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Excavation of a Timber Round-House and Broch at the Fairy Knowe

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Excavation of a Timber Round-House and Broch at the Fairy Knowe Proc Soc Antiq Scot, (1998)8 12 , 293-417 Excavation of a timber round-house and broch at the Fairy Knowe, Buchlyvie, Stirlingshire, 1975-8 Lorna Main* with contribution BarberJ y sBoydb E ,W Caldwell,D Clarke,A , the lat CollinseG Davidson,P DungworthD , HunterF , , IngemarkD McDonnell,G Robertsonlate S eth ,A SlaterL , , C Smith, M Spearman, S Willis & the late A Young ABSTRACT Excavations undertaken Fairythe on Knowe Buchlyvieat between 1975-8 revealed evidencea of timber round-house Ironbuilding of date. posts the stumps Age oak The of someof the stillof survived in situ. The remains of the round-house were overlain by a solid-based broch with an inner courtyard acrosssomem 8.2 withinthick.m 5.5 wallsTheto up floor broch of partlythe was paved numbera andhad of post-holes inserted occupation intoThe brochit. the of with centralits hearth was associated with Roman artefacts, including bronze coins, pottery glass.and Radiocarbon dates suggest thatround-housethe builtwas sometimethe betweenand cal250 400 cal BCAD and artefactual evidence indicates that the broch was probably occupied and destroyed in the pre- Antonine period. project jointlyThe was sponsored Historicby Scotland (former)and Central Regional Council. INTRODUCTION The Fairy Knowe is a small green mound which, with others in its immediate vicinity, forms part terminae ofth l morain Loce th hf e o Lomon d late-glacial re-advance locatee s i easth t m I .f k o t 1 d villag Buchlyvief eo , Stirlingshire wesm k Stirlinf o t1 2 d t NGRga an ,585 S N :6 9426 (illus 1.1). s summiIt Rivee sout m th t liei tk f standrs2 ho d e Forthheigha an th t D a sf 34.n O o o t , 5m southern fringes of the flat carselands of the Forth Valley, across which it commands extensive views. To the south the land rises steadily towards the Gargunnock Hills (illus 1.2). An unnamed burn runs alon westers git n side (illus 1.3) n 197I . 4 planning permissio grantes e th wa n r fo d realignment of the A811 Stirling to Balloch road and the upgrading of the junction of the minor road from Mains of Buchlyvie farm. The scheme proposed the removal of two-thirds of the Fairy Knowe which adjoin souts roae it sth n hdo side, immediately opposit junctione eth . Before the excavations the base of the mound measured c 42 m north/south and 50 m east/ stoot i wes d dtan abou high mounshape m e th t7 bee d Th .f eo dha n altere pasy db t activities such as road widenin excavatioe th d t leasHome ga an f on tno e Guard trench (information fror mM * Environmental Services, Stirling Council, Viewforth, Stirling FK8 2ET 294 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1998 ./"A-Glasgo0 w Edinburgh Mains of Buchlyvie t ~~> ( ILLUS 1 Fairy Knowe location plans. (Based on the Ordnance Survey map © Crown copyright) MAIN: ROUND-HOUS FAIR E BROCD TH YET AN HKNOWEA , BUCHLYVI5 29 | E Contour metren si s ILLU S2 Site contour plan showing trench locations Middlemass e excavations) e timth , th f e sitowne eo t th a e f o r . After vegetation clearanca e roughly circular depression was visible on the north of the summit of the mound and a number of stones protruded through the turf. Current Ordnance Survey maps and the Stirlingshire Inventory (RCAHMS 1963, 65) indicated tha beed cisa t ha tn found here. This identification appear havo st e been basea n do number of historical sources. The Statistical Account (1796, 329) records that 'A small green moun eastere th n do n confine lande th Buchlyvief f so so , appear havo st e bee ntumulusa . Some human bones, inclose flagn di f stoneo s , were latel t thertraditioo yn bu foun ; s ei it n di n which give accouny sorigin.an s it f o t site ' Thialseth y describee osb ma Maclagey db n (1884's Aa ) 20 , Tumulus calle "Faire dth y Knowe" nea line railwaf rth eo Kippent y[a latels ]wa y opened. Inside were found"an auld can" and some coins', although in an earlier article Maclagan (1872, 36) 296 SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1998 does t nam no site thesf eeth o Inventore e th find d san y (RCAHMS 1963 suggest) 65 , sy thama t ti b separatea e site fro cise mth t discovery. Chrystal (1903 indicate) 74 , s tha sais site o th detwa t have been used as a Druidical temple. orden I establiso rt h whethe archaeologicay ran l remains were presen than o t te parth f o t removee b roadwork e mouno t th e y db d du triasa l excavatio carries n wa t ove dou r weekends Jund durinan e y 197gMa 5 wit assistance hth numbea f eo volunteerf ro s including memberf so the Stirling Field and Archaeological Society. This was followed by nine weeks' excavation undertaken over three seasons from 197 o 1976t 8interin (illuA . m2) s repor s publishewa t d (Main 1978). This concluded that the main structure found on the site was a broch. The results of the archaeological excavations led to the alteration of the road line to avoid damage to most of the remains. The site was backfilled at the end of the excavations and the Fairy Knowe was schedule ancienn a s da t monumen Smite th t Galler 1986n n i thi finde Ar e Th .Museum ar sy& , Stirling. The archive is in the National Monuments Record of Scotland. PHASE 1: TIMBER ROUND-HOUSE POST-RING (ILLU) 7 & S3 An almost circular rin f 1g1o post-hole mdiameten 8 i sc excavateds rwa t shoul(I . notee db d that composita illu s i s3 e plan created fro mnumbea differenf ro t source representd san f bessa o t fi t the available information.) Six post-holes were fully excavated; three were half-sectioned; and two were examined only briefly. Most showed stone packing in situ or stone packing which had collapsed as a result of post decay. Five post-holes (F53, F93, F99, F67 & F70) had evidence of timber posts still survivin situn g i wer laso e (illutw tTh e . badls4) y decaye onld dan y sliverf so wood survived. The post survived sha d becaus anaerobie th f eo c conditions produce poste th -n di hole theiy sb r bein t intgcu o clasealed yan d under later stone structures. Additionally uppee th , r levels of some of the post-holes were filled with stones and some were sealed by clay. excavatee Th d post-holes average dee diamete0.4m n d i 5 pan 5d m 0. t grounra d levele Th . posts were spaced (centresbetweem 6 F532. & d 3 n)) (F an woulapart2. o 1m dTw . have lain entirely beneath the inner wall face of the broch (though this had already been removed at the time of excavation); one (F67) was completely under a stone from the later foundation course which was removed during the archaeological excavations; two (F83/94 & F93) lay wholly under later paving and the remainder ( F99, F63, F68, F73, F70 & F69) were part under the later wall and part under paving. The only small finds from any of these post-holes were fragments of burnt bone, probably animal, which were recovered insid pose eth t fro(illu3 m F5 durin) s4 g post-excavation analysis. This bone nee t necessarildno y have been contemporary wit post-rine hth g since hear t woulro t d allow material from that or a succeeding phase to enter the post-hole; but it cannot post-date the construction latephase th rf eo ston e structures which effectively seale post-hole dth e (Reynolds & Barber 1984, 99). The only other find from a pre-broch context was a fragment of lead, SF446, from below pavin broce th n ghi entrance. Whil locatios eit n pre-date occupatioe sth broce th f hno t definitelno s ii t y associated wit round-house hth e occupatio could nan d broce relatth ho et construction phase. The timber posts were not burnt but had decayed in situ. The surviving diameten i 0 15d m timbe30 0an m , y rb rmm post0 14 measure 9 s, froF9 mm d m0 an F53 d20 3 F9 , mm, 310 mm and 250 mm long respectively (illus 5). The bases of F53 and F99 had preserved areas of the original surface on which axe or adze marks are clearly visible. In the east, between posts F93 and F73, there are two additional features, F29 and F26, set on the same circle as the post-ring. They are set at a closer spacing than the 11 posts but each lies MAIN: ROUND-HOUS FAIRE BROCD TH YET AN KNOWEHA , BUCHLYVI7 29 | E ILLUS 3 Round-house general plan similaa t a r spacing fro maie mth n post eithe n thoughs so i t I r. sidit tf ethao t thes relaty ema o et locatioe entrancth e th f no e int round-housee oth greae th n ti majorits A . Britisf yo h prehistoric houses, the entrance appears to have lain in the east (see Oswald 1997). Post F53 lies on the direct 8 29 SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1998 ILLU situSn 4 i Pos3 ) (scalm F5 t 3 e0. F93 ILLUS 5 Posts F53, F93 and F99 after excavation MAIN: ROUND-HOUSE AND BROCH AT THE FAIRY KNOWE, BUCHLYVIE | 299 ILLU S6 Round-house ring-groove between post-hole0 F7 d s an F67 9 F6 , axis from this entrance alignment.
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