﻣــﻲ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ . اﻧــﺪازه ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨ ﻴــ ﻳﺪ ﻮم ﻫــﺎي ﻛﻤــﻲ ﻫــﻢ ﺑــﻪ ﺻــﻮرت ﻣﻨﻔــﺮد و ﺟﻔﺘــﻲ وﺟــﻮد دارد . اﻧــﺪازه 4 ﺣﺠــﺮه اي 3/7 )-3/4( 3 × 56 (46 )- 34 ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘــﺮ و اﻧــﺪازه ﻛﻼﻣﻴ ﺪوﺳـــﭙﻮرﻫﺎ 5-10 × 5-13 ﻣﻴ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘـــﺮ ﺑـــﻮد ( ﺷـــﻜﻞ ).6 ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫﺎي 6 ﺣﺠﺮه اي 8/3 )6/3-( 4/3 × 89 (68 )- 55 55

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d e f

g h

ﺷﻜﻞ a-c : Fusarium napiforme 6-. ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓ ﺪﻴﺎﻟﻴ ﻫﺎ، e ، d ﻣﺎ. ﻛﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫﺎ، f-h ﻣ. ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم ﻫﺎ، i. ﻛﻼﻣﻴ ﺪوﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ ﻣﻘ( ﻴـ ﺎس ﺑﺮاﺑـﺮ 20 20 ﻴﻣ ﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ). Fig. 6. Fusarium napiforme : a-c. Monophialides, d, e. Macroconidia, f-h. Microconidia, i. Chlamydospores (Bar = 20 µm). و ﺻﺤﻨﻪ ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . . ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت اﻳ ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮح اراﻳ ﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺎراﺳـﺎس و Fusarium aywerte Sangalang & L.W. Burgess ﻫﻤﻜﺎر ان ( Marasas et al. 1987 ) ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ داﺷـﺖ ا. ﻳـ ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ از ﻣﻴﺰان رﺷﺪ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ ﻗـﺎرچ روي ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ PDA ﺑﻌـﺪ از 72 72 ﻧﻈــﺮ ﺗﻮﻟ ﻴــ ﻴﺪ ﻣ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴــ ﻮم ﻫــﺎي ﻟﻴ ﻳﻤــﻮ ﻲ ﺗــﺎ ﺷــﻠﻐﻤﻲ ﺷــﻜﻞ و ﺳﺎﻋﺖ در دﻣﺎي 25 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴ وس ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 4-4/4 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ و در ﻛﻼﻣﻴ ﺪوﺳﭙﻮر ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ F. dlaminii ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ وﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ دﻟ ﻴـ ﻞ ﺗـﺸﻜ ﻴ ﻞ دﻣﺎي 30 درﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴ وس ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 3-4 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد . ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ زﻧﺠﻴ ﺮه ﻫﺎي ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم از اﻳ ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳ ﺰ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴ ﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﺮﻛﺪار ﺑﻮد . رﻧﮓ ر ﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ ﻧﺎرﻧﺠﻲ ﻛﻢر ﻧﮓ ﺑﻮد . از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺸﻜ ﻴ ﻞ زﻧﺠ ﻴ ﺮه ﻫﺎي ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴ ﻮم و ﻛﻼ ﻴﻣ ﺪوﺳﭙﻮر ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ از ﭘﺸﺖ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺳﻔﻴﺪ رﻧﮓ و ﺑﻌـﺪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳـﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﻧـﺎرﻧﺠﻲ F. nygamai ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ وﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ دﻟ ﻴـ ﻞ وﺟـﻮد ﻣ ﻴ ﻜﺮوﻛﻨ ﻳﺪﻴـ ﻮم ﻫـﺎي ﺷﺪ . در ﺑﻌﻀﻲ از ﺟﺪاﻳﻪ ﻫـﺎ رﻧـﮓ ر ﻳﺴﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻫـﻮاﻳﻲ روي ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻴﻟ ﻳﻤﻮ ﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻠﻐﻤﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ و ﻋـﺪم وﺟـﻮد ﭘﻠـﻲ ﺎﻟﻴﻓ ﻴـ ﺪ از ا ﻳـ ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ CLA ﻗﺮﻣﺰ رﻧﮓ ﺑﻮد ﻳﺎ. ﺧﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم زا ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴـﺪ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳ ﺰ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . . ﺳﺎده و ﻳﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﻌﺐ ﺗـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﮔـﺮدﻳ دﻧـﺪ . در ﻫﻤـﻪ ﺟﺪاﻳـﻪ ﻫـﺎ روي ﻳا ﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻠﻮر اﻳ ﺮان ﺟﺪ ﻳـ ﺪ ﺑـﻮده و از ﺧـﺎك ر ﻳـ ﺸﻪ ﻣﺤــﻴﻂ CLA، اﺳــﭙﻮرودوﺧﻴﻮم ﻫــﺎي ﻛــﺮم رﻧــﮓ ﺗــﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷــﺪ . ذرت ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﭘﻞ ذﻫﺎب، ﮔﻴ ﻼن ﻏﺮب، ﺑﻴ ﺴﺘﻮن، رواﻧﺴﺮ و ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎ روي ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم زاي ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺳـﺎده و www.SID.ir ﭼﻬﺮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻮزارﻳﻮم ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ، ﺟﻠﺪ )1(11 ، 1389 79/ 79 Archive of SID ﻣﻨﺸﻌﺐ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ر ﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻫﻮاﻳﻲ و ﻳﺎ اﺳﭙﻮرودوﺧﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺳــﻨﮕ ﻠﻨﮓ و ﻫﻤﻜــﺎران (Sangalang et al. 1995b ) ) ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎ 5-9 ﺑﻨﺪ ﻧﺎزك ( اﻏﻠﺐ 5-7 ﺑﻨﺪ ) دارﻧﺪ . ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘـــﺖ داﺷـــﺖ . ﺷـــﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴـــﺪﻳﻮم ﻫـــﺎي F. aywerte ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ اي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ و ﺳﺎﻗﻪ دار و ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﭘـﺎ اﺳـﺖ و ﻳﺎ ﺧﺘـﻪ ﻣـــﺸﺎﺑﻪ F. avenaceum و F. nurragi اﺳـــﺖ وﻟـــﻲ اﻧـــﺪازه اﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ آن ﻫ ﺎ داراي اﻧﺤﻨﺎ و ﺑﻠﻨـﺪ و ﺗﻴـﺰ ( hooked ) اﺳـﺖ . اﻧـﺪازه ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴــﺪﻳﻮم ﻫــﺎي آن ﺑﻠﻨــﺪﺗﺮ از ﻫــﺮ دو زﻳــﺮ ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ذﻛــﺮ ﺷــﺪه ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻲﻳﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ 3-4 ﺑﻨﺪ دارﻧﺪ 4-5 × -80 54 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ، ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﺎت ﭘﺮﮔﻨـﻪ روي ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ ﻛـﺸﺖ اﻧﺪازه ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﻲﻳﻫـﺎ ﻛـﻪ 5-7 ﺑﻨـﺪ دارﻧـﺪ PDA 74 -120 × 5-4 از F. nurragi ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ اﺳﺖ. اﻳـﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﺑـﺮاي ﻓﻠـﻮر اﻳـﺮان ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘــﺮ و اﻧــﺪازه ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴــﺪﻳﻮم ﻲﻳﻫــﺎ ﻛــﻪ 8-9 ﺑﻨــﺪ دارﻧــﺪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻮده و از ﺑﻘﺎﻳ اي ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ذرت و رﻳﺸﻪ ﮔﻨـﺪم ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺘﺎن ﻫـﺎي 4-5 × 133- 110 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد . در اﻳـﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻴﺪوﺳـﭙﻮر و ﺳﺮﭘﻞ ذﻫﺎب، رواﻧﺴﺮ، ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻮن، ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه و ﮔﻴﻼن ﻏﺮب ﺟﺪا ﺷـﺪه ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮد ( ﺷﻜﻞ ).7 اﺳﺖ . .

a b

c e f

ﺷﻜﻞ a-d : Fusarium aywerte 7- . ﻣﻮﻧﻮ ﻓﻴﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ، b-g. ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻛﻨﻴﺪﻳﻮم (ﻫﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ 50 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ). ). Fig. 7. Fusarium aywerte : a-d. Monophialides, b-g. Macroconidia (Bar = 50 µm).

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