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The Tower Houses of West Cork

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The Tower Houses of West Cork THE TOWER HOUSES OF WEST CORK MARK WYCLIFFE SAMUEL A Phd Thesis 1998 uV TOWER HOUSES OF WEST CORK ABSTRACF This is a study of the local development of Irish Tower houses in West Cork that were built between c.I400-xG5o; these buildings were mostly built by Gaelic clans or Hibernicised Norman families. The study is based on fieldwork and published historical research. A corpus of individual tower house reports provide the raw data. The purpose has been to date these structures by reconstructing the development of their layout. The internal layout of these features is analysed in terms of function; apparent role changes indicated by these are related to changes in Gaelic society known from text- based research. Where possible, inferences are made from the layout of the regional tower houses to better understand the role they played in Gaelic society. The western part of the Survey region has an exceptionally high concentration of fifteenth-century tower houses. These 'raised entrance' tower houses are argued to be an archaic form directly inspired by relic Anglo-Norman hall houses; another ancestral form in the east part of the Survey region is the 'refuge tower'. The role of the tower house and its associated settlements in post-medieval seigneurial settlement and Gaelic/planter interaction is discussed. Sophisticated construction technology, including the systematic use of ratios and units, has to be considered against perceived notions of Gaelic society. The relationship of tower house construction to a wave of Friary construction in the Fifteenth Century is considered; it is argued that an undocumented fifteenth-century economic boom and population expansion in the Gaelic regions was connected with a need for the elite to define land holdings; the latter was an important departure from traditional Gaelic social organisation. The importance of 'castle studies' as a major tool of Irish archaeology is emphasised and possible inter-disciplinary avenues for further research are suggested. CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS '7 Chapter i: Introduction 25 i:a Topographical description and definition of the Survey region i:b The medieval and modern natural environments i:c Past research on Irish tower houses i:d Existing research into West Cork tower houses I:e A review of the secondary sources i:f Aims I:g Note on nomenclature Chapter 2: I4th.17th century historical overview 47 2:a Gaelic social organisation, the Lordship and the Church 2:b Major events in the Survey region ii6o-i66o Chapter 3: The raised entrance tower house 76 3:a The ground and first floors i. lateral raised entrance ii. frontal/staggered raised entrance 3:b Second and third sub/vault floors where present 3:c The principal chamber and associated chambers 3:d The roof, wall-walk and associated features 3:e Construction techniques i Quarrying and stone selection ii. The foundations iii. Masonry construction and the role of falsework iv. Timberworking v. Types of internal and external finishes 3:f The design process i. Geographical orientation ii. Units and setting-out formulae ii. The regulation of construction Chapter : The ground entrance tower house 117 4:a The ground and first floors 4:b Second and third sub/vault floors where present 3 :c The principal chamber and associated chambers 4:d The roof, wall-walk and associated features 4:e Construction techniques i. Quarrying and stone selection ii. The foundations iii. Masonry construction and the role of falsework iv. Timberworking v. Types of internal and external finishes 4:1 The design process i. Units and setting-out formulae ii. The regulation of construction CONCLUSIONS Chapter : Correlation of tower house entrance arrangement to: 141 5:a clan/sept 5:b Site type i. Natural harbours/navigabie rivers and islands ii. Coastal sites unsuitable for navigation iii. Raths/Ringforts iv. Inland hilltops v. Inland passes, fords, deep valleys and natural routes vi. Areas suitable for arabic farming 5:c Generalised geographic zone of the Survey region 5:d Documented date/art historical date 5:e The spread of the tower house throughout the Survey region Chapter 6: The role of the tower house in the Gaelic society of the Survey region c.I400 - i600 i66 6:a The origin of the tower house and its adoption in the Survey region 6:b The changing function of the tower house i. The tower house as a centre of subsistence ii. The tower house as a centre of navigation iii. The funding of tower house construction iv. The tower house and its changing defensive and strategic role 6:c The tower house as a symbol of Lordship 6:d The obsolescence of the tower house and its legacy in the landscape 6:e How 'regional' were the tower houses in the Survey region? 6:1 Points for future research 4 BIBUOGRAPHY 207 GLOSSARY 216 APPENDICES I. Gazetteer [all sites] 220 H. Catalogue of reports and plans on seleded tower houses (1-36) 247 HI. Tower house building dans in the Survey region 702 LISTS OF FIGURES, PLATES AND TABLES List of text figures Figures and plates appear at the beginning of the chapter where they are first mentioned. Figures and plates numbered in the series 1-36 and referred to in the main text are held in the appendices. Chapteri a. Location of the Survey region map, showing density of tower houses relative to the rest of Ireland (after O Danachair b. Modem baronies comprising the Survey region (hatched) and current condition of tower houses Chapter 2 c. Political map of West Cork, c. 1570 (after W.F.T. Butler 1910 & K. Nicholls i993b) Chapter 3 d. External dimensions, where surviving, of tower houses in the Survey region e Variations in the size of the ground-floor chamber in the raised entrance tower house f. Lateral raised entrance ground plans (oriented by entrance): i) Ardintenant, ii) Kilcoe, iii) Reenavanny, iv) Kilgobbin g. Frontal and staggered raised entrance ground-floor plans: i) Rincolisky, ii) Leamcon, iii) Dunlough, iv) Rossbrin, v) Dunmanus, vi) Oldcourt, vii) Castle Salem h. Examples of lateral and frontal raised entrance internal layouts: i) Ardintenant, ii) Kilcoe, iii) Leamcon, iv) Dunlough i. Examples of lateral and frontal raised entrance first floors: i) Kilcoe, ii) Rincolisky j. Examples of staggered raised entrance first-floor plans: i) Dunmanus, ii) Dunalong, iii) Castle Salem k. Examples of raised entrance principal chambers: i) Ardintenant, ii) Kilcoe, iii) Leamcon, iv) Dunmanus, v) Oldcourt I. The 'Gaelic foot' as used at Timoleague (265mm) m. The use of the 'Gaelic long unit' as a setting-out tool: i) Dunmanus, ii) Kilcoe n. The roof at Kilcoe: i) Reconstructed plan of the roof, ii) Roofing slates (slightly restored) Chapter4 o. Examples of the GE ground plans: i) Ballynacarriga, ii) Ballinvard, iii) Coolnalong, iv) Derrylemlary p. The kitchen/ward chamber in the GE tower house: i) Cloghda: second floor, ii) Castle Donovan: first floor, iii) Ballinoroher: first floor, iv) Togher: first floor 6 q. The 'communal' principal chamber in the GE tower house: i) Kilcrea: fourth floor, ii) Carriganacurra: third floor r. The principal chamber in the socially segregated GE tower house: i) Cloghda: third floor, ii) Castle Donovan: second floor, iii) Ballinoroher: second floor, iv) Togher: second floor s. Examples of GE internal layout: i) Castle Donovan ii) Ballinvard iii) Togher Chapter t. The spread of tower houses through the Survey region and neighbouring parts of West Cork Chapter 6 u. Durer's drawing of Irishmen, dated 1521 (after Harbison 1975/6) v. 'An Irish banquet' (John Derrick's knage of Ireland 1581) List of text plates Chapter 3 A. The raised entrance at Ardintenant B. Ardintenant's stair C. 'Staggered entrance' at Oldcourt D. 'Interrupted' vault at Oldcourt E. Hoarding sockets, bow loops and corner loops at Kilgobbin F. Kilcoe: quanying G. Varying masonry techniques at Dunlough H. Leamcon: 'ashlar rubble' coursing I. Kilcoe: putlogs (west wall) J. Kilcoe: underside of vault K. Doonmacpatrick: external plaster render Chapter 4 L. Cloghda's ground entrance M. Raheen: 'Inverted V's' N. Carriganacurra: 'bartizan' 0. fireplace P. Ballinoroher: boulders in base Q. Raheen: pecked ornament 7 chapter R. Dunanores unnavigable location S. The curtain wa11 at Dunlough T. Windows at Ballinoroher chapter 6 U. Friaiy refuge tower (Tirnoleague) V. Kilcoe church, chance! window List of text tables i. Summary of basic features of described tower houses 2. Unit used in order of size (in centimetres) 3. The disparity in length between opposing sides of the ground-floor chamber 4. The use of ratios 5. Disparity between the thickness of the ground-floor entrance wall and the end wall 6. Selected tower houses sorted by clan 7 First documentary mention of tower houses Appendix Figures Abbreviations used in the drawings (B) Bench (F) Fireplace flue (FP) Fireplace (G) Garderobe (GC) Garderobe chute (GL) Gunloop (P) Press (S) Slopstone 8 (S) = sketch plan (N.D.O.) = feature not directly observed Carriganass i,i Ground floor i,ii First floor (S) i,iii Second floor (S) i,iv Third floor (S) i,v Waliwalk (S) Togher a,i Ground plan (after Lyons & Giliman 1896) 2,11 First floor 2,111 Second floor (S) 2,iv Third floor (S) 2,v Waliwalk/attic (after Lyons & Gillman 1896) Ballynacarriga 3,i Ground plan 3,ii First floor (S) 3,iii Second floor (5) ,iv Second floor mezzanine (S) 3,V Third floor (5) ,vi Third floor mezzanine (S) 3,vii Main waliwalk (S) 3,viii Upper wallwalk (S) Castle Donovan 4,i Ground plan (S) 4,ii Ground floor mezzanine 4,iii First floor ,iv Second floor (5) 4,V Third floor (5) 4,V1 Main wallwalk and attic ,vi Upper
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