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| Please examine these materials carefully. Call the Production Manager immediately if you detect problems. Production Manager: Barbara Hilbourn 415.403.8061 office STUDIO58 Job#: GR2-58-288 Mech Date: 08/24/10 Live: 7.125" W x 9.875" H Pubs: Ivy League Color(s): Cyan Client: GREY / BMW - CPO RTP: 09/20/10 Round#: 1 4CP Magenta Trim: 8.125" W x 10.875" H Component: Page Ad GREYSF Job#: BBB-CP-057 Close date(s): 09/22/10 Yellow Bleed: 8.625" W x 11.125" H Scale: 100% Version#: A Black Job Name: Nov/Dec Ivy League Magazine Issue date(s): Nov/Dec SM: M. Calvillo SA: Prod: B. Hilbourn PM: G. Turnbull CD/AD: M. Webber CW: Act 1: M. Koeppel Act 2: A. Morrissey INITIAL: DATE: INITIAL: DATE: INITIAL: DATE: INITIAL: DATE: INITIAL: DATE: INITIAL: DATE: INITIAL: DATE: INITIAL: DATE: ______

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X CS4 CS4 november-december 2010 Volume 113, number 2

page 15

features tom mosser tom jim harrison page 53 34 Forum: “A Nation Arguing with Its Conscience” Reading Barack Obama’s books and speeches, an intellectual historian fnds a departments fundamental debate over Americans’ conception of democracy and governance 2 Cambridge 02138 by James T. Kloppenberg Communications from our readers

12 Right Now 41 A Lens on History Exercise and neural vigor, the kindergarten Susan Meiselas’s artistic, influential photography payoff, speedy stars, the telling power by Jim Harrison of touch

16A New England Regional Section 46 Vita: Alice Paul Seasonal events, local-food lovers, and a Brief life of a pioneering suffragist: 1885-1977 mostly veggie bistro in Jamaica Plain by Mary Walton 17 Montage Spartan architect, Emily Dickinson’s 48 The Psyche on Automatic

Trinity, exotic chocolates, a Romantic photos meiselas/magnum susan Social psychologist Amy Cuddy explains snap noir poet, star birth, National page 41 judgments, stereotypes, body language, and more Lampoon legends by Craig Lambert 72 The Alumni Israeli museum impresario, 53 John Harvard’s Journal Alumni Association award winners, Setting up stem-cell scientists, President Faust’s perspectives, a community Aloian scholars organizer’s courses in leadership, a faculty member’s scientifc misconduct, improved endowment results, Julia Child’s 76 The College Pump cookbook collection, the legacy of William Fine (infirmary) dining James, celebration—and controversy— for social studies’ fftieth anniversary, the 96 Treasure Faculty of Arts and Sciences outlines The magic of reading: aspirations, a new library of medieval the collection literature, advancing the humanities, an undergraduate woman in science fnds her 77 Crimson Classiﬁeds footing, cross-country’s strong and sharp Daniel Chenoweth, soccer on turf under On the cover: Social psychologist the lights, football’s early highlights and Amy Cuddy, of Harvard Business lows, and a sonnet in praise of Harvard

School. Photograph by Fred Field fred field Stadium stair climbers page 17 www.harvardmagazine.com LETTERS

Editor: John S. Rosenberg Senior Editor: Jean Martin Managing Editor: Jonathan S. Shaw Cambridge  Deputy Editor: Craig Lambert Associate Editor: Elizabeth Gudrais Mill girls, mushroom mirth, folklore myths Production and New Media Manager: Mark Felton Assistant Editor: Nell Porter Brown Associate Web Developer: Blaise Freeman

On presidential powers Art Director: Jennifer Carling Charles and Gregory Fried’s article “In the Wake of War” (September-Oc- Berta Greenwald Ledecky Undergraduate Fellows tober, page 36) is very principled, schol- Madeleine Schwartz, Sarah Zhang arly, and intelligent, but it misses a major Editorial Interns: point: What Bush II faced and Obama Christine S. An, Sarah Berlow faces now cannot be fairly compared with earlier incidents, e.g. Jefferson and Lin- Contributing Editors coln. We are dealing with the real threats John T. Bethell, John de Cuevas, Adam Goodheart, Jim Harrison, Courtney of massive slaughter and destruction, Humphries, Christopher S. Johnson, involving hundreds, even thousands, of Adam Kirsch, Colleen Lannon, people. Christopher Reed, Stu Rosner, If we could have tortured Mohamed Deborah Smullyan, Mark Steele Atta or one of his jihadist team, and so pre- vented 9/11, would that not have been jus- Editorial and Business Office tified? And in such emergency situations, of its legality. There are no excuses 7 Ware Street, would that not have been within the com- that justify the immoral act. Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037 Tel. 617-495-5746; fax: 617-495-0324 mander-in-chief powers of the president? I also believe that there is at least one Website: www.harvardmagazine.com Granted, we have to be very careful not relatively well-known counterexample Reader services: to antagonize the world, but we are deal- that convincingly undermines the “torture 617-495-5746 or 800-648-4499 ing with extreme dangers and we need ef- equals always immoral” theory. The coun- fective responses for survival! terexample is based on the grounds that Harvard Magazine Inc. John McVickar, M.P.A. ’59 moral rules logically imply a community President: Henry Rosovsky, JF ’57, Ph.D. ’59, LL.D. ’98. Directors: Richmond, Va. in which moral discourse takes place Suzanne Blier, Robert Giles, NF ’66, among moral agents. As a matter of logic Leslie E. Greis ’80, Alex S. Jones, NF ’82, I am somewhat puzzled by the philo- and reason, the observance of any categor- Thomas F. Kelly, Ph.D. ’73, sophical proposition the Frieds implic- ical rule of behavior that could or would Randolph C. Lindel ’66, Tamara Elliott itly maintain, namely that torture is result in the extinction of that community Rogers ’74, A. Clayton Spencer, A.M. ’82 never morally justified. I believe their qualifies the observance of that categori- Harvard Magazine (ISSN 0095-2427) is published bimonthly motivation for maintaining this debatable cal rule as immoral and irrational. by Harvard Magazine Inc., a nonprofit corporation, 7 Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037, phone 617-495-5746; fax proposition is the serious practical con- Suppose for a moment that a fanatical 617-495-0324. The magazine is supported by reader contribu- cern that recognition of occasions when member of a small and obscure misan- tions and subscriptions, advertising revenue, and a subven- tion from Harvard University. Its editorial content is the re- torture may be morally justified creates thropic environmental group is captured sponsibility of the editors. Periodicals postage paid at Boston, Mass., and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send ad- conditions for a “slippery slope” where by duly authorized officials of a commu- dress changes to Circulation Department, Harvard Magazine, torture might become a commonplace nity of moral discourse. It is an article of 7 Ware Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037. Subscription rate $30 a year in U.S. and possessions, $55 Canada and Mexico, $75 instrument of political policy. As I under- faith of that captive and his associates that other foreign. (Allow up to 10 weeks for first delivery.) Sub- stand the abstract, the Frieds propose as the extinction of humanity is necessary in scription orders and customer service inquiries should be sent to the Circulation Department, Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware a categorical principle that torture is al- order to save the environment and all oth- Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138-4037, or call 617-495-5746 or 800-648-4499, or e-mail [email protected]. Single ways immoral, but that it may be excused er species currently living on Earth. Sup- copies $4.95, plus $2.50 for postage and handling. Manuscript under certain conditions. This seems to pose, further, that the fanatic has knowl- submissions are welcome, but we cannot assume responsibility for safekeeping. Include stamped, self-addressed envelope me to be wrong. My understanding of edge of the whereabouts and the means for manuscript return. Persons wishing to reprint any portion of Harvard Magazine’s contents are required to write morality has always been that it is cate- to disarm a “doomsday” device designed in advance for permission. Address inquiries to Irina gorical: if an action is immoral (e.g., slave to cleanse the environment of human life. Kuksin, acting publisher, at the address given above. Copyright 2010 Harvard Magazine Inc. owning), you don’t perform it, regardless The device will annihilate all human life ©

2 November - December 2010 Letters within a week. The captive refuses to talk or cooperate with officials. In these circumstances, should the officials of this community torture the fanatic to obtain information that could lead to the disarming or destruction of the “doomsday” device? Are they acting im- morally if they do? If they don’t? I believe the answers in turn are straightforward: yes, no, and yes. TRIPS FOR THE ENTIRE FAMILY As I understand the Frieds, on the other LECTURES FOR ADULTS AND OLDER CHILDREN TRAVELERS OF ALL AGES • DESTINATIONS SELECTED FOR FAMILY APPEAL hand, their answers would be: yes (it’s a ACTIVITIES FOR YOUNGER TRAVELERS • SHARE UNFORGETTABLE EXPERIENCES! politically necessary, excusable immoral act); yes (but it is an excusable immoral HAA FAMILY ADVENTURES 2011 act), and no (but the officials should do it anyway because it is a politically nec- FAMILY VOYAGE TO THE essary and excusable immoral act). If the LANDS OF GODS & HEROES Frieds are in fact worried about a slippery ON CORINTHIAN II JUL 7 - 18, 2011 slope, their moral theory merely moves Classical antiquity and the legendary that serious concern to the issue of what Greek Islands come alive on this constitutes an excuse and at the seeming voyage of discovery. An annual favorite! cost of logical coherence, simplicity, and clarity (e.g., if it’s immoral, don’t do it). PERU FAMILY ADVENTURE Jim Behnke, J.D. ’81 JUL 8 – 17, 2011 Hanover, N.H. In the heart of the ancient Incan empire; explore massive ruins, age-old villages and While Charles and Gregory Fried have spellbinding landscapes; and participate in activities for travelers of all ages. With written a stimulating and useful article Brian Farrell, professor of biology. on torture, they seem to have gotten it wrong about public safety, which for a great many Americans trumps the moral- TANZANIA FAMILY ADVENTURE ity, civility, Constitution, and rule of law TARANGIRE, NGORONGORO & THE SERENGETI that concern the Frieds. Thus they refer DEC 26, 2011 – JAN 6, 2012 to events “in which torture truly is the This trip has it all for your family— only way to prevent a catastrophe” and to amazing wildlife, extraordinary cultures, a case “when the usefulness of torture… and activities for all ages, including a community service project. might seem clear.” But experience shows that torture is not the only way, the clear EGYPT FAMILY ADVENTURE way, nor even the best way to elicit accu- DEC 2011 – JAN, 2012 rate, timely information from a suspect. Once again, the HAA invites you and Consider the following: your family on an adventure into the land of pyramids and pharaohs, hidden • Lieutenant General John Kimmons, tombs, and golden treasures. With Army deputy chief of staff for intelligence, renowned Egyptologist, Tarek Swelim stated in 2006: “No good intelligence is go- PhD ’94. ing to come from abusive practices”; • FBI director Robert Mueller III stated in FAMILY GALAPAGOS 2006 that though the “ticking bomb” case DEC 2011 – JAN, 2012 Among these rugged volcanic islands, presents a difficult issue, he would rely on you can closely observe giant tortoises, the FBI’s non-coercive methods; frigate birds and blue-footed boobies, Darwin’s ﬁ nches, penguins, marine iguanas, • In 2007, General David Petraeus, then and sea lions. Swimming and snorkeling the U.S. commander in Iraq, told his forces nearly every day! that torture is both wrong and ineffective; FBI general counsel Valerie E. Caproni noted in 2008: “[T]he FBI has consistent- BOOK YOUR NEXT TRIP: 800.422.1636 ly stated its belief that the most effective FOR MORE INFORMATION VISIT: ALUMNI.HARVARD.EDU/HAA/TRAVEL way to obtain accurate information is to OR CONTACT US AT: [email protected] use rapport-building techniques in interviews”;

Harvard Magazine 3 letters

• Citing the “ticking bomb” case in 2009, a precedent were set, the partisan divide Attorney General Eric Holder said that would be exacerbated even beyond its he would not authorize torture under any present nearly intolerable state. The first circumstances, callling it “a false premise thing the literalists would jump on as not that torture will result in the receipt of in keeping with the Constitution would Acting Publisher: Irina Kuksin good useful information”; lead immediately to refusal to sanction, Director of Circulation and Fundraising • Jane Mayer in The Dark Side, her excellent after the fact, earlier emergency actions Felecia Carter account of the Bush-Cheney descent into deemed beyond the law in retrospect. Director of Advertising torture, reported that their extraordinary- Cries would go up for self-impeachment Robert D. Fitta rendition program has “produced a file of proceedings to be initiated. It seems like- New England Advertising Manager confessions forced out of prisoners claim- ly that every president has had “chalk on Abigail Williamson ing to have suffered unimaginable tor- his cleats,” some a great deal, some not so Designer and Integrated Marketing ment. Much of this intelligence, however, much. We do not need this kind of post Manager: Jennifer Beaumont proved demonstrably false, leading the facto agitation. We need to pull together Classified Advertising Manager United States tragically astray”; now, not tear each other further apart. Gretchen Bostr0m • Mayer relates that CIA agents tortured Bernard G. Elliker, M.P.A. ’69 Circulation and Fundraising a captive named Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi into Laurel, Md. Manager: Lucia Whalen claiming that ties existed between al-Qa- Gift Processor: Sarha J. Caraballo eda and Saddam regarding various weap- Lowell’s Laborers ons of mass destruction. This claim, which Dan Yaeger (Vita, September-October, was false and which al-Libi later recanted, page 30) offers an all-too-short eulogy of Ivy League Magazine Network became a key element of Colin Powell’s Francis Cabot Lowell’s introduction of Tel. 617-496-7207 pivotal pitch to the UN Security Council the industrial revolution to our country. Associate Publisher, Sales in February 2003 for attacking Iraq. The model Lowell studied in Lancashire Lawrence J. Brittan, Tel. 631-754-4264 Fortunately, the public safety and the in England he imitated in Waltham in New York Advertising Sales values that concern the Frieds (and me) the early teens of the nineteenth century. Beth Bernstein, Tel. 908-654-5050 demand the same result: no torture. I hope By then Robert Owen and parliamen- Mary Anne MacLean, Tel. 631-367-1988 that people of the Frieds’ stature will come tary committees were already reporting Travel Advertising Sales to embrace and proclaim this conclusion. on Lancashire working conditions, with Northeast Media Inc., Tel. 203-255-8800 Malcolm Bell ’53, LL.B. ’58 some degree of horror. As in his model, Midwest Advertising Sales Weston, Vt. Lowell’s imitation involved a workforce Nugent Media Group, Tel. 773-755-9051 of girls 15 and up, at the mill by five in the Detroit Advertising Sales I haven’t read the book by father and morning and through 12 or 14 hours later. Heth Media Tel. 248-318-9489 son Fried. However, it strikes me that if As Yaeger says, “[C]loth flew out of the Southwest Advertising Sales the excerpt in the magazine is exemplary factory as fast as the company could make Daniel Kellner, Tel. 972-529-9687 of the arguments pursued throughout, it it.” But it wasn’t, of course, “the com- West Coast Advertising Sales is undoubtedly a tortuous journey stum- pany” that functioned so satisfactorily; it Virtus Media Sales, Tel. 310-478-3833 bling through a nearly indefinable issue. was the girls and young women. “The op-

Whatever the case, I cannot conjure up eration soon returned 20 per cent annual Board of Incorporators the image of the president—any presi- dividends to its lucky backers.” For “op- This magazine, at first called the Harvard Bulletin, was dent—voluntarily turning around to Con- eration” again read “girls and young wom- founded in 1898. Its Board of Incorporators was char- tered in 1924 and remains active in the magazine’s gress and announcing that he or she had en.” Their wages were another story that governance. The membership is as follows: Stephen J. violated the law and oh, by the way, here produced strikes beginning in little more Bailey, AMP ’94; Jeffrey S. Behrens ’89, William I. Ben- are the articles of impeachment that ap- than a dozen years. Yaeger has called at- nett ’62, M.D. ’69; John T. Bethell ’54; Peter K. Bol; Fox Butterfield ’61, A.M. ’64; Sewell Chan ’98, Jonathan S. ply. It is nonsensical. While torture (not tention to an interesting story but it is not Cohn ’91; Philip M. Cronin ’53, J.D. ’56; John de Cue- further defined) may be in a class by itself best told in terms of abstractions. vas ’52; Casimir de Rham ’46, J.D. ’49; James F. Dwi- nell III ’62; Anne Fadiman ’74; Benjamin M. Friedman for retribution and punishment, once such Ramsay MacMullen ’50, Ph.D. ’57 ’66, Ph.D. ’71; Robert H. Giles, NF ’66; Richard H. Gil- New Haven man, M.B.A. ’83, Owen Gingerich, Ph.D. ’62; Adam K. speak up, please Goodheart ’92; Max Hall, NF ’50; Philip C. Haughey ’57, Brian R. Hecht ’92; Sarah Blaffer Hrdy ’68, Ph.D. On Scientific Misconduct Harvard Magazine welcomes letters ’75; Ellen Hume ’68; Alex S. Jones, NF ’82; Bill Kovach, on its contents. Please write to “Let- The news that professor of psychology Marc NF ’89; Florence Ladd, BI ’72; Jennifer 8 Lee ’99, An- ters,” Harvard Magazine, 7 Ware Street, Hauser had been found responsible for eight in- thony Lewis ’48, NF ’57; Scott Malkin ’80, J.D.-M.B.A. ’83; Lisa L. Martin, Ph.D. ’90; David McClintick ’62; Cambridge 02138, send comments by e- stances of scientific misconduct after a Faculty of John P. Reardon Jr. ’60; Christopher Reed; Harriet mail to yourturn@harvard.edu, use our Arts and Sciences (FAS) investigation—widely Ritvo ’68, Ph.D. ’75; Henry Rosovsky, JF ’57, Ph.D. ’59, website, www.harvardmagazine.com, reported in August—attracted passionate cor- LL.D. ’98; Barbara Rudolph ’77; Robert N. Shapiro ’72, J.D. ’78; Theda Skocpol, Ph.D. ’75; Peter A. Spiers or fax us at 617-495-0324. Letters may respondence and extensive comment and discus- ’76; Scott H. Stossel ’91; William O. Taylor ’54; Sherry be edited to fit the available space. sion prompted by the accounts at the magazine’s Turkle ’69, Ph.D. ’76; Robert H. Weiss ’54; Elizabeth website. One letter is published here; for the online Winship ’43; Jan Ziolkowski.

4 November - December 2010 WHAT IS sharing lessons about wealth that you had to learn the hard way WORTH?

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Client: Bank of America Live: None Art Director: Desilva Job Colors: CMYK Description: Financial Empowerment Frame: N/A Studio Op: Cassello Ink Name: Publication: Common A Trim: 7” x 9.25” Username: Nick Carter Cyan Scale: 1:1 Bleed: None Traffic: Costello Magenta Print Scale: None Gutter in Spread: N/A Production: Neilson/Lee Yellow File Status: Mechanical Black Art Status: Approved Font Family: Resolution: 300 dpi ITC Franklin Gothic Std, FarnhamDisplay Q4660_COM_A_7X9_25_mg.indd UST_Bckgrnd_Squiggles_Mg.tif (images RO:Bb:BOFA:DAM:Retouched:• US_Trust:Backgrounds:MagazineSWOP2006_Coated3v2:UST_ Bckgrnd_Squiggles_Mg.tif), USTust_signature_Grey_R.eps (images RO:Bb:BOFA:DAM:Brand Assets:1_Logos:US Trust Revised:EPS:USTust_ signature_Grey_R.eps), Q4660_F802_RFO_F734_Shot_05_014_Mg.tif (...BOFA:DAM:Retouched:• US_Trust:Images:Q4660 Who You Are:MagazineSWOP2006_Coated3v2:Q4660_F802_RFO_F734_Shot_05_014_Mg.tif), Q4660_F802_RFO_F734_Shot_12_015_Mg.tif (... BOFA:DAM:Retouched:• US_Trust:Images:Q4660 Who You Are:MagazineSWOP2006_Coated3v2:Q4660_F802_RFO_F734_Shot_12_015_Mg.tif), SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS: Ivy League - Nov/Dec Issue - Due 9/22 Letters Advertisement comments, see http://harvardmag.com/marc- ible and “highly prized”! This is in contrast the Balvenie celebrates alumni hauser; for detailed reports on the whole matter, to most of the fungi in this genus, for some who share its commitment to see “After the Storm: Presidential Perspectives,” are poisonous and we have a saying, “Eat maintaining the ultimate standard page 53, and “Scientific Misconduct, and Its After- no corts.” of rare craftsmanship. math,” page 57. vThe Editors Of over 200 Cortinarius species in the Swiss book, only one other is described Dean of FAS Michael Smith’s public as having some veil remnants on the cap. statement on the findings concerning Pro- C. praestans has been described in Maine, fessor Hauser is a great disappointment. but in my 40 years of mushroom collect- Like the police captain in Casablanca, he ing in Maine I have never recognized it. I is shocked that there is something un- will now keep a lookout for this unusual toward going on. The statement does not mushroom. deal with a real problem in the scientific Lawrence M. Leonard, M.D. ’56 world, and instead of using the opportu- Falmouth, Me. nity to do some real work on the problem, Joanne Chang ’91 Harvard is shocked. Isaac Asimov’s poetic advice on ama- Chef Armin U. Kuder, LL.B. ’59 nita aroused my muse: En garde, Isaac! Education: Harvard College, AB ’91 Washington, D.C. If you nosh an amanita, You will surely quash your vita! Background: Joanne Chang is an Football Flag award-winning restaurant owner or who makes some of the best sticky A self-appointed committee of alumni When you fill a luncheon pita, buns around. After earning a intends to revive the custom, dormant Do omit the amanita! degree in applied mathematics and since 2000, of providing an H flag for Robert Carricaburu ’63 economics from Harvard and a stint the alumnus who has attended the most Berthoud, Colo. in management consulting, Ms. Harvard-Yale football games [see “First Chang discovered her passion for the and 100,” September-October 2003, page Folklore and Myth Myths restaurant world, especially baking. She trained in Greater Boston and 42, and “Football Fandom,” in Letters, Enough already! On this, the fortieth New York before opening Flour Bakery March-April 2010, page 6]. Since the flag anniversary of Harvard’s first awarding + Café in Boston’s South End in 2000; formerly provided is no longer available, degrees in Folklore and Mythology, I sub- it now has three locations and offers on November 20 we plan to present a new mit it is time to stop drubbing those of pastries, breads, sandwiches, and more. flag to Paul Lee ’46, who first saw Harvard us who have chosen this fascinating, but In 2007, she and husband Christopher play Yale in 1935 and who plans to attend financially unrewarding, specialty for our Myers G ’90 opened Myers + Chang, his sixty-eighth Game that day. lack of foresight (Patricia Marx, The New a fun pan-Asian restaurant in the South End. Ms. Chang also teaches Stephen V. R. Goodhue ’51, Katonah, N.Y. Yorker, “On and Off the Avenue,” as quoted and writes about food and cheered the Spencer Ervin ’54, Bass Harbor, Me. in “Laugh Lines,” July-August, page 57). recent publication of her cookbook, Jeffrey P. Lee ’74,Norwalk, Conn. As the only member of the first class Flour: Spectacular Recipes from awarded an A.B. by the Committee on De- Boston’s Flour Bakery + Cafe. Amanita Expertise grees in Folklore and Mythology to have Craftsmanship: “Craftsmanship I was intrigued by the illustration by pursued the discipline on the graduate starts with finding something you Boudier of Cortinarius torvus (Treasure, Sep- level, I have been subjected to the ridi- love, experiencing and learning tember-October, page 72). Although I knew cule of friends and colleagues longer than everything you can about it, and that mushrooms in the genus Cortinarius most. I was inspired by Albert Lord’s Hum creating your best version of that develop with a universal 9, “Oral and Early Literature,” to consider passion for others to enjoy. That is veil, the veil is rarely seen choosing the newly created folklore and what we do at Flour and Myers + and then only as a fine mythology concentration at the end of my Chang every day.”

remnant of the veil as a freshman year. When I asked Jack Rear- i c B otany of C ryptogam Li brary arlow Long-term Goals: “To continue to push volva; I have never seen don, then my freshman proctor in Mower Flour and Myers + Chang to exceed one with the veil rem- B [now executive director of the Harvard all expectations of what a bakery and nants on the cap. Alumni Association], whether majoring in restaurant can offer to its guests and i a/ T he F ty H erbar staffs; to be the best employer I can in The illustration did this field would keep me from getting into offering my staff a rewarding, enjoyable, not look like C. torvus (which does not law school, he assured me that I had noth- fair workplace; to make food that have cap remnants) and so I checked the ing to worry about as most law schools people crave morning, noon and night.” Revision of Species in Boudier and found that reserved about 5 percent of their entering For more, visit www.flourbakery.com specimen was identified asCortinarius classes for complete “wackos” and I would and www.myersandchang.com praestans (Cord.) Gill. I found a description certainly qualify in that category! of this species in a British book and it is Undaunted by Jack’s reassurances, I described as “rare”; Fungi of Switzerland de- committed to majoring in folklore and

SINGLE MALT SCOTCH WHISKY scribes it as “not common” but a good ed- mythology and soon became the butt of i U n i vers the H arvard of courtesy Image

6 November - December 2010 ENJOYING ONE OF MS. CHANG’S AMAZING DESSERTS IS A RARE TREAT INDEED. BUT COMPLEMENTING IT WITH A WELL-CRAFTED GLASS OF THE BALVENIE 17 YEAR OLD PEATED CASK AFTER DINNER REALLY TAKES THE CAKE.

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10BLV02 / Balvenie 17YO Peated Cask AD: Dean Weiler • AE: Kate Burgess Ivy League_Harvard Pre-Press Artist Pre-Press Lead Nov/Dec Issue Non-bleed 7" x 9.625" Copy Editor Copywriter Copy/Art Approval Scale: 100% Art Director Creative Dir. Due Date: 09/20/10 Project Mgr. Acct. Ex. Notes: letters jokes among my teammates on the varsity While admittedly an unusual major, macha basketmaker from Louisiana who football team, who decided my major best folklore and mythology has served me exemplified the tradition of double-weave suited me to the position of children’s li- well over the four decades since gradua- basketry described by Ivan Gaskell in his brarian at the New York Public Library. tion. From 1979 to 1985, as a staff member Vita of Clara Darden in the same issue of Over 20 years later, when my wife and I of the Folk Arts Program at the National Harvard Magazine (page 30). Years later, as brought our son to Boston to tour pro- Endowment for the Arts, I was privileged executive director of the Cedarburg Cul- spective colleges, the “rising sophomore” to be part of the creation of the National tural Center, I received the 1998 Gover- who led our trek around Harvard’s cam- Heritage Fellowships, which recognize nor’s Award for the Arts for the exhibition pus noted that the University offered such the lifetime contributions of master tradi- Wisconsin Folk Art: A Sesquicentennial Celebra- a broad-based liberal arts curriculum that tional artists from throughout the United tion, which traveled throughout the state “We even have a degree in—ha, ha, ha— States. In fact, one of the artists recog- during its 150th anniversary. folklore and mythology!” nized in 1983 was Ada Thomas, a Chiti- So, please, after 40 years of reminding us folklore and mythology majors how frivo- lous and fanciful our focus might be, give us a break and find some other equally ar- cane major to thump! Robert T. Teske ’70 this M.A. ’72, Ph.D. ’74 in folklore and folklife summer (University of Pennsylvania) Harvard Mequon, Wisc. All-Star Greek Chorus The story on James Laughlin ’36 and Harry Levin (“Brat. Faker.” The College Pump, September-October, page 64) men- tioned that Harry Levin ’33 was later Bab- bitt professor of comparative literature. Indeed he was. It might equally have been noted that Robert Fitzgerald was also ’33 and later Boylston professor of rhetoric and oratory. I guarantee you that Fitzgerald’s Greek was not phonetic. What a story Primus missed! Also in that same legendary version of the Philoctetes, besides Parry (who had no Har- vard degree, as I remember but of course was teaching), was Henry Hatfield ’33, later professor of German; Mason Hammond ’25, LL.D. ’94, Pope professor of the Latin Study with Harvard faculty and join a vibrant language and literature; and John Finley community on campus, online, and abroad. ’25, who began his teaching career at Har- • Choose from over 300 courses from organic vard in 1933, and was director or coach of the chorus or something like that for this chemistry to international business to production. No less amazing was that the screenwriting choral music was written by none other • Earn credit toward an undergraduate degree than Eliot Carter—also class of ’33! • Strengthen your graduate school application Furthermore, although this is not recorded, I frequently heard Henry, Mason, Programs for high school, college, and adult and Robert tell the story of how Harry students. Levin uncharacteristically got drunk after the final performance, and had to be helped home and to bed by the three of them. If you ever knew Harry that is almost inconceivable to imagine. James Laughlin could not have done any more than have seen the play, as he must www.summer.harvard.edu have been a freshman at the time.

8 November - December 2010 letters

This year marks the 100th anniversary ple-minded reaction to Lambert’s story training and sustain employment. Klein- of Fitzgerald’s birth. He was not simply deserves a rebuke. man’s article spoke to the humanistic and Boylston professor and the translator of B. Dan Berger’s letter (September-Oc- moral dimension of healthcare that often the Odyssey, Iliad, and Aeneid, but also the tober, page 2) was so smug, so clueless seems to be neglected in today’s pragmatic very close friend of Laughlin and of Har- about the writer’s own Entitled Privilege, discussions of healthcare reform. When vard men Jim Agee [see “Vistas of Perfec- so self-congratulatory, and so judgmental I meet with the home health aides, I ask tion,” May-June 2009, page 29] and [author about others, about whose backgrounds, them to read an excerpt from the article and New Yorker editor] Bill Maxwell, who hardships (real or emotional), or level of and express their thoughts afterwards. I owed much to their friendship with him. family support (or lack of it) he hasn’t a have found that this exercise helps to re- Penelope Laurans, Ph.D. ’75 clue. What he conveys is that because he mind them that behind the technical re- New Haven graduated, he’s the super-duper self-made quirements and bureaucratic regulations, man, while the others are stupid, bad, and home care is at heart about caregiving. Dropouts lazy. Now there’s a sophisticated appraisal Grace Kim ’10 As a relative of Famous Dropout for you. New York City Bucky Fuller, I found Craig Lambert’s sto- Perhaps Berger should ponder the hilar- ry on less famous Harvard dropouts fasci- ious anti-Barry Goldwater bumper sticker Amplification nating (“Dropouts,” July-August, page 32). from 1960s: “Show Some Initiative—In- After publication of “The Social Epi- I might be deemed “successful” in some herit a Department Store.” demic” (September-October, page 22), eyes, solely (merely?) because I managed Berkeley F. Fuller ’69 assistant professor of medicine Bisola Oji- to graduate from Harvard despite real in- San Francisco kutu, founding director of the Umndeni ternal obstacles of my own. I was stagger- Care Program, notified the magazine that ingly immature as an undergraduate. And On Caregiving the list of donors supporting the program I knew several incredibly high-quality I enjoyed reading Arthur Kleinman’s should also have included Lauren and classmates who did drop out (in the 1960s, article, “On Caregiving” (July-August, Gary Cohen; the Sullivan Family Founda- in the face of nearly zero intelligent help page 25). I am currently working with a tion; the Gilead Foundation; and the Mas- or counseling whatever at Harvard). Thus home-health-aide agency in New York sachusetts General Hospital Multicultural one reader’s self-congratulatory and sim- City, assisting their aides to complete Affairs Office.

Harvard Divinity School Educates students to teach, serve, lead, teach. serve. lead. give. and make a better world. Help make a meaningful difference in the lives of students and in the lives they touch.

PHoto: tony Rinaldo

Support The HDS Fund. The Outdoor Church in Cambridge ministers to chronically homeless men and Visit www.hds.harvard.edu/gifts or contact Anissa Potvin, annual giving coordinator, women. Emma Crossen, MDiv ’10, serves as executive director and the Reverend at 617.495.5084 or [email protected]. Jedediah Mannis, MDiv ’04, is the founder and a minister of the church.

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sound synapses nerve cells; electrical signals travel along nerves and are converted to chemical signals that jump a narrow cleft between Fitness: Body and Mind the sending and receiving parts of the synapse. Unlike most cells, says Sanes, neurons aren’t replaced; they tend to be umerous studies show in neural synapses as the reason for this stable throughout life. But with age, a that caloric-intake restriction improvement. According to their research, synapse undergoes regressive structural (which is known to slow aging published this August in the journal PNAS changes—“little pieces of it fragment, or Nin mammals) and exercise have (Proceedings of the National Academy of disappear, or the nerve may retract from dramatic, beneficial effects on mental acu- Sciences), exercise and caloric restriction it; in some cases, the synapse gets so ity and motor ability, says professor of mo- in lab mice visibly protect and rejuvenate bad that it actually disassembles.” Such lecular and cellular biology Joshua Sanes, synapses, the neural connections that are degradation, Sanes explains, “interferes director of the Center for Brain Science. critical to cognitive and motor function. with transmission of information from

But just how these changes improved func- Synapses are junctions between two nerve to muscle and leads to the muscle s and Sane Lichtman, Ryu, tioning was unclear. Now Sanes and a colleague, Knowles professor of molecular and cellular biology Jeff Lichtman, have made a discovery that pinpoints mitigation of age-related structural degradation

Thick bunches of nerves leave the brain or spinal cord and branch intricately within muscle (fibers of which can be seen running vertically in the background at right). The inset image shows individual axons (yellow) connecting to single synapses (red). The red stain is a snake venom that binds only to muscle receptors; poisonous kraits use it to immobilize their prey.

12 November - December 2010 right now

Exercise and caloric restriction both later, they observed in the synapses mitigate the degradation of synapses that they had surveyed earlier “a par- that occurs with age. In the healthy synapse at left, the receiving end, tial reversal of structural alterations or muscle receptor (red), and the that had already occurred.” transmitting end (yellow), attached to Because the exercise and caloric- a nerve, overlay each other perfectly. restriction experiments were of dif- With age, the synapse literally falls apart, as shown at right. ferent duration, Sanes and Lichtman will now reverse the conditions, test- wasting that accompanies old age.” ing lifelong exercise against short- ang, et a l .

Key to the experiment was a tech- K term caloric reduction. Meanwhile,

nique developed by Sanes and Licht- apia, one of their postdoctoral fellows is man that allows individual synapses conducting similar experiments, this to be tagged with a fluorescent pro- l dez, T Va time using synapses in the brain. tein. (The researchers studied neuromus- Sanes and Lichtman found that reduc- “The research gives us a hint,” says Sanes, cular junctions in skeletal muscle, rather ing caloric intake in mice by 40 percent “that the way these extremely power- than synapses in the brain, because the for 24 months protected both muscle fi- ful lifestyle factors act is by attenuating former are large enough to be seen using a ber and motor neurons (which diminish or reversing the decline in our synapses.” light microscope.) The technique allows in number with age), as well as synapses. vjonathan shaw investigators to surgically open, and cap- Their exercise experiment gave the lab ture an image of, a single tiny synapse, and mice, which typically live two to three jeff lichtman e-mail address: then find the same synapse later, during a years, an exercise wheel at 22 months of [email protected] second surgical procedure to observe and age (“Unlike humans, mice actually run joshua sanes e-mail address: document the effects of different protocols. voluntarily,” notes Sanes). Just one month [email protected]

teacher dividends ebbed with time. “What’s really surprising about our study,” Chetty says, “is that [the advantage] comes back in adulthood.” Kindergarten Matters When he and his colleagues looked at what the students— now in their early ttending a quality kindergar- the primary grades. But by the time those thirties—recently ten that provides experienced students reached junior high, the advan- earned, they found teachers and small classes yields tage vanished, a phenomenon known as that those who had A measurable benefits, such as “fade out.” “By the time they’re in seventh the best kindergar- higher salaries in adulthood. That finding, or eighth grade, the kids in a better kin- ten teachers make in a study led by professor of economics dergarten class are not doing any better on more money. “We Raj Chetty, has caused a stir by demon- tests than the kids in not-so-good classes,” estimate that if you strating that even the earliest school ex- Chetty says. Conventional wisdom held periences can affect students’ subsequent that the boost from a good kindergarten Raj Chetty quality of life, exerting more influence than researchers previously thought. Chetty and his colleagues, including Harvard Kennedy School associate professor of public policy John Friedman, examined data from Project STAR, a study of nearly 12,000 Tennessee kin- dergartners conducted in the mid 1980s. The children were randomly assigned to their teachers and to classes that were small (about 15 students) or large (around 24 students) and subsequently tracked (see “The Case for Smaller Classes,” May-June 1999, page 34). Previous analyses of Project STAR showed that children in small classes, and those with the best teachers, s ak s on/getty image scored higher on standardized tests in Er ik Is

Portrait by Jim Harrison Harvard Magazine 13 right now move from an average teacher to an ex- parents to put their kids in better classes,” Chetty adds that the new study merely cellent teacher, each student gains an he says. Randomization ensured that the highlights the benefits of a single year. It’s average of $1,000 per year in earnings,” composition of classes was comparable, so likely, he says, that each subsequent year Chetty says. “If you add that up over a “any differences across the classes can be with an excellent educator would yield student’s working life, and adjust for in- attributed to the classes themselves, rath- additional pay increases: “The point is that flation and interest rates, you get a total er than to potential things like parental over the years, that adds up to quite a bit lifetime gain of around $16,000 per child.” background.” of money.” In a classroom with an average of 20 stu- He also disagrees with those who say a v erin o’donnell dents, then, an excellent teacher means a gain of $1,000 a year is too small to matter, total gain in earnings of $320,000 for the pointing out that these students earned an raj chetty website: entire class. And students from small average of $16,000 a year at age 27, so $1,000 www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/ classes experienced other important ad- represents a significant 6 percent raise. chetty vantages: they were more likely to attend college, to own a home, and to save for retirement. What characteristics separated the best mapping matter teachers from the worst? Chetty says researchers know little about the teachers except that the standouts tended to have Hypervelocity Stars worked in schools longer than the least effective teachers. And how do excellent teachers cre- he center of the Milky Way too close to the black hole and been slung ate these long-term advantages? Chetty galaxy is a crowded, busy neigh- free on a trajectory that sends one of the suspects the answer lies in borhood: clusters upon clusters stars hurtling out of the galaxy—leaving in so-called “non-cognitive T of pulsating young stars, giant its wake clues about both the history and measures.” When the STAR clouds of gas, dying stars exploding, and, the structure of the universe. Visit harvardmag. students reached the eighth in the middle of it all, a massive black hole. Brown discovered the first of these “hy- com/extras for So powerful is the gravitational pull of the Chetty’s working grade, their teachers evalu- pervelocity” stars in 2005 by sheer serendip- paper and graphs ated them on attributes black hole that stars in closest orbit have ity. After finishing his Ph.D. in astronomy of his findings. such as manners, the ability been measured circling it at 26.8 million at Harvard in 2002, he set out to study the to focus, and self-discipline. miles per hour—far faster than the sun, movement of older blue stars on the fringes Students who had the best kindergarten which pokes around the galaxy at a mere of the Milky Way. (Their increased end-of- teachers excelled at these measures, even 500,000 miles per hour. life luminosity and puffed size makes them in eighth grade. “This is a little speculative, According to Warren Brown, an astrono- stand out more clearly.) In the midst of his but I think it’s consistent with the evi- mer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for surveys, he discovered a much younger blue dence: A good kindergarten teacher raises Astrophysics, this black hole has an effect star inexplicably speeding toward the edge your kindergarten test scores by teaching that extends beyond its close neighbors. In of the galaxy—on an escape trajectory—at you skills like how to be a disciplined stu- rare cases, certain star clusters have come 1.6 million miles per hour. “It was an out- dent,” Chetty says. “Those skills don’t nec- lier,” says Brown. “It was so essarily show up in later academic tests, fast that you couldn’t explain but they end up having a big pay-off in the it with normal mechanisms.” long run.” He theorized that the star, Chetty and his colleagues are work- to generate so much speed, ing to publish their results, which have must initially have been part not yet been peer-reviewed. When they of a trio: a close pair of stars first presented the findings last July, at a and a third that orbited the meeting of the National Bureau of Eco- two. “We think this third, nomic Research, wide publicity followed, outer, star was sort of trapped including comments from bloggers who into an orbit around the black doubted the researchers could distin- hole because it was farther guish the influence of kindergarten from out,” says Brown. As the third such factors as parental education or in- star was pulled off, the re- come. Chetty responds that their find- maining pair gained gravita- ings are particularly meaningful because tional energy from the black the students were literally assigned to A hole and were propelled away their classrooms by coin toss. “There was at an accelerated speed, even- no way for the richer parents or the more tually merging into one. informed parents or the more motivated C f Bazinet/ Ruth His most recent paper

14 November - December 2010 right now on the subject, published in July by As- come from outside the galaxy—spe- ing down in the galactic center in the past trophysical Journal Letters, confirms what cifically from a nearby satellite galaxy few hundred million years,” he says. Brown had long suspected: that the re- known as the Large Magellanic Cloud. They could also offer a better under- sulting star’s origin was the center of the Brown has now identified 13 more of the standing of dark matter—the mysterious, Milky Way. Using NASA’s Hubble Space 16 known hypervelocity stars, and intends unseen substance throughout the universe Telescope, he and a team of researchers to locate more of these rare celestial bod- that has long been one of astronomy’s pinpointed the exact loca- ies, which account for just one in every greatest mysteries. As the stars continue tion of the star in July 2006, 100 million stars. All his previous surveys their galactic exit, Brown will be watch- and again last December. of the sky have focused on the Northern ing for any deviation in their trajectories Visit harvardmag. The difference between Hemisphere, but he plans to begin work- caused by gravitational influences. “How com/extras for the two images was noth- more images and ing with a team of astronomers at Austra- they arc out betrays the distribution of a podcast with ing more than a fraction of lian National University to examine the mass in the Milky Way—both the stars Warren Brown. a pixel, but it was enough southern sky. “I think there’s every reason we can see and the dark matter that we to indicate where the star’s to expect we’ll have a sample of 40 to 50 can’t see,” he explains. “So we may actu- path began. “It was pretty exciting,” says stars in five years,” he says. ally have our first measure of the distri- Brown. “The proper motion pointed di- Building a cache of data from the stars bution of dark matter around the Milky rectly back to the center of the Milky will help Brown and other astronomers Way.” vdan morrell Way galaxy.” The discovery challenged begin to answer larger questions about previous suggestions from other astrono- the universe. “Hypervelocity stars can warren brown website: mers that hypervelocity stars could have provide a measure of what’s been happen- www.cfa.harvard.edu/~wbrown

soft sell plete a puzzle; those who had handled rough puzzle pieces—covered in sandpa- The Power of Touch per—rated the interaction they read about as more adversarial than did participants whose puzzle pieces were smooth. Partici- etaphors of touch infil- tions associated with them. But research pants who handled a wooden block rather trate our language. When by psychology doctoral student Chris- than a blanket before reading a passage something goes easily, we say topher Nocera suggests that the connec- about an employee-supervisor interaction Mit was smooth sailing; an un- tions go both ways: that the sensations were harsher judges of the employee’s per- couth person is coarse. We have a soft spot themselves have a powerful effect on how sonality on a subsequent questionnaire. for someone we love; the opposite is be- we perceive situations—and on how we A third experiment tested similar influ- ing hard-hearted. In fact, it is difficult to respond. ences in a situation with more at stake: escape these metaphors: try to think of a the researchers asked participants synonym for rough day, and hard day probably comes to mind first. Thus, the ways we describe the world draw on tactile sensations and the emo-

Nocera and his col- to rank job candi- leagues, Yale professor of psychology dates based only on John Bargh and MIT assistant professor a résumé. Subjects of marketing Joshua Ackerman, asked who received the résumé study participants to read a passage on a heavy clipboard ranked the candidate about an ambiguous social interaction: as more qualified than those who read the one in which comments, motivations, and same résumé on a lighter clipboard. Nocera outcomes could be interpreted in more believes this is because we equate heavy than one way. Just before reading the pas- with serious; a heavy object may broadcast sage, the participants were asked to com- competence the way professional attire or

Illustration by Tom Mosser Harvard Magazine 15 right now

a firm handshake does (see “The Psyche on Automatic,” page 48). These tactile cues can influence our impressions—but they may also influence actions. In one example, study participants who sat in hard chairs drove harder bar- gains in a hypothetical negotiation over a new car: after learning that the dealer had rejected their initial offer, they raised their price less for the second offer than participants seated in a soft, cushioned chair. Such findings suggest that tactile input is “coming inside in a metaphorical way and then going back out,” says Nocera. The study results, published in Science this year, join a small but growing body of research, including earlier work by Bargh that found that people were more generous after holding a warm drink than a cold one. One forthcoming study by Nocera found that subjects who had handled sandpaper were more likely to fall off a low-slung tightrope than those who had touched something smooth before walking the rope. Another (by Nocera and psychology research fellow Omar Sultan Haque) examined the effect of performing movements associated with religion, such as kneeling and prostrating; people who performed such movements reported stronger attitudes of conformity afterwards. Nocera, whose dissertation will inves- tigate the evolutionary roots and social overlays of physical gestures (such as shrinking back from something disgust- ing), says that the way we perceive the world is deeply enmeshed in our sense of touch, and this foundation is laid early in life—in fact, before birth. During fe- tal development, touch is the first of the five senses to develop. During infancy, he says, “we learn to feel a sense of warmth and safety from things like a soft blanket.” In this way, emotional qualities become aligned with certain tactile sensations, and, he says, “I think we probably carry those with us the rest of our lives.” Understanding these associations may have implications for job interviews, negotiations, and other high-stakes social situations—but also for how we construct our surroundings and conduct ourselves. “If emotions are highly influenced by the SHOP body,” says Nocera, “then people need to Rent a vacation apartment in London know.” velizabeth gudrais 7 day min. Self-catering. HARVARD ONLINE More space for less money. Privacy. christopher nocera e-mail address: nocera wjh.harvard.edu 1-800-748-9783 | www.homefromhome.co.uk/ivy www.Ivysport.com @

16 November - December 2010 New England Regional Section

• December 4, 8 p.m. Extracurriculars “The Music of William Schuman,” Harvard Wind Ensemble. Lowell Lecture Hall Seasonal theater • December 4, 8 p.m. The Game, #127 • Through January 8 Works by Haydn, Harvard-Radcliffe Cho- • November 20 at Harvard Stadium. The Blue Flower rus. Sanders Theatre www.gocrimson.com and www.alumni. (see website for specific showtimes) • December 9-11, 8 p.m. harvard.edu/haa/events/game-harvard-yale www.americanrepertorytheater.org “Les Plaisirs de la Paix: Entertainment of Op- Harvard Ceramics Program 617-547-8300 era and Ballet,” Harvard Early Music So- Holiday Show and Sale • November 4-14 ciety. Sanders Theatre • December 9, 3-8 p.m. Ruddigore; or, The Witch’s Curse, pre- • December 10-12, 10 a.m.-7 p.m. sented by the Harvard-Radcliffe Gilbert dance www.ofa.fas.harvard.edu/ceramics and Sullivan Players. http://ofa.fas.harvard.edu/dance 617-495-8680; 219 Western Avenue, Allston www.boxoffice.harvard.edu; 617-496-2222 www.boxoffice.harvard.edu (for tickets) Harvard Glee Club and Radcliffe www.hrgsp.org; 617-938-9761 617-495-8683; Harvard Dance Center, Choral Society Christmas Concert Agassiz Theatre, Radcliffe Yard 60 Garden Street • December 10 at 8 p.m. • December 4 at 8 p.m. www.boxoffice.harvard.edu; 617-496-2222 music A Harvard-Radcliffe Modern Dance First Church, 11 Garden Street www.boxoffice.harvard.edu Company recital followed by a reception Memorial Church 617-496-2222 for outgoing program director Elizabeth

Christmas Carol Services • November 6 at 8 p.m. Bergmann og ra m www.memorialchurch.harvard.edu “Walking the Bass Line: A Tribute to Milt 617-495-5508 Hinton.” The Harvard Jazz Bands and Exhibitions • December 12, 5 p.m.; December 13, 8 p.m. bassist Cecil McBee. Lowell Lecture Hall. Carpenter Center for the Arts and ar d ce ra mics p r v Christmas Eve service at 11 p.m. • November 19 at 8 p.m. the Goethe-Institut of Boston The Christmas Revels The Harvard-Yale Football Concert, Har- www.ves.fas.harvard.edu/imageinques- www.revels.org vard Glee Club. Sanders Theatre tion.html • December 17-29 • December 3 at 8 p.m. 617-495-9400/2317 H ar ar bo r e t um; A fortieth-anniversary celebration, set in “Webern and Mahler,” Harvard-Radcliffe • Through December 23

medieval England Orchestra. Sanders Theatre The Image in Question. War, Media, Art. A r nold ART; Image from Blue Flower at the American Repertory Theater; detail of a painting on scrap wood by Somerville artist Tova Speter, whose work is on display at the Arnold Arboretum; an original plate by ceramic artist Kathy King at the Harvard Ceramics Program holiday sale.

Harvard Magazine 16A New England Regional Section

The exhibition features video installation, animation, and photographic works that explore strategies of representation of conflict and loss in our increasingly com- puterized age of combat.

For more information on exhibits at other Harvard museums, visit: Harvard Art Museums www.harvardartmuseum.org; 617-495-9400 Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology; www.peabody.harvard. edu; 617-496-1027 Harvard Museum of Natural History www.hmnh.harvard.edu; 617-495-3045 The Semitic Museum; www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic; 617-495-4631

Nature and science The Arnold Arboretum www.arboretum.harvard.edu; 617-495-2439 • Through December 12 Local artist Tova Speter’s works on wood • December 18, 7:30 p.m.-9:30 p.m. New England storyteller Diane Edgecomb and musicians celebrate winter solstice. The Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics www.cfa.harvard.edu/events.html 617-495-7461; 60 Garden Street • November 18 Skywatching and lecture: “Our Cosmic Relatives: The Oldest Stars in the Universe.” LUX BOND & GREEN film JEWELRY WATCHES GIFTS • SINCE 1898 The Harvard Film Archive http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa; 617-495-4700 416 Boylston Street BOSTON 617.266.4747 Visit the website for complete listings. 60 Central Street WELLESLEY 718.235.9119 • November 12-14 46 LaSalle Road WEST HARTFORD 860.521.3015 The Comic Vision of Elaine May • November 27 through December 19 The Cinema of Weimar Germany • December 5 COMING NEXT ISSUE... Discovering Early Korean Cinema Schlesinger Library Movie Night www.radcliffe.edu/schles/movie_night. POSTCARDS aspx; 617-495-8647 FROM 10 Garden Street, Radcliffe Yard Monthly screenings and discussions • December 1 NEW Showcasing fun winter Sita Sings the Blues (by Nina Paley) getaway ideas for ENGLAND Harvard Magazine readers. Events listings also appear in the Univer- sity Gazette, accessible via this magazine’s To advertise, contact Abby Williamson: [email protected] website, www.harvardmagazine.com.

16B November - December 2010 HarvardMagAd-Sept10:Layout 1 9/17/10 12:20 PM Page 1

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Local Bounty

Alumni celebrate New England-grown food • by Nell Porter Brown

They became friends, with White something of a mentee. One day White cooked up a large pot of Ukrainian borscht for a faculty lunch, but left it to warm on the stove too long. It burned, badly, just before it was to be served. “If you’ve ever burned cabbage, you know what it smells like!” she says. In tears and nearly hysterical, she called Child. “What is it, dearie, what’s wrong?” Child asked her. “And then she immediately went into action,” White continues. “She told me, ‘Go to Savenor’s and buy a lot of lemons and sour cream and parsley. Grate the rind into the soup and add parsley. Put out sour cream to put on the soup, then walk in with your tureen and say, “Lunch today is smoked borscht.”’ Corky And it worked! She White relies was just wonderful.” For many reasons, many people are on her local White moved joining the ranks of the local-food farmers’ market, on to run her own in Somerville, movement—those bent on consuming Massachusetts, catering business, primarily what’s grown and produced for the foods she which helped pay regionally. The number and breadth of cooks, pickles, for graduate school and preserves. goods sold at farmers’ markets around in Japanese stud- New England have grown wildly in re- White ’63, ies (she is still an cent years, as have Community Supported Ph.D. ’80, had a job cook- associate of Harvard’s Reischauer Insti- Agriculture (CSA) farms that supply fresh ing for the fellows of what was then the tute for Japanese studies), and write two produce to members. The old-fashioned Center for West European Studies. “I was cookbooks, Cooking for Crowds and Noodles arts of pickling and fermentation, and in way over my head,” admits White, now Galore. But she lopped anything to do with other modes of non-refrigerated preserva- a Boston University anthropology profes- food off her curriculum vitae, as she was tion, are also making a comeback as people sor. “But I was lucky to be cooking when advised to, when pursuing an academic seek more control over what they consume we didn’t know much about ethnic foods. career. Only after earning tenure in 1989 year-round. These profiles introduce a few We didn’t even really know the word did she reinstate that material (“What can of the many alumni cooking, eating, and pasta.” Her strategy was to produce dishes they do to me now?!”) in her professional promoting the foods growing closest to us. even the well-traveled fellows might never biography—and began merging her inter- have tasted—food from Afghanistan, Tur- ests as a scholar. Merry “Corky” White key, and all parts of Asia. “By the mid 1990s, food became more Cook, food writer, anthropologist Around that time White had also come legit as an academic topic,” she says, and hen she was “young, green, and to know Julia Child, whose Mastering the in 1997, she began adding anthropologi- W crazily foolhardy,” Merry “Corky” Art of French Cooking she had devoured. cal food and culture courses to her offer-

16D November - December 2010 Photographs by Stu Rosner New England Regional Section ings on Japan. She has developed a popu- other, with her son, a historian, a “world in love with it,” says Margot. “And we lar survey course during which she takes history of food” for Oxford University thought, ‘Why not make this ourselves?’” students into Boston’s ethnic communi- Press. “We have 160 pages to sort out the The beverage was invented in Quebec ties to research local food customs, ethnic human experience of eating through time around 1989, using the same techniques and immigrant identities, American influ- and space,” she says. “It’s a tough exercise, that yield the grape ice wine typically ences, and how “urban geography can be and the choices will be interesting.” produced in Germany and Canada. Made mapped by food.” right, the wine is not overly sweet and In recent years, coffee and Japanese café Leif, Margot, and has a satisfyingly earthy flavor; it car- society intrigued her enough to prompt a Wade Holtzman ries the same alcohol level as a glass of book on the topic due out in a year. “Peo- Entrepreneurs, apple ice wine makers white wine—12 percent—and is typi- ple think of Japan and tea,” she says, “but ant to try the sparkling ver- cally drunk chilled before or after a meal. Japan is the third-largest importer of cof- “Wsion?” It is 10:30 in the morning (It pairs especially well with pork, poul- fee in the world; they’ve been drinking it as Wade Holtzman flips the lid on a bot- try, lobster, and sharp cheeses.) Leif says since the 1880s. They would refer to coffee tle of carbonated apple ice wine he has the carbonated version, which the family as the ‘fuel of modernization.’” In fact, she carefully tended and fermented for three produced just for his then-pending wed- adds, it was Japanese workers who went months in his family’s basement, now ding, “is a little like apple soda. Because to Brazil in the late nineteenth century home to Still River Winery, in Harvard, you can’t taste the alcohol, it can sneak who helped establish that country’s coffee Massachusetts. “Oh yes,” say his son, Leif up on you.” industry. ’05, and wife, Margot, Ed.M. ’72, happily Traditional ice wine uses grapes This year, White is teaching a fall holding up their empty glasses. that have frozen on the vine, but the course on the anthropological aspects of The Holtzmans have been making ap- Holtzmans begin with unpasteurized travel and tourism and writing two books: ple ice wine since 2008, when they first apple juice fresh-pressed from the nearby one on work and food (from farmers in the tasted a bottle of cidre de glace brought Carlson Orchards, a 120-acre farm that fields to restaurant-kitchen culture); the home from a trip to Quebec. “We all fell grows 14 varieties of apples and has been

Harvard Magazine 16E New England Regional Section

in business since 1936. The liquid is fro- Sellers zen in containers, then allowed to drip- thaw for 24 hours. This process, repeated three times, separates out the watery residue and concentrates the apple juice to its richest state of sugar, acid, and flavor. A five-gallon jug of juice yields about Collectors one-and-a-half gallons of concentrated appleness, and the sugar content shifts from 9 percent to 32 percent before fer- of Beautiful mentation. Once yeast has been added, the concentrate is left to ferment for three months at 50 degrees until the wine is ready for bottling. Jewelry Wade, who runs his own business as an antique furniture restorer from another part of the house, is the primary wine- maker. Margot, a learning specialist at Cambridge Friends School, takes care of the administrative work; Leif, who studied psychology and economics at Harvard and has worked in online advertising, has overseen business strategy and marketing. Although he enrolled at Stanford Graduate School of Business this fall, he plans to remain an integral part of ex- panding the winery. After their apple ice wine has fermented for three months, Margot and Leif Holtzman fill and seal each bottle by hand.

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Still River’s annual capacity as a farm- be able to hold something in your hand for food, health advice, and recipes.) er winery (its official classification) is that you made and that people enjoy,” he Lewin is part of the collective “real 1,600 cases per year, or 19,200 bottles; the says, looking around the basement, then food” movement, which incorporates lo- Holtzmans have made a small profit so far at his parents. “And that we all enjoy our- cavores and proponents of slow food and selling in four New England states (check selves.” Salud. organic/natural products. He buys primar- www.stillriverwinery.com for retail loca- ily what’s in season locally at farms, dair- tions). In 2011, they plan to take advantage Alex Lewin ies, or farmers’ markets, then cooks it or, of a new Massachusetts law that allows Health coach, cooking teacher, even better, ferments, dries, salts, soaks, farmer wineries to sell at farmers’ mar- food activist smokes, or pickles it. These “all add fla- kets. That personal touch, Leif agrees, is or Alex Lewin ’90, the source of vor, texture, and life, literally, to foods we crucial: “Locally grown, natural products Fhealthy eating—and living—is all about otherwise take home in a can or a box,” are associated with better health and a understanding that cabbage: where it came he explains. What would be lost in giv- smaller environmental impact, which is from, who grew it, and how. “We’ve all ing up the variety and global exoticism we what people are looking for.” become too alienated from the foods we expect at the supermarket, he asserts, is The Holtzmans, for example, still fill eat,” asserts Lewin, who is a particular fan found in improved ecological and ethical and seal one bottle of ice wine at a time, of sauerkraut, kimchi, and most things fer- practices, personal health, and, for many, using labels Leif designed. His parents mented. “People need to take back control the surprising joy of creating something de- fully expect him to fly home from Palo over the sources of their food.” liciously customized. Alto for the annual marathon bottling After years of working in information Clients come to Lewin, in his capacity session and hope he will cultivate rela- technology, Lewin earned enough at Ya- as a health coach, with varying concerns: tionships with California wineries for hoo! to pursue his interests in culinary weight loss, medical conditions, or lifestyle possible future partnerships. Leif laughs arts. (He recently took on a job as a soft- changes. One man ate takeout mostly, and at this, but says he will do what he can. ware developer and food adviser at the had hardly been to a grocery store in years, “It is a unique, gratifying experience to California start-up Foodily, a resource so he and Lewin went shopping. They ex- THE PARKWAY AT CHESTNUT HILL

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47804-10_10CTC145_WM_Ad_FP4C_v04.indd 1 7/27/10 6:42:35 AM BLACK YELLOW MAGENTA CYAN 47804-10_10CTC145_WM_Ad_FP4C_v04.pgs 07.27.2010 06:39 New England Regional Section plored ingredients, nutritional value, and Cambridge School of Culinary Arts, where relative cost of foods, then figured out he periodically teaches food-preservation simple ways the client could organize his classes. He is on the board of directors of time and cook more. “I want to help people the Boston Public Market Association and achieve goals in life,” says Lewin, “and if shares his nearly encyclopedic knowledge you look at why and how and what people of food, with a focus on its science and pol- eat, it has a lot to do with the rest of their itics, at http://feedmelikeyoumeanit.com. lives and the decisions they are making. I’m His own dietary regimen is fairly not a dietician or a therapist. I’m not about strict: raw milk, no caffeine, and only saying to the client, ‘You can never eat ice “meats of known origin.” Most shell- cream again,’ but, rather, ‘Let’s examine fish is OK, and he sometimes consumes that craving, where it’s coming from, and farmed freshwater fish from the United what else can satisfy it.’” States, but avoids all farmed saltwater Lewin began connecting his love of food fish. Bottom( Feeder, by Taras Grescoe, he and cooking to personal health and ecol- says, “lays out the scenario in all its be- ogy only in 2003, when his father, David wildering complexity.”) Lewin ’54, Baumburg professor of music, Lewin promotes fermentation of veg- died of heart disease. “He never had a han- etables, which he carries out in his tiny dle on his own health. I was frustrated for Cambridge kitchen. (Fermentation, which him,” Lewin says, “and perhaps terrified involves a chemical change with efferves- for myself.” Alex Lewin prepares his signature, locally Deeply impressed by fellow alumnus sourced sauerkraut: high in nutrition, good Andrew Weil’s Natural Health, Natural Medi- for digestion, it encourages eating healthily cine, Lewin graduated in 2006 from the even in the dead of winter. Langham_HarvMag_1110v4_Layout 1 9/21/10 12:37 PM Page 1

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16J November - December 2010 New England Regional Section cence, is different from pickling, which preserves food in vinegar.) People pay a lot of money for the same bacteria, “probiot- ics,” in capsule form, he points out, when they could ferment foods at home to help preserve vitamins and enzymes for better digestion, especially of proteins. “It’s not a coincidence that fermented foods are generally served with meats, which can benefit from the additional acid,” he adds: paté and cornichons, sausages and sauerkraut. With climate change, he believes, many agricultural skills that urban dwell- ers have lost—growing and preserving Belmont...An exquisite 12-room renovated Belmont...3 acres on old Belmont Hill. 12 their own food, for example—are going to Queen Anne with beautiful gardens. rooms. Master suite with 21’ by 19’ bath, 4 become essential to survival in the future. Newer kitchen. Original detail. A wonderful additional bedrooms, 3.5 additional baths, Moreover, he says, holding up a jar of marriage of old and new. huge exercise room with access to pool. Price available upon request Price available upon request turnips and beets sitting in rose-colored liquid, “I enjoy the artistry and aesthetic appeal of doing it well.” Lewin used to own a share of a cow that supplied him with unpasteurized milk; now he gets his milk from farms in Foxboro and Framingham. Raw milk, typically, can only be produced safely on a small scale and then must be sold quickly. Yet, he notes, it is healthier in terms of vitamins and natural enzymes and easier to digest than pasteurized milk, made from “hundreds of thousands of cows, that has Cambridge...Developer’s custom penthouse Cambridge...Masterful 2010 renovation. been centrifuged, cooked, and reblended in Harvard Square doorman building. 3 Private estate on Professor’s Row near to specific constituent percentages, 3.2 beds, 3 baths, splendid views from four Harvard. Visit www.63FrancisAvenue.com. percent or ‘whole’ milk.” exposures. Parking. $4,000,000 $4,250,000 Buying raw milk also sends more of the sales proceeds directly to the local farmer, rather than to the distributor, he says. “There is no good reason for homogeniza- tion except that it makes things easier for the processor and everyone is used to it,” he says. “The war against raw milk is being waged in part by the distributors and large dairy farms.” Moreover, government efforts to assure safer food supplies “by steriliz- ing milk...are short-sighted,” he adds. “The mainstream is now questioning overuse of antibiotics in human and animal popula- Cambridge...Stunning 22-room Queen Cambridge...Nearly 3,500-sq.ft. condo tions, and antibacterial soap. I hope that Anne off Brattle Street. 2010 rehab to in prestigious Harvard Square doorman raw milk enjoys the same attention soon.” the highest standard. Separate entrance building. 4 bedrooms, 5 baths, 2 garage Does he occasionally indulge? Yes. apartment. Glorious grounds. Garage. spaces. Balconies. Rare. $3,500,000 $3,850,000 Lewin loves grapefruit and avocados, year- round, for instance. Sometimes he also eats commercial ice cream. “Although,” www.hammondre.com he adds, “there’s nothing very good about Cambridge, Belmont, Watertown & Somerville it; it’s pasteurized milk and sugar and, of Residential, Commercial, Rentals & Property Management Cambridge Office 617-497-4400 • Belmont Office 617-484-1900 course, even worse, corn syrup.”

Harvard Magazine 16K tastes and tables

Reliably Enterprising New American food with a focus on vegetables and grains

Noting the peach and purslane salad ($9) on the menu, we pictured succulent just-ripe wedges atop a bit of crunchy stuff. The textured contrast was interesting, but the proportions were reversed, leading to a bit too much cow-like munch- ing on the grassy weeds, with only a few peachy bites as relief. The mushroom ragout entrée was a tan- gle of thinly sliced crimini, maitake, and oyster mushrooms ($17) that came, carefully salted, in a miniature frying pan over chewy pellets of farro. A handful of fava beans added a playful color and softer bite. The egg, cooked sunny side up and topped with shards of aged cheese, made the dish cohere, while the accompanying arugula salad was a welcome, sharp contrast. We also loved the Southwestern-style tofu dish ($14). It featured a bed of thick, smoky black beans (worth eating all alone), teamed with a cold avocado, onion, and mango salsa. The tofu’s texture was like chicken and the molé crust gave it a surprising kick. Delicious, too, were slabs ee Vee is a neighborhood more restaurants satisfy this triumvirate of roasted sweet potato in their crackling bistro people return to be- of desires in a stylish milieu? skins. cause it’s comfortable—but Don’t be discouraged by the small Vee Vee’s desserts can be a rich reward surprising. The venue is cozy, menu. Everything tastes good. Chef Seth for eating right. The Polynesian vanilla with a dash of the sultry: Amsden plays with an array of textures bean pot au crème ($7) was served with per- Vwalls are persimmon orange against dark and emphasizes locally grown produce. fectly rendered chocolate sablés (round chocolate-colored wainscoting. Monstera Vegetarian fare abounds. The night we French butter cookies), and we savored the in oversized glass vases hang gracefully by were there, five of the seven appetizers novel pairing of chocolate brioche pudding a very small bar that offers well-selected had neither meat nor fish and there was (milky, loosely packed slabs of bread with wines and microbrewed beers. The work no beef or chicken among the entrées. molten chocolate) with brandied figs ($7). of fine local artists is on display. The casual To start, we had the delectable shrimp When they opened their restaurant in atmosphere attracts a diverse crowd, from and scallop cake with chi- 2008, owners Daniel and Kris- dating couples to folks who bring their potle aioli ($8), which was, vee vee ten Valachovic (whence Vee babies to an early dinner. thankfully, free of the surplus 763 Centre Street Vee) envisioned a truly local What’s special is that the modestly breading that ruins many an Boston 02130 haunt with startlingly good priced Vee Vee also turns out innovative item like this. The crisp mor- (Jamaica Plain) food. They host various com- food that is fresh and healthy. Why can’t sels of seafood were just juicy 617-522-0145 munity events, fundraisers, enough and spiced just right, Dinner, Tuesday and specialty food nights. If Above: Among Vee Vee’s charms are its and accompanied by a few through Saturday, the people lined up for Thurs- boldly colored walls (Benjamin Moore’s “Autumn Cover”), a signature touch for spoonfuls of chopped red on- 5:30 p.m. to 10 p.m. days’ $1 oysters (until 7 p.m. co-owner Kristen Valachovic, an interior ion, tomatoes, and parsley in Sunday brunch, only!) are any indication, they designer before restaurant life took hold. a light vinaigrette. 10:30 a.m.-3 p.m. have succeeded. vn.p.b. www.veeveejp.com 16L November - December 2010 Photograph by Jim Harrison Montage Art, books, diverse creations

20 Open Book 21 Chocolate à la Vietnamese 24 Noir Romantic 25 Off the Shelf 27 Funniest Pages 30 Chapter and Verse

Elizabeth Whittaker, at her office in Boston, with basswood architectural models for residential and commercial structures

struction details right in the shop or on site with the artists and craftsmen—the steel fabricators, woodworkers, structural engi- neers, concrete fabricators. Ev- ery architect collaborates; this is extreme only in that it is so immediate. We’re Spartan Means, Splendid Spaces inventing it with the tradesmen. I’ve built Elizabeth Whittaker’s beautiful buildings look expensive, but aren’t. a practice on learning from these people—it’s by craig lambert more inventive when there are more voices.” At a health club n the summer of 1991, as a new North ally, but now she’s overseeing the pours, in Woburn, Massachusetts, for example, Carolina State University graduate in and the buildings under construction are MERGE worked closely with a structural environmental design in architecture, her own designs. engineer to construct an undulating inte- Elizabeth Whittaker, M.Arch. ’99, The hard hat suggests the hands-on, in- rior wall by physically stacking up cylindri- wore a hard hat, pouring concrete over timate involvement with details of a proj- cal Voss glass water bottles from Norway, Irebars at Arcosanti, a planned community ect that Whittaker specializes in, a way of creating a reinterpretation of the glass in the Arizona desert designed by the cel- working that she calls “extreme collabo- block wall. The clear bottles nicely embody ebrated architect Paolo Soleri. “It was a ration.” It’s a modus operandi that took the club’s mission of health and fitness. hippie-throwback place,” she recalls. “Liv- form in the early days of her firm, which ing off the land in a progressive, commu- she founded in 2003, when “we were fly- For a small firm (there are three on nal atmosphere. A hilarious place.” Today, ing by the seat of our pants, doing these staff), MERGE has designed and/or built as principal of MERGE Architects, Inc. small, quick, needs-to-be-built-in-three- a considerable number of structures in its (www.mergearchitects.com) in Boston, weeks-for-10-dollars kind of projects,” she eight years: 35 residential, 14 commercial, Whittaker still dons a hard hat occasion- explains. “We would be inventing the con- and four institutional projects. “We make

Photograph by Fred Field Harvard Magazine 17 Montage

A smart way to give.

A Giving Account,® a donor- Stacks of Voss water bottles advised fund at the Fidelity® form a translucent curving wall at a health club (above); Charitable Gift Fund, can be a a Mount Everest photo smart way to support Harvard (right) enlivens a Nepalese/ Indian restaurant, where cot- University and other charitable ton straps and custom light fixtures (far right) create a causes that are important unique wall and ceiling. to you. The Gift Fund has things,” Whittaker declares. made more than $71 million “We’re not a firm that works in donor-recommended on a lot of design competi- grants to Harvard.* tions.” MERGE has done plenty of local, smaller-scale, With a Giving Account,® super-fast projects: for ex- you may be able to: ample, design and build a loft residence or restaurant inte- • Save on your taxes rior in six to nine months from date of hire. ning Everest photograph, made it into • Streamline your “They’re fast-track projects because often wallpaper, and bled it across three walls. the client is paying two mortgages, or the They bought nine bare-bulb light sock- recordkeeping rent has kicked in,” Whittaker explains. ets for $1.50 each and had circular mounts • Simplify your giving “The budgets are crazy tight, so we have to custom made for them (about $150); these invent on the fly, very quickly.” now light a dining room and represent the GIVE SMARTER. That spurs creativity. For the Yak & Nepalese notion of the “nine eyes of the Yeti Nepalese/Indian restaurant in Somer- Buddha.” Whittaker and her colleagues Recommend a grant to ville, Massachusetts, for example, on spent weeks on ladders installing a wall Harvard from your Giving a budget “smaller than zero,” MERGE and ceiling made of thin, horizontal cot- Account at the Gift Fund. made something out of nearly nothing. ton straps stretched between and around The owner hired them to draw up basic upright poles; the project ended up a net Visit CharitableGift.org. plans—“This guy didn’t come to us for loss for the firm, but “We enjoyed it,” high design,” says Whittaker, grinning— she says. “The food is fantastic, the res- and had planned to hang framed pictures A design for a YMCA health and wellness of Mount Everest and the Buddha on the center (below), projected to go up at one walls. Instead, MERGE took one stun- or more YMCA camps, beginning in 2011

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18 November - December 2010 Photographs and rendering courtesy of MERGE architects 103185_30_AD_CGF_Harvard.indd 1 9/28/10 1:50:18 PM Elder Care Preservation

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Winter looms, but the artistic imagi- o p e n b o o k nation can summon the warmer seasons. Porter University Professor Helen Vendler has turned her critical Dickinson’s skills to Emily Dickinson, and by happy coincidence, Dickinson: Selected Poems and Commentaries (Harvard University Trinity Press, $35) begins with a deceptively simple verse: In the name of the Bee -

And of the Butterfly - c ts a r c hite And of the Breeze - Amen! Vendler’s interpretation follows. ourtesy of merge c ourtesy The young question of what The award-winning Penn Street Lofts Emily Dickinson, counts as a poem in Quincy, Massachusetts, include six in a daguerreotype residential units, each with its own made in late 1846 at all. Using “In the balcony and pattern of windows. or early 1847 name of the Bee -” as our example, we taurant is doing extremely well, and the could say that what a poem needs above neighborhood loves the space.” all is imagination. In this tiny poem we The designs typically have clear, clean see a first, second, third, and fourth ef- lines: “I’m interested in abstraction,” says fort of imagination. Whittaker, who worked for a year in Ber- First, the poem invents the idea of lin, where the Bauhaus legacy lingers. “We a parody of a Christian form of words, have to get to the point quickly. We don’t while retaining a trace of its source in do fussy trim.” For example, in Quincy, This light—but blasphemous—little its closing “Amen.” And second: the poet Massachusetts, the six-unit Penn Street poem parodies the Trinitarian formula decides on the three nouns to be substi- Lofts—which have won three awards from of baptism, initiated by Jesus’ command- tuted for the three Persons of the Trinity. the American Institute of Architects (AIA) ment to his disciples that they should go And third: the poet has to make her trin- and its affiliates—is a multifamily residen- S pe c i a l Colle c tions forth baptizing all nations “in the name ity of nouns “mean something” in rela- tial building of 1,100- to 1,600-square-foot of the Father, and of the Son, and of the tion to one another (as Father, Son, and lofts, built most economically for $100 per Holy Ghost” (Matthew 28:19).…Dickin- Holy Spirit are related). While Bee and square foot. It replaced a moribund in- son relies—as we first think—on simple Butterfly are named and capitalized living dustrial facility in a neigh- alliteration to bind her poem together: things (as are the Father and the Son), borhood of one- and two- Bee, Butterfly, and Breeze make up a nat- the Breeze is a motion of air (as was family homes. (“We felt this ural spring “trinity.” But…if alliteration the Holy Spirit at Pentecost). And fourth: building could be a catalyst Visit harvardmag. were all she was after, she could have the nouns chosen must have a “spiritu- for real change in the neigh- com/extras for more

Courtesy Amherst Ar c hives a nd Amherst College Courtesy said “Bird”…or “Buttercup”….We have al” quality, must be symbolic as well as borhood,” Whittaker says.) photographs of to look a little more curiously at the im- “real”; the Bee (for Being), the Butterfly The exterior has a crisp, Elizabeth Whit- port of her three successive nouns. (Psyche, the resurrected Soul), and the angular simplicity, softened taker’s buildings. Dickinson has assumed here the au- Breeze (the Spirit) all fit that criterion. by red cedar siding. Instead thority of the vicar who inaugurates a While the imagination is doing its work, of an “anonymous façade of repetitive ritual with his “In the name of the Fa- a parallel investigation is being carried windows,” each loft has its own window ther” and ends it with his “Amen.”…It is out by the ear, creating a link of sound— pattern. “The unit, and the life within the Dickinson’s conviction of her intellectual Bee, Butterfly, Breeze—to substitute for unit, become more of a cinematic moment and aesthetic authority that enables her the “familial” links of the Trinity. on the façade, and that therefore involves to stand, however whimsically, against Dickinson keeps a secular Sabbath the street,” she explains. “It’s not the same the church, and offer Nature as a better in the open fields, her ear open to the as having a front stoop, but it’s the next- object of worship than the Trinity. The bee’s hum, her eye open to the butterfly’s best thing.” Balconies, instead of projecting authority of the poem is so sweetly ex- flight, and her skin open to the caress of outward, are recessed into the units’ foot- erted that its sting is felt only after its the spring breeze; but she sanctifies them prints: “You have a balcony stating that charm: this mixture of comedy and sat- by making them “match” the Christian this is your unit, distinct from the others.” ire is characteristic of many of Dickin- Trinity. It is her own imaginative effort Her creative solutions to problems of son’s early poems. that Dickinson is “baptizing” here, calling site, structure, budget, timeline, and func- …[S]uch a short poem raises the on the authority of Nature, not of God. tion have won Whittaker invitations to lecture at Taliesin West in Arizona and

20 November - December 2010 Montage to represent the United States in an AIA lecture series in Puerto Rico, alongside ar- Chocolate à la Vietnamese chitects from France and Spain. Last year and this, as design critic in architecture, Truffles with a South Asian accent she has also taught a studio—the heart of the curriculum—at the Graduate School of Design. “I love teaching,” she says. “It t’s a Saturday night keeps your mind fresh and helps you stay in San Francisco. Time engaged in all aspects of the discipline. It’s feels tight for Susan beyond stimulating.” I Lieu ’07 and her older In the classroom, Whittaker can also sister, Wendy, found- reconnect with the feeling she had when ers of Sôcôla Chocolatier. she took her first architecture course (Sôcôla, from the French and found it “the most fascinating, hard- chocolat, means “choco- est, and most challenging thing I had late” in Vietnamese.) They ever done.” Having painted and done must make 1,200 more graphic design, she felt that architec- truffles—pear pâte de fruit, ture opened a door to infinite possibility. yuzu ginger, jasmine tea, “Architecture is everything: it’s sculp- and burnt caramel with ture, it’s graphics, it’s product design— red Hawaiian sea salt. of S ô c ôl a c ourtesy done in three-dimensional experiential What sets the sisters’ The upscale chocolates—boxes of a dozen, space,” she says. “Layered on top of that, confections apart are like these, retail for $25 each—draw on flavors from Vietnam and the rest of the world. you have the responsibility of making a their inventive Eastern- building people actually want to inhabit. and Western-inspired flavors, perfected play on the stage name of the late rapper How could I give that up and just do one confection, and playful packaging. These The Notorious B.I.G.)—are tantalizing of those, when architecture asked me to truffles—some with sassy names like Give taste buds and winning prizes. do them all?” It To Me Guava and Notorious H.O.G. (a Sôcôla (www.socolachocolates.com)

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began in 2001 as a teenagers’ side business in a farmers’ market booth. This year, it What’s New on the Web took 10 awards at the San Francisco Inter- national Chocolate Salon, including a sec- Web Extras add new dimensions to many articles in this issue. Read the ond place for “Most Exciting Experience.” stories, then visit harvardmag.com/extras for video, audio, photos, and more. They’ve supplied truffles for Google, Chev- ron, Pixar, and CBS, as well as San Francis- listen co’s Asian Art Museum, and have 11 retail The Power of vendors ($25 for a 12-piece box). “We have Photography the go-ahead to do 26 additional stores in northern California,” says Susan. “Are we In locations from Vermont to doing it? No. I’m doing a full-time Coro Kurdistan, Susan Meiselas, Ed.M. Fellowship. My sister has a full-time job.” ’71, has made it her life’s work to Even so, with only a few basic ingredients—chocolate, butter, cream, and a understand through images. Read given batch’s special flavor, such as gua- the article on page 41, then log on va—they find time to create truffles for to our website to hear an interview. all tastes. Environmentally conscious food producers, they curb their greenhouse- see gas emissions by buying locally produced, Responses to Marginalization organic ingredients whenever possible. Social psychologist Amy Cuddy studies first impressions and They use E. Guittard’s 72 percent dark draws on recent research that found a neurological basis for chocolate: “It’s local, family owned and why societies marginalize the poor. Read about her work on operated, and it has a rich chocolate taste page 48, then go online to see paintings created by homeless people responding to their social categorization. The flavors come from discuss travels, experiences, Your Take: Snap Judgments and Stereotypes Tell us about a snap judgment or stereotype that was Wendy’s dreams. applied to you, and the consequences. Do you try to compensate for your own snap judgments? Share your thoughts and see what other readers said.

explore Harvard and Hollywood Read a review of the new book on the National Lampoon, founded by Harvard Lampoon alumni (see page 27). Then il from B eowulf a il from enjoy three more articles online from the Harvard Maga- zine archives on Harvard, comedy, and Hollywood. ourtesy of S ô c ôl a c ourtesy The whimsical Sôcôla logo, a winged watch alpaca nicknamed “Harriet,” appears in A Poet at Work various colors on some of the truffles. mbert; det c r a ig La mbert; üdri c h; Poet April Bernard ’78 considers herself a “disillusioned ten R that doesn’t overpower other flavors,” says Romantic” (see page 24). Learn more from a Harvard Susan. The sisters always follow Wen- e; S e; ac Magazine original video in which Bernard, at her home in dy’s time-tested confectionary regimen: Vermont, reads from, and discusses, her work. smooth, dense, creamy ganache coated in a shiny dark chocolate shell. learn The rest of the magic is in the science of Medieval Manuscripts truffle-making: ingredient ratios and the tempering of the chocolate—the process of A new Harvard University Press series aims to make rt sp a rt home front/ gnum photos; heating and then cooling it for stability, a medieval texts accessible by pairing significant works in s/m a nice crunch, and a smooth shine. Their jas- their original languages with modern English translations mine tea truffle recipe (detailed on www. on facing pages (see page 64). Online examples offer ex- a n M eisel instructables.com) begins with mixing cerpts from the Vulgate Bible and from Beowulf. and boiling cream and invert sugar, then stay connected - harvardmagazine.com letting the liquid steep with loose jasmine rom top: S us top: F rom

22 November - December 2010 Montage

sultant; by night and on weekends, she’s Sôcôla’s self-taught chocolatier. “She gets ganaches right on the first or second try,” says Susan. “That’s brilliant. She’s talented! In Vietnamese, you’d say she’s khéo tay—clever, skillful, and dexterous with her hands. I can’t do that. I hate ori- gami!” This evening, kitchen conditions are perfect. Wendy’s happy with her ganache—it’s firm, velvety, and the flavor releases on the tongue. The liquid dark chocolate has been tempered just so. The air conditioning keeps their rented kitchen cool for chocolate hardening. Stand- ing opposite one another, the sisters dip ganache squares topped with pear pâte de fruit into dark chocolate and drag it an inch on the parchment-lined tray to lose

wilmerding eliz a the excess coating. As they reach for the In the Sôcôla kitchen, sisters Wendy (left) The flavors come from travels, experi- next one, a long-time assistant applies and Susan Lieu dip a few dozen chocolate ences, Wendy’s dreams, “and just what the garnish—in this case, a cocoa-butter truffles laid out on baking parchment. we’re into,” says Susan. “Wendy loves transfer of their trademark, a winged al- tea leaves away from the heat. Straining, stout—bam, it’s in there. Wendy loves ba- paca the sisters call Harriet. re-boiling, pouring into melted chocolate, con, there you go. We drink Vietnamese and adding butter follow, as do refrigerat- coffee—it’s in the chocolate.” The Lieu sisters’ parents escaped ing, spreading, dipping, and garnishing. By day, Wendy is a management con- Vietnam by boat after the war and lived

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Harvard Magazine 23 Montage in refugee camps for two years before The sisters with their “Duchess of Earl” starting their own gardening and nail- Earl Grey-flavored truffles. After dipping, they push each one to the side to prevent a salon businesses in the Bay Area. After trailing “foot” of excess dipped chocolate. Harvard, Susan worked on a government-run sustainable cocoa develop- sustainable enough to support one if not ment project in Vietnam while staying both sisters. with family in the Mekong Delta. She “Sometimes I think, ‘Why am I trying returned to San Francisco for her Coro to make chocolate?’” Susan says, ponder- Fellowship (the nonprofit program ing what her parents went through for trains fellows for “effective, ethical lead- her and her siblings. Upon reflection, she ership in public affairs”)—and with her remains committed. “What am I so afraid aunt’s recipe for a Vietnamese dessert, of? Maybe the world will fall in love with which led to their popular tamarind our chocolate,” she says. “It’s fun and de- black sesame truffle. licious. It gets you out of the grind and Susan will soon take over managing into the body. If people can give them as Sôcôla’s operations, sales, and market- gifts, share them around a table, enjoy, ing full time. She plans to systemize and be grounded in the moment, and maybe streamline their production process, and take that feeling somewhere else—I think

find out if the business is expandable and that’s success.” veliza wilmerding wilmerding eliz a

which she mentions Alfred Hitchcock’s Noir Romantic 1946 film Poet April Bernard samples the air of Keats, Shelley, and James M. Cain. “…Notorious, where I discovered myself a long time ago, before I learned the h, I’m a romantic, but a heart- first place. People who lovenoir are disil- finish of the dance broken romantic—and noir, lusioned romantics. You couldn’t have Ray- could never be a box-office-pleasing deeply noir,” says poet April Ber- mond Chandler, James M. Cain, and Dashi- slow dissolve to kissing. “ Onard ’78, with a full-throated ell Hammett unless you had the Romantics: No; my dance like theirs properly never laugh. Then she explains: “Noir is romanti- the belief that feeling is primary and ex- ends, it is a danse cism embittered. The life of feeling that has pressing feeling will lead you to spiritual been betrayed leads to the attitude and genre enlightenment. When you find out that it apache to the death, so much violence to of noir. No one who loves noir is a cynic— doesn’t, you end up in a place of noir.” reason in lovers kissing cynics never believed in anything in the Consider her poem “To the Knife,” in and sighing, because they love because it’s impossible, and pretending a happy ending is just an excuse for more kissing.

This poem, with others in her most recent book, Romanticism (2009), embraces the irra- tionality of both romanticism and noir: “They are both emotional reactions to the world. Neither is very smart,” she says. Yet, in this collection, her fourth, “The impulse behind the poems is to experience Visit harvardmag. com/extras for a extremities,” she observes. video of Bernard “Shelley wrote, ‘I fall upon the reading and thorns of life; I bleed!’ And I discussing her said to myself, ‘Why can’t I say work. that?’ How do I do that? So I decided to write poems interrogating language, exploring

“I like people to stand on tiptoe when they read my work,” says Bernard. “Not that it’s difficult to understand—but I’m trying

to articulate complex ideas and feelings.” c r a ig l mbert

24 November - December 2010 Montage

nancial aid makes education an entitlement, but erodes standards. Federal aid, he Off the Shelf argues, must be tied to aca- Recent books with Harvard connections demic performance as well.

The Decline and Fall Roosevelt’s Purge: How FDR Fought of the American Republic, by to Change the Democratic Party, by Bruce Ackerman ’63 (Harvard, Susan Dunn, Ph.D. ’73 (Harvard, $27.95). $25.95). Yale’s Sterling professor of The author, professor of humanities at law and political science devoted his Williams, dramatically narrates FDR’s 2010 Tanner Lectures, at Princeton, 1938 campaign to defeat conservative to the untoward consequences senators who helped to thwart New of “triumphalist” constitutional Deal bills. His intervention in Demo- thought, including his own, and what A texting break, in Shanghai. Layers of

cratic primaries didn’t go well, but it did he sees as the “clear and present danger” tradition and modernity make it reward- a llows ing—and essential—to learn about China prefigure the realignment into the more now posed by America’s too-powerful through its languages.

ideologically pure parties that dominate presidency. debor a h f (and divide) Washington now. cies that, they show, demonstrates “civili- The Frugal Superpower: Ameri- zation by instinct.” How Did the First Stars and Galax- ca’s Global Leadership in a Cash- ies Form? by Abraham Loeb, professor Strapped Era, by Michael Mandelbaum, Dreaming in Chinese, by Deborah of astronomy (Princeton, $24.95 paper, Ph.D. ’75 (PublicAffairs, $23.95). It’s easy Fallows ’71 (Walker, $22). The author, $75 cloth). A small book (169 pages) on to be powerful (if not loved) when rich. plunging into life in China (with husband/ a large subject: the first billion years of But what happens when the chief guar- journalist James Fallows ’70, to whom she cosmology. “I get paid to think about the antor of world security becomes less dedicates the book), self-deprecatingly sky,” Loeb writes engagingly—but there’s so? The author, of Johns Hopkins School recounts her “Mandarin Lessons in Life, no escaping the physics and math. of Advanced International Studies, sees Love, and Language” (the subtitle)—from a more modest U.S. profile, and less im- mastering a soap opera to being able to ported oil. chew out a cabbie for overcharging.

Death in the New World, by Eric R. Just Like Someone Without Mental Seeman ’89 (University of Pennsylvania, Illness Only More So, by Mark Vonne- $45). The ubiquity of death and common gut, M.D. ’79 (Delacorte, $24). A memoir responses to it—belief in an afterlife, about growing up with a suddenly famous care for the corpses—facilitated under- parent, and coping with one’s own psy- standing among Indian, European, and Af- choses, alcohol dependence, and pediatric rican peoples. Seeman, at SUNY-Buffalo, practice. explores the cultures crossing, 1492- 1800. The Two Faces of American Free-

s a Bright jets from a collapsing stellar dom, by Aziz F. Rana ’00, Ph.D. ’07 (Har- a n core provide astronomers with Reshaping the Work-Family De- vard, $29.95). A dense, textured, and bold an essential measuring device for bate: Why Men and Class Matter, interpretation of American constitution- probing the universe. by Joan C. Williams, J.D. ’80 (Harvard, alism and political culture, disentangling Music at the End of Life, by Jennifer L. $29.95). The director of Hastings College the themes of freedom, subordination, Hollis, M.Div. ’03 (Praeger, $44.95). Har- of the Law’s Center for WorkLife Law and empire, by an assistant professor of vard Divinity School’s assistant director argues that women don’t just opt out of law at Cornell. of admissions explores the role of mu- careers, that men are disadvantaged by sic in hospice and palliative care (“easing work norms, and that the prevailing grid- The Intelligent Entrepreneur, by the pain and preparing the passage,” per lock requires new thinking. Bill Murphy Jr. (Henry Holt, $27.50). A the subtitle), the subject of the emerging journalistic account of start-up success, field of music-thanatology. The Leafcutter Ants, by Bert Hölldo- as taught at Harvard Business School, bler and Edward O. Wilson, Pellegrino through the experiences of three ’98 The Lowering of Higher Education University Professor emeritus (Norton, M.B.A. graduates: Marla Malcolm Beck in America, by Jackson Toby, Ph.D. ’50 $19.95 paper). The foremost myrmeco- (also M.P.A. ’98, Bluemercury cosmetics); Praeger, $34.95). The retired Rutgers logical coauthors collaborate again, on a Marc Cenedella (TheLadders.com job professor maintains that need-based fi- visually stunning illustration of the spe- search); and Chris Michel (military.com).

Harvard Magazine 25 modes of romanticism. There is tremendous pain in these poems and I didn’t know how to express it any better.” Excellence Take the ending of “Romance”: …Most of what I imagine, in the what I want, is small: Hands with mine in the sink, washing dishes, the smell of wool, feet tangling mine in profession. bed. I know the gods punish the proud, but I do not yet know why they punish the humble. Although after all

it is not humble to ask, every minute or so, for happiness. For nearly 30 years, Tony Jenkins has distinguished himself as a lawyer, mentor, author and champion for diversity. Now, he has been chosen by his peers to be President of the State Bar of Michigan. This selection recognizes Tony's passion for the law, his integrity, his Bernard is now in her second year as professionalism, and a willingness to dedicate his leadership skills and energy toward the director of creative writing at Skidmore, enhancement of our profession. We congratulate Tony as the sixth Dickinson Wright where she also teaches literature. (Her attorney to serve as President of the State Bar of Michigan. own mentors at Harvard included Robert Fitzgerald and Elizabeth Bishop.) Previ- Dickinson Wrightpllc ously, she taught for a decade at Benning- www.dickinsonwright.com global leaders in law. ton. (She still lives in Bennington, Ver- mont.) Her first book,Blackbird Bye Bye, won the Walt Whitman Award from the Academy of American Poets; current U.S.

7th Annual poet laureate W. S. Merwin declared it the work of “a poet of obvious gifts and power “THIS BOOK IS Attention Juniors and ambition, unsparing and brilliant.” Class of 2012 She’ll admit to the “intellectual ambition” of her work: “It is not just about ‘me.’ I’m in- HILARIOUS, Enroll Now… terested in writing in a way that reaches College Application beyond the subjective and personal to some- ESSENTIAL, Boot Camp® thing greater. That’s what all serious art is for: AND LONG OVERDUE.” reaching beyond the self.” While writing Ro- — ANDY BOROWITZ Intensive 4-day Camp manticism, she reached for a lot of Henry James August Summer 2010 2011 (a “late Romantic,” she says, who appears Join us in Boston more than once in the poems), listened to lie- The best of der, and heard plenty of opera. America’s Yet the sorrow and disillusion in the best humor book are “tempered with aesthetic and magazine intellectual playfulness,” Bernard says. ever, the “I’m playing a game with readers and at NATIONAL the same time engaging their emotions LAMPOON and wits.” In one case, she brings together “Man, did the unlikely duo of Roy Orbison and John 6 this bring Milton in a poem that mixes tongue-in-

back great cheek celebration (“Someone will return ® memories.” a phone call today!”) with the feeling of —BILL MAHER waking from a dream to realize, crestfall-

Available wherever en, that a lost love is not present after all. books are sold Language, she finds, can help melt desola- 320 pages $40.00  Application Boot Camp® tion: “Truth telling, saying it as exactly as ApplicationBootCamp.com I can, provides a form of refreshment.” 1-781-530-7088 vdavid scribner Email: [email protected]

26 November - December 2010 Montage Funniest Pages A tasting menu from the most hilarious magazine ever by craig lambert

Contrary to the romanticized image of National Lampoon demolished a solitary artist forging brilliant creations icons of both the Left and Right. Here, a cream pie to Che in inspired isolation—Franz Kafka, say— Guevara’s face on a 1972 cover. most great works of art emerge from a group of creators who catch fire together. them to flourish. The vehicle Renaissance Italy is probably the grand- for their savage iconoclasm est example, but think of the Abstract Ex- was a magazine whose ethos pressionists breaking new ground in New echoed the telephone greeting York in the 1940s and 1950s, or the Bau- radical journalist Paul Krass- haus of Germany in the 1920s. ner used instead of “Hello”: In American humor, such a magical mo- “I’m ready for anything.” ment happened in the early 1970s in New The National Lampoon, found- York City, when cosmic forces converged ed in 1970 by three young to bring together a critical mass—and alumni of the Harvard Lam- critical they were, of virtually everything poon—Henry Beard ’67, Doug in mainstream Kenney ’68, and Rob Hoffman

Rick Meyerowitz, culture—of gifted ’69, M.B.A. ’72—was not only 2010 c opyright d Brilliant Dea /Abr a ms, Stone Drunk Drunk Stoned Brilliant Dead satirists, comic unlike anything seen before (or since) in comic creation that irreversibly altered (Harry N. Abrams, $40.) writers, and art- the realm of humor, but, in retrospect, popular culture. Outside conventional TV ists and allowed was the wellspring for several streams of sitcoms and formulaic Hollywood mov-

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28 November - December 2010 The iMaGe of The Black in wesTeRn aRT / ediTed By daVid BindMan & henRy louis GaTes, JR.

VoluMe i: From the Pharaohs to VoluMe ii: From the Early VoluMe ii: From the Early VoluMe iii: From the “Age of the Fall of the Roman Empire Christian Era to the “Age of Christian Era to the “Age of Discovery” to the Age of Abolition Discovery” / part 1 Discovery” / part 2 part 1

God-feaRinG and fRee whaT is MenTal illness? in The shadow of The laB A Spiritual History of America’s Cold RichaRd J. Mcnally secTaRianisM Creativity and Culture War / Jason w. sTeVens Law, Shi`ism, and the Making of daVid edwaRds new books from

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30 November - December 2010 Visit harvardmag. com/extras to read three articles on Harvard comedy and Hollywood from our archives.

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(If one subject was off lim- ticularly given Beard’s var- its to the magazine’s ridicule, it was lung ied oeuvre and the vivid lay- cancer, although Bruce McCall’s ad for outs that fill the rest of the “Egyptian Corks” cigarettes, parodying book . Similarly, six of the Camels, eventually broke even that taboo, nine pages devoted to work with a chain-smoking surgeon atop the of the great Bruce McCall, headlines: “A Lung Surgeon Needs Steady painter of marvelous traves- Nerves/No Wonder America’s Hospitals ties of scale (“Indoor golf! Are Full of Egyptian Corks Smokers.”) How our gardeners hated The Harvardians, all Harvard Lampoon that game!”), are wasted on alumni, congregate at the front of Mey- an unfunny take on travel erowitz’s chronology. They include John via zeppelin, with lengthy, Weidman ’68, now an award-winning unfathomable captions in Sesame Street and Broadway writer and li- German. brettist; Cerf, a power in children’s televi- But most of the selec- sion; and longtime New Yorker contributor tions are excellent, and the George W.S. Trow ’65, who died in 2006. theme-issue covers (for Rob Hoffman exercised his genius primar- years, every issue was a ily on the business side—it was he who theme issue) instantly re- structured the buyout deal that made the call the magazine’s glorious The 1972 “Escape!” ably dead. Beard is the sole sur- founders young millionaires in 1975, and heresies: Che Guevara get- issue placed Adolf viving founder, and crucial writ- Hitler on a tropical also gave the Harvard Lampoon a royalty ting a pie in the face for the island—with parrot, ers like Trow, Gerry Sussman, and on NatLamp projects including, for example, Is Nothing Sacred? issue; beads, and a paper- the black-comedy genius Michael the 1980s series of National Lampoon’s Va- a pipe-smoking professor parasol-garnished O’Donoghue have passed away. cation movies starring Chevy Chase. Ken- spanking a bare-bottomed rum drink. Most of the creators went on to ney’s selections include an installment of coed with a slide rule for the Back to Col- successful careers in the arts or media. “Mrs. Agnew’s Diary,” the gossipy, pitch- lege issue; Gerald Ford mashing an ice- Yet many of them might agree with Mey- perfect send-up of backstage antics in the cream cone into his forehead for the Civics erowitz that the pages of the National Lam- Nixon White House, and “The Undiscov- issue; a bandaged Vincent van Gogh hold- poon ran the best work they’ve ever done. ered Notebook of Leonardo da Vinci,” with ing a banana stuck into a detached ear for Clearly, the author has never gotten over sepia-toned drawings sketching prototypes the Banana issue. the experience, and this book is bound to of Hula-Hoops, whoopee cushions, Coca- The creators of this panoply were in- ensure that you won’t, either. Cola, and squirt guns (“Aqua Pistola.”) deed inspired, not least by each other. Beard, a man born to edit a magazine, All were brilliant, many drunk and/or Craig A. Lambert ’69, Ph.D. ’78, is deputy editor of worked superhuman hours for years on stoned, and several, alas, now indisput- this magazine. end; he was NatLamp’s flywheel, an essential counterweight to the mer- curial Kenney, who once simply vanished without a trace for a few weeks. Inexplicably, Beard’s segment is dominated by “Law of the Jungle,” 12 pages of convincing legalese that describe the purported legal code of fauna— for example: “One of the first recorded cases, Brontosaurus v. Tyrannosaurus Rex (7 Fossils 3446), a fairly routine water-

Author/editor Rick Meyerowitz then (left) and now (right). Creator of the Animal House poster, he contributed to

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Deliberative democracy, philosophical pragmatism, and Barack Obama’s conception of American governance james t. kloppenberg by

Warren professor of American history James T. Kloppenberg, a specialist in Thomas Kuhn; the monumental effects of John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice, the intellectual history of the United States and Europe and now chair of the when published, critiqued, and refined, and of new interpretations of American history department, observed the 2008 presidential election from afar: he was history by Gordon Wood and others who stressed the idea of “civic republican- teaching at the University of Cambridge. As he lectured on the U.S. political ism”; the authors Obama read in college and law school, and the articles that tradition and studied Barack Obama’s writings, he began to see three strong, appeared in the Harvard Law Review during his editorship; and more. At but unexamined, themes. The first is Obama’s sophisticated understanding their broadest, Kloppenberg describes the contending ideas at stake as “jarring of America’s history and its continuing democratic experiment. The second conflicts between universalism and particularism, timelessness and histori- is the idea of pragmatism—America’s principal contribution to Western cism, science and hermeneutics.” philosophy—which was first elaborated by William James and John Dewey, The following excerpt is adapted from the beginning of chapter three, themselves advocates of deliberative democracy. The third is the shaping force “Obama’s American History.” There, Kloppenberg explores the view of the on Obama’s writings of the intellectual currents that swept through academia Constitution not as a settled, set arrangement for American governance, but during his years as a student and professor. as a creative compromise among its diverse authors. The Founders, in this per- That realization prompted Kloppenberg, in his new book, Reading spective, were attuned to a deliberative, open-ended way of conducting public Obama: Dreams, Hope, and the American Political Tradition, to life: an ingenious, if imperfect, solution that has endured even as similar experi- focus on the president’s ideas: “Locating Obama’s development in the frame- ments in other countries have not, precisely because it is premised on accom- works of the history of American democracy, the ideas of philosophical prag- modating differences and changing people’s views, not embedding them in matism, and the intellectual turmoil of the 1980s and 1990s,” he writes, “reveals stone. As Kloppenberg notes, James Madison himself emphasized remaining how Obama thinks and why he sees American culture and politics as he does.” “open to the force of argument.” A second excerpt from a few pages later, avail- Along the way, Kloppenberg explores Obama’s personal experiences across able online at harvardmag.com/extras, explicates Obama’s perspective on the and among diverse cultures; the pluralistic worldviews arising from the work American democratic idea of melding individual views and interests into the of scholars such as anthropologist Clifford Geertz and historian of science community’s common good. vThe Editors

arack Obama is a mystery. To critics on the left he seems presidency. To the right he is a frightening success, a man who Ba tragic failure, a man with so much potential who has not has transformed the federal government and ruined the economy, fulfilled the promise of change that partisans predicted for his a man whose presidency threatens the foundations of the Amer-

34 November - December 2010 From the book Reading Obama: Dreams, Hope, and the American Political Tradition, by James T. Kloppenberg, published by Princeton University Press. Copyright © 2010 by Princeton University Press. Reprinted by permission. Obama points out—accurately—that the Constitution resulted from a series of compromises made necessary by the depth of disagreement at the Constitutional Convention and during the process of ratification. The framers realized that the Constitution would have to change with American culture, albeit slowly. ican social order. Obama antagonizes the right for some of the with the fervor of true believers, Obama sees things differently. same reasons he fails to satisfy the left. He stands for principles He believes that anti-foundationalism, historicism, and philo- that have attracted American progressives for a century: individ- sophical pragmatism are consistent with the principles of civic ual autonomy and greater equality, the gradual expansion of the republicanism and deliberative democracy on which America principle of one person, one vote, from the political to the social was built and for which it should stand. In his speech marking and economic spheres. But other features of Obama’s sensibility the end of U.S. military engagement in Iraq, on August 31, 2010, distinguish him from many politically engaged Americans, pro- Obama declared, “The greatness of our democracy is grounded gressives as well as conservatives. in our ability to move beyond our differences, and to learn from Obama is drawn toward the ideas of anti-foundationalism, our experience as we confront the many challenges ahead.” That historicism, and philosophical pragmatism. As an anti-founda- single sentence encapsulates Obama’s commitments to delibera- tionalist, he questions the existence of universal truths. As a his- tive democracy and pragmatism, the signature features of the ap- toricist, he doubts that any ideas transcend the particularity of proach to American history and politics he adopts in his writings time and culture. Finally, as a philosophical pragmatist he insists and his speeches. Where did it come from? that all propositions, positions, and policies must be subjected Obama was educated in two of America’s leading colleges, to continuing critical scrutiny. Whereas many activists on both Occidental and Columbia. He earned his law degree at Harvard the left and the right proclaim their incommensurable principles Law School, then taught law for more than a decade at another

Illustrations by Greg Spalenka Harvard Magazine 35 top-flight institution, the University of Chicago Law School. In Perhaps not surprisingly for someone who studied and taught his books Obama never explicitly addresses his education or his constitutional law, Obama writes incisively about the United States teaching, but his writing clearly reflects his experience as a stu- Constitution. Near the end of Dreams from My Father, he describes the dent and as a professor in turbulent times. His books manifest his law as the record of “a long-running conversation, a nation argu- serious engagement with the life of the mind. Obama’s worldview ing with its conscience.” In The Audacity of Hope Obama’s argument is emerged not only from his family, his friends, and his colleagues less lyrical but even more provocative. Against those conservatives in the sharp-elbowed worlds of community organizing and elec- who invoked the idea of the founders’ so-called original intent, a toral politics, decisive as those surely were. His sensibility was set of determinate meanings that are said to limit what legislatures also shaped by the debates that rocked the campuses where he and judges can legitimately do, Obama points out—accurately— studied and taught, debates about ideas as well as politics. Much that the Constitution resulted from a series of compromises made as he might need to mask it on the campaign trail, where he dem- necessary by the depth of disagreement at the Constitutional Con- onstrates his impressive skill as a politician, his books make clear vention and during the process of ratification. Moreover, Obama that Barack Obama is also very much an intellectual. correctly observes that the decision to leave the document open to amendment testified to the framers’ realization that the nation’s Constitution would have to change with American culture, albeit slowly, in order to survive. The failure to provide a mechanism for such alterations, the framers understood, had doomed earlier republics to failure—as we can see now that it doomed later republics, such as the first several republics proclaimed in France— when they proved in- capable of adapting to changed circumstances. Obama quotes a crucial passage from James Madison concerning the value and the necessity of open- mindedness in democracy. Reflecting on the process of reaching provisional agreement Of Obama’s two principal books, many people prefer Dreams at the Constitutional Convention, Madison wrote, “no man felt from My Father, a meditation on his personal identity and the prob- himself obliged to retain his opinions any longer than he was sat- lems of race and cultural diversity in America. To understand isfied of their propriety and truth.” Everyone remained “open to Obama’s ideas about American culture and politics, however, his the force of argument.” That passage expresses Obama’s under- personal story must be placed in the framework provided by The standing of democracy as deliberation. Audacity of Hope, a book in which one can identify the echoes of Madison himself, although often credited with having framed earlier and more recent voices in the traditions of American po- the Constitution, did not get the Constitution he wanted. His litical thought. Particularly important are his discussions of the own position on crucial issues such as the Senate and the au- Constitution, antebellum American democracy, Lincoln and the thority of the executive changed not only during the convention Civil War, and the reform movements of the Progressive, New itself but also during the debates over ratification, particularly Deal, and civil rights eras. From his well-informed and sophisti- when he became convinced by his friend Thomas Jefferson that cated analysis of those issues emerges a particular conception of the Anti-Federalists were right about the strategic necessity, democracy. and perhaps even the desirability, of a Bill of Rights. The Audac-

36 November - December 2010 Recent historians of Madison and the Constitution have all demonstrated why the ideal and the practice of democratic deliberation proved so important. Madison believed that the process of deliberation could produce results different from, and superior to, any of the ideas that representatives brought with them to an assembly. ity of Hope contains no footnotes, and Obama rarely mentions the federal framework appealed to him in part for that reason. But scholars whose work has shaped his ideas. It seems clear from his preference for representative democracy hardly makes him an his discussion of Madison and the Constitution, however, that antidemocrat. Other contemporaries who shared that preference he rejects claims about original intent and also sees beyond the included Jefferson and Thomas Paine, two thinkers often con- 1950s-era obsession with Madison’s so-called realist pluralism: trasted to Madison but with whom he had much more in com- the view that Madison wisely abandoned aspirations to politi- mon from the 1770s through the 1820s than is usually recognized. cal ideals and settled instead for an institutional structure that Madison aligned himself with those who opposed the idea that would merely facilitate and accommodate the clash of competing delegates, either to the Constitutional Convention or later to the interests. That interpretation served to justify the political mod- United States Congress, should be bound by instructions from eration of the post–World War II era. Although that view still their constituents. His position derived from his faith in a par- appeals to many scholars, including those on the right who praise ticular form of representative democracy, not his distrust of its Madison’s prudence and those on the left who accuse him of sell- potential. He believed that the process of deliberation, if it re- ing out democratic ideals, it has become increasingly difficult to mained open-ended, could produce results different from, and sustain. Recent historians of Madison and the Constitution, such superior to, any of the ideas that representatives brought with as Jack Rakove and Lance Banning, legal scholars such as Har- them to an assembly. As his own letters after the convention con- vard’s Frank Michelman and Laurence Tribe, Yale’s Akhil Amar firm, Madison had experienced in Philadelphia the creative po- and Obama’s longtime Chicago colleague Cass Sunstein, and tential of deliberation, a potential short-circuited by demands Supreme Court Justices such as Stephen Breyer, have all demon- that representatives must follow precisely the preexisting prefer- strated why the ideal and the practice of democratic deliberation ences of those who sent them. It is true that many Anti-Federal- proved at least as important for the acceptance and durability of ists cherished a different conception of democracy from that em- the Constitution as did the checks and balances built into the braced by Madison, Jefferson, and Paine. Many Anti-Federalists new nation’s institutional architecture. distrusted the idea of delegating authority to those they elected The older, conspiratorial view of the Constitution as the prod- to serve in a distant assembly. But their vision of democracy is uct of scheming elites out to dupe the unsuspecting and virtu- as difficult to translate into a national framework as their critics ous masses, an interpretation that originated with Charles Beard at the time contended, and the preference for a federalist form of a century ago, still makes compelling drama; it persists among government did not necessarily make its champions opponents many historians committed to the idea that the deck was stacked of ordinary citizens. Some Federalists, notably Alexander Hamil- against “the people” by “the interests” from the beginning. But ton, did distrust the people and did seek to limit their influence. the record of the debates in the Constitutional Convention and Madison’s commitment to the Constitution, by contrast, sprang afterwards is much more complex. Neither the neo-Beardian con- from his deep desire to see democracy survive. spiracy theory nor the sepia-tinted portraits of the founders trot- In his description of the Constitution and the way it was con- ted out by conservatives eager to preserve the status quo captures structed, Obama shows his familiarity with one of the most im- the dynamic process of writing and ratifying the Constitution. portant developments in American scholarship since the 1970s, Madison himself went into the Constitutional Convention during the years since Gordon Wood and other historians sparked self-consciously committed to constructing a democracy, and the revival of civic republican ideas and legal scholars such as Mi- he came away from the ratification process convinced that the chelman and Sunstein brought it to law schools. Not only consti- result, despite his misgivings about it, was the best that could tutional lawyers but also political theorists are now rediscovering be attained through a democratic process. In his first speech to what Madison, Jefferson, and Paine already knew: representative the Constitutional Convention, Madison argued that a federal democracy is not a bastardized or second-best version but instead government, because it would “expand the sphere” of represen- a distinctive variant of democracy that values persuasion over the tatives’ horizons beyond their local preoccupations to the needs rigid, unyielding defense of preferences or interests. Representa- of the entire nation, “was the only defense against the inconve- tive democracy is designed to substitute the dynamic process of niences of democracy consistent with the democratic form of making reasoned arguments for the simple tallying of votes dic- government.” Notice Madison’s use of the terms “democracy” and tated by constituents’ preferences. In Obama’s words, not only “democratic” in that sentence. The familiar notion that Madison did the size of the new nation mean that “an Athenian model of envisioned a republic rather than a democracy is widespread, but democracy was out of the question” and that “the direct democ- it is false. He did envision a representative democracy rather than racy of the New England town meeting” was “unmanageable.” It a direct democracy, and the elaborate checks and balances of the was not just practicality that dictated representation.

Harvard Magazine 37 What we need, Obama suggests, is a “shift in metaphors,” a willingness to see “our democracy not as a house to be built, but as a conversation to be had.” The institutional machinery of the Constitution was intended, he argues, not to solve our problems once and for all but “to force us into a conversation.”

The process of deliberation, particularly when it brought to- ternal reality, persuading others of their point of view, and building gether people with diverse backgrounds, convictions, and as- shifting alliances of consent.” It would be hard to find in William pirations, made possible a metamorphosis unavailable through James or John Dewey a clearer statement of the conceptual and his- any other form of decision making. People who saw the world torical connections between philosophical pragmatism and delib- through very different lenses could help each other see more erative democracy in the American political tradition. clearly. Just as Madison defended the value of delegates’ willing- Obama’s arguments about American democracy rest on a ness to change their minds and yield to the force of the better solid scholarly foundation. Sunstein argued in the 1989 Harvard argument, so Obama explicitly echoes the arguments of Madi- Law Review article “Interpreting Statutes in the Regulatory State” son—and, strikingly, of Hamilton in Federalist number 70—con- (when Obama was newly on the editorial board) that Madison cerning the importance of encouraging the “jarring of parties” envisioned the clashing of arguments in American legislatures because such differences of opinion could “promote deliberation as a uniquely productive process, a process whereby representa- and circumspection.” He points out that scholars now agree that tives found their own convictions, and those of their constitu- the Constitution was “cobbled together” from heated debates ents, challenged and changed. Madison sought, as the historian and emerged “not as the result of principle but as the result of Marvin Meyers argued decades ago in a brilliant essay cited by power and passion.” The ideas of Madison were never identical Sunstein, not merely stability but new understandings of the to those of Hamilton. No unitary meaning or intent can be found. common good, understandings unavailable to any individual but Instead the Constitution shows traces of competing arguments emerging from the processes of contestation and deliberation. In drawn from sources including the Bible, the English common Obama’s formulation of this crucial point, the founders wanted law, Scottish philosophy, civic republican traditions, and the En- above all to avoid “all forms of absolute authority,” and the most lightenment idea of natural rights. perilous moments for the new nation occurred when that fallibil- Obama the law professor concedes that such a conception of ism was threatened by attempts to freeze the dynamic process the founding appeals to him because it encourages us to empha- of democratic deliberation by stifling debate. Through this pro- size the contingency of the original document and to appreciate cess of making arguments, encountering objections, rethinking the contingencies that lie beneath our own invocations of high our positions, forging compromises, and testing our ideas against principle. His constitutionalism fits neatly into the historicist a resistant reality in which our schemes succeed or fail, Obama framework that was displacing older verities in the academic concludes, we learn “to examine our motives and our interests communities of Los Angeles, New York, Cambridge, and Chicago constantly.” We learn, in short, that “both our individual and col- during the 1980s and 1990s. Such historicism, he writes, might lective judgments are at once legitimate and highly fallible.” free us to “assert our own values unencumbered by fidelity to Balancing the historicism of cutting-edge constitutional schol- the stodgy traditions of a distant past.” In other words, it might arship against his lingering desire for something more substantial tempt us to proclaim that constitutional interpretation is a ques- than quicksand, Obama makes use of the American tradition of tion of Clifford Geertz’s shifting conventions or Thomas Kuhn’s philosophical pragmatism: we should debate our differences, and shifting paradigms. But Obama admits that such freedom makes test provisional interpretations of principle, not by measuring him uneasy. He describes it as “the freedom of the relativist, the proposals against unchanging dogmas but through trial and er- rule breaker,” or “the apostate,” and he concedes that “such apos- ror, by trying to solve problems creatively and then democrati- tasy leaves me unsatisfied.” Facing that conundrum, where can a cally deliberating, yet again, on the consequences of our experi- conscientious scholar of constitutional law such as Obama turn? ments. “We hang on to our values, even if they seem at times He can, and he does, turn to philosophical pragmatism and to tarnished and worn,” even if we realize that “we have betrayed American history. What we need, he suggests, is a “shift in meta- them more often than we remember.” Our democratic values, phors,” a willingness to see “our democracy not as a house to be deliberation and truth testing, constitute the American people built, but as a conversation to be had.” Madison did not give us a as a nation developing over time. Our commitments to freedom “fixed blueprint.” Instead he provided a framework that cannot re- and equality are “our inheritance, what makes us who we are as solve all our differences but offers only “a way by which we argue a people.” As individuals and as a nation, we are constituted by about our future.” The institutional machinery of the Constitu- the values we cherish, the principles we seek to realize, and the tion was intended, Obama argues, not to solve our problems once democratic process whereby we attempt to reach those goals. and for all but “to force us into a conversation.” The Constitution But we must not pretend that the meaning of those shared gave birth to “a ‘deliberative democracy’ in which all citizens are principles has ever been anything but contested. As the pragma- required to engage in a process of testing their ideas against an ex- tists James and Dewey insisted repeatedly, and as more recent

38 November - December 2010 philosophical pragmatists have confirmed, democratic principles ever. As president, Obama has demonstrated already the depth— should not be confused with unchanging dogmas. They must re- and the perils—of his commitment to philosophical pragmatism main subject to criticism and revision. In Obama’s words, “our and deliberative democracy, particularly in his handling of the values must be tested against fact and experience.” Freedom and protracted debate over healthcare. His flexibility and his willing- equality had one set of meanings in the agrarian settlements of ness to compromise infuriated some of his supporters on the left, the seventeenth century, another set in the eighteenth and nine- and the refusal of his intransigent Republican opponents caused teenth centuries, and they are destined to have new meanings for many observers to mock the president’s repeated appeals to ne- every generation. That is the challenge of democracy, and that is gotiation, bipartisanship, and creative compromise. As savvy pun- the reason why the philosophy of pragmatism is uniquely suited dits left and right pointed out repeatedly, it takes two to compro- to democratic decision making. When our understandings no lon- mise, and efforts to negotiate are futile when the other side shows ger conform to the facts of lived experience, as has been the case no interest. But Obama’s steadfast insistence that he was open to over and over in American history, it is time for critical inquiry suggestions, that he was willing to meet with his adversaries and and substantive change. Ritual invocations of earlier nostrums, consider their ideas, and his repeated invitations to Republicans as if such formulas could help solve problems earlier generations to propose alternatives served a purpose that few commentators could not have imag- ined, deflect attention from the hard work of democracy. The need for such hard work derives, at least in part, from the deeply flawed institutional structures put in place by the Constitution. Although subject to amendment, the Constitution nev- ertheless erected formidable barriers in the way of those who would alter the framework of Ameri- can governance. Of all the flaws, the most serious was the founders’ failure to address the outrageous practice of slavery. In Obama’s words, the generation of John Adams, Jef- seemed to notice as the debate wore on. He was displaying, over ferson, and Madison bequeathed to their successors “a form of and over, with a patience that outraged his allies and bewildered government unique in its genius—yet blind to the whip and the his foes, an iron fortitude that his critics mistook for weakness. In chain.” A second antidemocratic feature of the “great compro- The Audacity of Hope and in many of his speeches since he wrote that mise” between the North and the slave-holding South was the book, Obama has acknowledged that Americans are deeply divid- provision for electing two senators from each state. That arrange- ed on the issue of healthcare. Even those who agreed that our sys- ment has given those chosen to represent small, sparsely popu- tem does not work disagreed bitterly about how to fix it. Obama lated states—then Rhode Island and Delaware, now Vermont pointed out that calls for a single-payer plan, a comprehensive, and Wyoming—equal power with the most populous. In 1790 government-run program patterned on national healthcare sys- Virginia had 10 times the population of Rhode Island; California tems firmly entrenched elsewhere, diverged too dramatically from now has more than 70 times the population of Wyoming. Madi- the traditions and practices to which Americans are accustomed. son—himself a Virginian—opposed this feature of the Constitu- Americans happy with their doctors and their insurance plans, he tion because of its antidemocratic quality, as does Obama. From promised repeatedly, should be able to keep them. In The Audacity the beginning, the Senate has tended to resist change more vigor- of Hope he proposed trying out multiple options, notably what he ously than has the more representative House. called “insurance pools,” taking advantage of the nation’s federal structure to conduct a controlled experiment in the states. After The way in which the structure of the Constitution has facili- evaluating the results, the nation could opt for the most successful tated some forms of change and blocked others remains as clear as solution available.

Harvard Magazine 39 Freedom and equality had one set of meanings in the agrarian settlements of the seventeenth century, another set in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and they are destined to have new meanings for every generation. That is why the philosophy of pragmatism is uniquely suited to democratic decision making.

That proposal, advanced several years before Obama was began his second term, Democrats held 79 seats in the Senate, the elected president, suggests one way to frame the outcome of the Republicans only 16. When Lyndon Johnson pushed the Voting lengthy negotiations in 2009–2010 that culminated in the pas- Rights Act through Congress, Democrats held 68 seats in the Sen- sage of healthcare reform legislation. Thanks to Republican Mitt ate and a 295–140 majority in the House. Moreover, in the 1930s Romney, then governor of Massachusetts, the Commonwealth and 1960s both parties were far less ideologically homogeneous had been conducting for several years an experiment in state- than they are now: more than half the Republicans in the House mandated health insurance, with encouraging results. Obama and more than 40 percent in the Senate voted for Medicare. was careful not to replicate his predecessor Bill Clinton’s mis- People who used to complain about the lack of coherent ideol- take of declaring too early—and too dogmatically—what must ogy in American party politics have gotten their wish. More than be done to solve the problem. He let the debate proceed, at times three-quarters of Americans who identify themselves as Republi- it seemed interminably, while his supporters shrieked and his cans now accept the label conservative. Democrats are less unified: foes gloated. The plan Congress eventually adopted in March 40 percent identify themselves as liberals, another 40 percent as 2010—the plan Obama worked tirelessly in the final months to moderates, and 20 percent as conservatives. Comparing the current enact—more closely resembles the Massachusetts model than political situation with those of the mid-1930s and the mid-1960s any of the other options under consideration. If that model did makes clear, as does the difficulty Democratic congressional lead- not suit Republicans in the House or Senate, not long ago it ap- ers faced in rounding up the votes to pass the final version of the pealed to one of the most prominent Republican candidates for bill, that Democrats were hardly in a position to dictate the terms his party’s presidential nomination in 2008. of debate. As has happened repeatedly in American history, even When paroxysms of anger, even threats of violence, followed a measure that incorporated many concessions to its opponents the passage of healthcare reform, many Americans expressed sur- barely squeaked into law. It seems unlikely that Republicans will prise. But given the intensity of public disagreement on the issue, be able to fulfill their promise of repealing a package almost cer- that response might have been expected. It also suggested the tain to win adherents as quickly as Social Security and Medicare reasons for, and perhaps even confirmed the wisdom of, Obama’s did. Even so, as Obama noted in The Audacity of Hope, in a democracy strategy: wait patiently until the deliberative process had run “no law is ever final, no battle truly finished,” which its course and the House and Senate had hammered out their is why philosophical pragmatism and deliberative misshapen, unlovely bills. In his State of the Union Address, he democracy go hand in hand. Principled partisans of pointedly chided Republicans for failing to offer their own ideas pragmatism and democracy are committed to de- Visit harvardmag. and invited their proposals. He later convened a much ballyhooed bate, experimentation, and the critical reassessment com/extras day-long summit to give Republicans a chance to explain their of results. for another excerpt from objections and present alternatives. When those overtures were For that reason no straight lines run from philo- Reading Obama. greeted with even more strident refusals, it became apparent that sophical pragmatism or deliberative democracy to Obama’s sustained efforts to encourage, and to engage in, deliber- Obama’s positions, strategies, or policies—or any others. One of ation as a way to identify a common good had been categorically the characteristic features of pragmatism, in fact, has been the in- rejected. At that point he threw himself into the battle. cessant disagreements among its adherents. Every major debate Like Social Security in 1935 and voting rights, Medicare, and in American politics in the last century has seen self-proclaimed Medicaid in 1965, the healthcare reform measure of 2010 is a prod- heirs of James or Dewey lining up on opposite sides, usually on uct of the sausage factory that we call representative democracy. multiple sides. Getting pragmatism right does not dictate a cer- It will need to be revised as its flaws become clear. It might also tain political position, although the connection between philo- be the best bill Obama could have gotten through Congress. As sophical pragmatism and an experimental, democratic approach a student of American history, Obama knows that the election to politics is hard to deny. But the forms experimentation and de- of 2008, although historic because it put him in the White House mocracy should take are not only appropriate subjects for debate. and gave his party a majority in the House and the Senate, was Wrangling over such questions is what a commitment to prag- hardly a landslide. The political scientist William Galston, a vet- matism and democracy means. Obama has demonstrated such eran of Clinton’s White House, has pointed out that Obama’s own a commitment himself, and spirited debates about all aspects of electoral majority of 7 percent was only 1 percent greater than his presidency, from its overall thrust to its tactical maneuvers, Clinton’s in 1992, and Obama was running at the time of the worst are not only bound to continue whatever he does, they are fully economic calamity since the Great Depression. Democrats held consistent with the conception of democracy he has outlined and 60 seats in the Senate. By contrast, when Franklin D. Roosevelt embraced.

40 November - December 2010 A Lens on History Photographer Susan Meiselas’s quest to understand via images by Jim Harrison

Monimbo, Nicaragua, 1979

Barefoot and in a bright red dress, she has the body of a young woman, but her face is older and worn. She looks left, out of the frame, holding the handle of a wooden cart on which is roped a figure primitively wrapped in dirty burlap, a foot barely visible. Her name is Nubia. She is 14. The figure is her husband’s body. The photograph has the grace and mystery of a piece of art, but goes beyond art to the heart of the anguish of war and the price of revolution on a very personal level.

I n the years since she first took up the camera at Harvard, Su- in New York, brings together 40 years of her work. The exhibit san Meiselas, Ed.M. ’71, has created a body of work that combines (www.icp.org/museum/exhibitions/traveling/susan-meiselas), the graphic intelligence and artistry of photography with the in- on display this spring at the Hood Museum of Art at Dartmouth quisitiveness of a social scientist. Though her photographs often College, is now touring Europe. have political resonance, her passion is less to reform the world The retrospective’s three sections—a gritty look at carni- than to understand it. Now a major retrospective, Susan Meiselas: val strippers in New England country fairs; powerful jour- In History, mounted by the International Center for Photography nalistic images of the Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua;

Photographs by Susan Meiselas/Magnum Photos Harvard Magazine 41 Above: Tunbridge, Vermont, 1974. “The girls think of the men the same way as the men think of the girls—as objects. They both seem to have little respect and a large amount of contempt for each other. They both seem to be taking this whole man-and-woman thing out on each other and it degrades everybody involved in it, everybody, from the manager on down to the guys who have to sweep up after.” —Glen, a “roughie,” from the book Carnival Strippers

Left: Essex Junction, Vermont, 1973. “We aren’t professional show girls, we’re prostitutes pretending to be show girls. But what else can I do? The only thing I know how to do is dance. I can’t be a teacher; I don’t have the patience. I couldn’t work as a nurse, because I get too emotionally involved. The only thing I can do is dance or be a waitress. Do you want me to be a waitress for the rest of my life?” —Lena, from the book Carnival Strippers

the creation of a emphasizing the voices of the women, Meiselas goes well beyond history of Kurds both the confines of art photography and the strictures of aca- using 100 years demic social science. of visual relics— The chasm between the tantalizing vision of sexuality that the display chronolog- strip shows offer and the very human world that Meiselas records ically how Meisel- fits into a documentary tradition that seeks to produce meaning- as has always been ful art. Meiselas began working at a time when John Szarkowski, driven to collaborate with her subjects in as many ways as possible. curator of photography at the Museum of Modern Art, was the Her 1976 book, Carnival Strippers, drawn from three summers philosophical giant of the photographic art world. His seminal of work in Vermont and Maine, includes extensive transcrip- 1967 MOMA show of works by Garry Winogrand, Lee Friedland- tions from tape recordings she made at the time. The rawness of er, and Diane Arbus heralded a reign of “street photographers” the book’s pictures recalls Robert Frank’s work in The Americans whose philosophical underpinnings were best codified in Susan (1959). But her interviews expand the context of her uncompro- Sontag’s 1966 book Against Interpretation. “Interpretation is the re- mising photographs, presenting a surprisingly complex, compas- venge of the intellect upon art,” she wrote, arguing that to seek sionate look at these women who, by and large, are simple farm understanding from art is to impoverish its meaning. Sontag saw girls trying to make a living as best they can in a seedy world. By photographs as objects unto themselves, to be viewed for their

42 November - December 2010 “Bally call,” Essex Junction, Vermont, 1973. (The call, performed by a “talker,” is used to entice men into the show. ) “Watch it! Watch it right now! You’re gonna see burlesque, striptease, hootchie-kootchie, and daddy-o it’s all the way. The show starts right now—now’s the time to go.” —From Carnival Strippers tography. Her carnival-stripper images combine the visual energy of a Winogrand street scene and a Di- ane Arbus-like attraction to a strange, almost per- versely exotic world with the tools of a social scientist—in this case, camera and tape recorder. This approach grew from her passion for anthropology, which began with work on a Navajo reservation in high school, and later in classes at Sarah Lawrence College, where she earned her B.A. in 1970. Her choice of the camera as her principal tool for exploring and understanding the world around her was spatial and tonal relation to the frame, without any attempt to somewhat serendipitous. It began with classes she took with provide a larger, more “meaningful” context. (At one of Wino- lecturer on photography Len Gittleman and Barbara Norfleet, grand’s lectures at MIT in the early 1970s, upon seeing the pho- associate of the department of visual and environmental studies, tograph of a bloodied older woman lying on a New York street, a when Meiselas was pursuing a master’s in visual education at sarcastic questioner asked, “What did you do after you took that Harvard. “It could just as easily have been a compact video re- picture?” Winogrand replied, “I think I took a vertical.”) corder,” Meiselas says, “if such a thing had existed at the time.” Meiselas took a very different approach to documentary pho- The strippers are gone from New England carnivals. They have become a part of history. Meiselas’s next significant project would Molotov Man: Sandinista fighter Pablo Araùz (known as “Bareta”) at the walls of the National Guard headquarters, Estelí, take her to Nicaragua, at her own expense, to explore a burgeoning Nicaragua, 1979. From Pictures from a Revolution revolution. Today, most who know her pictures think of Meiselas as

Harvard Magazine 43 Rebels from the town of Monimbo, Nicaragua, wear traditional Indian dance masks while holding homemade contact bombs. “Some people wore masks so if the Guard managed to see them, they wouldn’t recognize them. If they recognized them, they’d come back at night and take them.” —Monimbo woman, from Pictures from a Revolution

top tier displays magazine and newspaper clippings, showing where these images appeared in the media. The bottom row displays contact sheets and work prints of the same scene, re- vealing other options her editors had considered. The interplay of these three levels amounts to an investigation of the visual communication process. This is photography not as art, but as news—or news raised to the level of art, and art transformed into elements of history. In the chaos of a war there was time only to photograph. Understanding would come a decade later, when Meiselas and longtime companion (and eventual husband) Richard Rogers ’67, Ed.M. ’70 (see “The Windmill Movie,” May-June 2009, page 17), returned to Nicaragua to make the 1991 filmPictures from a Revolution. Small video screens embedded in the exhibition wall show five segments from the film, each focusing on an individual photograph as Meiselas tries to track down the people in her original images, seeking to understand both the story behind the image and the revolution’s effect on individuals. It was only during filming that Meiselas learned that the young girl with her husband’s body whom she’d photographed a decade earlier was just 14 at the time. In the video, Nubia wears tiny gold earrings—the same earrings as in the photograph. “I buried him all by myself,” she says. “The National Guard shot at me from heli- copters and I saved myself by crawling under the cart. They saw my red dress.” Some of Meiselas’s subjects felt the revolution had been betrayed, and things were little better under the San- dinistas than under Somoza; as one, Justo, put it, the Sandinistas had cut off thealas, the wings, of the revolution. In 1991 Meiselas went to Kurdistan with anthropologist Clyde a war photographer, based on her decade of work in Central Amer- Snow of Human Rights Watch to document the unearthing of ica. But for her, it began as another quest to find meaning with her the remains of genocide committed in the Kurdish towns of Arbil camera; that she recorded history was accidental. and Koreme under Saddam Hussein. Trying to understand the The Nicaraguan photographs caused a sensation. Her first devastation and human tragedy she found, she recognized that foray into journalism flooded the world media, and individual she “couldn’t photograph the present without understanding the pictures like “Molotov man” became iconic, finding their way past.” In other words, she needed to construct a history, and real- not just into the international press but onto Nicaraguan match- ized that she could build one from the works of photographers books, stamps, murals, and Sandinista propaganda pamphlets. and reporters who had preceded her. “What I suddenly see,” she One wall of the In History show arranges the Nicaraguan ma- says, “is that there’s a whole timeline of people like me.” terial in three parallel tracks. Color prints of the individual Meiselas took on the monumental task of reconstructing 100 photographs stretch along the middle row. Above them, the Below, right: Margaret George, photographed by Zaher Rashid. George (1941-1969) was an Assyrian Christian who fought with the Kurdish resistance movement known as the Peshmerga (“those who face death”) in northern Iraq. “A lot of people came and asked for photographs of Margaret, especially the Kurds of Iran. Margaret has been famous since the sixties, and her photograph is everywhere. The Peshmerga in the mountains keep photographs of Margaret.” —Zaher Rashid interview, 1993

Far right: A Peshmerga soldier poses for a formal portrait by a street photographer in Arbil, Northern Iraq, 1991. Family members carried portraits of Peshmerga martyrs in small lock- ets pinned to their clothes as a remembrance. —From the series Kurdistan

44 November - December 2010 Above: Widow at a mass grave, Koreme, Northern Iraq, June 1992, from the series Kurdistan. “Eventually, a Middle East Watch forensic team focused on the village of Koreme to systematically record sufficient detail of a single site so it could become the basis for an unassailable accusation of genocide. I documented the process of identifying the bones of townspeople, mostly male, who were lined up, shot dead, and dumped into open pits. For me it was difficult to begin the encounter with the Kurds through their deaths.” —Interview with Susan Meiselas, July 1997 From the book Kurdistan: In the Shadow of History

Right: Arbil cemetery, Northern Iraq. 1991. “People had already dug up the bones to try to find their loved ones as soon as the uprising against Saddam’s forces was over. They dug up the graves, found the clothing around the bones, and, if it wasn’t their kin that they found, they put the clothing on the graves so the next person didn’t have to dig it up.” —Interview with Susan Meiselas by Kristen Lubben from Susan Meiselas: In History. From the series Kurdistan years of Kurdish history by collecting and reproducing the artifacts of hundreds of photographers, newsmen, and chroniclers. A MacArthur grant freed her from the constraints In the 40 years since she first looked to the camera as a collabo- of journalism to pursue this venture into cultural rator in her quest to explore, understand, and ultimately recon- anthropology. The result was her book Kurdistan: struct her world, Meiselas has generated not only unforgettable In the Shadow of History (1997), which she refers to photographs, but collections that challenge conventional beliefs Visit harvardmag. as “a timeline of image makers.” In the exhibit, (the carnival strippers), document history in the making (Cen- com/extras to hear Susan this section is presented by glass cases filled with tral America), and create a unique understanding of history itself Meiselas discuss photographs and other original materials; a video (the Kurds). Her images are at once artful and guileless, combin- anthropology, Meiselas shot in 1992 of local photographers taking with disciplined skill the power of representation and an journalism, and ing formal portraits on the streets of Arbil; and a photography’s honest affection for her subjects. power to effect four-screen projection of material from the book change. itself, with her own narration. Photographer Jim Harrison is a contributing editor of this magazine.

Harvard Magazine 45 Vita Alice Paul Brief life of a pioneering suffragist: 1885-1977 by mary walton

hen on january 10, 1917, Alice Paul challenged Hecklers, inflamed by war fever, branded the demonstrating Woodrow Wilson to a political face-off, she was a women “Traitors!” and ripped down their signs. Tensions esca- Wday shy of 32, a slightly built New Jersey Quaker with lated in June when a new banner accused Wilson of lying to Rus- a crown of dark hair and compelling violet-blue eyes—“great sia when he claimed America was a democracy. The next day, the earnest childlike eyes that seem to seize you and hold you to her suffragists on duty—wives and mothers, young college graduates, purpose,” wrote a supporter. “Suffragists Carry Fight to Gates of social luminaries and progressive “new women”—were hurled to White House,” clamored the headlines. the ground, their banners torn away and shredded. Then they were Picketing the White House, a first in the annals of protest, arrested—and charged with “obstructing traffic.” capped a four-year campaign for a federal women’s suffrage amend- The first sentences were for three days. The picketing, and ar- ment that had made Paul the country’s most controversial suffrage rests, continued. When sentences for repeat offenders reached 60 leader. But neither the parades she organized, nor the lobbying, days, Wilson issued an unconditional pardon. Suffragists resumed demonstrations, publicity stunts, meetings, petitions, or electoral their vigil. “kaiser wilson” trumpeted a sign. Wilson lost patience. campaigns had won over hostile southern Democrats in Congress. On October 6, Paul was arrested while picketing and eventually Wilson, she strategized, held the key. Though a progressive confined to a prison psychiatric ward. Her windows were boarded Democrat, the Virginia-born president was no friend of suffrage. shut, a light beamed into her eyes hourly. A psychiatrist pressed Publicly he maintained that states should decide their own course. her to admit that she had a fixation on Wilson. When the prison

(Only 11 thinly populated western states, plus the territory of Alas- doctor threatened her, she felt fear of another human being for the t he ka, had awarded women full voting privileges.) Privately, he told a first time in her life. She refused food; she was force-fed. correspondent, “my personal judgment is strongly against it.” Before her imprisonment, she called for a massive picket line to of t esy Paul set out to shame the president into changing, if not his overwhelm the penal system. And on November 14, 31 suffragists mind, at least his position, and that of his legislative kinsmen. arrived at a Maryland workhouse. The press, bowing to White Little in her cloistered background hinted at the charismatic and House pressure, buried news of the protestors, but reports of bru- clever tactician she had become. Born on a small farm in Mt. Lau- tal treatment leaked out. Late in November, all the prisoners were c our t her images rel, New Jersey, the eldest of four, the young Alice “never met any- released after a trial that turned on a technicality. body who wasn’t a Quaker,” apart from her family’s Irish Catholic A year after the picketing began, Wilson announced his support

maids. Quakers believe in dedication to a divinely inspired “con- for the amendment “as an act of right and justice to the women of all o t y L ibraries; cern.” For an earlier generation it was abolition. For Paul, it was the country and the world.” Backtracking from his states-rights suffrage. She graduated from Swarthmore in 1905, flirted with so- position, he declared suffrage a “national question.” America’s al- . cial work on New York’s Lower East Side, and traveled to England lies, grateful for women’s war service, were giving women the vote, . c in 1907 for further studies. There she enlisted in the militant wing he noted. The United States should do no less. on, D of the British suffrage movement headed by Emmeline Pankhurst. When the Nineteenth Amendment became law on August 26, t ashing W Paul dreaded public speaking, but was fearless of confrontation. 1920, Paul had won more than the vote. A federal court had thrown Temple U niversi A r c hives of She returned to the United States in 1910, a veteran of imprison- out charges against the pickets, and permits to demonstrate in the ments, hunger strikes, and an ugly episode of force-feeding. nation’s capital, once denied, were now grudgingly issued. The legal She had launched her American campaign in 1913, under the precedents set by her efforts empowered future protestors, with auspices of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, her pioneering campaign of civil disobedience as a model. with a massive suffrage parade on Pennsylvania Avenue the day be- Post suffrage, Paul armed herself with three law degrees for bat- rban A r c hives Cen t er in U rban fore Wilson’s inauguration. Now, she and her followers were at his tles ahead. She wrote and campaigned for the Equal Rights Amend- doorstep. They called themselves “Silent Sentinels” but they car- ment, living to see it pass, but dying too soon to know it would ried banners that shrieked. “mr. president, how long must women never be ratified. Once women achieved freedom, she said late in and museum, t house S ewall-belmon t y, wait for liberty?” “mr. president, what will you do for woman life, “they probably are going to do a lot of things that I wish they suffrage?” They mined Wilson’s statements for hypocrisy. When wouldn’t do; but it seems to me that it isn’t our business, to say what oman’s par W

in April 1917 he declared, in his war message to Congress, “We shall they should do with it. It is our business to see that they are free.” of P hiladelphia Jewish t esy fight…for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority t ional : Cour : t

to have a voice in their own governments,” the same words were Mary Walton ’63 is the author of A Woman’s Crusade: Alice Paul and ori c na t H is held aloft days later by women with no voice in their government. the Battle for the Ballot (Palgrave Macmillan), published in August. lef Top

46 November - December 2010 Opposite (from the top): President Wilson passes “Silent Sentinels” as he leaves the White House grounds; fellow suffragists protest Alice Paul’s incarceration; Paul toasts Tennessee’s ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, the vote that gave U.S. women the right to vote. Harvard Magazine 47 The Psyche

hough snap judg on was riding in a car whose driver ements get no respect, fell asleep at 4:00 a.m. while doing they are not so much a 90 miles per hour in Wyoming; the bad habit as a fact of life. accident landed Cuddy in the hos- Our first impressions pital with severe head trauma and register far too quickly Automatic “diffuse axonal injury,” she says. for any nuanced weigh- “It’s hard to predict the outcome ing of data: “Within less than a sec- u u u u u after that type of injury, and there’s ond,T using facial features, people not much they can do for you.” make what are called ‘spontaneous Cuddy had to take years off trait inferences,’” says Amy Cuddy. Amy Cuddy probes from school and “relearn how to Social psychologist Cuddy, an learn,” she explains. “I knew I was assistant professor of business ad- snap judgments, gifted—I knew my IQ, and didn’t ministration, investigates how think it could change. But it went people perceive and categorize oth- down by two standard deviations ers. Warmth and competence, she warm feelings, after the injury. I worked hard to finds, are the two critical variables. recover those abilities and stud- They account for about 80 percent and how to become ied circles around everyone. I lis- of our overall evaluations of people tened to Mozart—I was willing (i.e., Do you feel good or bad about to try anything!” Two years later this person?), and shape our emo- an “alpha dog.” her IQ was back. And she could tions and behaviors toward them. dance again. Her warmth/competence analysis She returned to college as a illuminates why we hire Kurt in- u u u u u 22-year-old junior whose experi- stead of Kyra, how students choose ence with brain trauma had gal- study partners, who gets targeted by cr aig lamber t vanized an interest in psychol- for sexual harassment, and how the ogy. A job in a neuropsychology lab “motherhood penalty” and “father- proved dull, but she found her pas- hood bonus” exert their biases in the workplace. It even suggests sion in social psychology. Cuddy graduated from Boulder in 1998, why we admire, envy, or disparage certain social groups, elect pol- then began a job as a research assistant to Susan Fiske at the Uni- iticians, or target minorities for genocide. versity of Massachusetts at Amherst. Fiske became her mentor Cuddy also studies nonverbal behavior like the postures of for the next seven years; in 2000 they both moved to Princeton, dominance and power. Intriguingly, her latest research connects where Cuddy earned her doctorate in social psychology in 2005; such poses to the endocrine system, showing the links between her dissertation investigated aspects of warmth and competence stances, gestures, and hormones. This work may help clarify perception. (Fiske remains on the Princeton faculty, and the two how men and women rise to the top—or fall by the wayside—in women still collaborate on research.) school and at work. And it relates to some surprising findings Cuddy taught at Rutgers, then was recruited to join the faculty about how venture capitalists decide where to make their high- at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern. She spent risk investments. two years in Chicago before moving to Boston in 2008 to join the faculty at Harvard Business School, where she teaches courses in Quite literally by accident, Cuddy became a psycholo- negotiation and power and influence. gist. In high school and in college at the University of Colorado at Boulder, she was a serious ballet dancer who worked as a roller- Warmth—does this person feel warm or cold to me?—is the skating waitress at the celebrated L.A. Diner. But one night, she first and most important interpersonal perception. It no doubt

48 November - December 2010 has roots in survival in- In other words, peo- stincts: determining if ple feel that a single another human, or in- positive-competent, or deed any organism, is negative-warmth, act “friend or foe” can mean reveals character. “You life or death. can purposely present Warmth is not only yourself as warm—you perceived first, but ac- can control that,” Cuddy counts for more of some- explains. “But we feel one’s overall evaluation that competence can’t be than competence. The faked. So positive com- warm/cold assessment petence is seen as more amounts to a reading of diagnostic. On the other the other’s intentions, hand, being a jerk— positive or negative. well, we’re not very for- Competence is as- giving of people who act sayed next: how capable that way.” is someone of carrying out This principle has those intentions? “If it’s powerful leverage in an enemy who’s compe- public life, where a single tent,” Cuddy explains, misstep in the warmth- “we probably want to be negative category can vigilant.” Surprisingly, prove fatal. In the 2006 in their self-perceptions, U.S. senatorial campaign individuals value com- in Virginia, for example, petence over warmth. Republican incumbent “We want other people George Allen had a wide to be warm, but we want lead over challenger Jim to be competent,” she Webb, but stumbled at says. “We’d rather have a campaign event in Au- people respect us than gust. Allen singled out a like us.” (Cuddy thinks young man in the crowd, this human tendency S.R. Sidarth, a U.S. citi- represents a mistaken zen of Indian descent, judgment: “Social con- who was filming Al- nections will take you len’s campaign stop as a farther than respect.”) “tracker” for the Webb There’s an interesting campaign: “This fellow asymmetry. Many acts Amy Cuddy, over here with the yel- at Harvard can indicate competence: Business School’s low shirt—Macaca, or scoring well on a College Baker Library whatever his name is….” Board exam (SAT), for “Macaca” was widely tak- example, or knowing how to handle a sailboat, or deftly navigat- en as a derogatory racial epithet. Allen’s lead in voter polls tum- ing through a software application. Demonstrating a single pos- bled, and Webb won the seat. Another example is the sudden itive-competent behavior tends to broaden into a wider aura of destruction of Hollywood actor Mel Gibson’s image wrought competence: someone with a high SAT score, for example, will be by his alcoholic anti-Semitic rant after being stopped for drunk viewed as generally competent. In contrast, a single negative-com- driving in 2006. petent behavior—not knowing how to sail, for example—does The human tendency to generalize from single perceptions not generalize into a perception of overall incompetence: it will produces the familiar “halo effect,” the cognitive tendency to see simply be dismissed as, say, an unlearned skill. “Positive compe- people in either all-positive or all-negative ways that psycholo- tence is weighted more heavily than negative competence,” Cud- gists have documented since at least 1920. Certain central traits, dy summarizes. like attractiveness, tend to affect perceptions of unrelated di- With warmth, the inverse applies. Someone who does some- mensions and induce a generally positive take on someone. (“At- thing nice, like helping an elderly pedestrian across an inter- tractive people are generally seen as better at everything,” says section, is not necessarily seen as a generally nice person. But a Cuddy.) But the halo effect “assumes that you’re not comparing single instance of negative-warmth behavior—kicking a dog, the person to anyone else,” she adds. “And that’s almost never say—is likely to irredeemably categorize the perpetrator as a true. Unless you’re a hermit, social comparison is operating all cold person. the time.”

Photograph by Fred Field Harvard Magazine 49 Very often, what’s really being com- tence map, and that quadrant will predict pared are not individuals, but stereotypes. The The more how it is treated. halo effect hints at the power of mindsets, The most advantaged category, of course, which are strong enough to override direct competent you are, is warm/competent; that perception evokes perceptions. And in rating warmth and admiration and two kinds of behavior: active competence, we inevitably take cues from the less nice you must facilitation (helping) and passive facilita- stereotypes linked to race, gender, age, and tion (cooperating). At the other extreme, nationality—assuming, for example, that be. And vice versa: the cold/incompetent group elicits contempt Italians will be emotionally warmer than and two markedly different behaviors: pas- Scandinavians. Someone who sive harm (neglect, ignoring) and active Some stereotypes lean on each other. harm (harassment, violence). In both cases, “Let’s say you’re down to the final two in comes across as really the emotions and behaviors are unambigu- a hiring situation,” Cuddy says. “This is ous, predictable, and directly linked to the where ‘compensatory stereotyping’ kicks warmth/competence perception. in. The search committee is likely to see nice must not In contrast, groups seen as cold/com- one candidate as competent but not so petent evoke envy, and “envy is an ambiva- nice, and the other as nice, but not as com- be too smart. lent emotion—it involves both respect and petent.” In other words, the lens of social u u u u u resentment,” Cuddy explains. Envy also comparison distorts perception by exag- drives ambivalent behavior. In 1999, for gerating and polarizing the differences. This clarifies the compar- example, white supremacist and neo-Nazi Matthew Hale, de- ison, but does so by introducing incorrect information. The same spite his strong anti-Semitic beliefs, hired Frankfurter profes- rule applies in a political election. Think of the 2000 campaign: sor of law Alan Dershowitz to represent him in a suit against the George W. Bush was perceived as an amiable but inexperienced Illinois Bar Association. “Now, Matthew Hale doesn’t like Alan policy lightweight, while Al Gore came off as well-qualified but Dershowitz,” Cuddy says, “but he clearly sees him as competent.” lacking the common touch. Another example: a new pupil in a mathematics class is told to The same pattern shows up when we judge individuals. In a pair up with another student to work on a problem. Research 2009 Harvard Business Review article, “Just Because I’m Nice, Don’t suggests that a pupil who knows no one in the class will tend to Assume I’m Dumb,” Cuddy wrote, “People tend to see warmth partner with an Asian student; Asians are stereotyped as cold/ and competence as inversely related. If there’s a surplus of one competent. “People are willing to team up with them, but it’s trait, they infer a deficit of the other.” In a business context, she only out of self-interest,” says Cuddy. says, this means that “The more competent you are, the less nice However, there’s a far darker side to the cold/competent ste- you must be. And vice versa: Someone who comes across as really reotype. “If you look at the groups that were targets of genocide, nice must not be too smart.” This pattern is the opposite of the at least over the last century, they tend to be these groups” per- halo effect: a plus on one dimension demands a minus on the oth- ceived as cold/competent, Cuddy says, citing qualitative evi- er. The unconscious logic might be: If she were really competent, dence. (She has not collected data on the question.) “In times she wouldn’t need to be so nice; and conversely, the highly compe- of economic instability, when the status quo is threatened, tent person doesn’t have to be nice—and may even have reached groups in this cluster are scapegoated—Jews in Germany, edu- the top by stepping on others. cated people in Cambodia, the Tutsi in Rwanda.” In general, she explains, this cluster “tends to contain high-status minority The intersection of warmth and competence generates groups: they’re seen as having a good lot in life, but there’s some four ideal types (see illustration), a model Cuddy has developed resentment toward them. ‘We respect you, there’s something you over the past few years with Susan Fiske and Peter Glick, of have that we like, but we kind of resent you for having it—and Lawrence University. Their schema allows social psychologists you’re not the majority.’ Asian-Americans, career women, and to disaggregate the notion of preju- black professionals also tend to be dice, which is too often conceived perceived in the cold/competent merely as an us/them phenomenon: How We See Others quadrant.” “My in-group is superior to your For those seen as cold/compe- out-group.” It’s not that simple. Competent Incompetent tent, sexual harassment can be- “That [binary] model predicts al- come a form of what Cuddy calls most nothing about the treatment of “active harm.” “It’s very aggres- Warm/Competent Warm/Incompetent an out-group,” Cuddy says. “Not Warm sive—it’s not about flirtation,” she prejudice, the emotional compo- admire pity explains. “The lay theory was that nent, and not discrimination, the sexy women are the targets of sex- behavioral component.” The content ual harassment—the sexy secre- of the stereotypes is also relevant: Cold/Competent Cold/Incompetent tary who shows cleavage. But the stereotypes are systematic. Almost Cold actual targets tend to be women envy contempt every out-group will fall into one who are more masculine and very quadrant of the warmth/compe- successful. It seems to be a form of

50 November - December 2010 active harm directed at a group that’s all signal warmth,” says Cuddy. “So do threatening—a way of ‘putting them behaviors called ‘immediacy cues,’ like in their place,’ or even expelling them leaning toward someone, communicat- from the environment.” ing on the same physical plane, and be- The warm/incompetent quadrant, ing closer physically, although the ideal too, evokes an ambivalent emotion: distance varies greatly across cultures.” pity, which fuses compassion and Recently, she has begun to study sadness. People are more likely to nonverbal cues that drive perceptions help groups in this cluster, like the of competence, which relate directly to elderly, but also much more likely to one’s position in the social pecking or- ignore and neglect them, says Cuddy. der: a star athlete, for example, enjoys Furthermore, the more strongly one far higher status than a journeyman. subscribes to the warm/incompetent Examples of poses used in the “power posing” study. “Dominance and power are highly cor- stereotype, the more likely one is to These are high-power postures: expansive positions related with perceived competence,” with open limbs. both help and ignore such people. “It she says, “and people make inferences depends on the situation,” she says. of competence based on how dominant “If you’re at a backyard barbecue, someone appears.” you’re more likely to help the elderly “In all animal species, postures that person. In the office, you’ll probably are expansive, open, and take up more neglect them.” space are associated with high power On the job, many studies have and dominance,” she says. “Postures shown that working moms are seen that are contractive—limbs touching as both significantly nicer—and torso, protecting the vital organs, tak- significantly less competent—than ing up minimal space—are associated working fathers or childless men and with low power, being at the bottom women. “We call this the ‘mother- of the hierarchy. Any animal you can

hilibert L eow P hilibert by photographs hood penalty,’ ” says Cuddy. “At the think of, when it’s prey, makes itself as same time, fathers experience the These examples illustrate low-power postures: contrac- small as possible.” ‘fatherhood bonus.’ They’re viewed tive positions with closed limbs. In primates, these postures also cor- as nicer than men without kids, but relate with testosterone and cortisol equally, if not more, competent. They’re seen as heroic: a bread- levels. Expansive, high-power postures mean (in both sexes) winner who goes to his kid’s soccer game once in a while. But in high testosterone, a hormone that animal and human studies or out of the office, working mothers experience a fair bit of hos- connect with dominance and power, and low levels of cortisol tility from people who think they should be at home with their (the “stress” hormone), while the inverse holds for contractive, kids. Researchers have documented thousands of cases of moth- low-power postures. “Those endocrine profiles are associated erhood discrimination; a mother being laid off might hear things with disease resistance,” Cuddy says. “Low testosterone and like, ‘I know you wanted to be at home anyway.’ ” high cortisol make you very vulnerable to diseases, so you’re Cross-cultural research shows that the only group that consis- more likely to be picked off by whatever comes through. At the tently occupies the cold/incompetent “contempt” quadrant is the top, you’re more disease-resistant.” economically disadvantaged: the homeless, welfare recipients, Until recently, primatologists believed that those who inherited poor people. “They’re blamed for their misfortune,” Cuddy says. high-power neuroendocrine profiles became the dominant crea- “They are both neglected and, at times, become tures in their groups, the so-called alpha males or females. “But it the targets of active harm.” Deep-seated cognitive turns out that those hormone levels change when you take on the patterns may prepare the way for maltreatment. dominant role,” Cuddy explains. “If an alpha is killed and another Visit harvardmag. “There’s an area of the brain, the medial prefron- primate has to take over that position, his or her testosterone and com/extras to tal cortex (mPFC), that is necessary for social per- cortisol levels will change in just a few days. Likewise, if you get see paintings by ception,” she explains. Recent imaging research pushed to the bottom, your hormone profile shifts. It’s both cause homeless artists responding to showed no activation of the mPFC in response to and effect. It’s possible that slight innate differences in neuroendo- their social pictures of homeless people, Cuddy points out: crine profiles are greatly exaggerated by role assignment.” categorization. “People are not even recognizing them as human.” In a recent paper published in Psychological Science, Cuddy, Dana R. Carney, and Andy J. Yap (both of Columbia) report how they Nonverbal data are powerful factors in our assessments of measured hormone levels of 42 male and female research sub- others. For example, “A lot of what reveals lying happens below jects, placed the subjects in two high-power or low-power poses the neck,” Cuddy explains. “Lying leaks out physically. To come for a minute per pose, then re-measured their hormone levels across as authentic, your verbal and nonverbal behavior must 17 minutes later. They also offered subjects a chance to gamble, be synchronized.” She became interested in identifying which rolling a die to double a $2 stake. The results were astonishing: nonverbal behaviors indicate warmth and competence. “Ap- a mere two minutes in high- or low-power poses caused testos- propriate self-disclosure, the use of humor, and natural smiles terone to rise and cortisol to decrease—or the reverse. Those in

Harvard Magazine 51 high-power stances were also more likely Whether we smile or frown with some- to gamble, enacting a trait (risk taking) as- Leaders often see one (frowns trigger a different feedback sociated with dominant individuals; they loop) has much to do with what traits we also reported feeling more powerful. “If themselves as believe them to possess—such as warmth you get this effect in two minutes, imagine or competence. Social psychologists have what you get sitting in the CEO’s chair for separate from their long understood the “Pygmalion effect”: a year,” Cuddy says. we treat people in ways consistent with This work has practical applications— audiences. They want our expectations of them, and in so doing for example, in the M.B.A. program at the elicit behavior that confirms those expec- business school, where classroom par- to stake out a tations. “If you think someone’s a jerk, ticipation determines 50 percent of a stu- you’ll behave toward them in a way that dent’s grade. There, women students have position and try to elicits jerky behaviors,” says Cuddy. “And a harder time getting airtime, and speak then you say, ‘See? He is a jerk!’ This is one more briefly when they do talk. Cuddy has of the dangers of stereotypes. When we observed that women are also much more move audiences elicit behaviors consistent with the stereo- likely to cross their legs and arms, or to lean types we hold, we tell ourselves, “See? The in: low-power poses. While men raise their toward them. That’s stereotypes are right!” hands straight up, women tend to raise Finally, those powerful high-testoster- them with an elbow bent 90 degrees, com- not effective. one, alpha-dog people may be more prone manding less space. “The guys spread their to deploying stereotypes. Cuddy refers to u u u u u arms out and take up as much space as they Dana Carney’s theory that feeling power- can,” Cuddy says. ful is disinhibiting, so you stereotype more; She and Carney, who teaches at Columbia’s Graduate School of if stereotypes are automatic, to avoid stereotyping requires an in- Business, have begun to advise their women M.B.A. students to hibiting process. A second explanation is that “Top people tend stop crossing their legs and minimizing their physical presence— to see everyone under them as the same,” says Cuddy. “It’s OK if and instead to raise their adjustable classroom chairs as high as they confuse Employee A with Employee B—they’re not going possible while keeping feet on the floor, to “be as big as you are.” to lose their job because they offended somebody beneath them. Some former students have told her that they’ve used this advice Lower-status people need to be more vigilant; stereotypes won’t to good effect in job interviews. And recently, she and Carney give them all the information they need. Stereotypes are cogni- launched a study to measure the effect on fundraising success of tive shortcuts you take when you don’t have that much to lose.” having telemarketers at the Columbia University Alumni Giving Leaders often see themselves as separate from their audi- Center adopt high- or low-power postures. ences, says Cuddy. “They want to stake out a position and then “Tiny changes that people can make can lead to some pretty try to move audiences toward them. That’s not effective.” At dramatic outcomes,” Cuddy reports. This is true because chang- the business school, she notes, many ing one’s own mindset sets up a positive feedback loop with the students tend “to overemphasize neuroendocrine secretions, and also changes the mindset of oth- the importance of projecting high ers. The success of venture-capital pitches to investors appar- competence—they want to be the Tell us about a snap judgment or ently turns, in fact, on nonverbal factors like “how comfortable smartest guy in the room. They’re stereotype that was applied to you, and charismatic you are. The predictors of who actually gets trying to be dominant. Clearly there and the consequences. Do you try to the money are all about how you present yourself, and nothing are advantages to feeling and seeing compensate for your own snap to do with content,” Cuddy says, citing research by Boston Col- yourself as powerful and compe- judgments (or will you, after reading this article)? How? Visit harvardmag. lege doctoral student Lakshmi Balachandra (a research fellow at tent—you’ll be more confident, more com/extras to share your thoughts Harvard Law School’s Program on Negotiation), who studied 185 willing to take risks. And it’s im- and see what other readers said. venture-capital pitches and found that variables like “calmness,” portant for others to perceive you as “passion,” “eye contact,” and “lack of awkwardness” were strong strong and competent. That said, you don’t have to prove that predictors of success. you’re the most dominant, most competent person there. In fact, Nonverbal states like confidence are infectious in part because it’s rarely a good idea to strive to show everyone that you’re the “People tend to mirror each other,” Cuddy says. “There are dedi- smartest guy in the room: that person tends to be less creative, cated ‘mirror neurons’ in the brain.” Mirroring may facilitate so- and less cognitively open to other ideas and people.” cial connection: by enacting the same nonverbal behaviors, indi- Instead, says Cuddy, the goal should be connecting. When people viduals increase social cohesiveness. A simple example is smiling. give a speech or lead a meeting, for example, they tend to exag- A natural smile (which involves muscles around the eyes, unlike a gerate the importance of words. They “care too much about con- fake smile) produces physiological feedback that makes the smil- tent and delivering it with precision. That makes them sound er feel happier. Someone watching this involuntarily mirrors the scripted.” Far better, she advises, to “come into a room, be trust- smile. “Even on the phone, you ‘hear’ them smiling back,” Cuddy ing, connect with the audience wherever they are, and then move says, “and this makes you even happier.” Thus a feedback loop them with you.” kicks in, both between the people and within each individual, as the body produces neurochemicals that correlate with happy feelings. Craig A. Lambert ’69, Ph.D. ’78, is deputy editor of this magazine.

52 November - December 2010 John Harvard’s JJ oo uu rrnalnal

Gut REnovation of the Sherman After the Storm: and Harvard faced liquidity challenges), Fairchild building this fall will yield 62,000 she said, it feels as though the institu square feet of space for 275 investigators Presidential Perspectives tion has “come through a thunderstorm dedicated to stem-cell research, including faculty members, graduate students, During a conversation at her Mas and into the sunlight again.” She touched technicians, postdoctoral fellows, and sachusetts Hall office on September 8, on finances and operations (fortified by research assistants. The high-density and in a September 21 Sanders Theatre positive investment returns for fiscal year open labs—211 net square feet per work dialogue with former ABC news anchor 2010—see “Endowment Improvements,” station—are part of a design philosophy intended to foster collaboration that Charlie Gibson, President Drew Faust page 58); Harvard’s ability to sustain its carries over from the unbuilt Allston sounded sanguine notes about the condi core academic priorities; the prospects for science complex. When the $65-million tion of the University and its direction. a fundraising campaign; the findings of to $70-million project is complete in the fall of 2011, there will be 16 faculty After the “unanticipated, earthshaking scientific misconduct by a faculty mem investigators engaged in stem-cell and crises of 2008-2009” (when the endow ber (see “Scientific Misconduct, and Its regenerative biology in Cambridge here ment’s value sank by nearly $11 billion Aftermath,” page 57); University gover and in the adjacent Bauer Laboratory.

Photograph by Jim Harrison Harvard Magazine 53 John Harvard’s Journal

Drew Faust and Charlie Gibson munity of academic, institutional, and pri in conversation vate investors during the next 50 years. When Gibson asked whether Harvard’s commitment to financial aid was sustain able, Faust responded firmly that it was, because the most important of Harvard’s commitments is to attract talented indi viduals regardless of their financial cir cumstances. While acknowledging continued un certainty about the economy, Faust said in the earlier conversation, “We have got ten hold of the situation,” ensuring that Harvard is “much better positioned to respond” in any circumstances. Harvard, she said, must be prepared to “build on our strengths no matter what” ensues, while guarding against the assumption that the University had quickly moved nance; and other matters. Highlights from Civil War historian, she had written a “back to where we were” before the cur the two conversations follow. book titled Mothers of Invention. rent recession began. “For a considerable Operations, and academic initiatives. Gibson, now a Shorenstein Fellow at the time,” she said, Harvard would be “more Faust said that fiscal constraints had “giv Harvard Kennedy School, asked about the constrained.” en us the opportunity” to scrutinize how administration’s citing of financial straits A capital campaign. A Harvard-wide work is done, from the individual schools for everything from the termination of hot fundraising campaign would of course to the central administration. Necessity breakfasts in undergraduate Houses to help loosen those constraints. (The last provided the impetus to the halting of construction of the science such effort, the $2.6-billion University examine practices that had complex in Allston. Addressing meals first, Campaign, concluded more than a decade developed unplanned, and Faust explained that Harvard had focused ago, in May 2000—ancient history, in fun To read more to reconfigure them where on essentials: teaching, scholarship, and fi draising terms.) A campaign is tied to the from the appropriate. The result, she nancial aid; confining undergraduate hot- institution’s president, Faust explained to September 8 interview, see said, is a set of better pro breakfast service to one location, rather Gibson, and had been among her highest harvardmag. cedures, such as those aris than 12, made sense as the University priorities on taking office in 2007—but com/through- ing from the study of Har trimmed dispensable spending. the financial events of 2008-2009 (implic a-thunderstorm. vard’s dozens of libraries About campus development, she said itly, on campus and off, but she did not say For a complete account of the (see “Libraries on the Edge,” Allston “is critical to the future of Har so) made it impossible to move forward September 21 January-February, page 41): vard—but visions for academic use would rapidly. She said that during the process event, see har- better integrated operations, be realized “much more slowly” because of planning and consulting with prospec vardmag.com/ faust-gibson. tangible efficiencies, im of the financial crash. She insisted that tive donors (now under way), neither the proved collecting practices, the University now has no timetable for timeline nor the size of a campaign goal and enhanced digital capabilities. “We development, and is, as reported, trying could be set or publicized. That planning wouldn’t have undertaken that scrutiny” to lease properties it has bought; provide includes sorting out deans’ priorities, and brought people together to address community amenities; and explore op aligning them with the University’s, and problems and pursue new opportunities tions including commercial co-develop testing ideas with donors. On September without a sense of crisis, she suggested— ment—part of a broader “re-envisioning” 8, she noted that this effort, lasting at least and was reminded, she joked, that as a that might yield a lively mixed-use com several months, is taking place in an eco nomic environment very different from the robust conditions that shaped peer insti In this Issue tutions’ plans earlier in the decade, and the campaigns they now have under way. 55 Harvard Portrait 63 Time to “Change the Channel” (Among institutions attempting to raise 57 Scientific Misconduct, 64 A Renaissance for Medieval Classics $1 billion or more are Brown, Columbia, and Its Aftermath 65 Brevia Dartmouth, Penn, Princeton, Stanford, 58 Endowment Improvements 67 The Undergraduate and Yale.) In all, she indicated, the initial 59 Yesterday’s News 69 Sports strategizing and the “quiet phase” of ac 61 William James: Summers 71 “Cleat” on Football tual fundraising—where institutions seek and Semesters 72 Alumni to secure commitments for a substantial 62 50 Years of Social Studies 76 The College Pump minority of their capital goals—could

54 November - December 2010 Photograph by Rose Lincoln/Harvard News Office consume the “next couple of years.” Scientific misconduct. Concerning harvard portrait the findings that professor of psychology Marc Hauser was responsible for “eight instances of scientific misconduct” under the Faculty of Arts and Sciences’ (FAS) standards, Faust—who had not addressed the issue publicly before—said on Sep tember 8, “This is something at the core of who and what we are. We must support scientific integrity. We must assure scien tific integrity.” Then, and when pressed by Gibson—who asked why Hauser was still a member of the faculty, and suggested that University-level silence on the issue had been “somewhat deafening”—Faust explained that the review of the initial allegations of misconduct (reportedly be gun in 2007) was necessarily lengthy and appropriately conducted within FAS: the complex matters involved require faculty experts who understand how research is conducted to determine when it has been done inappropriately. Peer institutions proceed similarly in comparable cases, she noted. Furthermore, she is “committed to appropriate levels of confidentiality” so that such investigations can protect complainants, individuals whose work is being reviewed, and subsequent federal investigations (where required, as in this case, because federal research funds sup ported the work); but, she added, Harvard had disclosed more in this instance than in the past. Within that context, she continued, the Marshall Ganz findings had prompted extensive conver sations about how to right the scientific Few who drop out of college for 27 years later return to join the Harvard faculty. record, how to make sure investigative But Marshall Ganz ’64, M.P.A. ’93, Ph.D. ’00, who left after his junior year to register procedures operate in the best way, and black Mississippi voters (he wrote his senior tutor: “How can I come back and study how the discoveries should be communi history, when we are busy making history?”) didn’t complete his A.B. until 1992. He’s cated—and at least some of those matters now a lecturer in public policy at the Kennedy School and a lecturer on social studies will be reviewed at the University level. at the College. In the interval, he worked as an organizer with César Chávez and the Openness—and its opposite. What United Farm Workers from 1965 to 1981; his 2009 book, Why David Sometimes Wins, vision would Faust propound for the cen recounts that saga and extracts its lessons. Toward the end, “The organization began tral aim of her presidency? Gibson asked. to implode,” he recalls. “They were fruitful years that ended with a lot of hurt. A trag- “I would like people to feel that Harvard ic story of success consuming itself. ” The son of a rabbi and a teacher, Ganz imbibed is open to them,” she said: to enroll, and, an ardor for social justice, but explains, “I never got engaged in the theoretical, ideo- within the institution, to cross any inter logical stuff. I was really engaged by meeting the people involved.” He later worked nal boundaries that might stand in the way on electoral campaigns for politicians like Robert F. Kennedy ’48, Nancy Pelosi, and of their research, teaching, or learning. Jerry Brown; in 2008, he helped set up a Camp Obama operation that trained 3,000 In that context, Gibson subsequently organizers. Ganz met his late wife, Susan Eaton ’79, M.P. A. ’93, at his twenty-fifth class inquired about the controversy surround reunion; she died of leukemia in 2003. His training in “leadership through community ing Martin Peretz, Ph.D. ’66, a long-time organizing” has reached organizations ranging from the Sierra Club to the Episcopal social studies lecturer whose teaching and Church to grassroots groups in Jordan and Syria. Ganz teaches courses on moral mentoring experience were to be recog leadership, organizing, and “public narrative”—stories that transform values into ac- nized September 25 during a fiftieth-an tion. “They’re not courses about leadership,” he says. “They’re courses in leadership.” niversary celebration of that undergradu

Photograph by Stu Rosner Harvard Magazine 55 John Harvard’s Journal ate concentration—but who had also the fall term. (Then, she had said, after group (including Seth P. Waxman, presi prompted sharp criticisms for his broad recounting the University’s increasing dent of the Board of Overseers; past Over attacks on Muslims* (see “50 Years of So openness to blacks, women, and gays and seers president Frances D. Fergusson; and cial Studies,” page 62). Ought Harvard to lesbians, “Much of Harvard’s history, es Robert N. Shapiro, an Overseer and past be honoring this man—in a research fund pecially in the past half-century, has been president of the Harvard Alumni Associa raised in his name? Gibson inquired. a story of extending the opportunities for tion) to assess responsibilities, access to For Faust, who had just talked about belonging, challenging not just our own information, the best ways to operate, and making Harvard open and inclusive, these institutional assumptions but working to so on. They are being assisted by Richard are obviously fundamental matters. She become an agent of change and openness P. Chait, professor of higher education referred to her remarks on this theme in society more broadly.”) Peretz’s com emeritus at the Graduate School of Edu at Morning Prayers, at the beginning of ments, she said, “struck a very different cation, who is advising on practices and chord”—the suggestion that there are structures at other institutions, among *Blogging in early September, Peretz had writ ten, as editor in chief of the New Republic, “Mus people who aren’t valued. Those senti other matters. (Chait, a scholar of and lim life is cheap, most notably to Muslims,” and ments, she said, were clearly at odds with consultant on institutions’ leadership and added, “I wonder whether I need honor these the values Harvard wished to embrace. governance, was a participant in this mag people and pretend that they are worthy of the privileges of the First Amendment which I Peretz himself, she said, had recognized azine’s “Governing Harvard” roundtable have in my gut the sense that they will abuse.” the “wild and wounding” nature of his re [May-June 2006, page 25]; among other These comments prompted New York Times col marks. suggestions, the discussants recommend umnist Nicholas D. Kristof ’82 (recently elected As for the funds raised, she continued, ed changes in how the Corporation com an Overseer), to lament the “venomous and debased discourse about Islam” represented they reflected his former students’ appre municated with the wider community by Peretz’s post. James Fallows ’70, writing ciation of their teacher and adviser. The about its work and decisions.) for TheAtlantic.com, denounced Peretz for money would support undergraduate re Asked whether there would be a public “an incredible instance of public bigotry in the American intelligentsia.” On September 13, Per search and engaged teaching—an “entire component to the Corporation’s process, etz posted “An Apology,” saying he was embar ly appropriate basis” for such a gift. So it Faust responded that the Corporation and rassed about the sentence concerning Muslims’ would be accepted, a situation that Faust the wider group are reaching out, talking First Amendment rights, but stating about his acknowledged was a matter of “but/and.” with many people—as she was—and shar other sentence, “This is a statement of fact, not value.” For Yom Kippur, Peretz followed up University governance. The Corpora ing more fully their queries and what they with “Atonement,” noting that “in this past year tion-led review of Harvard governance is had learned. But the work inherently could I have publicly committed the sin of wild and proceeding, Faust said at Massachusetts not be fully turned into a broad process for wounding language, especially hurtful to our Hall (see “The Corporation Changes,” decision-making, she noted: undergradu Muslim brothers and sisters….I allowed emo tion to run way ahead of reason, and feelings to March-April, page 52). Corporation mem ates are not necessarily the best advisers trample arguments.” bers have been meeting as an extended on how the Corporation should carry out its fiduciary duties. What course the pro cess ultimately takes and the conclusions it reaches depend, she said, on what Cor News from Our Website poration members and those with whom they consult think is needed—“what the Harvardmagazine.com brings you continuous coverage of University and alumni absences or omissions have been and try news. Log on to find these stories and more: ing to fold those in” to a more effective way Gordon Brown on a Healthy World Economy of proceeding. Speaking at the Kennedy School, the former British The outlook. Faust declared herself prime minister calls for a “global financial constitution.” “really excited about this year.…We can get harvardmag.com/gordon-brown a lot done,” given the community’s “appe tite for change and a willingness to get it Doctoral Programs Place High in National Rankings done,” academically and administratively. More than half of Harvard’s programs are the highest With leaner operations, and further im ranked in the country. provements in processes planned, “It’s an harvardmag.com/doctoral-rankings extraordinary moment for Harvard,” she said. Campaign planning represents a com The Freshmen Arrive mitment to take advantage of opportunities At the class of 2014’s Convocation, a vivid beginning to ahead by envisioning the University as a four years at Harvard, first-years are advised to “embrace “forward-thinking, integrated” whole, iden the awkward” and take risks instead of playing it safe. tifying the most important dreams involved harvardmag.com/2010-convocation in its teaching and research missions, and

justin ide/harvard news office; harvard institute for politics institute harvard news office; ide/harvard justin coming together to realize them. The result, Visit harvardmagazine.com to get news as it happens. the president said, will be a “coherent state ment of what Harvard is—and thus of what stay connected - harvardmagazine.com a university is in the twenty-first century.”

56 November - December 2010 Scientific Misconduct, and Its Aftermath A university investigation found psychology professor Marc Hauser “solely responsible” for eight instances of scientif ic misconduct, announced Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) dean Michael D. Smith on August 20, 10 days after the Boston Globe broke news of the investigation. Hauser has taught at Harvard since 1992; he investigates animal cognition as a window into the evolutionary roots of the human mind. “A star in his field and an in tellectual celebrity,” as the journal Nature put it, he has written popular works that include Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think (2000) and Moral Minds: How Nature Designed a Universal Sense of Right and Wrong (2006). He has won many teaching awards, including a Harvard College Professorship, and co- taught the popular Core course “Evolution and Human Nature” (nicknamed “Sex”). uate students he advised, and two under Marc Hauser, photographed in his Now he is on a yearlong leave of ab graduates whose senior theses he was to laboratory in 2003 sence; the University has not said whether advise, have found other mentors. Presi the leave was previously planned or con dent Drew Faust told the Globe on Septem said peer reviewers were still analyzing the nected to the misconduct investigation. ber 22 that Hauser “may decide he may not new material. Hauser has not responded to inquiries wish to come back.” She was apparently The third paper, published in 2002 in the from Harvard Magazine. An automatic e- not hinting that Hauser had made this de journal Cognition, purported to find that mail reply stated that he is at work on his cision, but rather was responding to a re cotton-top tamarin monkeys could recog next book, listed on his curriculum vitae porter’s follow-up question after she said nize auditory patterns, or “grammars.” The as Evilicious: Explaining Our Evolved Taste for there were “uncertainties” surrounding experimental setup described in the paper Being Bad; Viking Press has not indicated his scheduled return in the fall. (See also exposed one group of monkeys to two dif whether the book is still scheduled. (Af Faust’s comments on the Hauser incident ferent grammars, and another group to ter news broke of the investigation into and University values, page 55.) two sequences from the same grammar. Hauser’s lab, the University office of pub In explaining the misconduct finding, The paper reported that the monkeys who lic affairs and communications removed Dean Smith cited three papers with which heard a second sequence from a different photographs of Hauser from its inventory a faculty investigating committee found grammar paid more attention, indicating of available images.) “problems.” One, published in the Proceed that they noticed the difference. Height Hauser was to have taught a psychology ings of the Royal Society B in 2007, involved ened attention to novel stimuli, a facility course at the Extension School this fall, rhesus monkeys’ ability to recognize hu much studied in human infants, is believed but on the first day of the session, students man gestures; a correction published in to underpin the capacity for speech. who had enrolled were notified by e-mail July states that Hauser and a collabora The Cognition paper was retracted in that the course had been canceled at Haus tor returned to the original site to re-run August, after Hauser notified the journal er’s request, and tuition and fees would the experiment after it was discovered that the data did not support the report be refunded to those who did not wish that video records and field notes for their ed findings. Editor Gerry Altmann said to take an alternate course. The message original work were incomplete. The new he subsequently received more details contained a statement from Hauser: “Be experiment reproduced the original find in a letter from Smith: an examination of cause of the controversy surrounding the ings, the journal reported. A second paper, the experiment’s videotapes found that investigation, I have decided that the best published in Science in 2007, examined the all the monkeys had been exposed to two thing for the students is that I not teach at ability of rhesus monkeys, cotton-top tam different grammars, making it impossible the Extension School until things conclude arins, and chimpanzees to make inferences to compare reaction to a familiar versus a with the case. Given my great desire to about humans’ mental states based on ob novel grammar. Altmann said the letter did teach, I look forward to sharing my knowl served actions. Field notes and other in not specify how this happened. “It is con edge of these disciplines in the future.” A formation about the rhesus monkeys were ceivable that there was in fact no intent to course Hauser was scheduled to teach in missing for this paper also, so the research deceive or fabricate, if we assume a whole the spring, “The Moral Sense: From Genes ers returned to the site to replicate that chain of procedural errors,” he wrote on to Law,” has also been canceled. Two grad experiment, too. A Science spokeswoman his blog—if, for example, one group heard

Photograph © Rick Friedman/Corbis Harvard Magazine 57 John Harvard’s Journal the wrong grammar due to computer error periment had failed: The monkeys reticence, should be interpreted as an at or human error, and none of the research didn’t appear to react to the change tempt to sweep the incident under the ers who scored the monkeys’ responses or in patterns. They then reviewed Mr. rug. She noted the complexity of the work checked the results noticed the discrep Hauser’s coding and…discovered under review and the need to keep certain ancy. But Altmann, a psychology profes that what he had written down bore details confidential until federal agencies sor himself, believes this explanation is little relation to what they had ac have concluded their own investigations. improbable: “I am forced to conclude that tually observed on the videotapes. (Smith said the University was cooperat there was most likely an intention here, He would, for instance, mark that a ing with inquiries from agencies includ using data that appear to have been fab monkey had turned its head when ing the Public Health Service Office of ricated, to deceive the field into believing the monkey didn’t so much as flinch. Research Integrity, the National Science something for which there was in fact no It wasn’t simply a case of differing Foundation Office of Inspector General, evidence at all.” interpretations, they believed: His and the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Dis Smith’s public statement did not give de data were just completely wrong. trict of Massachusetts. Spokespeople for tails on the other five counts of misconduct, all three agencies said they could not con but said they related to studies that “either Harvard did not announce anything firm their involvement; generally, sanctions did not result in publications or where the about the affair until theGlobe reported the imposed by the three agencies range from a problems were corrected prior to publica Cognition retraction on August 10. By that requirement for additional oversight to re tion.” Neither did Hauser in his statement point, Nature subsequently noted, gossip turn of grant money, a prohibition against to the Boston Globe the same day, though he about an investigation of Hauser’s lab “had applying for government grants for a set said he was “deeply sorry” and had made become standard cocktail-hour fare” at con period of time, and criminal indictment.) “significant mistakes.” “I have learned a ferences of scientists. Other publications Facing so much uncertainty, Hauser’s great deal from this process and have made reported that, years earlier, SUNY-Albany colleagues in evolutionary biology are left many changes in my own approach to re psychology professor Gordon Gallup Jr. had to wonder how much of his work is reli search and in my lab’s research practices,” publicly questioned a Hauser finding that able. He has been a prolific researcher, he added. “Research and teaching are my monkeys could recognize their own reflec coauthoring more than 200 papers during passion. After taking some time off, I look tions in a mirror; he reviewed the video a 25-year career. Emory University prima forward to getting back to my work, mind tapes from Hauser’s experiment and said he tologist Frans de Waal, quoted in Nature, ful of what I have learned in this case.” saw no evidence of recognition. called the affair “disastrous” for the field: Harvard’s investigation evidently began The University still has not said exactly “If one prominent person is under sus in 2007; the Chronicle of Higher Education ob what discipline, if any, has been handed picion, then everyone comes a little bit tained a statement from a former research down. According to Smith’s statement, the under suspicion.” The danger, Hauser’s assistant in Hauser’s lab who said he and options for cases of misconduct include in colleagues have said, is that the wider aca other researchers had approached Univer voluntary leave; the imposition of addition demic community and the public may start sity authorities with their concerns about al oversight on the laboratory of the scholar to believe that animal behavior can’t be practices there. According to the Chronicle, in question; and restrictions on his or her objectively evaluated. There have already the trouble started with an experiment ability to apply for grants and supervise been suggestions that “this kind of work involving rhesus monkeys’ ability to rec graduate and undergraduate students. is imprecise and it’s really anybody’s call ognize auditory patterns. Hauser and one In an interview with Harvard Magazine, what the animal is doing and it’s not rig research assistant watched the monkeys’ President Drew Faust said neither the orous,” UCLA primatologist Joan Silk told responses to the sounds and “coded” the length of the investigation, nor Smith’s the Globe. “That’s a big misperception.” results, marking whether they seemed to respond to novelty (similar to the study with the cotton-top tamarins). A second endowment’s value declined by nearly $11 research assistant, who was asked to ana Endowment billion. The difference between the rate of lyze the data, noticed a major discrepancy: Improvements investment return and the growth in the endow the first research assistant’s coding found ment’s absolute value reflects the distribution the monkeys didn’t notice the patterns; The University’s endowment was val of endowment funds to support Univer Hauser’s coding of the same videotapes ued at $27.4 billion as of June 30, the end of sity operations (about $1.56 billion in fiscal indicated that they did. fiscal year 2010—up 5.4 percent from $26.0 2010, down from $1.66 billion in fiscal 2009 After Hauser resisted a request to have billion at the end of fiscal 2009—accord and $1.63 billion in fiscal 2008), offset by a third investigator review the data inde ing to Harvard Management Company’s gifts received. pendently, one of the research assistants annual report, released on September 9. The arithmetic—gross investment and a graduate student reviewed the tapes During the fiscal year just ended, HMC gains, less distributions, plus gifts, themselves without Hauser’s permission, recorded an investment return of 11.0 per equals net endowment growth—mat the Chronicle said. cent on endowment and related assets—a ters. HMC’s fiscal 2010 investment return They each coded the results inde welcome improvement from the negative handily exceeded its long-term goal: 8.25 pendently. Their findings concurred 27.3 percent investment return during the percent annual gains. After distributions with the conclusion that the ex financial upheavals in fiscal 2009, when the for University spending (the endowment

58 November - December 2010 now provides about 35 percent of oper ating revenues), the endowment grew Yesterday’s News at half the rate of the investment return. That is above the rate of inflation: it rep From the pages of the Harvard Alumni Bulletin and Harvard Magazine resents real growth. (The Commonfund Institute’s Higher Education Price In 1915 The Bulletin salutes the fiftieth alumni are asked to forward information dex for fiscal 2010 was a record low 0.9 anniversary of the Harvard Club of New about job openings. percent.) But it implies a very extended York with particular praise for its activ- period of recovery after the $11-billion de ism: more than 30 years earlier, the club 1940 “A decade ago,” note the edi- cline in fiscal 2009. For context, HMC’s “set on foot” the movement to elect tors, “any Harvard man who rode a bi- annualized rate of return for the past five non-Massachusetts residents to the Uni- cycle was thought at least eccentric.” years is now 4.7 percent, and 7.0 percent versity’s Board of Overseers. But “since the universal recognition of for the past 10 years. Those figures reflect carbon monoxide,” bicycles have made not only the fiscal 2009 drop, but also the 1925 The Harvard Fund is officially a comeback in Cambridge, with more extraordinarily favorable rates of return established to provide a way for alumni than 250 counted in daily use around (23.0 percent in fiscal 2007, 16.7 percent in to support the University through annu- the Yard and the Houses. fiscal 2006, 19.2 percent in fiscal 2005) re al contributions, as distinct from special alized in some earlier years. gifts to a particular campaign. 1955 The Business It is this longer-term performance, and School and Radcliffe an- the value of the endowment, that shape 1930 Harvard proves one of the nounce that Radcliffe’s the Corporation’s budget decisions—sig largest employers of construction Management Training nificantly including the rate of distribu labor north of New York, the “busi- Program will become the tion of cash to support the University’s ness depression” notwithstand- Harvard-Radcliffe Program academic operations. On September 21, ing, with five new undergraduate in Business Administration. the Crimson reported a scoop: Harvard’s Houses, new buildings for the phys- Its directors note a “sig- schools have been advised to plan for a 4 ics department and the geography nificant demand for trained percent increase in their endowment dis school, new freshman dorms, a women for market research tributions for fiscal 2012 budgets—revers biological lab, a faculty club, and a and sales promotion posi- ing direction after 8 percent and 12 per $700,000 addition to the Medical tions.” cent decreases, respectively, last year and School powerhouse under way. this. * * * 1960 The Center for An ad in the Bulletin by the Har- the Study of World Religions HMC’s performance (after all invest vard Alumni Placement Service opens. Scholars from the United ment-management fees and HMC oper states, “Unemployment, wide- States and six foreign coun- ating expenses) was better than the 9.4 spread and serious, is causing tries, representing the Hindu, percent return calculated using market many Harvard men to look for Buddhist, Jewish, and Christian benchmarks for the assets in the “policy jobs for the first time in their faiths, are already in residence, portfolio” (HMC’s model for allocating lives.” and a Muslim scholar from Iran assets among categories such as equities, Fellow is expected shortly. fixed-income instruments, real estate, and so on). In fiscal 2009, HMC’s perfor 1990 Harvard and the mance trailed its market benchmarks by City of Cambridge sign a 2.1 percentage points. document calling for the In both years, the University’s portfolio University to give $1 million fared less well than a popular measure of in annual payments to Cam- large endowment funds, the Trust Uni bridge in lieu of taxes. verse Comparison Service. Median * * * performance for the TUCS in fis The “French chef” cal 2010 was a 13.3 percent invest gives 2,000 cookbooks ment return, 2.3 percentage points from her collection to above the HMC results. The differ Radcliffe’s Schlesinger Library, with a ence reflects dissimilar asset allo promise of more to come. Julia Child cations. As HMC president and hopes her gift will pro- chief executive officer Jane mote cooking as a L. Mendillo explained sub respected profes- sequently, TUCS funds are sion and academic about half invested in public field of study. equities (versus one-third

Illustration by Mark Steele John Harvard’s Journal for HMC’s portfolio— part of absolute-return in Harvard Management Company 2010 Investment Performance where they were among vestments—exceeded their the better performing Asset Class HMC Return Benchmark difference Weight in benchmark, but Mendillo’s holdings), with only a Return Policy Portfolio report does not provide a fig few percent invested Public equities 15.8% 15.2% 0.6% 33% ure. in real assets (typically Private equity 16.2 13.3 2.9 13 Real assets produced in almost one-quarter of Absolute return* 15.2 12.3 2.9 18 vestment losses, reflecting the HMC’s allocation—and Real assets** (2.7) (4.7) 2.0 23 continued weakness in com this year, the only seg Fixed income 8.5 7.2 1.3 11 mercial real estate—a seg ment where it recorded Total endowment*** 11.0 9.4 1.6 ment where HMC’s results losses). Among peers, *Includes high-yield bonds trailed market benchmarks. Columbia reported a 17 **Includes real estate (9 percent), commodities, and natural resources Natural-resources invest ***The policy portfolio also includes a 2 percent allocation to cash. percent investment gain, ments (such as timber and Penn 13 percent, Dart agricultural land) yielded a mouth 10 percent, and Brown and MIT its own,” she wrote. “Harvard has benefit “relatively low” nominal return, Mendillo both 10.2 percent. Among schools with ed from being an early participant in the wrote, but above-market results; commod portfolios most comparable to HMC’s, private-equity arena, and we have a strong ities returns, she said separately, were nil. Yale gained 8.9 percent and Stanford 14.4 team in this area and many important re Fixed-income returns (excluding high- percent. lationships with a number of the best yield bonds, as noted) were driven by According to Mendillo’s report, in private-equity and venture-capital inves above-market results in HMC’s internally vestments in U.S. equities returned 17.1 tors in the world. However, the field of managed funds, Mendillo wrote. Her re percent and those in developed-market private equity has become more and more port did not categorize returns for the international equities 12.9 percent—both crowded—with capital, with managers, domestic, foreign, and inflation-indexed comfortably ahead of benchmark returns. and with investors—over the last decade. bond segments. Investments in emerging-market equities Our expectations…are that returns will be Finally, the policy portfolio now allo returned 17.6 percent, below benchmark more muted going forward.” Accordingly, cates 2 percent of total assets to cash. (In returns. (Each of these three public-equi although HMC expects to maintain “a prior years, HMC borrowed up to 5 per ty classes is assigned an 11 percent weight meaningful level of exposure,” those pri cent of its total holdings, using leverage in the policy portfolio.) vate-equity holdings will be entrusted to to boost returns; this strategy was obvi Private-equity investments were the a smaller roster of “our highest conviction ously unhelpful when financial markets strongest segment in absolute terms, up [investment] managers.” declined sharply.) In a year with positive 16.2 percent. Although Mendillo indicated Returns on high-yield investments (re investment returns but near-zero interest that the policy-portfolio weightings for ported within the “absolute return” cat rates on cash instruments, such an alloca fiscal 2011 will not change, her report in egory) were 19.6 percent, somewhat be tion would have depressed HMC’s over dicates a more nuanced view of this asset low benchmark results. That implies that all results slightly. But the fund managers class. “Private equity bears a mention of hedge-fund managers’ results—the larger have the opportunity to deviate from the policy portfolio to some degree, and, Men dillo said subsequently, HMC in fact was Other Financial Updates fully invested during fiscal 2010. Making cash a formal category within the policy Harvard’s friends remained supportive during the fiscal year ended last June 30. portfolio, she said, imposed a useful disci Vice president for alumni affairs and development Tamara Elliott Rogers announced pline on the money managers, who have to in September that donors had given $596 million, just $6 million shy of the fiscal be very clear about their reasons for vary 2009 total. The Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS) exceeded its goal of $40 million ing from the model parameters, as they for unrestricted, current-use funds, she noted. The business and medical schools also identify opportunities to do so during the had good years, as did the Kennedy School—bolstered by a $20.5-million gift from year for tactical investment reasons. the Rajawali Foundation to support policy research and education in Asia. The figures reflect cash gifts during the year, plus payments on earlier pledges. The mix of gifts Mendillo called the year “a success between current use and endowment funds will appear in Harvard’s annual financial ful one for the Harvard endowment” and report. HMC. She cited the value added in returns That report was to be published in mid October, after this magazine’s press dead- that exceeded market benchmarks; im line. Also likely to be reported are faculty members’ responses to an early-retire- provements in the organization through ment incentive program offered last December; their decisions, due June 30, were hiring of new skilled personnel; and subject to a recision period. (Of the 180 individuals in five faculties qualifying for the changes that “more closely aligned HMC offer, 127 are from FAS.) with the University,” after the harrowing For detailed reports on the University’s annual financial disclosure and the retire- months in late 2008 and early 2009 when ments, visit harvardmagazine.com. long-term investments were out of synch with Harvard’s urgent need for cash. She

60 November - December 2010 noted “the much improved flexibility of end of fiscal 2010, down from $8 billion a tunities.” For every asset class, HMC has the portfolio we are managing today,” the year earlier, and by nearly a half from the adopted a “much more multilayered ap result of “attend[ing] closely over the last $11 billion at the end of fiscal 2008. These proach,” she said, considering liquidity, in two years to liquidity, capital commit reductions apparently reflect fulfilled ob vestment horizon, manager relationships, ments, and risk management.” Having built ligations plus sales of interests in invest and other risk factors. up cash during fiscal 2009, through sales ment partnerships, maturing investments, Looking ahead, Mendillo wrote that of investments and other actions, she said, and renegotiation of terms with fund depressed conditions in the real-estate “We redeployed funds throughout this managers. market have so reduced values that this year.” More generally, she added later, across is now “one of the areas we find most in In a notable sign of that repositioning, the portfolio, “We have evolved toward teresting in terms of current and future she reported that uncalled capital com more liquidity and fewer long-term lock- opportunities.” Mendillo helped launch mitments (contractual obligations to ups” of Harvard funds under man provide funds in the future to real-estate agement. “That has given us more and private-equity investment manag direct access to our capital, so we ers) had been reduced to $6.5 billion at the are able to shift to better oppor

1092 (1185) #9 (1185) Am 1092 William James: Summers and Semesters 1092 (1185) #71; pf M S #71; (1185) Am 1092 A century after his death in August 1910, William James, M.D. 1869, LL.D. 1903, remains an outstanding figure in both philosophy and psychology. He is as illustrious a scholar as Har- 1092.2 (55); pf M S (55); Am 1092.2 vard has ever produced, and one of the very few to shine brightly in two disciplines. In mid August, the William James Society 1092.2 (54); M A (54); Am 1092.2 (www.wjsociety.org) convened an unusual con- Clockwise from far left, below: William James : M S : ference, “In the Footsteps of William James,” for reading, 1895; wearing sunglasses in Brazil, 1865, after suffering a mild form of smallpox the centennial. For its first three days, about 80 on an expedition with Louis Agassiz; an 1866 Jamesians gathered in Chocorua, New Hamp- self-portrait, when James was about 24 years shire (where their cynosure maintained a sum- old; Here I and Sorrow Sit, an 1860s, red-crayon mer residence from 1886 onward), to sample drawing echoing James’s depression. dozens of scholarly presentations, tour James’s M UPPER RI G HT K WISE FRO CLOC . y house and barn thanks to the cooperation of large envelope he inscribed, “My unfinished a m il its current owners, and book,” which held a working manuscript.

a m es F enjoy the trails and lake. There is a touching 1876 love letter For the final day, the group to his future wife, Alice Howe Gib- decamped to Cambridge, bens, that declares, “To state abruptly /Gift of the J y /Gift of taking in an exhibition of the whole matter: I am in love, und Jamesiana, “Life is in the zwar [namely] (—forgive me—) with g e L ibrar Transitions,” at Houghton Yourself.” There’s also correspon- Library (http://tinyurl.com/ dence with his novelist brother Henry wjames), which runs until James, Litt.D. 1911, whose large, florid arvard C olle , H arvard y December 23. script contrasts sharply with William’s The transitions include neat handwriting. The exhibit fleshes James’s personal crisis of out how James was first hired to March and April 1870, an teach at Harvard, his academic home for virtually his entire ca- episode of what he called reer. It also explores his forays into psychical research, séances, hton L ibrar THE H ou g hton

Y OF “soul-sickness.” The Hough- and, of course, several varieties of religious experience. Lastly, it ton exhibit explores several records James’s final transition—with a death mask and a pho- of his life passages using letters, sketches, photographs, diary en- tograph of the beloved professor in repose after passing away at

G ES COURTES tries, and lecture notes, as well as a few personal objects like the his summer home on August 26, 1910. ALL I M A

Harvard Magazine 61 John Harvard’s Journal

direct investments in timber and agri financial industry worldwide continues model” associated with Yale, HMC, and cultural land when she was on the HMC to restructure. As she suggested last year, other institutions in recent decades: rely staff in the 1990s. Now, she said, with HMC is likely to increase the portion of ing on highly diversified portfolios, with new real-estate talent in house, HMC funds managed internally: she again cited significant investments in untraditional will look beyond limited partnerships the advantages of control over assets, staff and relatively less liquid asset classes in this area, pursuing joint ventures and insights into market conditions, and low where sophisticated investors can realize direct relationships of the sort that have er expenses compared to using outside long-term advantages compared to con succeeded in natural-resources investing. firms. ventional holdings. “Has the ‘endowment And she noted opportunities throughout More generally, she reaffirmed Har model’ run its course?” she wrote. “Our HMC to hire skilled professionals as the vard’s commitment to the “endowment answer to that question is No.”

50 Years of What is a well-constituted society and •Attorney Jarrett Barrios ’91, a former what is my role in it?” Massachusetts state legislator, is now Social Studies The program confronts concentrators president of the Gay and Lesbian Alliance In 1960, the idea that Harvard under with this question immediately in its fa Against Defamation (GLAAD). graduates could concentrate in a field that mously intense sophomore tutorial, Social •Former deputy U.S. attorney general pulled together economics, political sci Studies 10. The tutorial’s reading list has Jamie Gorelick ’72, J.D. ’75, served on the ence, sociology, history, and philosophy, displayed remarkable consistency since 9-11 Commission and as general counsel to instead of choosing just one of those disci the beginning, noted Rogers Brubaker ’79, the Defense Department; she now chairs plines, was revolutionary. a program veteran who is now a sociol the public-policy and strategy practice Social studies (the College’s second- ogy professor at UCLA. Seven theorists— and national security practice for Wilmer oldest interdisciplinary concentration, Adam Smith, Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill, Hale in Washington. after history and literature) was “ahead Max Weber, Alexis de Tocqueville, Émile Gorelick said her social-studies educa of its time,” said University of Pennsyl Durkheim, and Sigmund Freud—have tion taught her to argue with courage, re vania president Amy Gutmann ’71, Ph.D. been taught nearly every year; Michel spect, and a spirit of compromise, and to ’76, one of the program’s eminent gradu Foucault, Jürgen Habermas, and Simone consider thoughtfully the exercise of state ates. Giving the keynote address at the de Beauvoir were added in the 1990s and power. “While I cannot tell you that I sat concentration’s fiftieth anniversary cel have been taught every year since. This in my study these 35 years since I gradu ebration on September 25, she noted that roster, Brubaker said, “speaks to the pro ated and pulled Durkheim and Weber fellow alumni work in “political science gram’s defining and abiding commitment and Freud and Marx off the shelves,” she and polling, journalism and jazz, eco to serious engagement with the great the said, “those ideas affected me enormously. nomics and history, law and medicine, orists of the epochal transformations—so I am very much in debt to this concentra sociology and philosophy, corporate law cial, political, economic, and cultural— tion for the powerful ideas it has put at and investing, the judiciary and, very im that have formed the world that we still my disposal.” portantly, public service.” Regardless of inhabit.” one’s chosen profession, Gutmann said, An afternoon panel on “Social Studies Introducing the afternoon panel, po “you cannot do better—intellectually, and Social Change” featured four other litical philosopher and former social- ethically, and practically speaking—than notable concentration alumni. studies chair Michael Walzer, Ph.D. ’62, to come to terms with the question: •During her career, Adele Simmons ’63 now a professor emeritus at the Insti has conducted anthropology tute for Advanced Study, recalled that, Amy Gutmann research in Mauritius, worked within the concentration, “Like-minded for the Economist in North Afri never meant agreeable. Most of the time, ca, taught at Princeton, served we agreed on what were the necessary as president of Hampshire arguments, but not at all on what were College (during her tenure, it the right positions.…Anyone with con became the first U.S. college to victions about anything had to be ready divest its South Africa-affiliat to defend them in the face of sharp and ed holdings to protest apart skeptical questioning.” heid), and headed the MacAr It was perhaps appropriate, then, that thur Foundation. protest accompanied, and at times inter •E.J. Dionne ’73, Washington rupted, the day’s events. The protesters Post columnist and George objected to the social-studies commit town Public Policy Institute tee’s decision to accept a $650,000 endow professor, is the author of sev ment for an undergraduate research fund, eral books on American poli given by alumni and other supporters of tics and a senior fellow at the New Republic editor in chief Martin Peretz, Brookings Institution. Ph.D. ’66, a former head tutor who taught

62 November - December 2010 Photograph by Jon Chase/Harvard News Office year by accessing what the financial footnotes called “the incremen- Time to “Change the Channel” tal distribution on all endowment funds,” Michael D. Smith, dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences thus holding the decrease in funds received to $30 million, just (FAS), was expected to tell colleagues at the fall’s first faculty a 5 percent cut from fiscal 2009; the initial projection was a meeting, on October 5, that the time has come to “change the $50-million reduction. channel” on campus conversations. “For the past two years,” he The net effect was a $12-million unrestricted-funds surplus wrote in his annual report, “our decisions, though well ground- for FAS as a whole (down from $87.6 million in fiscal 2009), and ed in intellectual priorities, often felt forced by the pressures a $3.6-million unrestricted surplus in FAS’s “core” operations of our financial circumstances.” Now it is suitable to “shift our (the faculty, College, and graduate school): well below the $58.6 attention more fully” to academic priorities, “charting actions in million of fiscal 2009, but not deeply in the red, as once feared. a manner that is informed by, but not dictated by, our financial Kirwan pointed out challenges. Unrestricted spending for resources.” (The report, made available to FAS members for the undergraduate financial aid rose $36.9 million in fiscal 2010, meeting, was set for public release on October 20, at www.fas. reflecting larger awards; less funding from the diminished en- harvard.edu/home/content/annual-report.) dowment; and the depletion of balances the year before. The Smith was expected to put the fiscal/academic year ended faculty and research-support ranks actually grew in fiscal 2010 last June in context as the second stage in a three-part response (administrative and clerical personnel declined by 240 positions). to the global financial crisis. In this light, during fiscal 2009, “FAS Despite higher balances, investment income on short-term re- arrested an aggressive growth trajectory established in times serves declined $12.5 million (down more than 60 percent) as of plenty,” by cutting costs. The year just ended entailed the the central administration slashed the interest rate credited. “harder work of making structural changes based on well-in- Smith’s upbeat tenor comes through particularly in his ex- formed, long-term priorities.” The current year should mark the pressed enthusiasm for a forthcoming University capital cam- period of maximum belt-tightening, with another $35 million to paign. FAS’s goals, he signaled, are due for presidential vetting be wrung out of annual operating expenses during the next 24 by early spring. One ambition he highlights is programmatic: months (in anticipation of modest growth in endowment distri- renewed focus on teaching and learning (as outlined by the butions soon; see “Endowment Improvements,” page 58). Task Force on Teaching and Career Development three years The report does not quantify precisely how FAS dug itself out ago; see “Toward Top-Tier Teaching,” March-April 2007, page of an annual deficit projected at one time to be as large as $220 63, on the faculty’s teaching “compact”). The second is a huge, million. In the financial section, dean for administration and fi- deferred capital item: renovation of the undergraduate Hous- nance Leslie Kirwan lists contributing factors in the past year: es—a task likely to consume at least a billion dollars over savings on energy and discretionary expenses (travel, meals, many years (see “Renewing the Houses,” July-August 2009, etc.); the cumulative effects of early retirements and layoffs at page 56). Kirwan outlined another need: “ensuring adequate the end of fiscal 2009, restraint in filling vacancies, and the year- resources to attract and retain outstanding faculty and gradu- long compensation freeze; and lower expenses than planned for ate students.” science initiatives. Revenue gains helped, too: a change in state Of his own ideas, Smith wrote, “These…are not our only law authorized distributions from “underwater” endowment FAS aspirations.” But they ought to more than suffice to begin funds, worth millions of dollars to FAS; gifts exceeded expecta- a conversation to “share our vision with the Harvard commu- tions; sponsored-research grants and awards rose 11 percent, nity”—part of an effort, after two years of looking inward, “that to $193.4 million. And FAS was able to buffer the anticipated articulates to our alumni and the world the essential and unique 8 percent reduction in endowment distributions during the nature of our institution and its mission.” at Harvard for more than 30 years. Several panels to a luncheon in Adams House, the sentiment; she described him to the panel dozen people picketed outside the Science protesters tailed him, chanting, “Harvard, audience as “a fantastic teacher” who was Center, holding signs quoting from Per Harvard, shame on you for honoring a supportive and generous with his time. etz’s writings about Muslims, including a racist fool!” At lunch, when he rose to give “You can honor him as a teacher,” she said, September 4 blog post that attracted na brief remarks as had other head tutors, a “without agreeing with everything he’s tional attention. handful of attendees walked out. ever said.” Outside the Science Center classroom Earlier in the week, President Drew where the event was held, University po Faust had stated publicly that in accept For more on the social studies celebration and the lice officers stood guard, limiting entry to ing the money, Harvard was not endors Martin Peretz protest, see www.harvardmag. registered guests. Still, questions about ing Peretz’s views (see “After the Storm: com/social-studies-50th. the decision to honor Peretz pervaded Presidential Perspectives,” page 53). Jamie For more about President Faust’s comments on nearly every question-and-answer ses Gorel ick, who had led the effort to cre the matter, see www.harvardmag.com/faust- sion. When he walked from the morning ate the fund in Peretz’s name, echoed this gibson.

Harvard Magazine 63 John Harvard’s Journal

really anything that could serve the same can keep a medieval spelling,” Ziolkow Jan Ziolkowski functions as the Loeb for the medieval pe ski explains. “It’s going to throw people riod, and that was a frustration for me as I who are trained in classical Latin, to get thought about trying to communicate my some of the spellings that we’ve got, I feel field to a wider public.” The project in no doubt about that; however, they’ll have cubated until Ziolkowski was appointed the English alongside to help them get ac director of Dumbarton Oaks in the sum customed to it, so I hope the novelty will mer of 2007, when he began to discuss the excite people rather than deter them.” process of bringing it into existence with But Ziolkowski also hopes the series HUP. will appeal more broadly, serving both the Sharmila Sen, general editor for the hu lay reader and the specialist. “You have to manities at HUP, oversees DOML (www. appeal to a wide audience, but also satisfy hup.harvard.edu/collection.php?cpk=1320) the erudite people,” he explains. This ap as well as its predecessors and compan proach has also informed the selection of ions, the Loeb Classical Library and I the texts for DOML: “I’ve been trying to Tatti Renaissance Library (see “Reread strike a balance between something that ing the Renaissance,” March-April 2006, people will have heard of before, and then page 34). “There is a thousand-year gap some texts that are quite offbeat.” between Loeb and I Tatti, so DOML per Three titles will formally open the proj forms a much-needed function of making ect. The Pentateuch of Saint Jerome’s Lat those missing years come alive,” she says. in translation of the Bible—the first part “We benefit a lot from having learned how of a projected five-volume edition of the A Renaissance for to publish the Loebs and I Tatti, and we complete Vulgate—is paired with the sev Medieval Classics hope that we can take those lessons and enteenth-century Douay-Rheims trans use them to help this new series grow.” lation en face for the first time. A second For nearly 70 years, Harvard’s scholarly Yet “every period is very differ volume, also in medieval outpost at Dumbarton Oaks, in Washing ent,” she explains: “The world of ton, D.C., has housed one of the world’s Renaissance Latin requires very greatest collections of material relating to different things than the world Byzantine studies, while also providing of classical Greek and Latin, and an academic home for some of the field’s this is equally true of Dumbarton foremost scholars (see “Home of the Hu Oaks: the field of medieval stud manities,” May-June 2008, page 48). As of ies has its own contingencies, this fall, after more than a decade of plan its own challenges. You cannot ning, it will also give its name to a new blindly follow the Loeb model.” series of medieval texts published by Har For one thing, unlike the Loeb vard University Press (HUP)—making a series, which covers only classi bit of Dumbarton Oaks more accessible cal Greek and Latin, DOML will in Cambridge (and everywhere else) than publish texts in medieval Latin, ever before. Byzantine Greek, and Old English, and The Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library expand, potentially, to works written in Latin, presents two separate manu (DOML) is modeled on the 512-volume other medieval vernacular languages. Be scripts of secular Latin poetry from the (and growing) Loeb Classical Library, cause scholars with equal expertise in all twelfth century: a collection known whose distinctive, tidy green and red these languages are rare, the series has as the Arundel lyrics, which comprises hardcover editions of Greek and Latin separate editorial committees (headed love songs, Christmas poems, and eccle texts with facing-page translations have by professor of English Daniel Donoghue siastic satires, as well as the work of a become an informal emblem of classical for Old English; Danuta Shanzer, profes poet known as Hugh Primas—whom Zi studies during the past century (see “Re sor of classics and medieval studies at the olkowski compares to “a Beat Generation newal of a Classic,” Septem University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, poet” in terms of the cultural position and ber-October 1993, page 48). for medieval Latin; and historian Alice- effect of his work. The new venture began in Mary Talbot ’60, former director of Byz The third volume of the initial release, the late 1990s with Porter antine studies at Dumbarton Oaks, for and the first in Old English, presents Visit harvardmag. com/extras for professor of medieval Latin Byzantine Greek). Furthermore, the form the full Beowulf manuscript: not just the excerpts from Jan Ziolkowski’s wish for a of the languages themselves is less stan eponymous poem, but also the four other the Vulgate Bible similar public face for medi dardized, and DOML will expose a lesser- works included in the single, centuries- and Beowulf, and an article eval literature. Now general known part of the history of each. “On old, manuscript that preserved the An about the Loeb editor of DOML, Ziolkows the value-added principle, I’ve been try glo-Saxon epic into the modern era. “Dan Classical Library. ki recalls that there “wasn’t ing to have us work with texts where we Donoghue was amazingly adept at get

64 November - December 2010 Photograph by Joseph Mill/Dumbarton Oaks Helping the Humanities areas. As conveners of the Global Task The Humanities Center at Harvard, an Force on Expanded Access to Cancer interdisciplinary hub within the Faculty Brevia Control in Developing Countries, they of Arts and Sciences (www.fas.harvard. were principal authors of a paper, pub edu/~humcentr) has been endowed via lished in the Lancet, pointing out that a $10-million gift from Anand Mahin- two-thirds of cancer deaths occur in dra ’77, M.B.A.’81, vice chairman lower- and middle-income nations, of Mahindra & Mahindra, Ltd., but just 5 percent of resources an industrial conglomerate based spent on cancer prevention and in Mumbai. President Drew Faust care are devoted to those countries. hailed the “remarkable gift” as “a significant affirmation of the im Nota Bene portance of the humanities and Plant proponent. the central place of the liberal arts University of Colo in the University.” Center direc rado professor of tor Homi Bhabha, the Rothenberg ecology and evo

professor of the humanities, said he lutionary biology news office ide/harvard justin hoped the gift would enable fur William Friedman William Friedman ther exploratory, interdisciplinary, will become direc and even international work in di tor of the 265-acre Arnold Arbore verse fields. The organization will tum and professor of organismic be renamed the Mahindra Humani and evolutionary biology, effective ties Center, in honor of the donor’s January 1. He succeeds former di late mother, Indira. rector Robert E. Cook. A specialist in the origin and evolution of flow Doctoral Data ering plants, Friedman will pursue The National Research Council’s his scholarship in the Arboretum’s long-awaited evaluation of Ph.D. new Weld Hill research and ad programs placed 27 Harvard pro ministration building (“Ready for grams as high as first in at least one Growth?” May-June 2007, page of two ranking schemes; the closest 60), according to the University Professor Summers Returns: The White peer institutions were Princeton, House on September 21 announced that Lawrence release—a significant development: Berkeley, Stanford, and MIT, at 19, H. Summers would conclude his service as director occupancy of the Jamaica Plain fa 18, 18, and 12 respectively. Graduate of the National Economic Council—the principal cility was delayed during the height School of Arts and Sciences dean economic-policy assistant to President Barack of Harvard’s financial stresses in Obama, J.D. ’91—at year-end. Summers is expected Allan Brandt observed, “Ninety to resume the Eliot University Professorship; he fiscal year 2010. percent of our programs are in the was previously based in the Harvard Kennedy highest tier of the NRC rankings.” School and the Business School. Shown above in Radcliffe fundraiser. The Rad March 2009 are Summers (right) with the president, Separately, the Council of Gradu economic adviser Christina Romer, and Secretary cliffe Institute has appointed ate Schools reports that in the of the Treasury Timothy Geithner. Karen Putnam associate dean 2008-2009 academic year, women for advancement. She has raised for the first time earned a majority of the is wooed with “a more favorable projec funds for the Fogg Art Museum and at doctoral degrees awarded in the United tion from an Ivy competitor.” Bryn Mawr, Penn, Yale, States. the Brooklyn Museum, Cancer Challenge and the Central Park Admissions Competitions In August, Paul Farmer, Presley profes Conservancy, where she Inside Higher Education reported a “New sor of global health and social medicine became president and Tactic in the Aid Arms Race”: Cornell and co-founder of Partners in Health; chief executive officer. y of radcliffe institute has offered students admitted for next Harvard School of Public Health dean Putnam graduated from courtes fall, who are also admitted to Harvard, Julio Frenk; Felicia Knaul, director of Wellesley and earned an Karen financial support that matches the pack the Harvard Global Equity Initiative; and American studies doc Putnam ages extended by Harvard (or any other Lawrence Shulman, chief medical officer torate at Yale. Ivy); and Dartmouth athletics has post at the University-affiliated Dana-Farber ed a letter to football supporters promis Cancer Institute collaborated on a call Handheld harvard. A new application ing to “eliminate the differential” in aid to action to address cancer prevention, provides access to information about offers when an admitted athletic recruit diagnosis, and treatment in underserved Harvard on smart phones and compa

Photograph by Evan Vucci/AP Images Harvard Magazine 65 John Harvard’s Journal

rable gear, launching “a strategic mobile room assignments and hire teaching fel materials science and mechanical engi initiative to package content from across lows more reliably. Seniors must indicate neering. the University for display on handheld their spring intentions by November devices.” Products are accessible at 3, juniors a week later, and sophomores MacArthur fellows. Among winners of http://m.harvard.edu. and freshmen the week after that. This the MacArthur Fellowships announced is not formal preregistration or the end in late September (with accompany Newsman in the news. of shopping period: selections are “non- ing $500,000 grants spread out over five Bob Giles, curator of binding” and subject to any changes stu years) were two Harvard affiliates:An -

the Nieman Foundation the N ie m an foundation y of dents wish to make during the first week nette Gordon-Reed, J.D. ’84, National for the past decade, an of classes. Students who fail to comply Humanities Medal winner, professor of nounced on October 1 courtes will incur a late fee of $40 per week. law and of history and Pforzheimer pro that he would retire at Bob Giles fessor at the Radcliffe Institute, whose the end of the academic year. The foun J-term planning: owaw. The Undergrad The Hemingses of Monticello (2008) won a dation provides year-long, midcareer uate Council has allocated part of its Pulitzer Prize and the fellowships for journalists from around term-time activities budget to fund stu National Book Award the world to study at Harvard. Under dent-initiated events during this Janu- for nonfiction; andCar - his direction—during a period of intense ary’s intersession—a new period in the los D. Bustamante ’97, upheaval in all the traditional news me calendar, initiated last year, for which Ph.D. ’01, a professor

dia—the Nieman program has created there have been no formal academic or foundation A rthur of population genetics

a popular online “laboratory” covering other programs. President Drew Faust Mac at Stanford University rapidly emerging new media, and has ex also announced a faculty “innovation Carlos D. School of Medicine. panded support for narrative journalism fund” to support academic or co-cur Bustamante and investigative reporting. ricular activities, with on-campus work Miscellany. Applicants to the College limited to January 16-23. Faust’s fund en class of 2015 face one less hurdle. Having Pre-term planning. Beginning in No courages public service, new pedagogies, satisfied itself that the writing portion vember, according to the College hand or activity-based learning experiences of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) book for students, undergraduates must (many related to the arts). The College provides useful predictions of student provide “preliminary information” about is cataloging the results at an “Optional performance at Harvard, a faculty com course selections for the spring 2011 se Winter Activities Week” portal. mittee decided that would-be Crimson

mester, and then again next summer freshmen now need submit only two y for fall 2012, and so on. The choices will Engineering organization. The School SAT subject test scores. Previously, three “populate the first draft of the study of Engineering and Applied Sciences were required.…John Walsh, M.P.P. ’78, card,” enabling administrators to make (www.seas.harvard.edu), which op has been named act erates without ing Comptroller of the separate academic Currency (the supervi departments, has sor of national banks), increased the num succeeding the twenty- ber of faculty “area ninth Comptroller, John

deans” from two C. Dugan, J.D. ’81.…M. the C urrenc of the C o m ptroller O ffice of to seven. The move Lee Pelton, Ph.D. ’84, John Walsh points the way to president of Willamette ward defined con University since 1998 and a past mem centrations or ber of Harvard’s Board of Overseers, has secondary fields been named president of g e within the current the arts-focused Emer engineering-sciences son College, in Boston, concentration. Join effective next July 1.… ing deans for applied The School of Engineer erson colle y of e m erson mathematics and for ing and Applied Sciences

computer science has created an Institute courtes are leaders for ap for Applied Computa- M. Lee Pelton GUND GRAFFITI? The first-floor corridor in the Graduate School of Design’s Gund Hall complex is usually given over plied physics, bioen tional Science, aimed at to vivid displays of architecture and design projects; one gineering, electrical broadening course offerings and research on Seoul’s riverfront snakes across the floor, as seen here. engineering, envi in the field. It is directed by Van Vleck Graffiti-like signs near the Cambridge Street entrance invited exhibitions of student work early in the fall term—an invita- ronmental science professor of pure and applied physics tion that was quickly accepted. and engineering, and Efthimios Kaxiras.

66 November - December 2010 ting together an energetic board of people DOML will have its own signature ap able to do a completely new type of re to put together the Old English volumes; pearance. “One of the first things that search,” explaining, “I don’t think there’s they saw it as being of great benefit to anyone asks us, when we talk about the any other publisher in the world right the field…and he did a great job of enlist project, is ‘What color?’” Sen says. “I now who can present such an exten ing Robert Fulk [professor of early Eng Tatti has a very lovely light blue color sive and exhaustive list of classical titles lish at Indiana University] to take care scheme, and we decided to do something across these languages.” of the Beowulf manuscript, with extensive different: a kind of metallic light bronze. Ziolkowski agrees. “Every morning I commentary,” Ziolkowski says. “What’s These are going to be jewel-like books.” walk past the inscription from the be exciting is that, just a few years ago, the The three series’ complementary visual quest [for Dumbarton Oaks], which says, theory was advanced that maybe the Beo appearance is far from accidental, under ‘The Dumbarton Oaks Research Library wulf manuscript as a whole was a sort of lining their shared vision of producing has been assembled…that the continuity anthology that had to do with monsters, accessible, high-quality editions of im of scholarship in the Byzantine and medi and this new collection enables one to portant literature in their original lan eval humanities may remain unbroken,’” he appraise certain ideas like that.” DOML’s guages. Sen hopes the three collections, says. He hopes that the DOML will con first volume in Byzantine Greek will ap together with the forthcoming Hackmey tinue the spirit of that gift: “I want the se pear next spring: three collections of ac Hebrew Classical Library and Murty ries to be here forever,” he explains, laugh counts of miracles, a distinctive genre of Classical Library of India, will present ing. “I would love to dream that it would medieval Greek literature. an unparalleled set of tools for “a whole grow into the sort of series the Loeb has Like the Loeb and I Tatti Libraries, new generation of scholars who might be become.” vspencer lenfield

undergraduate Walking a Mile in My Own Shoes by sarah zhang ’11

lack, closed-toe, not too cles around women, aren’t we further iso toring program. But I never consciously shiny, enough of a heel to an lating ourselves from the men with whom chose to join women’s organizations, and nounce her arrival—this is the we have to compete? if equivalent ungendered organizations kind of shoe I imagine on suc At a pre-conference meeting in the had existed, I probably would have joined cessfulB women. Two days before the Har spring, we each received a packet of read those. vard-Radcliffe Women’s Leadership Con ings for discussion that included an essay As a young woman in science, I have ference (WLC) in August, I found myself by Joanne Lipman, founding editor of Port not personally experienced discrimina in dire need of such shoes. The sneakers folio magazine. “When I was in college in tion based on gender. But that is not to say that had protected my feet from lab chem the 1980s,” she writes, “many of us looked my experience has been gender-neutral. icals during the rest of summer certainly derisively at the women’s liberation move Of the dozen courses I have taken toward would not do. A hasty shopping trip en ment. That was something that strident, my concentration in neurobiology, exact sued, and I strode into the conference humorless, shrill women had done before ly two were taught by female professors, with two extra inches of height. By lunch us. We were sure we were beyond it. We both of whom were co-teaching with male time of day one, however, a blister was al were post-feminists. After all, we lived colleagues. The neurobiology concentra ready asserting itself, and I was hobbling equally with men.” And here I was in col tion is 65 percent female. When I took in a manner that was neither lady- nor lege in the 2010s, still wanting to be post- physics, most students who showed up leader-like. feminist, and largely indifferent toward for help at office hours were female, even My feet were telling me what I had women’s movements. though the class itself was predominantly suspected, that maybe this conference Or was I? On second thought, I have male. These statistics are more anecdotal on women in leadership wasn’t quite the been involved in a number of women’s or than rigorous, but the fact that these ob right place for me. WLC brings together ganizations. I had joined Women in Busi servations have stayed with me suggests 30 female undergraduates for six days of ness freshman year (which is also when their subtle influence. panels, discussions, and workshops on I first encountered difficulty in finding The conference reminded me how planning our future personal and profes good dress shoes). When my interest in far we have come from a time when dis sional lives. I had applied on blind faith in business waned and I turned to science, couraging women was not at all subtle. a friend’s recommendation, even though I I signed up for the Radcliffe Mentor Pro Sandra Moose, Ph.D. ’68, formerly senior was personally ambivalent about female- gram and the Women in Science, Technol vice president and director of the Boston only undertakings. By drawing these cir ogy, Engineering, and Mathematics men Consulting Group, gave the keynote ad

Harvard Magazine 67 John Harvard’s Journal dress. She impressed me en incredible young wom as sleek and steely. In en who are my classmates the Vietnam era, when also became my friends. Moose earned her doc Their stories inspired me, torate in economics, the but I admired them for campus was especially their accomplishments, hostile toward women, neither because nor in she said, because she was spite of their gender. I did seen as taking the place come out of the confer of a male student who ence more conscious of would then have been the barriers, both struc exempt from the draft. tural and cultural, that In fact, she was not espe women face. cially interested in aca After six days spent demic research, but her with women, I became preferred choice, Harvard more curious about how Business School’s two- the other half thinks. Did year M.B.A. program, did men understand the un not admit women. Nei equal burden that child ther, she discovered, did care placed on women? Lamont Library. During Did they realize the dou her first week at Harvard, ble standards imposed on she settled in to study at women as leaders? Lamont, only to be told, When I posed these when leaving, never to questions to male friends return. Today, she serves over dinner, the first re on the Harvard Library’s sponse was, “We’re guys! visiting committee. Why would we even In spite of such stories, think about that?” The the more sobering realiza jokester’s exaggerated tion, I discovered, is that grin assured me he wasn’t women still have a long serious, but the laughter way to go. Throughout seemed to be covering the the week, we heard re the truth is: women are held to standards uncomfortable truth of peatedly that women make up at least half of appearance that are double and high. his words taken at face value. “I would have of college students, professional-school Teresa Valmain, a campaign adviser to no problem with being a stay-at-home students, and middle-management posi Hillary Clinton, talked about the endless dad,” replied a more serious friend when tions, yet hold only a fraction of such top press coverage of whether Clinton had pressed for a straight answer, “but that’s positions as tenured professor, partner, or shown too much cleavage. The current not what I plan on doing.” The young men CEO. There are plenty of women in the secretary of state’s famous predilection I know are mostly of the liberal type who pipeline, but they are opting out. for pantsuits was challenged by another grew up with working mothers or high- In my naïve view, this had seemed to be conference speaker, who advised, “Don’t achieving sisters, but in their responses I a problem caused by ingrained cultural at wear pantsuits. They are never flattering still detected the strain of gender expecta titudes, which are more difficult to change on women, and it looks like you’re trying tions, explicit and implicit. than rules, not as if women are institu too hard to be masculine.” As the type of In the Crimson earlier this year, Susan tionally deterred from those positions. girl who still has not mastered the curl Marine, assistant dean for student life and Not quite, argued dean of student life ing iron, I remain conflicted on whether to director of the Harvard College Women’s Suzy Nelson, making a point in her speech play the appearance game or try subvert Center, stressed the role of men in pro that I, as a 20-year-old college student, ing it. I suddenly missed my summer job, moting gender equality.”When a man ad had barely begun to consider: the most where a lab coat was routine and the only dresses another man about a problem in important steps toward gender equality clothing criterion was safety. society, he may be more likely to see it as are longer maternity leaves for both men I noted that the women who presented something pertinent to his own life than and women and access to affordable, qual at the conference were not, actually, all if a woman brought it up.” Discrimination ity daycare. wearing black pumps. They were remark against women is indeed a problem for so able and diverse, including a freelance ciety, not just for women. When a woman How trivial of me to fixate on shoes, I wedding photographer and a nonprofit leaves her job to take care of children or thought. Surely a discussion about successful consultant who had picked up and moved when her effectiveness as a leader is un men would start with the head, not the toes. But to Cambodia to start a business. Two doz dermined by double standards, everyone

68 November - December 2010 Illustration by Karine Daisay is affected. It is important that these is in Science at Harvard-Radcliffe, seeking plied, I would like to be a Big Sib. But you sues are understood not only by the wom upperclassmen to mentor younger stu know what? The Harvard College Under en who will encounter them but also by dents interested in science. I reflected on graduate Research Association (HCURA), the men who will be working alongside my three years at Harvard—a sliver com a general organization for students of all those women. pared to the experiences of the women at genders, has a mentorship program as The end of the conference meant the the conference, but still quite hefty com well. I will be signing up for that, too. beginning of the new school year, which pared to my freshman self. Even though I in turn meant a flurry of e-mails recruit may not be quite ready to carry the torch Berta Greenwald Ledecky Undergraduate Fellow ing students for extracurricular activi for successful women, I am now pretty Sarah Zhang ’11 is still searching for a good pair of ties. One message arrived from Women handy with a Bunsen burner. Yes, I re dress shoes.

sports 1,000-meter hill runs—as the season ap proaches, he says. “We want to come back really strong and then get really sharp,” by which he means quick. Hotfoot The training week begins Sunday with a long run, and ends with a weekend race. Chenoweth credits Jason Saretsky, now Cross-country’s Daniel Chenoweth keeps a cool head in his fifth year as head coach of cross- country and track and field, for taking while burning the competition. the mental strain of training off the team. “There’s a lot of trust there,” he says. “Basi ew sports events are more el at Yale, finishing 25 seconds ahead of his cally, coach is in control” of deciding how emental than a footrace. There is closest competitor. He laid the founda to train; the athletes’ job is to “go out and little fancy equipment to tweak, tion for speed months earlier, logging 80 run the workout.” Constant practice pays and no one else to blame or praise to 90 miles a week in the summer to de off, Chenoweth says, because “running fast forF the results. In the hours and minutes velop a core of endurance. “We put in lots is a game of efficiency in the end.” before the starting gun fires, says Daniel of base training miles, nothing fast, and Chenoweth ’11—Harvard’s first winner of then slowly transition to faster and hard But atop the layers of endurance and the Ivy League’s Heptagonal Champion er workouts”—such as regular 400- or biomechanical efficiency that can be built ship individual crown in cross-coun try in 15 years—runners ask them selves: “Am I going to be tough enough to do what I need to do to win?” And then there is the pain. “That is a distinguishing character istic of cross-country and track,” says the harriers’ captain, who has been a Harvard standout in both since he belted out the second-fastest 3,ooo- meter time among freshmen nation ally in 2008. “There is a certain level of pain in other sports, but you can still have a good game and maybe feel okay,” he explains. In running, “You know that to do your best, it is going to be painful. You need to be ready for that.” Chenoweth, a sociology concen trator with an interest in architec ture and film, doesn’t worry about these things as much as most runners do: “I focus down on the things I can control, making sure I’m ready to go, stretched out, and have enough food Cross-country captain Daniel Chenoweth and water.” In his first race this fall, running hill repeats at Fresh Pond he set a new course and meet record

Photograph by Jim Harrison Harvard Magazine 69 John Harvard’s Journal up only with dedication and consistency was an interesting field because some guys A five-foot-eight, 130-pound Platonic in practice—a hallmark of Chenoweth’s were really strong and a couple of guys ideal of a runner, Chenoweth hails from work ethic—is race strategy. “In races,” were really quick.” The challenge in such Geneseo, Illinois. He took up the sport at he says, “I am completely focused on what a situation is that if the front runners are the urging of his older brother Brian, who is going on”: where his rivals are, whether still in a pack approaching the finish line, ran for Wartburg College in Iowa. (His the terrain changes, how he is feeling— those with a fast finishing kick will break parents also run, but only in an occasional and thinking about when to attack. On a away over the last few hundred meters road race.) At Harvard, Chenoweth com downhill, he may stride faster to gain a lit to win. But simply running a faster pace petes nearly year-round: cross country in tle momentum that he can carry through throughout the race eliminates the speed the fall, and then track—indoors during a flat, or take the lead at a corner to avoid sters and benefits the endurance crowd. the winter months and then outdoors in being forced to the outside, which adds a He and Saretsky planned to let some the spring. yard or two to the total distance. On up one else do the work of leading until As he drives toward the finish of his hills, he may push the pace a little harder about halfway through. Then Chenoweth college career, his personal goal is to make right at the top, in an attempt to drop a would “make a break, to get a good gap all-American—one of the few honors competitor. “Even if your strategy is to sit on some of the guys” who were dangerous (awarded to the top 20 or so runners na back,” he explains, “you always have to be near the finish. “That was what I needed tionally) that has eluded him during the aware of what is going on at the front, be from Coach,” he says. In the race, the run course of a stellar Ivy career. His aspira cause if a group of runners tries to break ners adopted a relatively slow pace at tions for the team he now leads have fo off and you want to win the race, you have first. When Chenoweth made his move, cused on the Ivy League championships to be ready—at the college level, they usu he “threw down a really fast, hard lap” on October 29. Columbia and Princeton ally aren’t coming back.” that opened a gap on the rest of the field. have been the teams to beat in the last When he won the 3,000-meter race at He took the next lap “a little easier” to re few years, but Harvard has a quintet of the track and field Heptagonal Champi cover and then “drove hard in to the fin promising freshman talent—and Chen onship his sophomore year, he recalls, “It ish,” and won. oweth. vjonathan shaw

also enables more flexible preparation for different opponents: if a Crimson side is particu- Soccer Under the Lights larly fast, playing more games on the artificial turf, which speeds up play, may amplify that edge. There is also more space for club and In early September, the new, illuminated, artificial-turf Sol- recreational play and for varsity lacrosse, which scheduled games diers Field Soccer Stadium opened with a nighttime women’s against the men’s and women’s national teams for early October. soccer match against Long Island (a 2-2 tie); the next night, the Soccer at its highest levels, however, is played on grass. The men took on Stanford (Harvard won, 2-1). Free sunglasses in elite professional leagues of England and Europe, as well as the neon colors, T-shirts, and raffles, refreshments, and prizes served World Cup matches, take place on natural grass (although this as promotions. The artificial surface allows play in a wider range year FIFA, the international governing body, permitted some of weather than the natural grass pitch of nearby Ohiri Field qualifying matches to go off on artificial surfaces in places like (named for star Crimson forward Chris Ohiri ’64), which “re- Scandinavia, where it is hard to maintain good grass pitches). mains the primary site for men’s and women’s soccer now and And many players favor God’s sod. “I spring from the grass in the future,” according to director of athletic communications roots,” says Brian O’Connor ’78, a varsity midfielder in college, Kurt Svoboda. This fall, Harvard played its first two men’s home who has played on many artificial surfaces. “Nothing equals a games on the new surface, with the final four scheduled for well-tended grass field for aesthetics. The ball has a skip off Ohiri; the women split their home contests 4-3 between Ohiri the grass that is unique to its contact with organic matter.” and the new stadium. Another varsity alumnus, David “The ability to install lights Updike ’79, says, “Artificial turf was important” as a factor in the changes the nature of the game, decision to use restricted funds the speed at which it is played, to build the new facility, Svoboda probably induces more injuries says. (Ohiri Field abuts a residen- than grass, and is less aestheti- tial community, so installing lights cally pleasing.” For O’Connor, might have created problems.) A the new man-made surfaces lit field allows practice after dark: “are much better than the hard, a useful option when undergrad- unforgiving turf we sometimes uate resistance to early classes played on in college. But they has pushed lectures and sections will never rival the green, green

later in the day. The new surface co mm unications athletic H arvard grass of home.”

70 November - December 2010 www.gocrimson.com A Man for One Season

Quarterback Andrew Hatch returns to the Harvard fold. Stadium Sonnet It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. With new quarterback Adam Kirsch’s review of The Art of the Sonnet (“Echo Chamber—and Amplifier,” Andrew Hatch ably managing the offense, July-August, page 17) delighted Philip M. Williams ’57, of Falmouth, Massachusetts, the football team looked invincible in its who wrote that the form is “a fine tool, just like the sharpening steel that whets opening game, a 34-6 rout of Holy Cross. one’s knives.” The former cross-country runner was moved to share his homage to Harvard then lost to Brown, 29-14, and Harvard Stadium stair climbers, which we have held for publication now, during the played so ineptly that the prospect of a height of the football season. vThe Editors championship season seemed fanciful. Harvard won the Ivy League title out Song to the Stadium Stair Climber right in 2007, shared it with Brown in 2008, and was favored to win it a year ago. But the Drag, oh stair climber, those heavy legs. 2009 team lost to Penn and finished second Let burn, those lungs, each deep drawn breath. to the Quakers. This year, for the fourth Look down upon each concrete tread that begs time in the past five seasons, a preseason The failing will to quit. But nay, that’s death media poll had the Crimson finishing first, To high achievement. Up, up, up! ahead of Penn, Brown, and Yale. Head coach Oh climb another riser. Once more Tim Murphy said the ranking was unde Again. Each brings thee close to sup served, and his team’s poor showing in With ancient heroes. Feel the muscles sore, the Brown game—a farrago of turnovers, As players in the field, as runners on botched plays, and costly penalties—sug The long gone cinder track. Let soar gested that the coach was not being coy. The beating heart. The whistling breath, in song Murphy was fortunate to have Hatch, To endless pain, will gain the greatest height. of Henderson, Nevada, and Leverett And when you heave your failing body, right

House, as his quarterback pro tem. A Next the colonnade, behold the sight. news office k ris snibbe/ H arvard transfer from Louisiana State University, he’d been expected to back up Collier Winters ’12, a hard worker who had made yards, giving Harvard a 34-0 lead midway tinued to play and was lucid on the side second team all-Ivy in his first season as through the final period. The Crimson de line, completing 11 of 23 passes for 128 yards a starter. But Winters tore hip and groin fense kept the visiting Crusaders off the but throwing two interceptions that led to muscles in a preseason scrimmage, and scoreboard until the game’s final minute. Brown scores. Hatch got the starting assignment. In his Hatch threw the ball with precision, The Bruin offense dictated the course varsity debut he directed the Crimson of connecting on 12 of 14 first-half passes. of the game from the outset, keeping Har fense with aplomb, completing 20 of 25 When he had to scramble, he showed vard’s defense on the field for 39 minutes passes against Holy Cross. Early in the speed and mobility for a man of his size of play. A moment of uplift came late in second quarter he threw the first of three (he stands six-four and weighs 225). the first half, after a Brown scoring drive touchdown passes, a 26-yarder to receiver A week later the team journeyed to had staked the Bears to a 23-0 lead. A Marco Iannuzzi ’11. Chris Lorditch ’11, Providence for the first night game ever squibbed kickoff gave Harvard the ball at the team’s top receiver, caught second- played at Brown Stadium. Brown’s swarm midfield with just 29 seconds to play, and

Harvard Crimson k effer/ Harvard m eredith half touchdown passes of eight and 43 ing defenders put relentless pressure on Hatch needed only three throws to move Hatch and stopped his team 45 yards, rifling a 21-yard scoring the Crimson rushing pass to Iannuzzi in the Brown end zone. attack in its tracks. Iannuzzi then caught the second-half Hatch took a sting kickoff and returned it 95 yards for a sec ing helmet-to-helmet ond Harvard touchdown. shot on Harvard’s In a span of 36 seconds, Harvard had cut first offensive play, Brown’s lead to 23-14 and was seemingly and was later found back in contention. But Hatch threw his to have received a second interception of the game on the concussion. He con Crimson’s next series, and Brown capital ized with a 44-yard field goal by freshman Quarterback Andrew Hatch’s forte is passing, Alex Norocea. Another offensive misplay but Brown’s defenders led to Brown’s final score, after an errant kept him on the run in center snap sailed over the head of punter a 29-14 blowout. Jacob Dombrowski ’13. The Bears retrieved

Harvard Magazine 71 John Harvard’s Journal the ball at Harvard’s 22-yard line and Nor in 2008. He won the starting assignment a sive line. The effects of front-line attrition ocea kicked his fifth field goal of the game, year ago, led the Ivy League in passing ef were all too evident in the Brown game. tying a Brown record. ficiency, and sparked Harvard’s late-game Harvard yardage: The ground game re Hatch’s concussion kept him out of the comeback in a 14-10 victory over Yale (see vived in the team’s 35-10 victory over win season’s next game, a 35-10 win at Lafay “Stinging the Blues,” January-February less Lafayette. The offense rolled up 311 ette. How soon he would be cleared to 2010, page 56). Winters could return next yards rushing, with Gordon gaining 170 compete again remained uncertain. year with two seasons of eligibility. yards and scoring two touchdowns. His After hours: The last four home openers second came on a 74-yard broken-field Hatch is in his second tour of duty at have been played at night, drawing an av run, the longest gain of his Harvard career. Harvard, and the Crimson offense could erage of 19,380 spectators. Harvard is 4-0 With sophomore quarterback Colton still profit greatly from his return. Sea under Stadium lights. The loss at Brown Chapple subbing for Hatch, the offense soned by seven games as a quarterback in was the Crimson’s first night road game; had a fumble-free, interception-free day. the fast-track Southeastern Conference, the stated attendance was 17,360.…Har Reshuffle: Crimson teams have faced he has a keen field sense, quick reflexes, vard has won its Ivy opener in 10 of the the same slate of opponents for six sea and strong leadership skills. “He’s one of past 12 seasons, but has lost in its last two sons, but that will change in 2011–2012. those quarterbacks who brings that calm visits to Brown Stadium. Bucknell replaces Lehigh as a Patriot ing presence to the huddle,” receiver Levi Abysmal: The Harvard offense recorded League adversary next year, and in 2012 Richards ’12 told the Crimson. “You’d walk minus-16 yards rushing against Brown. the University of San Diego comes to the off a cliff for that guy.” That statistic reflected a fumbled punt Stadium for the season’s opening game. A But because Hatch took the scenic snap and two quarterback sacks, costing road opener at San Diego is set for 2013. route back to Soldiers Field, he now has a total of 44 yards. Three Crimson running Harvard hasn’t played football in the West scant time to make his mark in Harvard backs were held to a collective net gain since its calamitous 44-0 loss to Stanford football. Recruited by Brigham Young of 12 yards on eight carries; all-Ivy back in 1949.…San Diego’s only previous Ivy foe University as a high-school senior, he had Gino Gordon ’11 netted minus-one yard has been Yale. The Toreros and Elis met second thoughts when coach Gary Crow on five carries.…Tackle Brent Osborne ’11 four times from 1999 to 2006, splitting the ton left BYU, and enrolled at Harvard in is the only returning starter on the offen series, 2-2. v“cleat” stead. As a freshman Hatch was the junior varsity quarterback in 2005, running for one touchdown and passing for another in alumni the JV finale at Yale. He then took a leave of absence to go on a Mormon mission to Chile. There he injured his knee in a soc cer game, and returned to Nevada for sur Jerusalem Milestone gery. Transferring to LSU, where Crowton was coaching the offense, Hatch started the first three games of the Tigers’ 2008 An American recreates a national landmark. season, but was sidelined by a concussion and later by a leg injury. Resolved to wind up his college football career where it be he Israel Museum in Jeru The museum is Israel’s largest cultural gan, he reapplied to Harvard and enrolled salem defied convention in institution. It houses the Dead Sea Scrolls, at the start of 2009. The NCAA’s transfer 1996 by recruiting an Ameri along with nearly 500,000 other objects rules required him to wait a full season can, James Snyder ’73, as its ranging from Neolithic artifacts from the before suiting up, so he spent last fall as Tdirector. “I was the big anomaly,” he says. seventh millennium b.c.e. and early Jew quarterback of the varsity’s scout team. “In a country that has a huge amount of ish art from the ninth century b.c.e. to an A psychology concentrator, Hatch is nationalist sensibility, it was unexpected array of modern and contemporary works classed by the College as a second-semes to bring in an outsider. There was a lot of whose number Snyder, an avowed mod ter junior. But because his eligibility ex hesitation.” ernist, has increased. pires this year, his athletic status is that of Snyder did not speak Hebrew. And al The complex is essentially a series of a senior. With Collier Winters expected though he is Jewish, he had never spent low-lying, Mediterranean-inspired build to remain on the disabled list, Harvard time in Israel. But 14 years later, with the ings that stand on the Neveh Sha’anan, the football fans must hope to catch more than July 25 opening of the museum’s critically Hill of Tranquility, opposite the Knesset. a fleeting glimpse of Hatch in action before acclaimed $100-million campus expansion Snyder, a former deputy director at New time runs out. and redesign (and a juggernaut fundrais York’s Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), ing campaign) under his belt, he has suc was determined that the redesign build on Tidbits: Winters tore adductor and la cessfully made the museum a much more and respect the original, award-winning, brum muscles on his right side, mirroring a accessible and significant institution and 1965 modernist design by Israel-based left-side injury that kept him out of action revitalized its campus. architect Alfred Mansfeld, and reflect

72 November - December 2010 James Snyder stands in front of the the surrounding natu exterior dome of decidedly international; ral landscape. “The veg the Israel Museum’s the complex network and etation has this amazing Shrine of the Book, negotiation of borrow which houses the cool grey, green, and lav Dead Sea Scrolls. ing and lending artwork, ender palette, and it vi for example, fell under his brates against the really purview. He was a natural warm light of Jerusalem,” candidate when the Israel he explains. “In the sun, Museum needed a direc the Jerusalem stone ap tor with global creden pears to be quite white, tials. “My whole life was so the architecture and focused on looking for landscape set up a kind ward from 1850,” he says of reverberation that you now. “But then, after be see especially in the late ing asked if could do this, afternoon, when the hot I came to realize that if afternoon sun is setting.” you look all the way back For the reopening, Sny from today, you get this der commissioned two amazing epiphany about new installations inspired the unfolding of mate by this landscape. London rial culture.” That was “so sculptor Anish Kapoor overwhelmingly powerful built a concave metal that I decided to take this lic structure that reflects job and move our family and inverts the Jerusalem to Israel.” (He and his wife skyline, while Danish art of 28 years, Tina, a graphic ist Olafur Eliasson paint designer, have two chil ed more than 300 indi dren in their twenties.) vidual canvas strips, each When he arrived, Sny depicting a separate color der explains, the museum within the spectrum of “was formed and sitting light visible to the human on a mound of potential,” eye. “We are really happy so “renewal became a with these pieces,” Snyder theme of my tenure.” Long says. “They heighten your before the campus rede senses to the special characteristics of this with a focus on John Ruskin and Oscar sign, he refurbished the education wing, place.” Wilde. Intellectual mentors from the ju then the European gallery, the auditorium, nior faculty, he says, “gave me the cour and the Shrine of the Book (which houses Snyder’s emotional connection to age to go into the museum world.” King the Dead Sea Scrolls, the museum’s most landscape comes, he guesses, from grow sley professor of fine arts (now emeritus) popular exhibit). It wasn’t all about the ing up in rural southwestern Pennsylva James Ackerman stimulated his passion buildings, however. Snyder also increased nia. That region “wasn’t about museums for architecture. “I took his course on Pal the number of lectures, events, school vis and high culture,” he says, “but my par ladio,” Snyder recalls. “That’s what every its, and gallery tours, launched a series of ents encouraged me to do whatever I be thing is all about—the way Palladio’s Ital museum publications, and expanded the lieved in as long as I was prepared to be ian villas merge with their surroundings. institution’s online presence. serious and do it well.” He lived about 20 It’s landscape-sensitive architecture.” His life involves significant travel (of the miles from Frank Lloyd Wright’s Falling After graduation, Snyder took an in 120 days a year he is on the road, about 90 water and fondly remembers trips to the ternship at MoMA that turned into a are spent in the United States) and fund iconic structure, intuitively understand 22-year career there. He oversaw its 1984 raising around the clock: waking to call ing the way Wright married a modern west-wing expansion and refurbishing museum supporters and consultants in house to boulders, a roaring stream and of the famous sculpture garden. “Quite California before tackling his Israeli work small waterfall, and surrounding wood young,” he says, “I had this amazingly un day, after which he attends to business in lands. “I didn’t know about modernism” usual and fortuitous experience of hav Europe before making calls to the Ameri then, he says. “I just saw this place and…it ing a lot of museum-wide exposure and a can East Coast. Under his leadership, feels like the architecture simply emerges lot of growth in the same institution.” He the museum has raised not only the $100 from the landscape.” decided against graduate school because million for the redesign and expansion, At Harvard, Snyder’s aesthetic and cul working in MoMA’s various departments but also $53 million in a separate endow tural interests took shape as he studied was his advanced degree. ment campaign. Among his significant late nineteenth-century art and literature, In his later years at MoMA, his role was acquisitions during his tenure are Nicolas

Photograph by Ariel Jerozolimsk, 2008 Harvard Magazine 73 John Harvard’s Journal

New at the Israel restaurant). Two paths—one above grade, Museum: The main entrance (left), flanked the other directly beneath it—then lead by ticket and retail visitors up the hill to the newly commis pavilions; the main sioned works by Eliasson and Kapoor and stairway (below) the main exhibition spaces. A new, par shows Anish Kapoor’s Turning the World tially submerged, three-story structure Upside Down, acts as a hub for the Mansfeld galleries m the israel m useu , jerusale y of Jerusalem, installed at and provides an inherent organization the top of the stairs; previously lacking. a view of the main gallery entrance The summer’s reopening drew more from the north (below than 1,000 people, including the prime left), dominated minister and president of Israel. Archi by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van tecture and cultural critics have praised Bruggen’s Apple Core the renovation and attendance is up: half (1992) y /courtes g raphs © T i m H ursle P hoto a million people typically visit the muse um annually, but more than 140,000 have toured the renewed campus since July. Snyder demurs when asked about his future plans. “I came committed to seven years, thinking it would take two years to figure out where anything was and five years to get anything done,” he says. Though he has picked up enough Hebrew to conduct basic conversations, he and the staff speak English at the museum. And new 7 World Trade Center). “We needed though he is religious, he has never been architecture that would resonate with inclined to become a permanent resident; what is already here,” Snyder explains. his move to Jerusalem was clearly for Poussin’s Destruction and Sack of the Temple of “Jamie works with architects to design se work. “Most people come to make ali Jerusalem, Rembrandt’s St. Peter in Prison, and quence and entry. That’s exactly what we yah—they become Israeli,” he says. “I’m the Arturo Schwarz Collection of Dada needed.” American. I wear ties. We are most defi and Surrealist Art. The renovation project eventually en nitely still an anomaly.” vjohn gendall Yet over the years, improvised addi tailed a 100,000-square-foot expansion tions to the museum structures had com and reengineering of existing space to John Gendall, M.D.S. ’06, an independent architec promised Mansfeld’s original concept of a help visitors circulate better through the ture critic based in New York, contributes to Me series of concrete modules, clad in Jerusa exhibits. Carpenter moved the main en tropolis, Architect, and Architectural Re lem stone, that appear on the hillscape the trance from the center of the campus to cord, and is an author of The Phaidon World way a Mediterranean village might have the periphery, marking it with new pa Atlas of 21st Century Architecture. He grown up organically—as a series of low- vilions (for ticketing, and a gift shop and teaches at Parsons and Pratt. lying pavilions. The complex was a disori enting labyrinth of independent galleries commonly described as “many museums HAA Award Winners tee of the Harvard Club of Dallas, which under one roof,” Snyder says, a series of interviews more than 450 applicants an “disconnected juxtapositions.” The Harvard Alumni association nually. A past president of both that club Instead of razing Mansfeld’s work or (HAA) Awards were established in 1990 and the local Harvard Business School following the trend that has defined mu to recognize outstanding service to the Club, Flores is a former HBS faculty mem seum architecture for the last 15 years— University through alumni activities. This ber who has served on the HBS Executive commissioning a flamboyant, iconic year’s awards ceremony took place on Oc Council and on his twentieth reunion’s structure such as Frank Gehry’s Guggen tober 14, during the HAA gift-steering committee. He has also been heim, in Bilbao—Snyder took a more nu board of directors’ fall a member of the HAA’s nominating com anced, yet ultimately striking, approach. meeting. Six alumni were mittee and served as regional director for He hired the New York City firm James honored. Texas from 2006 to 2009. Carpenter Design Associates Inc., which Ignacio “Nash” D. See-Yan Lin, M.P.A. ’70, Ph.D. ’77, of has mainly consulted to other architects Flores III, M.B.A. ’67, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, was HAA re in creating entrances and new circulation of Dallas, has served for gional director for Asia for 12 years and patterns for existing designs (notably the more than 25 years as co- Ignacio was instrumental in strengthening the entry pavilion for Manhattan’s Time War chair of the schools and “Nash” network of clubs there. He is the found ner Center and the curtain wall for the scholarships commit D. Flores ing deputy president of the Association

74 November - December 2010 www.alumni.harvard.edu of Harvard University In addition, Lukaszewicz served as HAA participation records in every year but one Alumni Clubs of Asia regional director for Canada from 1989 to for the past 13 years. A former member of (AHUACA), where he or 1992 and mentors executive members of the HBS Alumni Association board of direc ganized several important Ottawa’s Harvard University Club. tors, Sacks is also a member of the Harvard conferences. In 2002, he Regina T. Montoya, J.D. ’79, of Dal Club of New York City and the HBS Club of became president of the las, has served the HAA Greater New York. Harvard Club of Malaysia, See-Yan Lin in multiple roles: as vice Nancy-Beth Sheerr ’71, of Gladwyne, where he had been depu president (1995-1998), as Pennsylvania, was a principal architect of ty president since 1983. Lin has also been an elected director (1988- the Harvard-Radcliffe merger and the cre a leader within the Harvard Graduate 1991), and as a member of ation of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced School Alumni Council, serving as chair the nominating commit Study. She chaired the Radcliffe College from 2002 to 2005, and was a member tee (1991-1994). She has Board of Trustees from 1990 to 1999 and of the visiting committee for East Asian also been active in the Regina T. has been a member of the Dean’s Advisory studies from 2003 to 2006. Harvard Law School As Montoya Board for the institute since 1999. A current Barbara J. Lukaszewicz, M.P.A. ’78, of sociation as a member of member of the HAA awards committee, Ottawa, has dedicated countless hours its visiting committee, reunion gift com she was an HAA regional director for the to the Harvard Club of Ottawa since be mittee, and Committee of Five. Greater Delaware Valley from 2006 to 2010, coming a member in 1978. She has served Sanford J. Sacks, M.B.A. ’66, of Scars an HAA-appointed director for Radcliffe as president and treasurer, and worked dale, New York, is a past co-chair of the from 1972 to 1974, a member of the HAA on the local schools and scholarships HAA’s University-wide alumni outreach schools and scholarships committee, and committee. She spear committee and was an former chair of the HAA’s headed a strategic plan HAA appointed director recent graduates commit to redesign club events for the Business School tee. Sheerr is past president to better meet the intel (HBS) from 2006 to 2009. and current board member lectual and cultural needs Acclaimed as a “star volun of the Harvard-Radcliffe of alumni, as well as their teer” at HBS, he has served Club of Philadelphia, an busy schedules, and in one multiple terms as chair of active class reunion com year, membership soared Barbara J. reunion and annual giving Sanford J. mittee member, and past Nancy-Beth from 50 to 125 members. Lukaszewicz for his class and set new Sacks class president. Sheerr

new cheers to motivate the Dunster House boats, helped design the team’s website, and has never missed a practice. Aloian Award Winners Schell, of Troy, Michigan, is co-chair of the House committee, where he manages a $25,000 budget and works with administra- Each May, the HAA selects two rising seniors to receive the tors and fellow students to address University-wide issues and David and Mimi Aloian Memorial Scholarships. The criteria re- plan campus events. He also devotes significant time to Habitat quire recipients to have shown solid leadership in contribut- for Humanity and piloted the organization’s first two-week-long ing to the quality of life in the Houses, traits embodied by the international home-building project, which took place during Aloians, who served as masters of Quincy House from 1981 to last year’s January intersession. Schell is the program coordi- 1986. David Aloian ’49 was also executive director of the HAA. nator for the Mission Hill After School Program (MHASP) and Michael Baskin ’11, of Dunster House, and Ryan Schell encourages other undergraduates to participate. Last year, to ’11, of Pforzheimer House, were honored at the fall dinner of the delight of everyone in the House, he brought some MHASP the HAA’s board of directors in October. children to Pforzheimer House for a sleepover. Baskin, of Boston, is known as “Eco-Mike.” As Dunster’s Michael Baskin (below) and Ryan Schell Sustainability Representative, he inspired fellow House members to a record 91 percent participation rate in Har- vard’s Sustainability Pledge that has yet to be broken; as social chair of the Dunster House committee, he planned evwents that were both fun and sustainable. As a First Year Outdoor Program trip leader and leader trainer, he helped plan and lead week-long wilderness orientation trips that promote the development of social support and self-aware- ness. Additionally, he co-facilitates discussion groups as part of the Freshman Dean’s Office’s ‘Reflecting on Life’ program.

A dedicated member of the Dunster crew, Baskin created news office k ris snibbe/harvard the college pump How to Have Flu

was. It was staggeringly good. Then a troops and requisitioned Fricker for the query came up from the kitchen: Had GIs’ kitchen. A captain stopped by to that entrée been satisfactory? I sent back test his soldiers’ fare and straightaway a note saying yes, it had been wonderful. promoted the chef to the officers’ mess. I received back a polite note of thanks. Fricker later was sent to the United “The rumor back then,” Barry writes, States and ran the kitchens at three “was that the chef (whom no patient prisoner-of-war camps in Missouri. At “Your wooden arm you hold outstretched ever saw, to my knowledge) had been war’s end he returned to Germany, but to shake with passers-by.” the chef of Field Marshal Erwin Rom- three years later emigrated to the United mel, who depended on him so much that States. He cooked in various venues and hen David Barry ’63 was he took him to Africa for his eponymous for a time dished up his Rahmschnitzel, in college, he looked for- tank battle at El Alamein. The story was vol-au-vents, and stroganoff for patients ward to flu season with so good that I discounted it. In my ex- in Stillman. He died in Weymouth, Mas- some enthusiasm. He lived perience, stories as good as that always sachusetts, in 1988. These days, Stillman Woff campus and alone, and when he felt turn out not to be true.” patients are fed by Harvard University aches and shivers coming on, he checked But it was true. Germany drafted chef Hospitality and Dining Services. into Stillman Infirmary in Holyoke Cen- Bruno G. Fricker in 1939 to instruct In Africa, Fricker had indeed been ter. mess sergeants in the culinary arts. He Rommel’s chef. He told this magazine, “It was like going to a European spa,” was taken prisoner in 1943 by the Eng- for an article in the February 17, 1962, is- Barry recalls in a letter to this maga- lish but wound up in the custody of the sue (Barry missed it; perhaps he was in zine. “It was right in Harvard Square, Americans. They discovered his talents the infirmary), that he had concocted a and it was sumptuous. Living off cam- and put him in charge of the prisoners’ special stew for the Desert Fox, whom he pus, I didn’t eat particularly well—and mess. An inspecting sergeant, testing the addressed as “Pop.” “Real cooking is very the meals at the infirmary were not to be prisoners’ food one day, found that they important,” said Fricker. “One must cook believed. A menu was sent to you in the were eating better than the American with heart and love.” morning asking your choices for lunch and dinner. There would always be at least two entrées, often three, with a full choice of side orders of vegetables. More food: Cooking has entered Frequently there would be an entrée the General Education curriculum I had never tasted or heard of before. this fall with “Science and Cook- The food was as good as that at any ing: From Haute Cuisine to Soft restaurant I had ever been to.” Matter Science.” Each week a world- Barry is now an award-winning class chef lectures on an aspect of investigative journalist and lives gastronomy, motivating lectures in Newtown, Pennsylvania. He by professors on the science of soft continues his recollection of the materials, of which all food is made. delicious good old days: “I once The chefs also give public talks. For ordered something that required coverage of the first one—by Ferran being brought up to my room on a Adrià, master of culinary foams— steam table because the chef want- other videos, and the schedule of ed to be sure it was at the proper lectures to come, see http://seas.har- temperature when it arrived. It vard.edu/cooking. vprimus v

76 November - December 2010 Illustration by Mark Steele

treasure Y Is for “Yell” A newly revealed collection about the magic of reading

to old pedagogical works explaining how reading should be taught. The collection includes a large group of primers from the Graduate making of meaning, and there- School of Education’s Gutman Library. The fore deserves study as a crucial London Primer (1818), featured here, is sim- element in all civilizations...,” ply an illustrated alphabet. Below it, with writes Pforzheimer Univer- engravings typical of the period and genre, sity Professor Robert Darnton, is a page from Little Annie’s First Book, Chiefly director of the Harvard Uni- in Words of Three Letters, by Her Mother (1850). versity Library, introducing a The Winston Pre-primer Work and Play (1923), new digital gathering of mate- for slower learners, by Ethel H. Maltby, rial from Harvard’s libraries features the Little Red Hen and a goose that should help in such study. that hisses. The dancing children above are Reading: Harvard Views of Read- from The Primer (1908), by Laura Peckham ers, Readership, and Reading His- Pardee and Carrie J. Smith. “Reading mate- tory, at http://ocp.hul.harvard. rial,” the authors advised, “must be conver- edu/reading, is an exploration sational, dramatic, full of action and life….” ow do we make sense of a of reading as an acquired skill, as a social The baby querying the speechless dog is row of typographic squiggles activity, and as an engaging private act. from First Days in Reading (c. 1904), by Della on a page? “The process of Here are 250,000 pages from 1,200 books Van Amburgh. That book is held by only reading lies at the heart of and manuscripts, ranging from poet Wil- four libraries in the United States, but is Hour most intensely human activity, the liam Wordsworth’s private library catalog now open to the world online. vc.r.

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