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visit Japan and other parts of the Orient report, referred to the Committee on SENATE representing the following committees: Armed Services: The Committee on Interstate and For­ TUESDAY, MARCH 27, 1951 eign Vommerce, the Committee on the To the Congress of the United States: Judiciary, and the Committee on Armed I transmit herewith, for the informa­

1\-Ir. WATKINS. I may say to the let me say that I disliked very inuch to Mr. WATKINS. I believe that to be Senator from Washington that the as­ disagree with the very distinguished and true. Especially did he make the state­ surances which I recall were made by amiable gentlemen who were propo­ ment with respect to the use of troops not only one Senator, but various Sena­ nents of the treaty, when they said that to garrison Europe as an implementation tors who were proponents of the pact the provisions of the pact itself pro­ of the treaty. Representatives of the and supporting it; and it was all summed tected fully the constitutional preroga­ administration said categorically, that up, as I recall, in the statement made tives of the Congress, and that every­ that was not the purpose; that that was by the distinguished chairman of the thing would have to be done in accord­ not the intent of the treaty. I think that Foreign Relations Committee that every­ ance with constitutional processes. The is the statement of representatives of thing done in connectiqn with the treaty reason why I finally disagreed with them the administration and of members of would be in accordance with our con­ and did not accept their assurances, the Foreign Relations Committee. They stitutional processes. Such language which most Senators accepted-I re­ absolutely interpi-eted out of the treaty was used in article 11 of the Atlantic member only a few voted with me-was any such purpose. The construction of Pact, and incidentally the same language that when I got through making my the treaty they gave at that time is now was used in article 43 of the United arguments for the reservations, which binding upon the administration. Nations Charter. I recall the assurances I felt were good, they said, "It is not l\4r. KEM. When Mr. Acheson ap­ which were given. neeessary to take the action proposed peared before the Senate Committee on As the Senator will recall, I proposed to be taken under the reservations. Foreign Relations and made such state­ a reservation. Its exact language I can­ That is a matter which is all taken care ments and gave such assurances, he was not repeat, but in substance it was to of." I said, "If that is true, ·if that is appearing there in his oificial capacity the effect that, notwithstanding any­ the meaning of the pact, why not say as Secretary of State, was he not? thing contained in the pact, either in so in so many words, in clear-cut lan­ Mr. WATKINS. He was appearing in article 5 or in any other part of the pact, guage, so that the European peoples who that capacity, and as the spokesman for no assistance or armed forces would be have an entirely different view"-as I the administration, and the man who sent to Europe unless it was directly au­ demonstrated at that" time by quoting helped in or was responsible for the ne­ thorized by a joint resolution of the Con­ from statements made by European gotiation of the pact on the part of the gress. In other words, the whole im­ statesmen and other statements which United States, who was supposed to know plementation with respect to war and appeared in the press-"will have the what it meant, what it was intended to the sending of armed forces rested same interpretation of the pact we have, do, and likewise what it was not intended squarely, in the end, with Congress, so there will be no difference of inter­ to do. where I felt the Constitution placed it. pretation; so that the language will have Mr. KEM. The reference to Mr. I was told repeatedly that it was not the same meaning here in Washington Acheson as Secretary of state brings necessary to have such a reservation as it has in Denmark, in London, or in this to mind, if the Senator will permit adopted, simply because the pact itself the capital of any of the other partici­ me to say so. A week or so ago the left the decision to the Congress, because pating nations?" Senators replied, "If Senator from Utah made a powerful it said the provisions of the treaty had we do that it will cut the heart out of speech on the floor of the Senate when to be ratified and enfarced under our the treaty." introducing a joint resolution proposing constitutional processes, and those con­ Then I immediately became suspicious. to relieve Italy of the restrictive provi­ stitutional processes meant that the Con­ The Senators said the situation was sions of the Italian peace treaty in order gress of the United States would have protected, that it was not necessary that that Italy may do her part, may con­ the final word and say in respect to how a reservation be adopted. I said, "Why tribute her share to the defense of the provisions of the pact were to be not malrn the statement in plain Eng­ Europe. I will ask the Senator if the carried out. lish." I said further, ''If that is the Italian peace treaty to which he referred I will say to the Senator from Wash­ stand you take, if you do not agree to in that speech was not also presented to ington that I intend to show, before I the reservation. it will result in cutting the Senate by the Department of State conclude, that that is exactly the in­ the heart out of the Constitution of the through Mr. Acheson, and its adoption terpretation Which was made in the days United States." I am taking the same urged at that time. when the United Nations Pact was be­ position today and making the same re­ Mr. WATKINS. I may say to the Sen­ fore the Congress. It was the interpre­ quest I made then. ator that I do not recall whether Mr. tation then, and it was felt when the de­ Mr. CAIN. Let me say that the Sen­ Acheson was then Secretary of State. bate was proceeding with respect to the ator from Utah at this minute is making That was in 1947. He may have been Atlantic Pact that reservations were not a real contribution to the record, for the Undersecretary at that time, and he may necessary, and I was told they would not day is certain to come again when we have presented the matter as Undersec­ be necessary to caiTY it into effect. shall be considering a course of action, retary._ I do not recall that detail. . Mr. CAIN. The Senator from Utah and taking a course of action, based on But I do recall that the administration may find it interesting that the junior the assurances of those who speak for presented the treaty as having been Senator from Washington was one who .the administration, and whether it be signed by the parties, urged the Senate . thought there was real merit in the Republican or Democratic makes no dif­ of the United States to ratify it, and resei·vation which the Senator from Utah ference. What the Senator from Utah is whoever was the spokesman from the offered a year and a half ago; but the telling in my opinion presents a picture State Department presented all the Senator from Washington opposed it, which is sad and tragic and lamentable. arguments he could assemble to per­ not because, in his opinion, it was not With reference to the question before suade the Senate to ratify it. I recall · good, but because distinguished Members us, he says it is before us today only by they said it was a bad treaty; they ad­ of the Senate of the United States, reason of the fact that assurances given mitted it was a bad treaty; that they speaking in support of ratifying the 18 months ago are not to be relied on. would like to have a better one, but that treaty, rose, and on their own responsi­ Mr. WATKINS. I thank the Senator it was all they could get under the cir­ bility said, "Senators, we hope you will from Washington. I quite agree with cumstances, and that the Senate ought not approve of these reservations, be­ the observation he has just made. to ratify it. cause the · North Atlantic Treaty is not Mr. KEM. Mr. President, will the Mr. KEM. And the Senate ratified it self-implementing, and the question of Senator from Utah yield for a question? at the urging, the request, and instance implementing it lies within the responsi­ Mr. WATKINS. I am glad to yield to of the State Department. bility and the jurisdiction of the Con­ the distinguished Senator from Missouri. Mr. WATKINS. That was the pro­ gress of the United States." The Sen­ Mr. KEM. I should like to ask the cedure. And the State Dapartment was ator from Washington must state pub- distinguished Senator from utah if it is responsible for that. I did not happen . licJ.y that he is full of distress and sor­ not true that the Secretary of State also to be in the majority. I voted against row that he has lived to see a day when appeared before the Foreign Relations it. I was 1 of 10 who voted against it. he could not rely on the assurances which Committee of the Senate and gave as­ I thought it was a bad treaty then, and dictated the course of action followed a surances similar to those to which the I think it is a worse treaty now. year and a half ago. Senator has referred as having been Mr. KEM. What has been the reac­ Mr. WATKINS. In reply to what the made by Senators who were urging the tion of the administration and the State Senator from Washington has just said, adoption of the treaty. Department to the joint resolution in- 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2915 traduced by the Senate from Utah in in regard to implementing the North partment would allow to come through seeking to denounce this treaty? Atlantic Treaty. I should like to ask to us. Mr. WATKINS. I have not had any the Senator from Utah whether it is his It seems to me that the entire program direct word from the State Department understanding that the present admin·- · was actuated at the time by a spirit of about it, but I have seen letters to other istration intends to implement the plans : revenge, and there was a failure to have Members of the Congress in which the of Mr. Acheson by continuing to draft in mind the idea of protecting the liber­ State Department has said, in effect, the young men of Utah and Missouri and ties of the peoples of the world. Our that this is not the time to set aside that Idaho and Texas, and send them to Eu­ State Department was taking far too treaty; in other words, generally the rope, to help prepare to def end the many chances with Russia. Many of the State Department was opposed to the homes of the people in Europe, while plants and industries which were dis­ passage of such a joint resQlution. at the same time the young men of Italy mantled were shipped from Germany to Mr. KEM. How does that fit in with are restricted or prevented from serv­ Russia. , Not only did Russia get the the present demand that large bodies of ing for the same purpose? plants and industries which were re­ American troops be sent to Europe? Mr. WATKINS. Mr. President, I fear moved from Eastern Germany, which Mr. WATKINS. The treaty strips that the Senator from Missouri is correct was the zone of Germany controlled by Italy of any defense forces of adequate in his observation and in his conclusion. Russia, but Russia also got many of the size. As I recall, under the provisions of Mr. DWORSHAK. Mr. President, will plants and industries which were dis­ the treaty, Italy can have an army of the Senator yield? mantled and shipped from the western only 185,000 men and can have only a Mr. WATKINS. I yield to the Sen­ zone of Germany. The idea was to crip­ few tanks and a few old-fashioned air­ ator from Idaho. ple Germany completely, so as to deprive planes and some patrol boats to patrol Mr. DWORSHAK. In referring to her even of her method of making a the Italian Peninsula, but cannot have plans to send American troops to Eu­ living in the way in which she had been any battleships or any modern pursuit rope to help implement the North Atlan­ accustomed to make it. That was the planes or any large bombers. In the tic Treaty, is it not well for us to recall so-called Morgenthau plan. That plan over -all view, I think 250,000 is the size that we are also facing the huge burden was adopted only in part; but the idea of the armed forces which Italy can and responsibility of sending arms and was to turn the Germans into farmers, have, under the provisions of that trea­ munitions of various kinds to help rearm herders of cattle, and so forth, rather ty. However, Mr. President, 250,000 men the Western European countries, where­ than to leave them an industrial nation. are not sufficient, in the judgment of as 3, 4, or 5 years ago, Members of the Those who did that were playing direct­ military men, even to police Italy in Senate endeavored to terminate the dis­ ly into the hands of the Communists. case of a Communist insurrection or up­ mantling of industrial plants in Ger­ Mr. DWORSHAK. Mr. President, will rising. When we consider the situation, many? the Senator yield further? it is ridiculous to say to a nation which, I recall that during the brief special during World War II, was able to raise session in November :;,947 assurances Mr. WATKINS. I yield. a total of 8,000,000 men, either directly were given by the State Department, Mr. DWORSHAK. If the industrial in the armed forces or in the reserves; through Members of the Senate Com­ plants in Germany had not been dis­ that today 250,000 men is the maximum mittee on Foreign Relations, that the mantled under a program put into ef­ size of all the armed forces it may have. dismantling of German industrial plants fect by our State Department, would such a requirement has a direct effect and the sending of them behind the iron not it now be possible for steel and other upon the morale of the Italian people, curtain to satellite countries, as a part plc,tnts in Western Germany, thus making for we know that in the event of trouble of the reparations, would be discon­ it much easier for the Western European between Russia and Italy, or in the event tinued, although fallowing that time countries to procure armaments for their of a Russian attempt to invade Italy, for more than 600 industrial plants in Ger­ own rearming, instead of having to de­ every Italian who, because of the restric­ many were dismantled, to that extent pend almost entirely upon the produc­ tions imposed by the Italian peace trea­ · depriving the people of Western Ger­ tion of such armaments in the United ty, would be required to sit on the side many of the facilities for self-help and States? lines, an American soldier would have self-armament. Mr. WATKINS. Yes. It now appears to be sent there to defend the Italians. Today not only are we requested to that in the United States there will be a In that event we would have the ridicu­ send troops to Europe, as the Senator shortage of the steel needed for our own lous situation of having Italians sit on from Missouri and the Senator from defense purposes, and we are being urged the mountainsides, watching American Utah have pointed out, with particular to build new steel factories and steel scldiers :ftght to defend them. In such~ emphasis upon the possibility of obtain­ mills, whereas if we had been wise in situation, American soldiers and Ameri­ ing available manpower in those coun­ looking ahead and seeing the storm can funds would have to be used to de­ tries, but likewise we are compelled to which was coming-and we had ample fend the Italians. Certainly the treaty send armaments and munitions to West­ notice of it; we were having trouble with should be denounced, and certainly an ern Europe and to Germany, presum­ Stalin, behind the scenes, even before end sbould be put to the restrictions im­ ably, when today we realize that it was President Roosevelt passed on-if we had posed by its provisions. When that is a· tragic mistake to have permitted the had any foresight whatever, we would done, the Italians will be .able to prepare State Department to continue for several have seen that the destruction of the in an adequate way to defend themselves. years the dismantling of the industrial steel mills and industrial plants in West­ Let me also emphasize that today plants, which now would prove so vital ern Germany might redound to our own there are many Italians who are unem­ and so valuable in helping those coun­ detriment. ployed, and thus have difficulty in ob­ tries to rearm themselves. Today there is a question whether the taining sufficient food and clothing. If Will the Senator from Utah comment other nations of Europe will permit the Italy is allowed to maintain an adequate on that situation as constituting an ad­ Germans to prepare to fight to defend defense force, the consequant increase ditional blunder and further bungling themselves, by operating their mills at in the size of her armed forces will pro­ on the part of the State Department full capacity, although it now seems that vide employment for many Italians who because of which today a dilemma faces those mills will be allowed to produce today are unemployed, and the result t11e United States in our desire to ad­ both iron and steel. However, the will be that many Italians will thus have here to commitments in implementing irony is that Germany, our former sufficient food and clothing, while at the the North Atlantic Treaty? enemy, is now being wooed by us to help same time they will be preparing to de­ Mr. WATKINS. To be liberal with us fight one of our former allies. To f end their own country, in case of inva­ any criticism of the State Department an observer on the outside, the present sion. Certainly the Italians should be for its errors, let me say that at least the situation must seem both ridiculous and allowed to prepare to defend their members of that Department were short­ absurd. country. sighted; they did not seem to be able The eyes of the American people have Mr. KEM. Mr. President, will the · to know what was likely to take place, -been opened by recent events to the Senator yield further? although they had all the evidence be­ great danger which has come to our lib­ Mr. WATKINS. I yield. fore them, whereas the general run of erties by the impulsive action of the Mr. KEM. On the floor of the Senate the public in the United States had only President of the United States in the we have heard considerable discussion wJ:;lat little information the State De- · Korean intervention. If I read arig;ht 2916 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 27 the sentiment of the people of this coun­ enforce peace is the equivalent of a declara­ At the conclusion of his remarks, Mr. try, they are overwhelmingly against the tion of war. Dulles was questioned by several mem­ President's claim to the power to make If I may interpolate at this point, Mr. bers of the committee. The quotations war or to make peace according to his President, it would seem to me that Mr. I am about to read are taken directly own will, and without consultation with Dulles is beginning to look in the direc­ from the Foreign Relations Committee Congress. tion of what we are now considering. I hearings of 1945, at which time it had INTERNATIONAL FORCE IDEA NOT NEW­ resume the quotation: under consideration the United Nations PREVIOUSLY REJECTED ·But surely we can better determine that Charter. The Senator from Colorado Mr. President, the idea of an inte­ when we know what it is that we are talk­ [Mr. MILLIKIN] questioned Mr. Dulles, as grated international force to' preserve ing about. Today there is no military con­ follows: the peace of the world is not new. It tingent. After the organization is estab­ If I understood you correctly, Mr. Dulles, was much discussed after World War I. lished the organization may negotiate with I thought you said that the Senate will.have There were many who thought such a the members for military contingents. That an opportunity to ratify t he special agree­ agreement for military contingents, so far ment having to do with our contribution of force should be established as an arm as the United States is concerned, will be force and material. of the League of Nations. The Ameri­ subject to the ratification and consent of Mr. DULLES. Yes, sir. can people rejected that idea when they the Senate. Senator MILLIKIN. Is that your opinion? rejected the League of Nations. Mr. DULLES. That is not only my opinion, At the San Francisco Conference in Again, that was with reference to a but it is expressly stated in. the charter that 1945, following World War II, the U. N. military contingent to provide the aid the agreements are subject to ratification was born. The proposal for the estab­ and assistance necessary to maintain by the states in accordance with their con­ lishment· of an integrated international peace under the United Nations Charter. stitutional· processes. The international army of which Mr. force was revived and was again dis­ I may add that the. states to which cussed. Later, the Military Staff Com­ Dulles was speaking was the same kind he is referring are, of course, the member mittee of the U. N. Organization, which of international army which is now to states of the United Nations. I continue was established pursuant to article 47 of be established under the North Atlantic the quotation: the Charter, met in New York City and Pact. The difference is that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization "interna­ Senator MILLIKIN. Then it is your opinion undertook a general study of the pro­ that to comply with our constitutional proc­ posal for the purpose of making a rec­ tional army" is the army of a group of esses, that separate agreement would have to. ommendation to its parent organization. 12 nations consisting of the United States come to the Senate for ratification? The United States, Great Britain, Rus­ and her friends and dependents in the Mr. DULLES. It is, and that was the view of sia, France, and China were represented North Atlantic area, whereas the United the American delegation. I think there is on this Committee. In their report, the Nations Army was to be an arm of the no doubt whatever about that. whole membership of the United Na­ Senator MILLIKIN. Is there any doubt U. N. Military Staff Committee recom­ about that, Mr. Dulles? mended the creation of an international tions, which was, as I recall, comprised 50 Mr. DULLES. No. force composed of separate national con­ of about nations. The North Atlantic Senator MILLIKIN. And no disagreement of tingents. Pact comprises 12 nations. I desire to opinion on that? repeat that sentence from Mr. Dulles' Mr. DULLES. No. There was much discussion of the statement: "International Force" provisions of the · Later in the questioning Mr. Dulles U. N. That agreement for military contingents, Charter, both at San Francisco and so far as the United States is concerned, Will stated: in the Senate of the United States. On be subject to the ratification and consent It is clearly my view, and it was the view July 11, 1945, Mr. John Foster Dulles, · of the Senate. of the entire United States delegation, that of New York, who had been one of the the agreement which will provide for the advisers to the United States delegation Let us see what happened afterward. United States military contingent will have at the San Francisco Conference, ap­ Mr. Dulles' statement makes it clear to be negotiated and then submitted to the peared before the Senate Foreign Rela­ that in respect to the contribution of Senate for ratification in the same way as tions Committee. As I recall, the Char­ military contingents to the international a treaty. ter of the United Nations was at that army which was to be created under the The Senator from Colorado [Mr. particular time before the Senate for U. N. Charter, there was no doubt in his MILLIKIN] thereupon addressed the fol­ ratification and approval. Mr. Dulles mind that the agreement for the com­ lowing question to the chairman of the sought especially to allay apprehensions mitment of such military contingents committee, the Senator from Texas [Mr. that the power of the United States by the United States was subject to the CONNALLY]: representative on the Security Council ratification and the consent of the Sen­ I should like to ask if that is the opinion might involve a surrender by Congress ate. of. the chairman of the committee? of its control over the Armed Forces of It is pertinent to note at this point that the United States. It was feared that no such ratification and consent was In response to the question of the Sen­ congressional agreement to United asked of the United States Senate when ator from Colorado, the chairman of the States participation in the United Na­ the President committed our troops to Senate Foreign Relations Committee tions might be construed as an advance the so-called international army in [Mr. CONNALLY] replied: . authorization for the use of American Korea, yet he claimed it was under the· It is most certainly the opinion of the · troops in warlike activities which might request and under the authority of the chairman of the committee. I desire to call the Senator's attention to the fact that be conducted in the name of the Security United Nations that he sent the troops article 43, section 2, specifically provides as Council. At that time, Mr. Dulles-I there. Now it is said that no such rati­ follows: refer to Mr. John Foster Dulles, now a fication and consent is necessary to the "Such agreement or agreements shall gov­ roving ambassador for the State Depart­ commitment of troops to the North At­ ern the numbers and types of forces, their ment, representing the United States in lantic Pact international army. degree of readiness and general location, and the Far East-pointed out: Mr. Dulles then went on to say-and the nature of the facilities and assistance to I continue quoting from his statement be provided." Under our Constitution, the President, and In other words, we in the agreement stipu­ the President alone, directs the current con­ of July 11, 1945: late what we will do. Section 3 is as follows: duct of foreign affairs. But there can be no . When the Congresi, knows what will be "The agreement or agreements shall be declaration of war except by the Congress. proposed concerning the size, the character, negotiated as soon as possible on the initia­ That is our internal procedure, it will remain and the area of possible use of an American tive of the Security Council. They shall be our internal procedure, and all the world military contingent then we will know what concluded between the Security Council and knows that fact. we are talking about, and then it may be Members or between the Security Council Mr. Dulles·, speaking of the use of desirable by statute to fix the relative re­ and groups of Members and shall be subject sponsibility of the President and the Con­ to ratification by the signatory states in ac­ American military contingents in an in­ gress. On the other hand, it may not seem cordance with their respective constitutional ternational army, then went on to say:. desirable. The President and· the Congress ptocesses." It may or it may not hereafter become have got along pretty well for 160 years Our constitutional process is for us here useful to decide by legislation whether or without any statutory definition of their at home to decide. There is no question in not the use of our military contingent to respective responsibilities in that area. my mind that that means that the agree- 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2917 ments must be ratified just like treaties are . The then Senator from Kentucky, Mr. be used. I think those problems are for ratified, because they are with foreign coun­ BARKLEY, now the Vice President of the tomorrow unless we proceed on the premise tries. They are vital, they affect our Mili­ that the Senate of the United States does United States, agreed in 1945 with the not mean in good faith what it says it means tary Establishment, so they would have to Senator from Texas. He stated that he be ratified by the United States Senate. when it adopts this Charter. I decline to I thoroughly agree with Mr. Dulles .that was not greatly concerned whether rati­ indict the Senate in such fashion. fication of agreements for the furnishing there was no question ever raised, so far as I wish to reemphasize to the Senate I know, in the Conference as to that effect. of armed forces be made by the Senate only or by joint resolution by both that portion of the Senator's remarks Incidentally, Mr. President, the Sena­ Houses of Congress, arrd placed himself which indicate that Unitsd States forces tor from Texas had just returned from on record as agreeing with the view that would be made available to an inter­ San Francisco in connection with the congressional ratification was essential. national force, organized pursuant to the conference on the United Nations Char­ The Senator from Michigan [Mr. Charter, in a "summary, preliminary, ter. VANDENBERG J placed himself on record as policing way." The Senator from Michi­ I should like to point out and stress to agreeing with the statement made by gan thus emphasizes the point that the the Senate that in 1945, when the ques­ Mr. Dulles, and remarked as follows: pledges for the furnishing of American tion of contributing American Armed forces to an international army under I can understa.nd how there might be ad­ Forces to an international army was vanced a perfectly legitimate argument as the terms of the Charter of the U. N. was under discussion in the Senate Foreign to whether or not constitutional process at not an extension to the President of the Relations Committee, the chairman of that point referred to a joint resolution of control by Congress over the Armed that committee, the Senator from Texas, . Congress or a treaty action by the Senate, Forces of the United States. Neither stated that international agreements, although it is the latter which I prefer. But was it an advance authorization to wage even though they be executive agree­ I cannot understand how there ever could war. The forces were to be used "in a ments as distinguished from treaties, be any possible defense of the suggestion summary, preliminary, and policing that this could be done by an Executive involving the commitment of American agreement which denied a partnership au­ way." Armed Forces to an international army, thority on the part of the representatives of For the benefit of Senators who have "would have to be ratified by the United the American people. entered the Chamber since I started my States Senate." speech, I call attention to the fact that The Senator from Texas seems to have That was the statement of the Senator section 6 of the United Nations Partici­ changed his mind since 1945. He has from Michigan, whom we all respect and pation Act of 1945 deals with the ques­ completely reversed himself. In 1945 admire. It came from his heart, and tion of supplying Armed Forces to the it was his view that agreements for the has been followed by him in his public Security Council. It authorizes the commitment of American troops to an attitud~ toward this question. President to negotiate a military agree­ international army required the ratifica­ I quote from the remarks of the Sen­ ment or military agreements with the tion of the United States Senate. Today ator from Michigan as they appear in Security Council for the purpose of pro­ he assumes the position that no such the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, volume 91, viding American contingents to the U. N. ratification is required. part 6, page 7992: international army. From a strict con­ Mr. Dulles' views were inserted ·in the I want to make it plain, first, that I agree stitutional sense no authorization from CONGRESSIONAL RECORD and were there­ with the Senator from Montana, with the the Congress to the President is neces­ after discussed on the floor of the Senate Senator from Texas, and J;v.lr. Dulles that this sary to enable the President to negotiate specific agreement covering the use of force an international agreement. That is on iu the course of ·the debate on the· U. N. must be ratified either by the Congress as a Charter. whole or by the Senate before it can meet the theory that the President has the On July 24, 1945, former Senator the expectation either of the authors of the power to negotiate an international Wheeler, of Montana, pointed out that San Francisco Charter or the language of it. agreement, but it is up to the Senate to Mr. Dulles had made the statement ratify and approve it. Apparently, at I quote further from the same state­ that time there were two schools of which I have just quoted, in the pres­ ment by the Senator from Michigan: ence of both the chairman of the For­ thought. Some Senators thought the eign Relations Committee, the Senator Then when we finally come to the next whole Congress should act, and others from Texas, and in the presence of the and last problem with reference to where felt that it could be done only by a the authority shall lie, whether in the Presi­ treaty ratified by the Senate. Under the Senator from Michigan [Mr. VANDEN­ dent or in the Congress, to agree on our BERG], both of whom had been members behalf to use armed forces for cooperative Constitution the President has the power of the U. N. delegation at San Francisco international action, I assert again that it is to negotiate international agreements. in 1945. a problem the solution of which properly The incorporation in the United Na­ In the course of the discussion on this waits the ultimate action of the Senate at tions Participation Act of an authoriza­ floor on July 24, 1945, to which I refer, a later time instead of at the present time tion to negotiate an agreement for send­ in connection with the ratification of the ing troops to the U. N. was an indication the Senator from Texas left no doubt Charter. that in his opinion agreements for the that on the important matter of contrib­ commitments of troops pursuant to the In other words, they were not going uting troops to the u. N. international U. N. Charter should come before the to pass on it then, because they were then army, the Congress wished to record its approving the Charter, and the question views in advance. Thus, in the United Congress and the people for approval. Nations Participation Act, the Congress He stated that it was immaterial to him as to its implementation would come up recorded in advance its consent to the whether such agreements were by treaty later. negotiation of such agreements by the or by joint resolution so long as it was It seems to me that our problem is simply President. I may say that in the act understood that congressional ratifica­ one of reducing to text the rule of years itself it was provided that when such tion was necessary. In that respect I which recognizes that there are two separate agreements were negotiated they should wish to quote as follows from his re­ ways of calling the Armed Forces into exter­ marks on July 24, 1945: nal use; one, by action of the President of then be submitted to the Congress for the United States, under certain circum­ approval. I do not entertain the fears which have The Congress did not, however, abdi­ been expressed from Senators that we must stances with reference to Congress; second, not do it by treaty but that we must do it by reference to Congress under a contem­ cate its authority in respect to the rati­ by joint resolution. plated declaration of war. fication of such agreements. In fact, Again, I think it will be possible for us to section 6 of the United Nations Par­ That was the argument then. It was find language which will protect the spirit ticipation Act contains a specific and not that we did not have to do it at all, of the Constitution precisely in the way in clearly worded reservation retaining to but whether it should be done by treaty which the Senator from Montana and I, too, the Congress the right to approve such or joint resolution which involved the want to protect it. We wish to protect it in a fashion which will meet the necessity agreement or agreements. House of Representatives. I continue for the President of the United States, who­ Thus section 6 provides: quoting: ever he may be, to make this international The President is authorized to negotiate a Either method would satisfy me so long force available in a summary, preliminary, special agreement or agreements with. . the as it was an expression of the views of the policing way, under circumstances which I Security Council which shall be subject to Congress and of the people. am perfectly sure we could all agree it should the approval of the Congress by appropriate 2918 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 27 act or joint resolution providing for the num­ the President himself promised that sought congressional approval of his bers and types of Armed Forces, their degree agreements for the · commitment of action. of readiness and general location, and the American Armed Forces under the terms Let me say at-this point that the ques­ nature of facilities and assistance, including rights of passage, to be made available to the of the U. N. Charter would be submitted tion is not academic, as some persons . Security Council on its call for the purpose to the Congress for approval. have.claimed, and as the administration of maintaining international peace and se­ As I have said before, and now repeat, has stated. It ·is not academic when curity in accordance with article 43 of said I cannot understand the reason for the boys are giving up their lives in Korea. Charter. President's complete reversal of position It is not academic when 10,000 Ameri­ I want to repeat and reemphasize the on that important' point. can boys are lying dead in Korea, and point that section 6 of the U. N. Partici­ Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will · when American forces have suffered pation Act says in specific language that the Senator yield? more than 50,000 casualties. It is far agreements for the contribution of troops Mr. WATKINS. I yield. from academic. It is something which and materiel and assistance to an inter­ Mr. WHERRY. Is it not correct to say affects the homes of our people. national army formed under the provi­ that the message to which the Senator Now the President claims the right sions of the U. N. Charter "shall be sub­ has referred was sent in response to the to commit American troops to an inter­ ject to the approval of Congress by ap­ debate which was then being held on the national army in Europe without con­ propriate act or joint resolution." floor of the Senate on the question of . sultation with Congress and without · That was a blazing of the trail under whether the President had to obtain con­ congressional approval. The fact is that an international agreement. Later on . gressional approval under the treaty? A since he made the claim public opinion long line of argument had been made to has expressed itself on the subject.. Ap­ I shall show that the Atlantic Pact was the effect that the President had consti­ parently the President has heard it be­ supposed to be the child of the United cause he is backing down and is 'now Nations Charter. It was supposed to be tutional power to send troops anywhere constructed he pleased. Finally, in order to clinch willing to have Congress consult with · and to work within the . the matter, the President late that day him and cooperate with him, without framework of the Charter, and to be sent the message that, regardless of any admitting, of course, that Congress as guided by it. _ constitutional power, when any agree­ a matter of right, has something to say · The .report of the Senate Foreign Re­ ment was.negotiated it would be his pur­ about it. lations Committee· which accompanied pose to ask Congress to make a deter- The President's promise that he would the U. N. Participation Act when it was mination. · seek the approval of Congress to such brought before the Senate in November Mr. WATKINS. I think the President agreements ·as might be entered into for · 1945, contains the following statement was fully cognizant of what had been the contribution of materiel and · a in respect to the question of congres­ United States military contingent to an· sional approval of troop commitment to going on in the Senate with respect to ratification. In order to hasten ratifica­ international security force under the · the U. N. security force by treaty or ex­ U. N. Charter was contained in a letter ecutive agreement. tion, he was willing to state unequivocal­ This quotation is ly that any.agreement for implementing to the Senator from Tennessee [Mr. Mc­ from chair~ the committee report. The the pact would be subject to the approval KELLAR). A copy of the letter was sent · man of the committee was the senior of Congress. · to the chairman of the Senate Foreign Senator from Texas. Mr. WHERRY. Congress would be . Relations Committee, the Senator from ·· The committee believes that it ls desirable asked to approve. Texas [Mr. CONNALLY]. to determine the question once and for all, I have already read a portion of the and that it ls appropriate to specify that Mr. WATKINS. Yes; not the Senate the military agreement or agreements alone. letter, but in order to document the sub- ' should be submitted for approval to the Mr. WHERRY. Is not the present is­ ject fully, so that there can be no ques­ Congress. sue parallel to the one which was decided tion about the facts involved, I shall at-that time, namely, that, regardless of read the full text of the President's mes­ Not only to the Senate, Mr. President. sage: They should be submitted for approval whether he has the constitutional power, · to Congress. Congress shall be called upon to imple­ During the debate in the Senate upon the ment the treaty or ratify any agreement matter of the Senate's giving its advice and That was the committee's stated consent to the Charter of the United Nations:, reason for having included in the par­ which the President makes? the question arose as to . the method to be ticipation act the specific requirement Mr. WATKINS. I think I shall be followed in obtaining approval of the special that agreements for the commitment of able to show that the Atlantic Pact was agreements with the· Security Council re­ American troops and materiel "shall be presented by its proponents in the State ferred to in article 43 of the Charter. It was Department, by the President, and by stated by many Senators that this might be subject to the approval of the Congress done in the United States either by treaty or by appropriate act or joint resolution." the administration's leaders on the floor of the Senate, as a part of the United by the approva~. of a majority of both Houses Mr. President, I come now to a state­ of Congress. It was also stated that the ment which I think ties the President Nations. I remember the great length initiative in this matter rested with the to which Senators went on the :floor of President, and that it was most important to into the whole subject under discussion. the Senate in stating how completely It has to do with more than his mere know before action was taken on the charter signing of a measure after its passage the pact was within the United Nations which course was to be pursued. Charter. It was stated that it was not When any such agreement or agreements by Congress. something outside the Charter of the · are negotiated, it will be my purpose to ask THE PRESIDENT'S PQTSDAM PROMISE United Nations. Ratification of the pact the Congress by appropriate legislation to The Senate Foreign Relations Com­ was not intended as a means of killing approve them. mittee report No. 717, Seventy-ninth the United Nations. On the contrary, The President's message was placed Congress, first session, was a report to the pact was to be wholly within the before the Senate on Saturday, July 28, accompany the U. N. Participation Act. United Nations Charter. I think that 1945, at the close of the debate on the In that report the committee pointed as a matter of law the interpretation of U. N. Charter. It was the Senator from out: · what the Atlantic Pact was to be is bind­ Missouri [Mr. DONNELL] who brought the On the last day of debate in the Senate, ing on the administration. The inter­ message into discussion on that date in July 28, the President, then attending the pretation is a part of the legislative his­ order that its meaning might be clearly Potsdam Conference, sent a message to the tory.· The legislative history is always established and made a part of the Congress, in which he stated that: "When taken into consideration when any record. The Senator from Missouri was any such agreement or agreements are nego­ doubt arises as to the intent of any leg­ never one to let that kind of point go by tiated- islation. Certainly there is no doubt so without having it cleared up. An agreement to furnish forces to the far as the legislative history is con­ In the close of the discussion on that U.N.- cerned. date, the then Senator from Kentucky, it wm·be my purpose to ask the·congress- It is significant to note tha't almost Mr. BARKLEY, now Vice President of the Not the Senate alone- exactly 5 years later the President de- -. United States, remarked as follows in parted from his specific promise and regard to the commitment of Armed · for appropriate legislation to approve them. ordered American troops to Korea in Forces under agreements with the U. N.: Thus, when the U. N. Charter was a United Nations action without con­ Without commenting upon the necessity · under debate in this body in July 1945 sulting Congress. Nor has he since for the letter or statement made by the 1951 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD-· SENATE 2919 President, and without in any way intim~t­ President's hand h the- remaining 'days Of plement the-U. N. Thus, the intervention ing whether I disagree or agree wi_th th~ the Potsdam Conference. in Korea is a direct violation of the spirit ·Senator from Missouri as to his alternative interpretations, does not the Senator froni Incidentally, what we do here no'w, of the President's Potsdam assurances. Missouri agree that in view of the President's following the pattern set by the President It would be interesting to analyze letter, whatever may be his interpretation of the United States and.the Congress in ·completely the legal position of the on other forms or ratification, it certainly those days under the leadership of the United Nations and the United States indicates that he will not attempt to by­ Senator from Texas [Mr. CONNALLY] and and the other participating nations. pass Congress by putting it oil the ground former Senator BARKLEY as majority Our boys ·are in Korea as a part of a of an executive agreement? leader, will strengthen the hand of Gen­ de facto U. N. force. We mqst support · · The then Senator from Kentucky-fur­ eral Eisenhower. It cannot hurt him. them. They are our boys. I think we ther said, as appears in the CoNGRES­ The President needed strengthening made a terrible mistake, from the stand.:;, sroNAL RECORD, volume 91, -part 6, page when he was"at Potsdam, and.it was said point- of military defense, and that the 8186: this would help. We have to thank ·armed services and the Joint Chiefs of I feel that that was the purpose of the .former Senator Lucas for that statement. $taff were. sound in their. decision .that letter.· There was ·some fear that the Presi­ I think it is a good one.- · Korea was not the place to fight to .wiri dent might undertake .to bypass Congress Sixth. It assures to the American· people the independence of Korea. It has been altogether by an executive agreement, and. that the President believes the San FranciSco pointed out that we cannot · kill the I think the object of this letter is simply to C'harter is one of substance and strength and Communist dragon by beating· him on disabuse anyone's mind of any fear or sus­ :not one of form and futility. -the tail With a ·baseball- bat. We must picion that he woulci pursue that course~ · get at its vital organs, and they are hot I believe at that time there were some It will be noted that the Senator from Illinois, Mr. Lucas, said in 1945 that the in Korea. .executive agreements of · unpleasant Early in 1949 the North Atlantic Pact memory which had aroused considerable President's message definitely eliminated any possibility that military commit­ was negotiated. On March 7, 1949, I discussion and some apprehension in the ·sent a telegram to the President of 'the United states. The subject was some­ ments pursuant to the U. N . . Charter ·would be made without ·the approval not United·states pointing out that the North what "hot" at the time. Atlantic Pact, which was then "in the _ The quotations I have just read Polnt only of the Senate, ·but of both Houses of the Congress. process of negotiation, was such a mo­ out that in 19.45 the·. present Vice Presi­ mentous ·departure from traditional dent of the United State$ interpreted :the The record is clear. Armed force com.:. · mitments ·pursuant to the U. N. · Charter American foreign policy .that 'it should .President's letter from Potsdam as a be submitted to the Senate 60 days be­ cle.ar-cutstatement by tbe President that 'were to be made. pursuant to specific fore .the date set for signature fa order ·he would not attempt to bypass th_e agreements, and such agreements, .whether in the · form of ·tre·aties ·or that it might be ·put•before the people ·Congress in the matter of committing for open· and free discussion before troops· to an international force to be .executive agreements, were to be subject signature. · · · · · · - · - · - .organized under the U. N. Charter, J .to the -approv·a1 of the Congress. The .Congress so understood; the President so - The .President answered my.. telegram .could quote other statements aiong the but rejected my proposal for a 60-day .same line. · understood; the people of the United States so understood; and, I may · add interval between publication and· signa.:. In the course ·of the debate on July 28, ture. However, he did give us 17 days. 1945, the former Senator from Illinois; that I think the governments o(Europe .so understood-at least the governments ·1 was always grateful for the 17 days, Mr. Lucas, introduced into the.CONGRES• ·but it was hardly time to air the· provi­ SIONAL RECORD a press release which he ·of. the countries which were coming into .the United· Nations. sions ~ the implications, and the ·~ean­ had issued on that date in regarO. to the ings of this great and important docu­ Pr:!sident's message from Potsdam. I That was in f945. Now, not quite 6 ment. The. President pointed- out that quote from the press release as it ap­ years later, the picture has changed. the proposed treaty had been discussed pears at page 81-88 of volume 91, part 6, The President has forgotten the promise. -by the Senate Foreign Relations Com.:. of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD: he made from Potsdam, and now claims the right to commit American Armed ·mittee, and that there had been close Mr. President, the President, with forth­ collaboration between the Department .right candor and in advance, has sent to the Forces to an .international army without of State and the Senate Foreign Rela- .Senate a message in which he advises that consulting the Congress or asking its approval. . tions Committee from the very begin­ supplemental military agreements to the ning. - Charter will be sent to the Congress for ap­ THE ATLANTIC PACT AND THE UN propriate legislative action. I cite this to show that the President His message ls timely and constructive. I wish to discuss the Atlantic Pact and had been working with the Foreign Re­ First. It definitely eliminates any possi­ .the U. N. together for a moment. In a lations Committee through his Secretary bility that these military agreements for way I feel like apologizing to the .Senate of State and others, so he knew exactly troop contingents to be used. in the future for so much repetition, but it is impor.:. what was· being done. He had fully in will be implemented by executive agreement. tant to bring out the various phases of mind, I am sure, the arrangements which It seems that Mr. Lucas was not such a ..the argument so that there may be no had been made under the U. N. Pact. At good prophet. question as to its validity and persua­ least, he should have known. He should Second. It advises the Senate that the siveness. not have forgotten it. agreements will be sent to the Congress for The U. N. Charter was ratified in 1945 In the last' paragraph of his letter to joint action. by a Senate vote of 89 to 2: 53 Demo.:. me the President stated that the pro­ Third. It adds tremendous strength to the crats, 35 Republicans, and. 1 Progressive posf.d North Atlantic Treaty was in­ position that so many Senators have taken, voted for it; and 2 Republicans voted tended to make it clear in advance, that namely, that these supplemental agreements against it. More Republicans would are not treaties. any armed attack affecting our security have voted for it if they had been here; would be met with overwhelming force. Incidentally, that was one of the argu­ but we were a little short of Repub­ The North Atlantic Pact was brought ments. Many thought it had to be done licans in those days, as we are now. before the Senate and the people of the by congressional action rather than by · Let me emphasize that to date no United States as a military alliance pur­ the Senate alone as in the ratification of agreements between the United States suant to which the signatory powers a treaty. and the Security Council for the com­ agreed that in the event of an attack on Fourth. That frank and open declaration mitment of American troops. to an inter­ one the other signatories would come to of the President will help remove fear and national force of the U. N. have been sub­ its assistance. doubt among the United Nations with re­ mitted to the Congress. To my knowl­ The Secretary of State assured the spect to what is the proper constitutional edge no such agreements were negoti­ Congress and the people that the pro­ process. ated bY the executive branch of the posed North Atlantic Military Alliance We are going to let ·the people of the Government prior to June 1950, when was not a rejection of the United Nations other nations know exactly what we have the President intervened in Korea. In or a sell-out of the principles of the U. N. to do here when it comes to implement­ any event, none were submitted to _the Charter. The Secretary of State em­ ing the United Nations Charter. congress prior to June 1950, nor have phasized over and over again that it was Fifth. The declaration; a.long with treaty any been received by the Congress since the intent of the signatories of the North ratification, wlll materially strengthen the June 1950. I refer to agreements to im- Atlantic Pact to adhere to the framework '2920 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 27 · of the U. N. and to the spirit of the U. N. which the United States can engage in the In 1949 when the Atlantic Pact was Charter. self-interest of its own national security; before th~ Congress, the administration The preamble of the pact declares in the practical support of the aims of the United Nations within which the new pact hastened to assure the Congress and the that-- . will scrupulously operate- American people that the North Atlantic The parties to this . treaty reaffirm their Pact was not the end of the U. N., but in faith in the purposes and principles of the "In support of the· aims within which reality a strengthening of the U. N. They Charter of the United Nations and their the new pact will scrupulously operate"­ insisted over and over again that the pact desire to live in peace with all peoples and and in the prevention of another intolerable was within the framework and the spirit all governments. world war in which we would be inevitably of the U. N. It was assurances of that involved, no' matter how anxiously we might kind which influenced popular accept­ The first article of the U. N. Pact con­ wish to keep out. In my opinion, it is the tains a specific reaffirmation of the obli­ best bet to keep the present cold war from ance of the North Atlantic Pact and gations of. the signatory powers under getting hot. • • • • helped secure its ratification by the Sen- . the United Nations Charter to settle any In assessing our own responsibilities under ate. · . ;international disputes in which they may the pact, I ask my fellow citizens to remem­ The view that Congress does not have '. be involved by peaceful means, and to ber that they are already under this same anything to do with it certainly is not ' refrain from the threat or use of force general pledge when they joined the United strengthening the Charter or the U. N. ' in any manner inconsistent with the Nations; that the U. N. Charter specifi:cally because they were based on the pr-inciple recognizes in article 51 the right of individual that agreements which would be ente~ed purposes of the United Nations. and collective self-defense until the U. N. se­ The American people were told that by curity Council has taken the measures nec­ into should be ratified in accordance with entering the North Atlantic Pact the essary to maintain international peace and the constitutional processes of the vari­ United States would be reaffirming its security; that the pact ceases to apply when­ ous nations, and we followed that prin­ determination, expressed in the United ever the U. N. Security Council thus does its ciple by our action in Congress, in the Nations Charter, to participate in effec­ duty- legislation we passed, and in the state­ tive collective measures for the preven­ If the United Nations took over to­ ments made by the executive branch. If tion and removal of threats to the peace, morrow, it would end the pa~t. according there could be anything more binding I and for the suppression of acts of ag­ to that interpretation- do not know where it could be found. I gression. that the pact ceases to apply whenever the do not know what more could have been Official Department of State publica­ · U. N. Security Council thus does its duty; but done to make it binding. tion No. 3462 states that the North ~t­ that if it fails to do its duty, the North At­ For the life of me I cannot understand lantic Pact is a joint effort in keepmg lantic community can defend ~tself inside why the President has not come forward with the spirit and obligations of the the Charter but outside the nullifying veto. in an open and direct manner and re­ Charter of the U. N. to insure peace and That is the end of the quotation from quested congressional approval of the prevent war. the Senator from Michigan. Keep in agreements which have been made for The pamphlet further states: mind that one of the reasons why we had the sending of American Armed Forces The Atlantic Pact is a collective ·self­ to have the Atlantic Pact was that the to Europe. An honestly presented and defense arrangement among countries of action of Russia in vetoing every effort straight!orward request f.or such ap­ the North Atlantic area who, while banding to have the United Nations Security proval probably would have received fa­ together to resist armed attack agai~st any vorable action long ago. He could have one of them, specifically reaffirm their obli­ Council formulate agreements for a po­ made it immediately after the pact was gations under the Charter to settle their dis­ lice force among the United Nations. I putes with any nations solely by peaceful never thought at the time, and I never ratified, just as he did in a way when, means. It is aimed at coordinating the ex· thought the Senator from Michigan through his departments, he asked for the bill implementing the program of ercise of the right of self-defense specifi· thought at the time ~e mentioned it, cally recognized in article 51 of the United that somebody else· wanted to avoid the arms for Europe. Nations Charter. It is designed, therefore, veto. What veto? Apparently the way . One Senator has asked why it was to fit precisely into the framework of the necessary to have the arms side of the United Nations and to assure practical ef­ things have gone in recent days, the veto of the Congress of the United States. I pact implemented by the action of Con­ forts for maintaining peace and security in gress, and yet the more important thing harmony with the Charter. am led so to think from what has hap­ pened in Korea and from what is hap­ to the men and women of the country, I hope that Senators and others who pening today, when the administration the sending of troops to Europe, was ac­ read the RECORD will note that-- has completely reversed its position. I complished without implementation. It is designed, therefore, to fit precisely do not think the Senator from Michigan Why there should be discriminatio? into the framework of the United Nations had anything of the kind in mind, but against the one in favor of the other is and to assure practical efforts to maintain­ apparently now somebody wants to act more than I can understand. ing peace and security in harmony with It is the combination of political sharp the Charter. outside of any control by Congress. The Senate will notice that the Sen­ practices and broken Presidential prom­ That becomes important, because the ator from Michigan specifically reserved ises which is at the core of the present United Nations Charter contains a pro­ his position regarding the details of any resistance to the resolutions now before vision that the agreements called for by subsequently disclosed administration the Senate, and which precipitates this it between the Security Council and the constitutional crisis. plans for military aid to Western Europe. The most terrible action any Govern­ member nations should be ratified in ac·­ It appears from his statements that he cordance with the constitutional proc­ regarded the North Atlantic Pact as ment can engage in is war. The com­ esses of the member nations. The iden­ within the spirit of the U. N. Charter. mitment of troops to Europe is part of tical language appears in the Atlantic our preparation for possible war. So Pact in article 11. It seems to me that if the North At­ long as our Constitution and our sys­ lantic Pact was within the framework tem of government endure, the people, I may be repeating later on, but it and spirit of the Charter, the President's came to my mind, and I wanted to bring either directly or indirectly, through Potsdam promise is applicable today. their elected Representatives in Congress, it to the attention of those present. The pact is only the child. It is within In an address before the Conference must keep control over the issue of war or the framework of the United Nations peace. That is why I believe the presei:it of Mayors here in Washington, D. C., on Charter, it has been said time and time March 22, 1949, the Senator from Mich­ again. · question should be honestly presented m igan [Mr. VANDENBERG] spoke of the re­ straightforward legislative form. That lationship of the Atlantic Pact to the The President's promise in 1945 that is the purpose and intent of my joint United Nations. This is what he said: agreements with the United Nations in­ 'resolution. volving the commitment of armed forces Mr. President, I did not anticipate I I wish to say at the outset that, although would be submitted to Congress for ap­ reserving my position regarding the details would speak so long on the subject to of any subsequently disclosed administra­ proval-and again I call attention of which I have addressed myself today. tion plans for military aid to Western Eu­ the Senate to the word "Congress"; not I desire to spe,ak on another subject, rope, I endorse-not on ly in lett er but in the Senate-was accepted in good .faith, which is very important to the people of spirit--! endorse the North Atlantic Pact and helped to secure prompt passage of my State and the people of the Inter­ as the best possible. peace ent erprise in the United Nations Participation Act. mountain States. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2921 Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will agreement was reached at Brussels, Bel­ A misleading and insistent campaign the Senator yield to me for a question gium. I think announcement was made is being carried on to defeat the develop­ before he begins his new subject? . ,, by Secretary Acheson, after he returned ment of the upper Colorado River stor­ Mr. WATKINS. Yes. to the United States and conferred with age and reclamation project. This Mr. WHERRY. I should like to ask the President, that an agreement had campaign uses the guise of conservation a ·question relative to the subject mat- been ·made there. However, so far as I to accomplish its purpose. ter the Senator has just been discussing. know, no report on the agreement has I refer to articles by well-known The distinguished Senator from Utah ever been made to the Congress, in order authors whose works have been printed has already stated that he could not that we may know what is intended to in leading magazines such as the Satur­ understand why the administration had be done by the use of armed forces, and day Evening Post, Reader's Digest, and not brought to the Senate or to the Con- so· forth, as detailed under article 43 of various conservationist publications. In gress, both Houses, recommendations the United Nations Charter. each instance these articles attack the for the implementation of article 3, so Mr. WHERRY. Does not· the Senator proposal of the Bureau of Reclamation, far as troops are concerned. Did not believe that if a Brussels agreement was concurred in by all parties who have the Senator, as he listened to the assur- entered into by the Secretary of State, factual knowledge of the situation, to ances of the treaty explainers during the under instructions from the executive build two dams within the confines of debate on the North Atlantic Pact, hear branch of the Government, the Congress the Dinosaur National Monument, in them say that if and when implementa- should know what that agreement is? Utah and Colorado. tion was made of the provisions of the Mr. WATKINS. Yes; if we are still These two dams, Echo Park and Split pact, either under article 3 or article 5, to preserve America, I think we should Mountain, are the key to the success of recommendations would be made by the know. If we were in Russia, perhaps the development and control of the Colo­ advisory council under article 9, wherein we should not know. However, being in rado River. They must be built in order a program would be submitted to the the United states, I think we should to insure fulfillment under the commit­ respective governments, who individu- definitely know. I am making this ments of the Colorado River compact of ally would then determine, through their effort in an endeavor to make certain 1922, the Mexican treaty, and the upper constitutional processes, the character that we shall know, so that such infor­ Colorado River compact. of aid that would be furnished? Is that mation will come to all of us who serve It is the contention of the opponents not correct? in Congress, not merely to the members of this development that such a con­ Mr. WATKINS. It is, as I remember. of certain committees of the Senate, as struction would desecrate a magnificent Those assurances were made time and Senate Resolution 99 provides. wilderness area; that the people of the time again. I read from article 11 of Mr. WHERRY. So it will be the idea Nation would be deprived of the oppor­ the Atlantic Pact, as follows: of the Senator from Utah, will it not, in tunity to see this magnificent scenery in This treaty shall be ratified and its pro- making the motion to recommit the res­ all its pristine glory; that it should be visions carried out by the parties in accord- olutions to the two committees, tha.t preserved in its wilderness state for all ance with their respective constitutional whatever is done shall be done under posterity; that these two dams are not processes. the provisions of the North Atlantic essential to the development of the Colo­ The latter part of that sentence "in Pact; that under article 9 the report rado River because alternative sites accordance with their respective consti- shall be made; and that under article which exist will accomplish the same tutional processes'' is exactly the same 11 both Houses of Congress shall deter­ purpose; that to permit the construction language that occurs in the United Na- mine what is to be the character of the in the Dinosaur National Monument of tions Charter in subsection 3 of article aid to be given under the provisions of these dams would establish a precedent 43. As I remember the debate, both be- the treaty? whereby all National Parks and Monu­ fore the Foreign Relations committee Mr. WATKINS. That is correct. I ments would be open to what they call and in the senate itself, it was called to think that would be a very fine way for commercial development. our attention that whatever constitu- us to proceed. It ~s the way provided in As a result of this campaign, I know tional methods were provided for by the the United Nations Pact, after a long that many Senators and Members of the United Nations Charter would apply period of consideration by men who House of Representatives are receiving with respect to the treaty, because the spent a great deal of time in developing mail from their constituents protesting language was identical. the program. The only reason why it the building of these dams. In order to Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, wil_l has not worked is because Russia vetoed give Senators and Representatives the the senator yield for a further question? the proposals made. I do not see any facts, thereby providing them with in­ The PRESIDING OFFICER

it is a very, very spectacular area, and be­ Someone has asked me, ls the Green and Ice jams: -This is· one feature that hasn~t cause of the tremendous fall of Jones Creek, Yampa Rivers water fit to drink. I can't been covered in any of these discussions to only the mouth will be submerged by Split properly answer that question for the simple my knowledge, and I would like to point out Mountain Dam. At present it is accessible reason that my wife's grandmother, who· that ice jams are a natural phenomenon from the Island Park area by a trail of 7 has .lived on the Green River all her life, is . which are causing a lot of unnatural dam­ miles. They also come in from the top over only 92 years old and it hasn't killed her yet. age. Ice jams on the Green River from here on Wild Mountain. You can drive to Maybe it will, but I am going to have to Island Park in Dinosaur National Monument within 4 miles of the area if you have a wait to answer that until later. to below Ouray, Utah, outside the monu­ compound gear, and then walk down into Such a handicap will have a limiting effect ment have been a periodic menace in years the creek. If the dam is constructed you upon the use of many portions of the monu­ past. Early this March· these jams climaxed will also have · access to the Jones Hole area ment even after they are made accessible to in an emergency which brought out a United by water here just at the mouth and then the public. The river . canyons, on the States Army bomber to blast the dams if go on up on foot. other hand, offer no such problems. Man­ the critical danger point reached any higher. The thing again is that we have been made lakes resulting from the dam provide The U. S. Highway No. 40 bridge at Jensen, speaking of alternates here. We have alter­ boating, fishing, and so forth, which may Utah, the only Green River crossing on this nates for scenery as well as dams. · Vast areas be enjoyed by every one. These same lakes route between Salt Lak-e City and Denver, . in the monument far greater than those in would ·attract water fowl creating a natural was in· imminent danger of going out. Had· the immediate vicinity of the canyons them­ bird refuge. it done so, the nearest other winter cross­ selves are entirely undisturbed by anything Incidentally, there would be wonderful ing would have been at the town of Green · which may take place ·in the stream· bottom. bass fishing in the reservoirs and trout fish­ River, Utah, 175 miles away. You can . pic­ How much western wilderness· do the wil- . ing below it in the clear water, just· as at ture yourself there in a hurry and no·bridge, derness people want? There· is no justifica­ Boulder. Thus, the reclamation service in a_nd the closest detour 175 miles. I don't tion for the anguished outcry of the conser­ building the dams would make possible the think anyone would be very happy over it. vationists every time a new western develop­ development of Dinos~ur Monument for _In summer it would be possible to cross the ment is proposed. If all the projects on the which the Park Service has no funds and for Uintah Mountains to the north to a bridge drawing boards today were built tomorrow, which no funds have been made available in at the town of Green River, Wyo., which ·is · there would still be hundreds of thousands the 35 years since its establishment in 1915 . . very much shorter, only 125 miles away. The of square miles of untrammeled wilderness Nor has any provision been made at this late ice jams of this spring, in addition to threat­ and solitude in western America, Canada, and date even for the development of the Quarry ening the Jensen Bridge, the only life line Alaska. Even . in Dinosaur National Monu­ area. The still water lakes ·would· also facili­ c.rossing i_n. and out of this area, also flooded . ment 80 percent of the entire area will be t~te the ease of administration, transporta­ ranches and other residents along the river wholly unaffected and unchanged by· stream tion, arid fire protecti~n by Park Service per­ and drowned some stock, ~lid in all probabil- · sonnel. Dinosaur National Monument prob­ activity. ity some wUdlife which wasn't recorded .. The ably would not find itself on the· defensive Jensen Oil Refin·ery was threatened· as wen. Of the seven fastest-growing States in the today had conservation·groups spent as much Union, five are Western States which, while Dams, such as Split Mountain and Echo· Park,-, t-ime and energy in the past in efforts to ob- . would make it possible to regulate stream · they appreciate natural beauty, have long tain funds for the development of the monu- · ago concluded they cannot live on scenery fiow, cutting down on the amount of water · ment under park service supervision as they permitted at that time during periods of ice- ._ alone. This fast-growing regio:q. badly needs have expended in their opposition to this the substance of its undevelopt;?d resources ja:r;n emergency, permitting the ice to melt in development by the Reclamation Service. place and go out normally, without destruc­ in order to survive and keep pace with its I earnestly .urge . that these .groups im­ accelerated· growth. · · t~on. These ice Janis, which raise the ·water mediately use their ·influence to aid in secur­ as much as ·25 feet above normal, force the ' Rim drives and overlooks. are a poor sub­ ing funds for the Dinosaur Quarry in-place- · river out of its regular channel and cause · stitute for the canyons themselves. This exhibit. The Park Service wil be glad to ap­ riew channels to be cut. This, along with the assumes that the Park Services program of praise the program of its supporters . and: boulder..:strewn flood plains formed ·along · development of having overlooks and rim needs. If something is not done there. soon, these Iiew channels, produce an unsightly drives is carried out. I certainly don't pre­ public resez:i.tment over the inability of the sume to speak for the Park Service. That terrain, even though it is produced by nat­ Park Service to act will be greater than its ural causes·rather than artificial on·es. Trees would be a little out of character. Only in resentment over the present general inac­ a relatively few places are glimpses of the and other growth along the stream banks are tivity or the prospect of any activity in the destroyed by the ice. I have seen· them take streams themselves to be had from the rim. near future ~ The canyons in which the streams flow may cottonwood trees that were 18 inches through, · I would-like to make it clear, as it already and you would think it was a lawn mower . be readily seen but not the actual stream h as been pointed out this morning, that is itself. If access-and here we m ake the if, operating. Those things go down the line no condemnation of the Park Service. You there, and it leaves· an awful tangled me·ss the condition-if access to the wilderness can't do anything without money. I hap­ area of Dinosaur National Monument were on those islands and along the river. It does · pened to be at one time one of the frustrated a quicker and more efficient job than the confined to the canyon rims, it would little personnel at Dinosaur National Monument, beaver. matter what happened to the streams below and every biennium you submit your pro­ because for the most part they would not be We are going to get to the end of this gram and your request for funds, and noth­ tirade in just a minute. visible. As long as the canyons are to remain ing happens. You go back and you are just a as they now are, they will continue to be fire guard and· one of those glorified fellows Economic security can also be beautiful. accessible to only a very few individuals who that they call a ranger. Actually you are a Natural scenery is a beautiful thing, but eco­ risk their lives running the rapids in spe­ dressed up garbage collector, but that is all nomic security can also be very attractive. cial boats. right. That is no reflection on the ranger, Approximately 30 percent of the native-born Reservoirs, on the other hand, would make however. population of :Utah must seek employment the canyons safely available, on still water, Silt: The accumulation of silt and mud outside .the State after the State had edu­ to every one, a majestic playground of na­ and quicksand is not a phenomenon con­ cated and trained it in the art of making tional importance would be created. fined. to reservoirs. It is an >;npleasant fea­ a living. Lack of water hampers monument de­ tu:·e of nearly every natural stream, and I would like to quote from a statement velopment. The National Park Service is the Green and Yampa Rivers are no excep­ by a highly placed Park Service official whom forever plagued by an inadequate water sup­ tions even in the canyon portion. With an I do not wish to embarrass by naming. I ply in most areas of Dinosaur. National average fluctuation of only 5 to 10 feet­ have a very high regard for this gentleman. Monument. When funds finally become these are reclamation figures-in the level He made an effort, which was quite natural, available for making some of the wilder­ of the reservoir water, this is comparable to to determine how the local people felt about ness portions of the monument accessible, the natural condition which exists on these these dams. He wanted to report really what this lack of water will remain a troublesome streams today. Quicksand banks are nu­ is the low-down here in the area where th.ese problem. Even the Dinosaur Quarry head­ merous and treacherous. Stockmen of the things are going to happen. This was his quarters has a water problem when this sec­ area build miles of fence to keep their stock statement, not to me, but to someone to tion is fully developed. It must be re­ away from the river. Only on the widely whom it was absolutely safe to make. I membered that the monument is not a lush separated gravel bars is it safe for the ani­ heard it as a public utterance. I didn't . region of jeweled lakes, silver streams, and mals to come down and drink. Stock losses rifle anybody's files. evergreen forests. Rather, it is a colorful in quicksand are common. In addition to "I have yet to find any one in the area land in large part consisting of sagebrush mud and quicksand, there are unsightly tan­ but thinks the dams would be better than and sand, rocks, and juniper, a very pic­ gles of driftwood tossed aside at the high­ the monument as it is now." turesque country, but difficult to travel be­ water mark or left stranded in the middle of Water and power would unlock many of cause of no water, trails, or roads. low, sluggish streams. One must not fall Utah's natural resources and enable more of Stockmen of the ·area build earth dams in into the habit of feeling that something ugly her people to find security at home. It is a suitable wash to catch the spring runoff, is beautiful merely because it is natural, or not a matter of choosing between river de­ but this water is not fit for human con­ going to the other extreme of thinking that velopment or preservation. Nature has been sumption. The traveler-must carry his own · something beautiful is ugly because it is so lavish· in Dinosaur National Monument :water to play safe. artificial, · that it is possible to have both. 2928 QONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 27 Mr. Secretary, I would like to offer my James Polk Randle Marton Long Weiss Gunn, Thomas Herbert, 15799A. services and stand by and be available for Lewis Edwin Rhiver Lawrence Arnold Hails, Robert Emmet, 15775A. questioning by any one 1f i!hat meets with George John Roy, Jr. White Hampton, Luther Pearson, Jr., 15746A. your approval. Robert Russell Henry Wilks, Jr. Harris, Paul Henry, 15755A. Mr. WARNE. Thank you. Frederick Paul Swain LeRoy Wilson Harris, Roy Elmore, Jr., 15730A. Schubert Robert William Witter Hawkins, Malcolm Charles, 15756A. Mr. WATKINS. Mr. President, I yield John Luther Stein- Hugh Corbett Wyatt Hedlund, Donald Charles, 15772A. the floor. metz, Jr. . Edward Franklin Hemphill, William Alfred, 15745A. RECESS Eugene Allen Stroup Yost, Jr. Hill, Otis Ray, 15758A. Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, I do Richard Marvel Paul Alexander Yost, Hogon, Dudley William, Jr., 15690A. Thomas Jr. Hughes, Emmett William, 15753A. not know whether there is any matter Karl Beresford von Louis Locke Zumstein Hutchinson, William George, 15704A. which the Senator from Nebraska wishes Klock . Ireland, Alfred Edw&"c, Jr., 15801A. to present to the Senate at this time. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE Johnson, Charles Warner, 15800A. Mr. WHERRY. I believe not, but I Johnson, Jules Orlando, Jr., 15735A. The following-named candidates for ap­ Johnson, ~ichard Irving, 15749A. thank the Senator. pointment in the Regular Corps of the Pub• . . Mr. STENNIS. Then, Mr. President, Jones, Robert William, 15709A . lie Health Service: . Jordan, boris Elizabeth, 21398W. I move that the Senate stand in recess To be senior assistant pharmacists (equiv- · Kniss, Floyd William, 15712A. until 12 o'clock noon tomorrow. alent to the Army rank of captain), effective LaMoine, Don Carlos, 15739A. The motion was agreed to; and ell Harold Ferrier Alfred Paul Manning, Coleman, Jack Wilbur, 15721A. Woodstock, Raymond Earl, 15763A. John Howard Fournier Jr. Coleman, Kenneth, 15737A. Young, Lee Roy, 15743A. Ted Lane Gannaway Charles Edgar Martin Coloney, William Gordon, 15687A. Zimmerman, John William, 15790A. Davis, Hubert Ray, 15696A. Robert Brown Grant John Gazzo Martinez To be first lieutenants Graham Hall Kermit Ronald Meade Davidson, David Truett, 15759A. Richard Oliver Phillip Blaine Moberg Dearien, James Nelson, 15720A. UNITED STATES AIR FORCE Haughey Norman Stewart Dixon, Claude Milton, 15796A. Hinton, John Richard, Jr., 20691A. Dye, L. A., Jr., 15754A. Joseph Paul Hratko Morrm MEDICAL SERVICE Richard Leonard Robert Arthur Moss Ellis, George Vinton, 15765A. Jacobs Daniel Louis Muir Evans, James William, Jr., 15714A. Dunn, Charles Clinton, 21628A. Byron Waver Jordan John Sidney Nuzum Fall, Gerald Gerard, Jr., 15794A. The following-named officers for promo­ David Murray Kaetzel John Stephen Phillips_ Farmer, Owen Peter, Jr., 15684A. tion in the United States Air Force under George John Kashuba Sebastian Joseph Pias Flynn, John Peter, 15760A. the provisions of section 107 of the Army­ Clement Henry Ed- Robert Neal Pierce Folk, Drue Wilmer, 1571SA. Navy Nurses Act of 1947, as amended by Pub­ ward Kerans, Jr. Cortland Gerard Fulbeck, Charles Edward, 15779A. lic Law 514, Eighty-first Congress. All offi­ John Louis· Klenk Pohle, Jr. Green, Alfred Laland, 15786A. cers are subject to physical examination Richard Joseph Knapp Robert Charles Powell Guidotti, Alexander Francis, 15781A. required by law. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL 'RECORD.-SENATE 2929 To be captains England, James John, 3562A. Daily, Edwin Bruce, 3660A. AIR FORCE NURSES Price, Oran Oscar, 3563A. Gunderson, Robert Stephen, 3661A. Merritt, Olive Josephine Boxa, 21133W. Magness, Woodrow Wilson, 3564A. Critchfield, Richard Earl, 3662A. O'Neill, Mary Catherine, 21017W. Cronan, Robert Albert, 3565A. Wogen, Joseph Glenn, 3663A. Hart, Allen Gould, 3566A. Weldon, William James, 3664A. NoTE.-~11 officers nominated for promo- McCoy, Frederic Emerson, 3567A. Bowers, Robert Dana, 3665A. tion to captain and are· eligi­ Bu ll, James Tryon, 3568A. Gilliland, Gilb.ert Linzy, 3666A. ble for permanent promotion during the Walton, Victor Emanuel, 3569A. McFarland, Earl, Jr., 3667A. month of May 1951. Dates of rank ·wm be Thornhill, John James, 3570A. Wynne, Edward Patrick, 3668A. determined by the Secretary · of the Air Gillespie, Joe Gill, 3571A: Verner, Edward, 3669A. Force. Hughe.s, Harold Lee, 3572A. Prann, Bradley Foote, 3670A. The following-named officers· for promo­ Murray, Charles Edward, 3573A. · Lavell, Walter Wellman, 3671A • tion in the United States Air Force, under . Ernst, Sol Eugene, 3574A. Fisher, Sydney Gilbert, 3672A. the provisions of-sections 502 and 509 of the McCracken, Austin Ralph, 3575A. Deems, Paul Schroeder, 3673A. Officer Personnel Act of 1947 and sections 303 Worrel, Albert Alfred, 3577A. Mccartan, Arthur Austin, 3674A. and 306 of the Women's Armed Services Inte­ Gremmler, Paul Edward, 3578A. Esau; Charles Gillies, 3675A. gration Act of 1948. All medical, dental, Kalberer, Klem Franklin, 3579A. Colligan, Robert Leonard, Jr., 3676A. and veterinary officers nominated for promo­ Hogg, James Arthur, 3580A. Bunze, Harry Frank, 3677A. tion; have been found professionally quali­ Schloss, Jeremy Karl, 3581A. Smith, John Joseph, Jr., 3679A. fied for promotion as required by law. Clark, Thomas James, 3582A. Ruebel, Joseph William, 3680A. Those officers whose names are preceded by Warren, William, 3583A. Rasmussen, James Holland Stephen, 3681A. the symbol ( x ) are subject to physical ex­ O'Connor, Leo Nicholas, 3585A. Symroski, Leonard Edward, 3682A. amination required by law. All others have Toffaletti, Edith Margaret, 21372W. Marston,.. Morrill Elwood, 3683A. been examined and found physically quali­ Lowry, Leon Lloyd, 3587A. Barnard, Milton CarJton, 2d, 3684A. fied for promotion. Anderson, Lynden Roland, 3588A. Davis, Mercer Patton, 3685A. Dean, Charles Emmet, 3589A. Horton, Franklin Wolfram, 3686A. To be lieutenant colonels with rank from ' Wall, James William, 3590A. Shearer, Irvine Harrison, 3687A. October 19, 1950 · Humbrecht, George William, 3591A. Hughes, Aquilla Ballard, Jr., 3688A. UNITED STATES AIR FORCE Wessman, Everett Cornelius, 3592A. Wagner, Frank Benjamin, 3689A. Dvorak, Edward August, Jr., 3489A. Whitehouse, Bernard Patrick, 3593A. Ferrill, Harlan Benton, 3690A. Mccrackin, Marion Rifle, 3490A. Gaitley, Edward Donald Jr., 3594A. Bethune, Albert Henry, 3691A. Rowlett, Allen Benjamin, 3491A. Sass, Edward John, Jr., 3595A. Ross, Orville Bergier, 3692A. Perry, William Watson, 3492A. Marley, Frederick Harold, 3596A. Ellis, Lewis Nathaniel, 3693A. Savage, Columbus, 3495A. Page, Harry Robert, 3597A. Gribble, James Thomas, Jr., 3695A. Kingsley, Earl Roster, 3496A. Dame, Frederick Russell, 3598A. Neuman, Bernard Albert, 3696A. Petersen, Lawrence Albert, 3497A. Downey, William Gates, 3599A. White, Donald Bates, 3697A. Tootle, Columbus Edwin, 3498A: Holt, James William, 3600A. Fulcher, G. H., 3698A. Sammons, James Nile, 3499A. LaPlante, Robert William, 3601A. Erwin, William Horace Bruce, 3699A. Reed, James Franklin, 3500A. Steele, Donald Dale, 3602A. Lawson, LeRoy Franklin, 3700A. Downey, Clyde Jackson, 3502A. Greco, Joseph Alfred Lowry, 3603A. Kent, Glenn Altran, 3701A. Hamilton, Edwin John, 3503A. Zapponi, William Lawrence, S604A. Epperson, Elmer Harrison, 3702A. Ferguson, Howard Eastin, 3504A. Zaloudek, Charles Joseph, 3605A. Bearly, James Henry, 3703A. Perkins, Dale, 3505A. Fackler, Paul Henry, 3606A. Beauchamp, Willard Augustus, 3704A. Dalton, Charles D'orr, 3507A. Whitsitt, Samuel Joseph, 3607A. Moreland, Hugh Harold, 3705A. Barnett, John Anderson, 3508A. Prodanovich, George, 3608A. Paul, Joseph Herbert, 3706A. Robinson, Robert Thompson, 3509A. 'Thorson, Paul Anthony, 3609A. Hendrix, William Murray, 3707A. · Maxwell, Donald Ward, 3510A. Armstrong, Frederick Martin, Jr., 3610A. Ambrose, Joseph Richard, 3708A. Kiser, Edgar Lee,·3511A. Pedrazzini, Harold Oliver, 3611A. Winingham, Rollin Murray, 3709A. Workman, Robert Herndon, 3512A. Cromer, Daniel Hagan, 3612A. Breckenridge, John Preston, 3711A. Friedman, Ivan Morton, 3513A. Shead, Carleton Gregory, 3613A. Murrell, Carrell Thurman, 3712A. McColpin, Carrol Warren, 3514A. Olson, Sylfest Lester, 3614A. Romberg, Edgar Allen, 3713A. Toliver, Raymond Frederick, 3515A. Chase, Linden, 3615A. Vosper, Stanley Richard, 3715A. Preslar, Sanford Dee, 3517A. Swett, Raymond Dailey, 3616A. Kuhl, Philip John, 3716A. Earle, Wilton Haynsworth, Jr., 3519A. Shulmistras, Joseph Andrew, 3617A. Reeve, Ralph Amos, 3717A. Harris, Alexander Everett, 3520A. Evans, James A., Jr., 3618A. Linehan, John Royal, 3719A. Martensen, John Kieth, 3521A. Topping, _Raymond James, 3619A. Sullivan, Frank Edward, 3721A. Nash, Clifford, 3523A. Bratton, Leslie Raymond, 3620A. Adams, William Carrolton, 3723A. Sullivan, Charles Edward, Jr., 3524A. Harding, Frank Burkley, 3621A. Zoeckler, John Lewis, 3724A. Taylor, Roger William, 3525A. Alexander, Donald Martin, 3622A. Crum, William Bailey, 3725A, Smith, Raleigh George, 3526A. Purinton, William Robert, 3623A. Wolke, Gerard George, 3726A. Eliker, Hadley Burres, 3527A. Cory, Albert Arnold, 3624A. · Stowell, Channing, Jr., 3727A. Tortora, Bernardino Ornorfio, 3528A. Ezzard, Richard Francis, 3625A. E'hlers, Melville Virgil, 3728A. Shayler, Walter Kenneth, 3529A. Yurkanis, Paul John, 3626A. Swancutt, Woodrow Paul, 3729A. Cosgrove, Charles Patrick, 3530A. Clinkscales, Theodore Ross, 3627A. Taylor, Aubrey Delbert, 3730A. Hardman, Charles Franklin, 3531A. Wheeler, Warren Sanford, 3628A. Nevins, Hugh Jean, 3733A. Walther, Dale Lorraine, 3532A. Cook, Earl Brown, 3629A. Good, ·Robert Ogden, 3734A. Branch, George Harrison, 3533A. Ola, George Joseph, 3630A. Klemovich, Joseph Thomas, 3735A. Mulligan, Martin Doyle, 3534A. Crabtree, Martin Perdue, 3631A. Rowley, John Waterbury, 3736A. Gaffney, John William, 3535A. Wilson, Keith Streeter, 3632A. VanDerHeyden, Edward Eugene, 3737A. Herrman, George Ross, 3536A. Itz, Milford Felix, 3633A. Duncan, William Fowler, 3738A. Earthman, Henry Bivins, 3537A. Merritt, Ralph LeRoy, Jr., 3636A. Hickey, Sanford Wayne, 3739A. Growdon, Laurence Arlin, 3538A. Wilson, Harold Frederick, 3638A. Mantoux, Lopez Joseph, Jr., 3740A, Smith, James Russell, 3539A. · Taylor, John Randolph, 3639A. Mitchell, John William, 3741A. Jones, J arvis Parnell, 3540A. Mahon, James Eli, 3640A. Phillips, Arnold Thielens, 3742A. Jones, William, 3541A. Fitzgerald, Maurice Joseph, 3641A. Lambeth, Benjamin Shadarach, Jr., 3743A. Byrtus, Joe Robert, 3542A. Spratt, William Joseph, 3642A. Hanford, Samuel Burton, 3744A. Campbell, Floyd Francis, 3543A. Randolph, Richard Louis, 3643A. Stripling, Coleman, 3745A. Keller, William Dean, 3544A. Campbell, Francis Wilson, 3644A. Walker, Paul Kenneth, 3746A. Brooks, Nelson •sisson, 3546A. J amieson, Alex Cameron, 3645A. Wilson, Willard Wendell, 3747A. Ekstrand, Carl Vernon, 3547A. Britt, Jimmie Weaver, 3646A. Wintermute, Ira Francis, 3748A. Dickerson, Robert William, 3548A. Perry, Leland Dale, 3647A. Miller, Warren Mahlon, Jr., 3749A. Storey, Thomas Barrett, 3549A. McChristy, Albert Jordan, Jr., 3648A. Horras, Lawrence Edward, 3751A. Adams, William Brownlow, 3550A, Sogaard, Folmer Jensen, 3649A. Moyer, Robert Franklin, 3752A. Masters, Robert Eugene, 3551A. Pirruccello, Joseph Salvatore, 3650A. Hadwin, Arthur James, 3753A. Mccarter, Elmer Heath, 3553A. Spurgeon, Raymond Robert, 3651A. Sullivan, Charles Peter, 3754A. Newbauer, John Alvin, 3554A. Kingen, Elmer Fred, 3652A. Dillon, John Michael, 3755A. Haggard, Van Buren, 3555A. Sowle, Donald Edgar, 3653A. Johannes, John Michael, 3756A. Morrill, Harry Eugene, 3556A. Driscoll, .John Joffre, 3654A. Walborn, George Shaffer, 3757A. Peters, Lester McCormick, 3558A, Pruett, Ernest Clinton, 3655A. Ferrey, James Paisley, 3758A. Buckey, Loren Elbert, 3559A. Friederichs, Gilbert Francis, 3657A. Koontz, Ray Wilson, Jr., 3759A, DeLapp, John Robert, 3560A. Coats, James Harold, 3659A. Hale, Russell Dean, 3761A. XCVII-185 2930 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 27 Davis, Everett, 3762A. Peck, Gaillard Ray, 3858A. Mitchell, Samuel Andrew, 3962A, Richards, Edmund Burke, 3763A. Sykes, Philip Avery, 3859A. Hubbard, James Howard, 3964A. Tudor, David Beemer, 3764A. Davis, Howard Allan, 3860A. Podolak, Stanislaw Joseph, '3965A, Sherrod, Jesse Raymond, 3765A. McLaughlin, John Arthur, 3862A. Garrett, John William, Jr., 3966A. Fincke, Robert Theodore, 3766A. Johnsen, Lester James, 3863A. Hearn, Bunn, Jr., 3967A. Edwards, Edward Daniel, 3767A. Bohan, Robert Emmett, Jr., 3864A. Daniel, Joe Rowan, 3968A. Riley, Daniel Edward, 3768A. Goolsby, George Stokes, 3865A. Jones, Richard, 3969A. Randall, Wilmer Ammons, 3769A. Metz, Cecil Clyde, 3866A. Gell, Thomas Wesley, 3970A. Lewis, Archie Robert, 3770A. Melcher, John l{elson, 3868A. Randolph, John Peyton, 3971A. Creech, Robert Morris, 3771A. Parkhill, William Henry, 3869A. Vitek, Richard Darius, 3972A. Gunther, Rodney Edward, 3772A. Smith, Joseph Columbus, 3870A. Martin, John Robert, 3974A. Adams, Joseph Varner, Jr., 3773A. Paulson, Robert William, 3871A. Burnett, John Coleman, 3975A. Estrumse, Elmer Frank, 3774A. Knudson, Albert, 3872A. · Bender, Frank Peter, 3976A. Banks, William McGowan, 3775A. Johnson, Herbert Elroy, Jr., 3874A. Gibbons, Robert Joseph, 3978A. Odell, William Charles, 3776A. Wynne, John Douglas, 3875.A:. James, Albert William, 3979A. Cole, Richard Eugene, 3777A. Cobb, James Opal, 3876A. Stenglein, Joseph Arthur, 3980A. Airmet, Elliot Seaton, Jr., 3778A. Keller, Ralph Waldo, 3877A. Doddridge, David Edward, 3981A. Smith, Arthur Edward, Jr., 3779A. Fahy, Albert Francis, Jr., 3878A. Hallock, Judson, 3982A. Read, Elkins, Jr., 3780A. Williamson, Hugh Lamar, 3879A, Sutterlin, Howard Douglas, 3983A. Egan, John Clarence, 3781A. Mccown, Dean Augustus, 3880A. Laven, George, Jr., 3984A. Ball, Alfred John, Jr., 3782A. Warden, Henry Edward, 3881A. Cox, Chester Charles, 3985A. Smith, Robert Nelson, 3783A. Humphries, Bert Willis, 3882A. Holstrom, Everett Wayne, 3986A. Lacy, Albert John, 3784A. Bleymaier, Joseph Sylvester, 3883A. Hignett, Forest Edwin, 3987A. Szaniawski, Edward William, 3785A. Evans, John Lewis, 3884A. Miles, Joe Douglas, 3989A. Marshall, Charles Sylvester, 3786A. Mullins, William Pearlie, 3885A. Allen, Barnett Stanford, 3990A. Sams, ;Burton Kresge, 3787A. Campbell, Thornton Wilson, 3886A. Wells, Selmon Willard, 3991A. Murray, Robert Hugh, 3788A. Brennan, Mortimer Campbell, 3887A. Risher, James Franklin, Jr., 3992A. Gorman, George Daniel, Jr., 3790A. Moore, Lloyd Ewing, 3888A. Easley, Horace Penrod, 3993A. Curtis, Richard, 3791A. Smith, Donald Tharpe, 3889A. Holt, Harold Norman, 3995A,. Ewing, Clair Eugene, 3792A. Hamby, Henry G01don, Jr., 3891A. Beckham, Walter Carl, 3996A. O'Brien, John George, 3793A. Bland, Et:!win Allen, Jr., 3892A. Rafferty, Patrick Hugh, 3997A. Whitfield, Fitzhugh Aills, 3794A. Lewis, Robert Clayton, 3893A. Dorsey, Robert Sears, 3998A. Mundee, John Alfred, 3795A. Drum, Robert Craven, 3894A. ,..;...! Watkins, George Frank, 3999A. Wilson, Grover Lee, Jr., 3796A. Jones, Robert Herrick, 3895A. Withycombe, Howard James, 4000A. Johnston, Clifford Andersen, 3797A. Cotter, Harold Eugene, 3896A. Ellis, Richard Nat, 4001A. Robinson, Gerald Graham, 3798A. Pidgeon, Sidney Sherrod, 3897A. Mottern, Elmer McDowell, 4002A. ·Brown, Therman Devoise, 3800A. Thomas, Jay Paul, 3898A. Maxwell, Hugh Durwood, Jr., 4003A. Norman, Roscoe Lee, 3801A. Snaith, William Gardner, 3899A, Fickling, William Arnold, 4004A, Downing, Leighton Ford, 3802A. Choniski, William John, 3901A. Bridges, Lester, 4007A. · Steadman, Beverly Earl, 3803A. Fitzsimmons, Joe, 3902A. Jones, Wingate Brewer, 4008A. Wilkinson, Robert Norman, 3804A. Mahon, Herschel Dar iel, 3903A. ~accus, Donald ,Arthur, 4009A. Moorhead, Jesse Jefferson, 3805A. George, Walter Russell, 3905A. Stovall, Jack Neil, 4010A. · Smyser, Willis Michael, 3806A. Leimbacher, Robert James, 3906A. Johnson, James Kenneth, 4013A. Stepp, Richard DeWitt, 3807A. Henry, Stepher- Wetherell, 3907A. Carter, George Albert, 4014A. Markham, Peter John, 3808A. McCabe, Jerome Joseph, 3909A. Kneen, George Henry, Jr., 4015A. McGehee, Thomas Kendrick, 3809A. Van Benthuysen, Max Elliott, 391.,A. Watson, Ralph James, 4016A. Weatherly, Edison Carlyle, 3810A. Hoffman, Arthur Elkin, 3911A. Niccolini, Mario Edward, 4017A. Sluga,· Emil Lawrence, 3811A. Coyle, Gervais Gibson, 3912A. Hussey, John Joseph, Jr., 4018A. Woods, Robert Alfred, 3812A. McGinnis, Edgar Max, 3913.A. Francis, Paul Hildreth, 4019A. Hogan, Raymond Eric, 3813A. Baughn, Julius Henry, 3914A. McBrayer, James Roy, Jr., 4020A. Gudjunis, Wasco Edward, 3814A. Fry, Richard Jefferson, 3915A. Baile, Kenneth Rex, 4021A. Willis, Benjamin Grant, 3815A. Mccrary, Robert Ryan, 3916A. Manchester, Richard Easley, 4022A. Buckholts, Paul Omar, 3816A. White, Grover Cleveland, Jr., 3917A. Thompson, James Herman, 4023A. Cobb, Robert Hardin, 3817A. Walker, Richard Lee, 3918A. Petersdorf, John Edwin, 4024A. Stephens, Jolin Edward, 4025A. Warden, Clifford Vincent, 3818A. Havey, James Halbert, 3919A. Miller, Donald Vernon, 4026A. Vail, Carl Joseph, Jr., 3819A. Russell, Edward Patrick, 3921A, Converse; William Winans, 4027A. Ireland, Loren Elsworth, 3820A. Brooks, James McKinney, 3922A. Bennett, James Whitt, 4028A. Cleai;.y, Edward John, Jr., 3821A. Mehess, Gus John, 3923A. Paul, Leo Francis, 3822A. Jamison, Marshall Verdine, 4030A, Curry, William Floyd, 3925A. Harris, John Frederick, 4031A. Batten, Earl Edward, 3823A. Rasmessen, Edward Bernard, 3927A, Almand, Alexander James, 3824A. Heaton, Donald Haynes, 4032A. Wood, Frank Preuit, 3928A. Woods, David Seavey, 4033A. Alexander, David William, 3825A. Welsh, Albert Michael, 3929A. Tenney, Frank Lee, 3826A. Seawell, William Thomas, 4034A. Wilkerson, Steven Russell, 3930A. Ascani; Fred John, 4036A. Keeling, Gerald Fay, 3827A. Price, Galen Barger, 3931A. Soukup, Reynold Anthony, 3828A. Dessert, Kenneth O'Reilly, 4037A. Palmer, Miles Russell, 3932A. Mayo, Ben !Sbel, Jr., 4038A. Phillips, Eugene Wendell, 3829A. Juhasz, Andrew Anthony, 3933A. Smedley, Arthur Allan, Jr., 3830A. Fisher, Thomas Legate, 2d, 4039A. Briley, Joe Charles, 3934A. Gould, 'Gordon Thomas, Jr., 4040A. Mills, Robert Eugene, 3831A. Lawrence, .Rollo Charles, Jr., 3935A. Rosenfield, Walter Allan, Jr., 3832A. Tuttle, Robert Merrill, 4041A. Esmay, Carle Howard, 3936A. Locke, John Langford, 4042A. · Crocker, John Powers, 3833A. Conlan, Douglas Mansfield, 3937A. Mengel, Herbert Osmer, Jr., 3834A. Osgood, Richard Magee, 4043A. Kittel, Louis Richard, 3938A. Silk, Joseph Meryl, 4044A. Kirk, Tyrus Howard, 3835A. Brauer, Lloyd Walter, 3939A. Nowell, Robert Bolling, 3836A. Rhynard~ Wayne Edgar, 4045A. Exon, Arthur Ernest, 3940A. McClure, Jack Curtright, Jr., 4046A. Vandiver, Ray, 3837A. Vande-Hey, James Michael, 3941A. Cage, Phil B., 3838A. Richards, John Rose, 4047A. Clark, Walter Edwin, 3942A. Kelsey, Straughan Downing, 4048A. Magruder, Eugene Ross, 3839A. Scott, Oliver McFarlane, · 3943A. Henschke, John Miles, 4049A. Summers, Thomas B., 3840A. Griffith, Stebbins West, 3944A. Stalnaker, George Winfield, 4050A. Wood, Harold · Holloway, 3841A. Stanton, LeRoy Moore, 3945A. Easton, John Jay; 405li\. Bettinger, Sterling Peter, 3842A. Piper, Preston, 3946A. Watson, Leroy Hugh, Jr., 4052A. Dibrell, Charles Frederick, 3843A. Daly, William Thomas, 3947A. Kunkel, David Ernest, Jr., 4053A. Martinson, John McClure, 3844A. Hadfield, Edward Snuggs, 3948A. Hall, Max Woodrow, 4054A. Huntington, Edward Marshall, 3845A. Wilds, Harry, 3949A. Elder, Clarence Lewis, 4055A. Holmes, .Robert West, 3846A. Simmons, Mabry, 3951A. Sawyer, Willis Bruner, 4058A. Newman, Neil Arnold, 3847A. Triolo, Jerome Manuel, 3952A, Brooks, John Adams, 3d, 4059A. Carter, Wendell Eugene, 3848A. De Groot, Peter, 3953A. White, Alpheus Wray, Jr., 4060A. Patterson, James Theodore, 3849A. Johnson; Robert Dalton, 3954A. Cole, Clifford Elbert, 4061A. Peters, Martin Fisher, 3851A. Bradley, Theo Drake, 3955A. de Jonckheere, Eric Thomas, 4062A. Martin, Vernon Paul, 3853A. Paulson, Gordon Leslie, 3956A. Mitchell, William LeRoy, Jr., 4063A. Brandt, Forrest Anthony, 3854A. Sheppard, William Alan, 3957A. Berger, ·Leon Herman, 4064A. Hugos, Howard Francis, 3855A. Leen,. Gerald Adrian, 3959A . . Stillson, , Jr., 4065A. Sparks, Harold Proctor, 3856A. V0gt, John. Edwar<;I, 3960A. Brown, Edwin Watson, 4066A. Humfeld, Harold Emmett, 3857A. ?ickering, Ralph Martin, 3961A. Travis, Richard Van Pelt, 4067A, 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 2931 Norton, Harold Wesly, 4068A. Hoffman, Kathleen Elizabeth, 21259W, Flanagan, Richard William, 6256A. Willes, Charles Gleeson, 406DA. Bradspies, Kat herine Frieda, 21264W. Breathwit, Carl Edward, 6257A. Snider, Albert Howell, 4070A. Ellison, Frances M., 21265W. Steele, Richard Andre, 6258A. · Bentley, Jack Leith, 4071A. Hendrickson, Helena Christine, 21309W. Daly, Arnold Joseph, 6260A. Evans, Andrew Julius, Jr., 4072A. Armbruster, Martha Lois, 21266W. Laitos, Jan Milan, 6262A. Moore, Walter Leon, Jr., 4074A. Ryland, Elizabeth Owen, 21325W. Rappaport, Jerome Melvin, 6263A. Kline, Richard William, 4075A. Krizanauskas, Anne Suzanne, 21326W. Richard, Delos E., 6265A. Thompson, Clyde Arnold, 4076A. Wat t, Marion Lee, 21328W. · Thaler, David, 6266A. Pittman, George Henry, Jr., 4077A. !Buck, Jane Arline, 21329W. Owens, Verner Alva, 6267A. Brier, William Wallace, 4th, 4078A. Brinton, Rachel Williams, 21330W. Kelso, Charles Wayne, 6268A. Ball, Clinton Field, 4079A. Embich, Leonora Elizabeth, 21331W. Walsh, James David, 6269A. LaRocca, Gerard Anthony, 4080A. Roux, Marguerite Lydia, 21334W, Lind, .Marcel, 6270A. Peddie, Joseph Scott, 4081A. Moeckel, Olive Lucille, 21335W. Prenoveau, Emil Edward, 6272A. Parks, Samuel Wilson, 4082A. Duncan, Lillian Willierob, 21337W. Manicom, William Caldwell, 6273A. Cox, J ames Isaac, 4084A. Garrison, Dace Theodore, 5414A. Oskamp, Garry, 62'14A. Hayduk, Alfred George, 4-085A. Johnson, Anita Engerborg, 21339W.. Lynde, Glyndon Lloyd, 6275A. Seamans, Charles Sumner, 3d, 4086A. Eckerson, Olive Lillian, 21341W. Rogers, Daniel Townsend, 6276A. Curtis, Gwynne Sutherland, Jr. 4088A. Bachman, Mildred Rose, 21375W. Luts, John, 6277A. Meador, John William, 40:9A. Everett, June, 21376W. Hyslop, William Arthur, 6279A. Brown, George Scratchley, 4090A. F rit z, Marilynn, 21377W. Sagebiel, Louis Walter, 6280A. Aldridge, Richards Abner, 4091A. Tem ple, Charlotte E., 21378W. Allard, Charles Edward, 6281A. Hicks, George Luther, 3d, 4092A. Smith, Doris Marjorie, 21380W. Ash, Allie Paul, 6282A. Andrus, Burton Curtis, Jr., 4094A. D 'Acosta, Beatrice Tarnoff, 21382W. Payne, Dolford Franklin, 6283A. Matheson, Charles Fuller, 4095A. Goodridge, Arlenne Harriett, ~0907W. H all, Charles E., 6285A. Corbin, Thomas Goldsborough, 4097 A. Berry, Kathleen Marie, 21385W. Hathaway, William Horton, Jr., 6286A. Harvey, Harry Canavan, 4098A. Scafide, Frances Elizabeth, 21386W. Hawkers, Edward Albert, 6287A. O'Connor, Roderic Dhu, 4099A. McConnell, Lhatt Ashley, 5642A. Reynolds, Harry Martin, 6288A. Atkinson, John Earl, 4101 A. Horton, Charles Wesley, Jr., 5657.t\. Alexander, Robert Barlow, 6289A. Harding, Edwin Forrest, Jr., 4102A. Lambert, Floyd Aubrey, 5721A. Battle, Clarence Leonard, Jr., 6290A. Cator, Bruce Campbell, 4103A. Carlos, Lloyd Pearson, 5722A. P igue, Munce Meadows, 6291A. Banks, Wilson Harper, 4104A. Johns, Robert Gordon, 5724A. Hutcheson, Jack, 6292A. McWhorter, William Arther, 4105A. Webster, Frank Russell, Jr., 5827A. Starr, Stephen Albert, Jr., 62931\. Pfeiffer, George, Jr., 4106A. Graves, Irwin Lester, 5860A. Reeves, Vernon Houston, 6294A. R iordan, Robert Polk, 4107A. Brigham, Jex Moulden, 6078A. Roubal, Joseph William, 6297A. Kodis, John William, 4108A. Creger, Jack Joseph, 6106A. Lee, Orville Imonial, 6298A. Perego, Frank ~mith, 4110A. K err, Ernest Lee, 6119A. McCoy, Charles Edwin, Jr., 6303A, Stafford, Charles Leonard, 41 llA. Martin, Meredith Tansil, 6185A. Dobney, Harold William, 6304A, Haveman, Allen Ernest, 4112A. Terry, Melvin Paul, 6186A. Roberts, James Robert, 6307A. Martensen, William Burke, 4113A. Kaufman, John Eugene, 6187A. Stiles, R.ichard Henry, 6308A. Connelly, Charles Hilton, 4114A. Lutton, Lyle David, Jr., 6188A. Eby, Robert Roy, 6309A. Lyle, Lewis Elton, 4115A. Souva, Raymond Francis, 6189A. LaMarre, Francis Harold, 6310A. Odom, Archibald Douglass, 4116A. Brewer, James Edward, 6190A. Schwikert, Frank Donald, 6311A. Christmas, Charles Horace, 4117A, Stephens, Raymond Dee, 6192A. Pugh, William, 6312A. Trachsel, William Henry, 4118A. · Tidball, Dale Richard, 6194A. Green, Charl.es Haunest, 6314A. Ebbeler, Harold Ray, 4119A. Landry, Matthew Andrew, 6195A. Sipp<>r, Joseph Robert, 6315A. Downs, Bruce Charles, 4120A. Valusek, John, Jr., 6196A. ·x Hamilton, :aerbert Orton, 6316A. Best, Everett William, 4121A. Hoffson, Wilbraham Arthur, 6197A. Mccroskey, Joseph Lee, 6318A. Harlow, Henry Maynard, 4122A. Seemann, Karl Wilhelm, Jr., 6199A. Knight, Archie Joyce, 6320A. Richardson, Elmer Winston, 4123A. Van Vliet, Charles Thrasher, 6200A. Watrous, Frank Talman, Jr., 19892A. P yle, Clifton, 4124A. Sudbury, David Vincent, 6201A. Hoover, Edward Franklin, Jr., 6322A. Dade, Lucian Alexander, Jr., 4125A. Coker, Elmo Ace, 6202A. Knight, John Richard, 6325A. Daniel, William Allen, 4126A. Shiffrin, Benjamin Hankin, 6203A. Diekmann, Paul John, 6327A. Emmens, Robert Gabel, 4127A. S t ewart, Robert WilliP. ra., Jr., 6204A. Tibbetts, Oscar Norland, 6328A. MacNaughton, Franklin H., 4128A. Shay, Steve Cseh, 6205A. Conner, Alva Lewis, 6329A. Henry, John Bailey, Jr., 4129A. Petri, Fred Louis, 6207A. Brinson, Milton Wilkerson, 6330A. Pike, Harry Macculloch, 4130A. Beyer, Johnson, 6210A. ThayP-r, Arthur Linwood, Jr., 6331A. Northamer, Kenneth Walter: 4131A. Imig, Paul Jacob, 6211A. Forrester, James Randolph,' 6332A. Milne, Jack Gillespie, 4132A. Greuter Herbert Edgar, 6212A, Kelakos, Charles George, 6334A. Richmond, Luther Henry, 4133A. Martin, Robert Lynn, 6213A. Anske, Ralph Dhelo, 6335A. Savoie, William Frank, 4134A. Maritzen, Lyle Carl, 6215A. Harrell, Mason Douglas, 6336A, Vereen, Lindsey Hartford, 4135A. Dinwiddie, Robert Eddy, 6216A. Baxter, Clifford Frank, 6337A. Sonnkalb, Charles David 4136A. Hinchliff, Edward Everett, 6217A. Frick, William Frederick, 6338A. Newsome, James Wyatt, 4137A. Curlee, Robert Burnett, 6219A. Skalak, Rudolph, 6339A. Lyons, James Raymond, 4138A. Adkins, James Carl, 6220A. Macey, William Henry, 6340A. Towler, Harry Hunt, Jr., 4139A. Johnston, Henry Randolph, 6221A. Wischmann, George Adolph, 6341A. Brock, Russell Keith, 4140A. Linkous, William Lafayette, 6222A. Richard&on, David McCoy, 6342A. Guthrie, James William, 4141A. Ritter, James Harry, 6223A. Walsh, Henry Joseph, 6343A. Burns, Robert Wiygul, 4142A. Donnelly, William Allan, Jr., 6225A. Smith, Brandon Corder, 6344A. Amen, Henry John, 4143A. ~ : cPherson, Donald George, 6226A. Gammon, Edgar Graham, Jr., 6345A. Brown, Grover Cleveland, 4144A. Rasberry, Dayle Howard, 6227A. Morgan, Earl. Adams, 6346A. Sands, Harry James, Jr., 4145A. Moyer, Morgan Bernard, 6228A. Schmucker, George Cleland, 6347A. Michaelis, Ralph Leslie, 4147A. Mitchell, Ross Lynn, 6230A. Faller, Frederick John, 6348A. ·perry, Arthur Clarke, 4148A. Dorondo, John Frank, 6231A. Gallup, Edward Francis, Jr., 6349A. Nims, Frank Leslie, 4149A. Murphy, Robert Emmett, 6232A. Gaylord, Lester Louis, 6350A. Mccutcheon, Robert Haynes, 4150A •. Buckley, John Alden, 6233A, Zeidler, W11liam Xavier, 6351A. Boyd, James Moore, 4151A. Bruce, Leroy James, 6234A. McAllister, J~mes Benedict, 6353A. Jack, Jean Albert, 4152A. Trautt, Edward Ambrose, 6235A. Falzgraf, Bryan George, 6355A. Olson, Robert Alroy, 4153A. Bonifant, Bern Monroe, Jr., 6356A, Garrison, Edwin Herbert, 4154A. Hodges, Charles Grady, Jr., 6236A. Jordan, James Emmett, Jr., 6244A. J O'Connor, Virgil · John, 6357A. O'Neill, John William, 4155A. Ramme, Ernest Lester, 6360A. McCarthy, James Francis, Jr., 4156A. Cannon, Walter Gary, 6243A. Conway, Charles Elwood, 19655A. Hawes, ·Emil Franklin, 6361A. Splain, John Farley, 4157A. Cross, Robert .Douglas, 6362A. Masse, Charles Edward, 4158A. Keller, Stevens, 6245A. Davis, Edward Geurs, 6246A. Pennywitt, Glen Edward, 6363A. Bostwick, George Eugene, 4159A. . Toon, Charles Maxwell, 6247A. I Jemmott, Herbert Kitchner Burton, 6364A • Bickell, George Ross, 4160A. ,i Kegeles, Sidney Albert, 6248A. Posey, John Cabell, 6365A. To be majors with rank from December 14/' , ·. ~ Robinson,. Norman, 6249A. ,. Nielsen, Woodrow Everett, 6366A. 1950 ~ Cowan, James Hill, 6250A. ' Filippone, Jack Carl, 6367A. Smith, Frank Joseph, 6251A. Praul, Charles Lynville, 6369A. UNITED STATES AIR FORCE Cravey, John Thomas, 6252A. Swenson, Shirl H., 6371A. Laing, Eleanor Joyce, 21249W. Proctor, Charles Nelson, Jr., 6253A. Little, John Preston, 6373A. White, Frances Lanier, 21251W. Krogh, Laurence Bertram, 6254A. Callaway, ~oy Lavert, 6374A, Johnson, Marguerite Adelaide, 21258WJJ .Mothersbaugh, James Forest, 6255A._ Davis, Glenn Elmore, 6375A. 2932 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 27 Peterson, Lee Lieske, 6376A. Ferrell, Frank Ellington, 6507A. Smith, Robert Elbert, 6650A. Gaston, Charles Crain, 6378A. Hart, Malcolm Detraz, 6508A. Hartwig, Robert Louis, 6630A. Deppen, Wil_liam Christian, Jr., 6379A. Sprawls, Philip Claudius, 6509A. Thompson, Arthur John, Jr., 6631A. Hass, John A., 6381A. Akins, Dudley Stephenson, 6510A. Patterson, Warren Shaw, Jr., 6632A. Allen, Stanley Ernest, 6382A. Sweigart, Bert LeRoy, 6511A. Swindler, Harold, 6633A. Ray, Wilbur Richard, 6383A. Stallings, Guy Harrison, 6512A. Dehner, Joseph Harvey, 6635A. Lemons, Joseph Pascal, 6384A. Chiarella, James Santo, 6516A. Saville, Wesley Thomas, 6636A. Mccollom, Francis Norman, 6386A, Mills, Thomas Harris, 6517A. Deane, William Boyd, 6637A. Stines, Harrison Oberdorf, 63851. . Sanders, Roy Clifton, 6518A. Dennis, Larry Denton, 6638A. Ceely, William David, 6387A. Sensenbrenner, Ralph Debald, 6519A. Buechner, William Austen, 6639.1\. Faile, Clarence William, 6388A. Moore, George Eugene, 6520A. Jarrell, Robert Edward, 6640A. Carstensen, Dale Lafayette, 6389A. Driver, John James, 6522A. Barber, James Luther, Jr., 6641A. Bruner, Frederick William, 6391A. Dacko, William, 6525A. Schulherr, Richard Modglin, 6643A. Collins, Harold Colbert, 6392A. Strauss, William, 6526A. McCormack, Bailor Daniel, 6644A. Lathan, Noel Olin Elder, 6394A. Jones, Hubert Ledyard, 6527A. Linko, George .Andrew, 6645A. Morgan, Fred Arthur, 6395A. Rudolph, Ray Harding, 6532A. Parks, Bernard Grant, 6646A. Ellis, Bythel Laurence, 6399A. Kerr, Jean Louth, Jr., 6533A. Hunt, Earl Gilbert, 6647A. Dickens, Thomas Nolan, 6400A. Weisbrodt, Charles Richard, 6534A. O'Donnell, John Thomas, 6648A. Mattie, John Duane, 6401A. Sterne, Paul John, Jr., 6535A. Carpenter, John Woolsey, 6649A. Johnston, Charles Harvey, 6402A. Snaider, Himey Jones, 6536A. Shipley, Edward Vail, 6651A. LaRowe, John Simon, 6403A. Warthman, Jack Dussel, 6537A. Boselli, Theodore John, 6653A. McCullough, William Edward, 6404A •. Milholland, George William, 6538A. Riddick, James Walter, 6654A. Sheehan, Roy Hampton, 6405A. Salisbury, Stanley Gordon, 6540A. Gaylor, Don Gordon, 6656A. French, Russell Leroy, 6406A. Rhode, Storm Charles, Jr., 6542A. Yoder, Harry David, 6658A. Hesler, Robert Austin, 6407~. Hight, James Lester, 6543A. Chauvet, Jack Sydney, 6659A. Benson, Frank Tipton, 6408A. Ondo, Michael, 6544A. Robinson, ·John Henry, 6660A. Royce, Clare Howard, 64':9A. X Calof, Donald Robert, 6546A. Hoit, Zane Moses, 6661A. Spencer, Harold Melville, 6412A. Brzuska, Edmund Earl, 6547A. Andrews, John Albert Cornelius, 6662A. Guider, Herbert Neal, 6415A. Christenson, Richard Andrew, 6548A. Suta, Nicholas Henry, 6664A. Morat, Charles David, Jr., 6417A. Johnson, William Melbourne, 6549A. Nevling, Gilbert, 6665A. Lanning, George Richard, 6418A. Funk, Carl Franklin, 6550A. Murphy, Robert Marshall, Jr., 6666A. Wooster, Vernon Oliver, 6419A. XWaugaman, William Ira, Jr., 18104A. Tattini, Leno, 6667A. Sharpless, Thomas Frank, 6421A. Sullivan, Arthur Joseph, 6553A. · Quattlander, Frank Paul, 6668A. Kernan, Robert Mills, 6422A. Van Sickle, Wendell Mac, 6554A. Wilson, Irl Donaker, Jr., 6669A. Smith, Sidney George, 6423A. Johnson, Lycurgus Waldemar, 6557A. Fontana, Robert Edward, 6670A. Burnett, Robert Leon, 6425A. Douthett, Elwood Moser, 6559A. Porter, Lester William, 6672A. Bear, George Harold, 6427 A. Taylor, Henry Weston, Jr., 6560A. Crutchfield, James Oscar, 6673A. X Swanson, Richard Walter, 6429A. Hunt, Seaborn McDonald, 6562A. Turk, Laurel Agee, 6674A. Walter, Clarence Douglas, 6430A. Cole, Edward Lee, 6563A. Castle, Vernon Henry, 6675A. Norton, William Nicolson, 6431A. Elliott, Charles Robert, 6564A. Murden, Charles Holt, Jr., 6676A. Lawton, Kenneth, 6432A. Barrett, Alfred William, Jr.. 6565A. Zurek, Walter John, 6677A. Pash, Robert Norman, 6434A. Jacobson, James Louis, 6566A. Andersen, ,Homer Paul, 6678A. Ne.ff, Charles Laban, 6435A. Overdorf!, Willard Boyd, 6569A. Culp, Chester Harold, 6679A. Woinowsk, Russell Kenneth, 6437A. Bean, James Otto, 6571A. Poe, John Everett, 6680A. Abercrombie, John Woodrow, 6438A. Tansel, Dave Collins, 6572A. Miller, Lynus Parker, Jr., 6681A. Risher, John Randall, 6439A. Schold, George Bertie, Jr., 6573A. Grending, Carl Nelson, 6682A. Short, Howard Earl, 6440A. Harper, Harmon Hicks, 6574A. McCleary, Robert Joseph, 6684A. Smith, Everett Hensel, 6441A. Edelen, Henry Hill, Jr., 6576A. Fohman, Thomas Spare, 6685A. Reeder, Vendor Harvard, 6442A. Slough, James Carl, 6577A. Kellerman, Jack Hickman, 6686A. Beasley, William Dawson, 6443A. lreland, Melvin J., 6578A. Reinhardt, Herbert Wilton, 6687A. Simonetti, Lino David, 6444A. Ofner, David Bernhard, 6579A. Fox, Robert Winston, 6690A. Merrill, Woodrow Taylor, 6446A. Elston, Ernest Woodrow, 6580A. Ritter, Herbert Waldemar, 6691A. Whitehead, Chauncey Brownloe, 6451A, Poole, George Irvin, Jr., 6581A. Herrington, John Athol, 6693A. Jones John, Jr., 6452A. T,urbak, Chester, 6582A. Deterding, Floyd Milton, 6695A. Lasly, Walter D., 6453A. Bass, Feris Achlle, Jr., 6584A. Edwards, James Thomas, 6696A. Wiecks, Max Reid, 6456A. Cark, DeLair Aubrey, 6585A. McGlasson, Robert Bruce, 6697A. Thabault, George Bernard, 6457A. Creyts, Harold George, 19548A. Ivey, Maury Herbert, 6698A. Hoke, Peter Joseph, 6458A. Campbell, Williiim Joseph, 6587A. Kafer, Ernest Emanuel, 6699A. Crosson, Norman Robert, 6461A. Gray, Leon Welton, 6589A. Austin, John Florea, 6700A. ·McDowell, C*enwood, 6462A. Nye, Richard Sadler, 6590A. Parker, Van Robison, 6701A. Stewart, Carl W., 6464A. Topper, Morse, 6591A. Francis, Tim Benton, 6702A. Bonnett, Donald Eugene, 6465A. Gibson, Robert Duane, 6592A. Morgan, Russell Dodson, 6703A. Higginbotham, Harold Kenneth, 646flA. Price, Andrew Henry, 6594A. Monroe, Shelton Wilson, 6704A. Dell Angela, John Andrew, 6467A. Tilghman, Marvin Hugh, 6596A. Fussell, James Glen, 6705A. Reeder, D. M., Jr., 6468A. Wagner, Wilfred William, 6597A. Hill, John Theodore, 6707A. Forsblade, Kenneth Dave, 6469A. McLaren, William Aiden, 6599A. Moe, John Gillette, Jr., 6708A. Adleman, Julius J., 6470A. Kramp, Joseph John, 6600A. Ragon, Dale Ambrose, 6710A. McDonnell, Heston, 6471A. Bryan, William Tagg, 6601A. Johnston, Robert Edward, 6711A. Hay, Frank Olmested, 6472A. Fincher, William Walter, 6603A. Pryor, Daniel Franklin, 6712A. Reed, Henry George, 6473A. Edwards, Kenneth Rhea, 6604A. Jennings, Elton Jordan, 6714A. Reese, James West, 6475A. Kremer, Harry Darwin, Jr., 6608A, Hall, Thomas William, 6715A. Riddle, Charles Lewis, 6477A. '. X Zorka, Jack Carl, 6609A. Allen, Ed Crow, 6716A. O'Bert, John James, 6478A. Ellis, Ollie McLaurin, 6610A. Chandler, George William, 6717 A. Creo, Andrew Bartholomew, 6479A. Schabel, Sumner, 6611A. Mona, Reuben Edward, 6718A. Burns, Robert, 6480A. Blackman, Richard Orchard, 6612A. Stewart, John Leger, 6719A. Swanson, Theodore Benedict, 6481A. 'IX Brown, Frank Lobdell, 18085A. Cartwright, Everett Jackson, 6720A. Drew, Troy, G482A. ' Sirney, John Ashton, 6613A. Slater, Ralph Phipps, 6721A. Phaneuf, Eugene Oscar, 6484A. Browning, John Robert, 6616A. Wilson, Woodrow, 6722A. Long, Alan Guy, 6486A. Riggs, Carl Nelson, 6617A. Hamilton, Samuel Davis, Jr., 6723A. Lumpkin, William Hiram, 6487A. Andridge, Herbert Wendell, Jr., 6618A • Konin, David Harry, 6724A. .X Knight, Perry Lercy, 6488A. Krause, Harris F., 6619A. Rogers, Dale Edward, 6726A. Bray, Jack William, 6491A. Bradford, Carl Walker, 6620A. Spohn, Clifford Adams, 6727A. Hetling, Robert James, 6494A. Dascombe, Charles Burr, 6621A. Kruge, William Arthur, 6728A. Camp, Joseph Benjamin, Jr., 6495A. Boddie, James Warner, 6622A. Latham, William Roberts, Jr., 6729A. MacGregor, Wallace Fletcher, 6496A, St ringer, . Robert Dillon, 6623A. Kiegel, Albert Charles, 6731A. McFarlan, Frank August, 6497A. Lindsay, Andrew Gowen, 6624A. Nelson, Neelian Omar, 6598A. Habeck, Carl William, 6500A. O 'Hern, Luther, 6625A. McGuigan, Thomas Harris, 6732A. Wright, Julian Carleton, 6501A. Manes, Maurice Edward, 6626A. Wernlein, Frank Allen, 6733A. Prevatte, James Osborne, C02A. Burt, Joseph Autry, 6627A. Baucom, George Elmer, Jr., 6734A. Moore, Williiam Weatherly, 6503A, Bright, David Morgan, 6628A. Jacobs, Herbert Milton, 6736A. Deppe, Ralph William, 6505A. Stallings, McLendon Montgomery., 6629A. Sexton, Ralph Eugene, 6737A. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD_-SENATE 2933 Caldwell, Herman Bert, Jr., 6738A. Arnold, Robert William, a·843A. Witt, Lynn Elwood, Jr., 6966A. Zachmann, Robert Francis, 6'139A~ Lueke, Kenneth Lincoln, 6844A. Hippenstiel, Charles Robin, 6967A. McElrath, John Adam, 6740A. deVore, Nicholas, Jr., 6846A. Johnson, James Robert, 6968A. LaVier, Eugene Clark, 6742A. Huskey, Homer A., 6848A. Weiss, Sidney, 6970A. Cousins, Otie Columbus, 6743A. Landwehr, Virgil Henry, 6849A. Reifsteck, Calvin David, 6971A. Cole, Benjamin Harold, 6744A. Ashley, George Robert, 6850A. Willis, Milton Dean, 6973A. Conner, William Fred, 6745A. Scales, John Cayme, 6851A. McGee, Joseph Burgess, 6974A. S: hmidt, Fred Carl, Jr.• 6746A. Baker, Carl Kraus, 6852A. Rohr, Loudin LaHugh, 6975A. Kraus, Russell Bernhardt, 6747A. Howe, Everitt Weir, 6854A. Seay, William Woodrow, 6976A. XAsprey, William Palmer, 6748A. Haas, Chester Roy, 6855A. Wallace, Wesley Fillmore, 6977A. Fahlstedt, Alfred Arthur, 6750A. Dockstader, Daniel B., 6856A. Scurlock,-Reagan Andrew, 6978A. Howell, Ernest Melville, 6751A. Vick, John Oliver, 6858A. Giles, Melvin CUrry, 6980A. Blood, Arlie James, 6752A. Maloney, Edward James, 6859A. Molyneaux, Silas Robarre, 6981A. Winebrenner, Louis Elmer, 6755A. Miller, Edwin Martin, 6860A. Keyser, William Russell, 6982A. Sharp, Charles Elton, 6756A. DeMun, Earl Edward. 6861A. Bland, Ruskin McArdle 6983A. Wysocki, Chester Constantine, 6757A. Mineur, George Edward, Jr., 6862A. Kendall, Jimmie Winstead, 6984A. Weeks, Howard Talford, 6758A. Rethman, Vincent Carl, 6864A. Taylor, Joe DeLay, 6985A. Reed, Vincent Raymond, 6759A. Watkins,. James Dudley, 6865A. Riddle, Edmund Ross, Jr., 6986A. MacDonald, James William, 6760A. Breindel, George Joseph, 6866A. Ash, Robert Preston, Sr., 6987A. Baker, Hollis Hersha!, 6761A. Grubaugh, Glover Porter, 6867A. Hammond, William, 6989A. Bogren, Stanley Edward, 6762A. Griffith, Frank Todd, 6868A. Blanco, Ira Joseph, 6992A. Lyons, Ralph J., 6763A. Flannigan, Ralph Eugene, 6869A. Monaco, John Junior, 6993A. Taylor, William Earl, 6764A. Field, Alexander Caldwell, Jr., 6870A. Bruey, Thomas Joseph, 6995A. Heard, Wade Coleman, 6765A. Greene, Grover Young, 6871A. Barbour, Walter Raymond, 6996A. Nash, Russell James, 6766A. Webb, Joe Slaughter, 6873A. Berry, Gleneth Boyd, 6997A. Faulk, Melvin Wilson, 6767A. Stanton, George LaRue, 6874A. Tracy, Joseph Francis, 7oOOA. Dowling, James Klemp, 6770A. Hemminger, George Carl, 6875A. Gooch, Ritchie Belton, 7003A. Foster, John William, 6771A. Johnansen, Ernest Wortman, 6876A. Loftus, Joseph Francis, 7005A. Becnel, Joseph Richard, 6773A. Karably, Louis Stephen, 6877A. Tatum, William, 7009A. Strathy, Charlton Graham, 6774A. Jones, James Marion, 6879A. Harris, Joe Leslie, 7010A. Hassenmiller, Marshall Griffith, 6775A. Glenn, Charles Swyers, 6880A. Caples, Robert Osgood, 7012A. Simon, Edwin Herman, 6776A. Vega, Carl Emmanueli, 6881A. Zielinski, Urban Joseph, '1013A. Egan, Paul Francis Graham, 6777A. Arnold, Dixon Jay, 6882A. Lawler, John Francis, Jr., 7014A. Jones, George Page, Jr., 18071A. Schindler,. Wilbur James, 6883A. B.ero, Francis, 7016A. Newark, Charles Glen, 6778A. Kurowski, Walter Chester, 6884A. Westberg, Kenneth Charles, 7017 A. Hoffman, Harold Jefferson, 6779A. Barclay, Errol Dale, 6885A. O'Rourke, John Bernard, Jr., 7019A. Hunter, James Heggie,· 6781A. Raynolds, Ted Eugene, 6886A. Cruver, Harry Franklyn, 7022A. Simon, Ed\Tard Rudolph, 6782A. Hare, James Clark, 6887A. Brasier, Carl Oscar, 7024A. Weaver, William Joseph, 6784A. McCarthy, John FTancis, Jr., 6889A. Wood, Lynn Frederick, 7025A. Keyes, Lawrence James, 6785A. Brantner, James Andrew, 6890A. Ross, Willialn Osmond, 7026A. Kendrick, Donald, 6786A. Reed, Everett Gilmer, 6891A. Loughran, Harold Ray, 7027A. Fish, Vinton Alfred, 6787A. Patch, Dwight Dresser, 6892A. Mccurdy, John William, 7032A. Stone, Lynn Elden, 67B8A. Mcintyre, Joseph Douglas, 6893A. Barber, Zeneth 0., '1034A. Plourd, Webster William, 6789A. Shay, Michael, 6894A. · Timm, Paul August, 7036A. Boatright, Loyd Alvin, 6790A. Patterson, George Arnott, 6898A. Quesada, Anthony, 7040A. Dereskevich, Algert Stanley, 6791A. Thornton, William Henry, Jr., 6900A. Scott, William Richard, 7042A. Baldridge, William Holmes, 6792A. Miller, Danforth Parker, Jr., 6901A. Scherer, John Joseph, 7043A. Ulrich, Robert Charles, 18063A. Martin, Patrick James, 6902A. Crowder, Harlan Burrell, 7044A. Crowder, Robert Graham, 6793A. Kochel, Michael Joseph, 6903A. Ransier, Harry DeLosse, 7045A. Nestor, Joseph Emmet, Jr., 6794A. Bowman, ·Sam William, Jr., 6907A. Mcintosh, Wayne Wesley, 7046A. Clerici, Henry John, 6795A. Gainer, Hubert William, 6908A. Carey, Robert.Henry, 7047A. Peabody, Prentice Bayan, 6796A. King, James Porter, 6911A. Parks, Richard Watson, 7048A. Beall, Arthur Wilcoxon, Jr., 6797A. Gibson, Dick Finley, 6912A. Mahon, August Charles, 7049A. Rawls, Charles Alva, 6798A. Jones, Richard Gordon, 6913A. Stublarec, Michael Jack, 7050A. Warner, George Oliver, 6799A. Buckingham, George Edward, 6914A. Haaf, Arthur Herschel, 7051A. Buckley, Russell William, 6800A. McGregor, Oris Eugene, Jr., 6916A. Connell, Leonard Tilly, 7052A. Mccredie, Cassius Milburn, 6801A. Walters, Robert Whiting, 6917A. Williams, Jack Pryer, 7053A. Schott, Carl Victor, 6802A. Duff, Elmer Hayden, 6918A. Skelton, Milton Bruce, 7055A. Carlson, Ragnar Lodbrok, 6803A. Reed, Edward Blakslee, 6919A. Cain, Walter Frank, 7056A. Pilkington, Thomas Milford, 6804A. Leach, George, 6920A. X Matsko, George, 7057A. Bertling, Stephen Joseph, 6806A. Rogers, Woods White, Jr., 6921A. Torr, Francis Evelyn, 7058A. Douglas, Gene LeRoy, 6807A. Boyd, Edwin ·!win, 6922A. Sandifer, John Douglas, Jr., 7059A. Speer, Maurice Edmund, 6809A. Barber, George Alva, 6925A. Jones, Waldo Brigham, 7060A. Verbruggen, George John, 6810A. Stanley, Ralph Willard, 6926A. Davitt, Ralph Gregory, 7061A. Hardy, Kermit Wayne, 6811A. Murphy, Bruce Crittenden, 6928A. Davis, Jerome Nicholson, 7062A. Gotchey, Robert Emmett, 6812A. Gustafson, Wayne Albert, 6930A. Berry, Edmund Burke, 3d, 7063A. Hannley, Vincent Paul, 6813A. Latane, David Eaton, 6932A. Parmelee, David Burtis, 7064A. Rogers, Jack Mabry, 6814A. Ward, James Aubrey, 6934A. Burnett, Melvin Max, 7065A. Martin, Ralph Gilbert, 6815A. X McGuire, Thomas Charles, 6935A. Van Deusen, Clark Bedell, 7066A. Coade, William Arthur, 6816A. Hill, Charles Henry, 6936A. Schwartztrauber, Ernest Phil, Jr., 7067A. E:der Harold Wyatte, Jr., 6817 A. James, Harold Clinton, 6938A. Williams, William Milburn, 7068A. Oyler, George Clinton, 6818A. Brunson, William Percy, 6940A. Devine, John Emmet, 7069A. Fouts, John Elijah, Jr., 6819A. Mannon, Willard Beattie, 6941A. Stone, Francis Marvin, 7070A. Zohn, Bernard, 6820A. Robbins, Harold Wendell, 6942A. Schonka, Joe Mitchel, 7071A. Stanley, Gregory Quinn, 6821A. Barker, William Hamblin, 6943A. Johnson, Andrew Everett, 7072A. Wilson, Jerald Bruce, 6823A. Govocek, Joseph Glenn, 6944A. Denton, Harris Leonard, 7073A. Cocke, Charles Edward, Jr., 6824A. Weaver, Marvin Eugene, 6945A. Raley, James Andrew, 7074A. Koszarek, Frank Andrew, 6825A. Polivka, Emil Walter, 6947A. Bourgault, Samuel Peter, 7075A. Duncan, Ivan Merwin, 6826A. Newell, Edward Wilson, 6948A. Maiersperger, Walter Paul, 7076A. Rector, Walter Stokes, 6830A. Karas, Christopher James, 6951A. Belcher, Delbert Ray, 7077A. Menth, Blaine Berlin, 6831A. Wagner, Carl Emil, 6952A. Stevens, Raymond Wesley, 7078A. Schou, Andrew James, 6832A. Peterson, Martin Eugene, 6953A. Battalio, Samuel Thomas, 7079A. Anderson, Bernard Elwood, 6833A. Henderson, Walton Bronlowe, 6954A. McMillan, Shubal King, Jr., 7080A. Allen, John Thomas, 6834A. Bowman, Frank Michael, 6955A. Clinger, Dallas Adellon, 7081A. Campbell, Herbert Maxwell, 6836A. Martin, Charles Abramson, 6956A. Hackett, James Edwin, 7082A. Lockhart, Russell Durward, 6837A. Osgood, Lynden Timson, 6957A. Pitts, Arthur Simmons, 2d, 7083A. · Knabel, Lewis Julius, 6838A. Mears, Forrest Eugene, 6959A. Weide, Edward James, 7084A. Moll, Robert Gustavus, 6839A. Debons, Anthony, 6961A. DuMont, Harold Joseph, 7085A. Dresser, Cornelius Sheldon, 6840A. Jennings, Clifton Victor, 6962A. Lack, Wendell Douglas, 7086A. Moore, William Wylie, 6841A. Thompson, Lorenzo Maurice, 6963A. Blood, Keneth Edward, 7087A. Campbell, Dick Martin, 6842A. Fertig, Norman, 6965A. Jacobson, Alden Dale, 7088A .. 2934 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MARCH 27 Ward, George Phillip, 7089A. Cumiskey, . William Temple, 7196A. Stevens,. William-Ray, 7296A. Stiefel, Max Allen, 7090A. Young, Franklin Frederick, 7199A. Sutter, Marsnall Royce, 7297A . . Hudson, William Lee, 7091A. Hahn, Albert Peter, Jr., 7200A. Hatten, Frank, 7298A. Davis, John Kenneth, 7092A. Miller, Verlin Arthur, 7202A. Smith, John Michael, 7299A. Stroud, Conley Burns, Jr., 7093A. H~nzel, Thomas Charles, 7204A. Black, Shirley Norman, 7300A. Jones, William Dibrell, 7094A. Button, Ervine Jerold, 7205A. Crowell, Dick Merril, 7301A. Stephens, Donald Alfred, 7095A. Farrell, Frederick Bernard, 7206A. -Waste, Robert Jackson, 7302A. Heino, Alfred Veikko, 7096A. McDaniel, Armour Green, 7207A. Shelton, William Mays, '1303A. Panko, Albert Robert, 7097 A. Webb, Rudelle Baxton, 7208A . . Howard, Homer Bruce, 7304A, Buford, William Meadows, 7098A. Oppenheimer, Frances, 21267W. Myers, Lansing Heald, 7305A. Nelson, John Amos, Jr., 7099A. · Krebs, Laurence Francis, 7210A, Poland, Marvin Elmer, 7306A. Craig, Warren George, "7100A. Smith, Gerald Thornton, 7211A. Steen, Garland Creighton, 7307A. Rogers, Carleton Wayne, 7101A, Mather, William Allen, 7212A. Kelly, Dennis Peter, Jr., 7308A. Miller, Hubert Edward, 7102A. May, Lomax Louis, 7213A. MEDICAL Broich, Lee August, 7103A. '. XArmstrong, George Herbert, 7214A. Finley, Robert Halbert, 19639A. Montgomery, David F ., 7105A. Coverley, E~win Dudley, 7217A. Lee, Harold George, 7106A. Scheible, Wilbur Roy, 7218A. Strub, Giles Joseph, 19241A. Seab, Malcolm William, 7107 A. Humphres, Earl Cranston, 7219A, Seaman, Oliver Russel, 19242A. Stubbs, R0bert Reid, 7108A. Smith, John Edward, 7220A. Corns.tock', Jack Arthur, 19243A. Bradford, Oscar Arthur, Jr., 7109A. Childress, Peter Mills, 7221A, Tarrow, Arthur Bernard, 19244A. Savage, Rollin Richard, 7110A. Ryan, Paul Thomas, .7222A. · Watkins,. Philip Baker, 19245A. Goddard, Guy Harold, 71 llA. Anderson, Rex Victor, 7223A. Lau, Robert E"dmund, 19246A. XBaker, Frederick John, 19991A. Flint, Raymond Leon, 7224A. Ramsey, Douglas Elliott, 19247A. Stainback, Frank Pleasants, Jr., 7112A. Little, Edward Leo, 7225A. Tuttle, Charles Lemuel, 19572A. Crow, Duward Lowery, 18061A, Trearse, Albert, 7226A. Prior, Bradley Warren, 19249A. Winfree, Isaac Owen, 7113A. Champlain, Daniel Dolph, 7227A. Patterson, Robert Arthur, 19250A. Anderson, Windsor Temple, 7114A. Maurel, Anthony John, 7228A. Rothe, Courand Nicholas, 19251A. Oilbert, Willard Russell, 7115A. Dean, Richard, 7229A. Meeter, Urquhart Louis, 19252A. Perkin, Irving Richard, 7118A. Rivers, William James, 7230A. Alvary, George, 19253A. Cochran, Wharton Clayton, 7120A. Walker, Donald John, 72.31A. De Fries, William Albert, 19254A. Avery, Hamilton King, Jr., 7121A. Phillips, Lewis Thomas, 7232A. Tirman, Robert Martin, 19255A. Weidner, Joseph John 7122A. Hutchison, LeRoy Clif::ord, 7233A. Brubaker, Donald Larue, 19256A. Rosenbaum, Bert Stanford, 7123A. Davis, Thomas Martin, 7234A. Gulyash, Joseph Julius Francis, 19257 A. Hershenow, William John, Jr., 7124A. Plumer, William Bowdoin, 7235A, ,Lett, James Edward, 19258A. Woodruff, Roscoe Barnett, Jr., ·7125A. Goodfleisch, Don Marion, 7237A. Goss, Frank Arthur, 19259A. Thompson, Alden George, 7126A. Wilson, Walter James, 72381-. Alden, Charles William, 19260A. Doerr, George Robert, 7129A. Renfro, William Glen, 7239A. Lewis, William Benjamin, Jr., 19261A. Funderburk, William Osler, 7131A. Gentry, Ralph Patrick, 7240A. Underwood, Edgar Harrison, Jr., 19262A. Miller, Carl Lee, 7132A. Hunsa,ker, Ben ~JVightman, 7241A. Sheeley, William Flavel, 19263A. McElroy, Mansell Barrymore, 7133A. Dodd, Aulevian l14inyard, Jr., 7242;A. Wiedeman, Geoffrey Paul, 19264A. Flummer, George Allen, 7134A. Atterholt, Ch_arles Wilson, 7243A. Sutherland: Lawrence Ralph, 19265A. Reichal, Joseph C., 7136A. Perry, Robert Raymond, 7244A. Smith, Lewis Austin, 19266A. Bergman, Harold Oscar, 7137 _·~. Hallmark, John Milton, 7245A. Marett, William Clinton, Jr., 19267A. Symes, Isaac Mathis Baker, 7l38A. McKenzie, Harry Crane, 7246A. Weixel, Francis Xavier, 19268A. Schultze, David Rowland, 7139A. McGovern, Marshall, 7247A. Hekhuis, Gerrit Leverne, 19270A. '[X Cox, Edward Luther, Jr., 7140A. Robinson, Leo Hudson, 7248A. Galvin, James Augustin Vincent, 19271A. \ Oss, Louis Hinebaugh, ·7141A. Davis, Ira Robert, 7249A. Wiemer, Robert August, 19272A. McCleary, George Clifford, 7144A. Schott, Murry M., 7250A. Johnson, Bruce Willard, 19273A. Reid, Robert Jesse, Jr., 7145A :xsaylor, Henry Stephen, 7251A. Bprah, Wiliiam N., 19274A. Henningan, James Edward, 7147A. Burdick, James Roland, 7252A. Thomas, Herrick Melvin, 19566A. Hause, Milton Maynard, 7148A. Bruno, Sam, 7253A. Hollister, Lucius Clark, Jr., 19561A. Gramm, Raymond Norris, 7149A. Ross, James Spillman, Jr., 7254A. Steel, Maxwell Wensel, Jr., 19275A. · Dunkelberger, Vance Eaton, 7150A. Daniel, Heston Charles, 7255A. Windhl'J.l:ll, Andrew Allen, 19276A. Smith, Woodrow Wilson, 7152A. Tankersley, Carl Ray, 7256A. Kurland, Anthony Morrison, 19277A. Schofield, Charles Stanley, 71.53A, Morehead, James Bruce, 7257A. Speakman, Walter Fred, 19278A. Reydon, Thomas Aloysius, 7154A. Shelton, Lee Mereden, 7258A. Connor, Joseph Augustine, Jr., 19279A. Stroud, Walter Charles, 7155A. Melia.le, Robert Vincent, 7259A. Baczewski, Zbigniew John, 19280A. Barnett, Clyde Haywood, J'r., 7156A. Hensler, John Anthony, 7260A. Dorris, Henry Clay, 19282A. Maynard, Ray Smith, 7157A. Work, Robert Ernest, 7261A. Streck, Fle.tcher William, 19283A. Howell, John Richard, 7158A. Farry, Albert Barrett, 7262A. Twigger, Norman Arthur, 19284A. Wiener, Murray Arnold, 7159A. Tornes, Howard, 7263A. Lueth, Charles Salak, 19603A. Edenbo, John William, 7161A. Heck, Joseph Denis, Jr., 7265A. Kavanagh, John Joseph, 19563A. Mitchell, Harry Leonard, 7163A. Cushing, Arthur Leavitt, 7266A. Martin, Richard Lessell, 19285A. Machosek, John Joseph, 7164A. Williams, John Grenville, 7267A. Smelsey, Samuel Oscar, 19286A. Gillesby, Fred Gerald, 7165A. Reed, Jack Lester, 7268A. Dean, Guy Walker, Jr., 19287A. Leetch, Donald Gordon, 7.166A. Smith, Forrester McLain, Jr., 7269A. Brannon, Earl William, Jr., 19288A. Buck, Arthur Wilbur, 7168A. Wall, Edward Martin, 7270A. Hernquist, William Carter, 19289A. Jenkins, Robert Maxwell, Jr., 7169A. Alexander, Lawrence Edward, Jr. 7271A. Campbell, Daniel Currie, Jr., 19290A. Jablecki, Leon Stanylslaw, 7170A, Oakley, Harry Robert, 7273A. Rowen, Burt, 19291A. Brown, Meade Marsh, 7171A. Beth, Elman John, 7274A. Purvis, William Edmond, 19292A. Kursar, August, 7172A. Meranda, Mark Donald, 7275A. Briggs, Randall William, 19293A . Bouknecht, Robert William, 7173A, .X Biddle, Maurice Francis, 7276A. Cannon, Joe Hamilton, 19294A. Dobbs, Ross Ebbie, 7174A. Bowers, Donald Moar, 7277A. Wilkins, John Hubble, 19295A. Bellman, Arthur Burton, 7175A, · Gueydan, James Edmond, 7278A. Kraus, Ralph Nicholas, 19296A. Northup, Robert Lowell, 7176A. Dailey, Herbert Richard, 7279A. Henderson,_John Arthur, 19297A. Sunderland, Duane Oral, 7177A. Wolf, Charles Eebastian, 7280A. Scott, Edwin LeRoy, 19298A. Harris, Jesse Leroy, 7178A. Runyan, Samuel Harold, 7281A, Winter, William Chisholm, Jr., 19299A. Farley, James Vincent, 7179A. Barnett, Wendell Hines, 7282A. Grantham, Edwin Stillman, 18083A. Paskvan, .Paul Ronald, Jr., 7181A. Farr, Hugh Manson, 7283A. Schlecter, John Francis, 19300A. Martin, Clyde James, 7182A. Hill, Robert. John, 7284A. Schillereff, Raymond Edward, 7183A, Derussy, Rene Amedee, 7285A. DENTAL Heikkinen, Risto Mikael, 7184A. Hamilton, George Burton, 7286A. Clifford, William B~njamin, 18920A. Parker, Stanley Elston, 7185A. Papik, Corwin Joseph, 7287A. Mohnac, Alex Michael, 18921A. Bussey, Carver Thaxton, 7187A. Padgett, Cadman Vinton, 7288A. Crofut, Vincent Everett, 18922A. Zins, William Elmer, 7190A. McWhirter, Darein Auburn, Jr., 7289A, Lightner, Lee Minis, 18923A. Hassemer, David Warren, 7191A. Harrell, Hunter Hugh, 7290A. Wolfe, Rowland Daniel, Jr., 18924A.