SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT YONKERS, NEW YORK AND OTHER MAILING ADDRESSES p'- .
NO.1 KARPATSKARUS, YONKERS,N.Y., JANUARY71994. VOLLXVll
NOTICE turing s~ that future generations, although living far 1994lEMKO NEW YEAR CELEBRATION AN HONORED AND RESPECTED VISITOR from their ancestral homeland, will appreciate their rich heritage and endeavor to preserve it. In the We are pleased to announce that, two Will be held on January 15, 1994 past we have printed some of his articles. He now weeks ago, Peter Kohutov, a very close, dear promises to continue and expand his writings for friend of our Lemko people and staunch Lemko beginning at 9:00 PM Association supporter, arrived at Newark Airport from Lviv, Ukraine for a short visit. This, surprise Carpatho-Rus and this will be passed on to our at the CRA CENTER, Lemko Hall visit, his first in more than 10 years was not readers and members. planned since he luckily received a ticket with only Music by: Zhurawli Orchestra four days notice. He explained, upon his arrival, Due to the needs of his very ailing wife, he that it is doubtful that he will ever again have the must return on January 10, 1994. To honor Peter Please reserve your table in advance opportunity to travel here, and so, took this Kohutov, Lemko Association has arranged a ban fortunate opportunity. quet, to be held in Paramus at V. Rev. Price per person: $15. in advance; $18. at the door Nehrebecky's Parish Hall. We urge our readers Our many readers and members who know and members to make a sincere effort to attend Ticket price includes champagne toast, Peter, and have had the opportunity to meet him Details as follows: . noisemakers, party hats, etc. in Lviv, never forgot the warmth and hospitality he extended to his Lemko and American guests. He NOTICE always made himself available and sought nothing Carpatho-Russian American Center more than to please and assist. Although of retire BANQUET IN HONOR OF Lemko Hall ment age, he continues to write and actively assist 556 Yonkers Avenue in the preservation of our Lemko culture and his PETER KOHUTOV Yonkers, NY 10704 tory, so that our second and third generation (914) 969-3954 Americans and Canadians will appreciate their Will be held on January 9, 1994 ********************************************* ancestry. 1 For those readers who may not be aware of NOTICE -- MEETING Peter we offer the following brief background. He at CHRIST THE SAVIOUR CHURCH, Parish Hall I was born in Lemkovina, Krosno District, in 1919, I An important meeting of the First District of which became Poland after the 1918 Armistice. In 365 Paramus Road Lemko Association will be held on January 30, 1939 this section of Poland was invaded and (across from the Bergen Community College) 1994 sponsored by the Elizabeth Branch, #35 - 7. occupied by the Nazis armies. As a young man he The meeting will begin at 2:00 PM and will be held quickly became aware of what plans the Nazis had Paramus, New Jersey at: prepared for all Slavic people. Witnessing first P.A.L Youth Center hand the persecution and killing, he became an Please reserve your seat in advance. 400 Maple Avenue active partisan and spent the next five years linden, New Jersey behind the enemy lines battling these invaders and Price per person: $12. (includes dinner and wine) conquerers. How he survived those five years is We request that all Lodges in the First Dis miraculous. Two books have been written with Reservation Contact: trict send their delegates to this meeting. many of his exploits included. In the near future 201-664-8693 we shall have these stories translated and printed 908-486-0096 District Committee 609-758-1115 in Carpatho-Rus. ******************************************** As a student and historian of our people IN APPRECIATION from the Carpathian Mountains, he has faithfully worked to preserve our culture, traditions, music, We extend our thanks for help in producing this poetry and forklore by writing, organizing and lec- week's issue of Karpatska Rus to Svetiana Ledenieva. Ed.
ALL BRANCHES AND MEMBERS OF LEMKO ASSOCIATION, FAMILIES ALL READERS OF CARPATHO-RUS, WE SU CESS D G FO 19
FROM THE EXECUfNE BOARD AND CENTRAL COMMI1TEE THE FESTNAL COMMI1TEE OF LEMKO ASSOC.
THE REUEF COMMIITEE OF LEMKO ASSOC.
THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF LEMKO RESORT PAGE 2 KARPATIIO RUS FRIDAY, JANUARY 7 1994
THE COOKING CORNER KARPATSKA RUS From the January edition of the Orthodox Herald. It seems that more and more people are Carpatho-Russian Newspaper, published eating less meat and more vegetables and grains. I DIDN'T KNOW bi-weekly by the Lemko Assoc. of the United Buckwheat groats (kasha) are widely used in Rus States and Canada. sian cooking. It is interesting that all types of There is great religious turmoil between the cereal grains are called kasha in Russia but in the Orthodox and Greek Catholic Churches, especially Subscription Rate: One Year ... $20. U. S. it tends to identify buckwheat. Buckwheat is in the area of Lvov and Ternopol, which are now in an acquired taste and is used in everything from the Ukraine and where many LemkOS were forcibly Edited By: Editor, pro-tem., A. Herenchak holupki to a side dish. Why not try this halushki resettled from the Krynica area after World War II. USPS No. 291 460 with kasha recipe? The problem is more acute in the area of Galicia, which is now in Poland. Here the problem is Postmaster: Send address changes to: Halushki with Kasha broader as there is "bad blood" between not only the Orthodox and Greek Catholic Churches but KARPATSKA RUS 1/2 to 1 lb. bow tie macaroni between the Roman Catholic Church and both 556 Yonkers Avenue 1 cup medium buckwheat Eastern Churches -- Orthodox and Greek Catholic. Yonkers, New York, 10704 groats 2 cups boiling water We were horrified when we saw a video ******************************************** 1 egg made in 1988 in the Krynica area, which showed a 1 tsp. salt LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Roman Catholic altar placed in front of the closed 1 tbls. oil royal doors of the ikonastas. We also saw services 2 tbls. chopped onion being held in shabby buildings where only the altar Dear Mr. Herenchak, 1 tbls. oil area was covered, the congregation stood outside. The people were waiting for permission to restore, First I want to thank you for placing a Mix the groats with the egg and salt. Fry in request in the "Karpatska Rus" for donations to the or to be given back, the use of their church which the oil until very hot but not brown. Gradually add might be only a stone's throwaway. printing press fund for Bishop Adam our Lemko boiling water, lower heat, cover and cook until dry, bishop in Sanok, Poland, This past summer I was about 20 minutes. Check every so often and add We then were given a book which shows happy to present to Bishop Adam t~e necessary more water if necessary. Meanwhile, cook the funds that made it possible for the bishop to pur hundreds of the churches which were taken away bow ties and drain. Lightly brown the onion in oil. chase a new printing machine, so that he may con When groats are done, combine them with the from the Eastern Churches by the Roman Catholic tinue to do his Christian work among our Lemko fried onions and macaroni. Church, and holes in the ground where other chur people in that part of the world. On behalf of The Orthodox Herald ches were destroyed or disassembled for supplies. Bishop Adam and the Lemko people I want to thank all the people in the USA who made dona ******************************************** This is, still going on! We saw a video made tions and made this project a huge success. God this past July, which shows Orthodox Churches bless you. torched or closed to Orthodox believers by the Roman Catholic Church. It is disturbing to see this I will be going back again next year, 1994, NOTICE happening while Orthodox bishops and commis for the canonization of our Lemko priest, Father sions continue to hold "stalling talks" with Roman Maksym Sandowicz. This will be a great event, Due to lack of hard currency, our sub Catholic prelates. Why is not this confiscation dis scription mailing list to P~lan~, ~Io.vakia, Rus cussed with greater intensity? We fear that these Again, thank you and all the nice people. sia, Byelorussia and Ukrame IS hmlt~d. Sc:>me talks are just a Trojan Horse to infiltrate the Americans and Canadians pay for their relatives Orthodox Church and immobilize its leadership. Mnohya Leta and friends in East Europe. As an inducement, Yours in Christ to increase our readership in East Europe, we We have been asked whether Lemkos, George Walko offer to send issues there at a special rate of Halichian, Galician, etc. are the same people. $8.00 per year, which only represents the cost They are. But their history is hard to trace. They 'd>'t" pos1:age. If readers in the United States a~d have been dispersed from their homeland either Dear K-R; Canada want to avail themselves of thiS voluntarily or forcibly uprooted. "They emigrated to opportunity, kindly send us the name and the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina and Enclosed is a check for the following: address of your relative or friend, with a check other countries. Their lands and homes were con My 1993 issues $20. for $8.00, and the newspaper will be sent. fiscated by the Polish, Austro-Hungarian, Soviet My 1994 renewal 20. and German governments. Those that did not leave voluntarily were shot, were forcibly removed 2 Copies of the ******************************************** History of Lemkovina 20. and resettled near Lvov and Ternopol in the pre Total $60. sent Ukraine; others were taken to Czechoslovakia LEMKO WEDDING VIDEO and Germany. Many of the latter came to the Please send the books ASAP since they are United States after World War 1/ under the Dis A two hour video casette of the film LEMKO placed Persons Act. Christmas presents! Thank you and have a WEDDING is still available for sale to our readers. blessed Holy Nativity. This is the original film that was made almost 30 Because of this upheavel, many Lemkos years ago, and it should be of intense interest to know very little about their heritage. Many tell us those readers who have not had the pleasure of that their parents didn't talk to them about their Richard D. Custer viewing it. homeland because it was too painful for them to recall. Others were so busy just making a meager Cost, including postage and handling, is living they were too tired to spend time talking $45.00. To order kindly send your check or about the past. Certainly, generations following Gentlemen: money order to KARPATSKA RUS, 556 Yonkers them are the poorer for it. Avenue, Yonkers, New York, 10704 Enclosed is a check for $45. for your news The Orthodox Herald paper, $20. for the subscription and $25. contribu ******************************************** ******************************************** tion to the Press Fund in memory of my mother, Pauline Danushar, who died March 12, 1992. She SUBSCRIPTION FORM REQUEST OF OUR READERS always looked forward to your newspaper and Please start/renew my subscription to KAR reminisced so much about the old country, (Lem Through our archives we have searched for kovina before World War II.) PATSKA RUS. Enclosed please find my check or money order for $20.fyear. old Lemko Calendars from the 1930s and 1940s. Many of those old Calendars are missing. We Please address the newspaper to me above. Name, ______would like to request, from our readers, any old Calendars that they may have and do not need. Sincerely, Address ______This would be of help to us in researching the his G. Lesh tory of our people. Thank you: ******************************************** City, State, Zip Code, ______Ed. PRESS FUND CONTRIBUTIONS Press Fund Sam Hubiak $100. Donation, ______CRA Center 40. In memory of mother, Send to: Pauline Danushar, G. Lesh 25. Anna Chichko 20. KARPATSKA RUS Michael Pawelchak 20. 556 Yonkers Avenue Joanne Pintabone 20. Yonkers, New York, 10704 Mary Mataleska 10.
Total, December, 93 $235. PAGE 3 KARPAlHO RUS FRIDAY, JANUARY 7,1994
YARllO-YAR. With the Baltic Slavs - Yavorit; inGalician-Russian songs he is known also as Dzhurilo or Tsurilo -- a seed-bearing, fertilizing god, also called the spring god. He appeared on th~ earth With. a flaming rod and a burning broom. With the flaming rod he broke up the winter's ice on the waters, and with the burning broom he swept the mountains and fields clean of snow Yarilo is greeted by his brothers in proper order: Traven (March), Tsviten (April) and Mai (May). '
~ f"rom Russlsn by The festival of Yarilo is bound up with the spring f~stiv~1 and its .rituals, games and songs. Stephen P. Kopeetoneky The festival rituals motivated the Christian monks to write ~ritical letters to their bishops and princes, denounCing the so-called "Yarilian Nights" at which mothers supposedly "willingly permitted their d~ughters to become brides." The word Yary (Violent) .also has the connotation of fiery, lively, full of ~hyslcal passion, leading to lust and fleshly against a table or other stationary item. The name deSires. In the Drogobychsky uezd in Halichina, a Continued from Issue 25, 12/24/93 lada is mentioned in many rituals and songs in the young man would be clothed in a costume sewn horovody and also in Christian carols -- Lado together of leaves of certain wide-leafed trees or PARTS Lado, vsim na sviti rado (lad 0, lado, joy in all th~ plants. Thus clothed with the verdure of nature earth). In Halichina, on the eve of the feast day of and with a stick in his hand (a phallus 1) also cov VElES or VOlOS -- Dyid, lado with the the Epiphany, the so-called Shchedry Vecher is ered with leaves, he would romp throu'gh the vil it is Bogan: the god of abundance Byel~russians observed, featuring a 12-course meal, with rituals lage and fields, followed by a crowd of teenagers. !he giver of material and spiritual good. Becaus~ and. cust.oms jus.t as on the eve of the Nativity of He would keep touching the ground, trees, plants, In gray antiquity cattle and sheep were considered Christ, With the difference that they did not carol in etc., as he went along. The Christian feast of St. the only source of wealth, Veles was also the god homes, only under the windows of the homes and George (Yuri) was eventually substituted for the of the herds and flocks. He was depicted as a the caroling was done by the young girls ~nly. festival of Yarilo (among the Great Russians -- the well-formed Adonis, with long hair down to his Here the so-called shchedrivki were substituted for festival of Yegory). Yarilo disappears from the shoulders, and with a sheepskin coat. He carried a Christmas carols: Shchedry vecher vsim nam earth as Kupala enters it. leather bag ~:>n his I.eft side but strung from his right shchastliva hodina (Generous evening, to all a shou.lder, with a wide leather belt girdling his mid happy hour [time)). little loaves of special bread . In Bulgaria, performing the ancient rituals of sectl~n. Supposedly, in the bag he kept his that were baked for this occasion were also called Yarilo, the masters of the household (khozyayeva) m~t~nal goods. While in his belt he carried his shc~edrivki. Many cities, towns, villages, rivers, make a circuit of their fields on the day of St. spIritual wares. To deal out material wealth to family names and even names of monasteries were George (Yuriya) , carrying with them loaves of some~ne, he opened his bag, shook it and named after lada. (It should be said that those b~ead and wine, then gathering somewhere on a forthwith his material gifts were scattered to and who are first-generation children of immigrants hillock to pray, feast and sing songs to St. George fro. From his gir~le he dealt out spiritual gifts to from Halichina probably remember vividly so that he would "enliven" their fields and grant thos~ .whom he wished to make wise men, poets, Shchedry Vecher or as our people called it the them a "great harvest." mUSICians, etc. There is a prechristian adage still second Ve/iya.) , used among our people: Za sirotoyu Boh s Many Yarilo rites have been preserved by Kalitoyu, meaning, of course, that God foliows the ST~IBOG -- the god and master of space the Byelorussians. They also make a circuit of orp.han with His providence. This was originally and the wmd. The word stri in the old Czech lan their fields on St. Yuri's day singing: attributed to the pagan god Veles. It was said that guage me~nt air or wind. Stribog in the Veles had his great holdings on the heavenly firma understand.ln~ of the people was a six-winged Yuri, vstavai ranD ¥uri, arise early men.t, and there his herds and flocks had their creature. HIS f,rst set of tvvo vvings, sprout:ing {rem" ormyxClI L.t:::IMI'YU, ".,... I"I.Aci',-, '-,; 1'-" 'l\A"''':''1 grazmg pastures; where he brewed his mead and his shoulders, reached downward. When Stribog Vypushchai rosu Release the dew had his weaving, pottery and other workshops. In flew with the help of this set of wings, he generated Na tsep/oye Iyeto, For a warm summer, gen~ral, he was an exemplary khozyain (landlord), Na buinoye zhito, For a ful harvest, serving as an example to all earthly householders. violent winds, "chasing the clouds, causing heat Na k%sistoye, With many kernels waves, drying up the land, causing the swelling of Na yadristoye, Full of seeds, the waves on the seas and the sails of boats." The Lyudyam na zdorovye! For the people's health! second pair of wings, on his chest, grew out from After the acceptance of Christianity, Veles "his very heart" and caused whirlwinds, wild storms In Haiichina, on the day of Yarilo (Yuriya) in Vol os was substituted by the Christian homonyms: that up.rooted trees, destroyed homes, raised Vlasi and Vasili. On the feast day of St. Vias; (com an early spring, cattle are put out to pasture for the mountainous waves on the seas which sunk ships. first time. And instead of slaughtering a lamb (a memorated February 14 N.S.) in some sections of The third pair of wings rose from his ankles and the Rus the entire village would gather their flocks sacrifice to Veles) as do the Serbs and Bulgarians, produced cooling and pleasantly caressing the chief shepherd (the so-called "village of sheep and their herds of cattle and horses near zephyrs. Stribog utilized this set of wings only for shepherd") "slaughters" a gigantic pirog (cake or the village church where a service of thanksgiving locomotion from place to place and for leisurely lo~f of bread) that is made in the image of a ram was celebrated, during which the priest blesses the flying in space. horses, cattle and sheep with holy water. On this ~wlth horns) .. Also on this day, early in the morn Ing, young girls wash their faces with the morning day people also brought butter to the church and According to the beliefs of the people, the dew to enhance their beauty. If it should rain (and placed it at the foot of the icon of St. Vlasi, who wind was "crack-brained," with a "dash of mad Yuri's day "rain must fall without fam"), both the was always depicted on the icon with cattle and ness," continuously dancing and playing pranks, young and the old discard their outer garments, sheep. From this was born the saying: U Vlasiya i twisting and whirling and knocking down oak an? bareheaded and barefooted, frolic in the rain. boroda v masli (With Vlasi even his beard is in the trees; blowing from one direction and then another Rain on Yuri's day is supposed to contain a heal butter). for no apparent reason. The wind was not con ing substance. sid~~ed ~vil, just a great rogue and prankster, LADA -- Velikaya, Shchedraya, Milaya lada: spOIling life on earth for all its creatures. Besides Many settlements, meadows, forests, per mother of nature, the goddess of generosity, and this, Stribog was considered very lazy. If it were sonal and surnames have been coined after Yarilo not so, they said, there never would be a heat also of all plant life, and also the benefactress of in all Slavic lands. Certain scholars (Shafarik wave in the midst of summer. Instead of blowing living creatures, keeping everything in order and Korsh, Prince and others) suspect that the and cooling the land, he disappeared somewhere Celt~ harmony in her heavenly household and seeing to (Irish) belol")ged to the Slav tribes in gray antiquity in the th!ckest shade and stayed there for days it that earthly housewives kept exemplary order called themselves by the name of Yarilo (Eire), upon a time. In the famous classical poem, The ~nd (lad) in their households. Certain mythologists say Just as the Welsh named themselves after Veles Lay of the Host of Igor, the winds are called the that the goddess of the spinning-wheel, Priya, is and the Scotch ("Scotch" is analogous to "Boyko") this same lada. She was also the guardian of mar "grandsons of Stribog." assumed the name of the Scotch god Dana riages, mothers and children. The expression (Scotch O'Dana). Judging by the similarity of • v or MOCHGA. Among the people Lado moya (My lado) served in antiquity as an M~KOSH three peoples to the Slavic character (see: J. (In Bukovlna) Mokraya Mochka; with the Czechs it th~se endearing, soothing and flattering term among Prince's article "Slav and Celt"), and by the ancient was Perkhta: the moon, the goddess of rain, the spouses. lada was the most honored goddess in Slav religious rites, customs and beliefs preserved daughter of Perun and the Chernaya Tucha or the pantheon of Slavic gods not only in the Rus, by them; by the Slavic names of their localities Khmara (Black or Dark Cloud). In some but among all the Slavs. In nature, the linden tree, rivers, mc;>untain .peaks (Dublin, Don, Treehlav), by Bukovinian villages, a cow was led to a crossroads on whose branches married women hung gifts to the ~Iavlc endmgs of family names (lensky, intersection and milk was squirted from each of the Grabllsky), by the fact that they, as in the Rus her in the sacred groves (scarves, embroidered cow's four teats in the direction of each road -- in swear by Mara ("A murraim take thee!"), and by cloths, rings, etc.), was dedicated to her. In other words, to the four winds so that the Mokraya th~ term Chernobog ("May Zernobock tear me limb H.alichina, just as in Russia in the Kaluzhsky, Mochka would send down rain on the land. Mok !rom Ii~b!") (see: Walter Scott's Ivanhoe), one can Rlazansky and Tulsky gubernias wedding songs raya Mochka's offspring were: lliva (torrents of In the fl~al analysis, not intending to insult anyone, were called ladki. It was said that people at wed rain). Slota (long and continuous rain), Dozhd Oust agree With many of these conjectures and specula dings did not sing, but that they ladkayut -- inter rain), Tuman (mist), Duga-Veselitsa or Raduga tions2. minably shouting out "lado! lado! lado!" and at (rainbow) and Rosa (dew -- the "heavenly milk" or the same time, with ecstasy and rapture, beating "the tears of lora). Mokraya Mochka's husband their fists against the palms of their hands, or A~cord i ng to the Slav expe rt, M. was Dyid Okiyan. Zhunkovlch, the Slavs were the prehistoric people PAGE 4 KARPATHO RUS FRIDAY, JANUARY 7, 1994 least tried to lighten grief and sorrow, casting t_hem Continued from page 3 DAN-DANA: god and goddess of the dance. out of a person's heart as well as their tears. In Halichina their names are continually mentioned . of Europe (Das Urvolk Europas) and settled it in dance tunes, both in the intonations and KARINA: goddess of lamentation or mourn heavily from the Atlantic Ocean to the Black and refrains, as well as in the haivki-horovody: ing. Karatisya = to punish one's self. In the Mediterranean seas. This is attested to by the Zborovsky uezd of Halichina this verb is used to names of settlements, mountains, rivers, etc., over Oi Danchiku, the present time. When a woman mourn~ for her all of Europe, names that have sense and meaning Byelobranchiku, deceased husband, it is said: tak sya kant! or tak only in the Slavic languages. They are found not Plyvi, plyvi po Dunaichiku, sya karaye! (She torments herself so!) only in England, but also in France, Spain, Switzer Rospleti rusu-kosu, land, Tyrol, Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Voz'misya za podboki It was said that to whatever god one turned Albania and Greece, including Peloponnesus Pokazui svoi podskoki! at the moment of death, one would become like (Shafarik) and the Aegean islands (for example, that god: if one turned to Rada, one was joyful, if to the island of Rhodes -- from Rod, with many Slavic In Russian Bukovina, the word for dance is Sum or Suma, one grieved; if to Mlada, one grew names of villages and towns on it). All other Euro not tanets but danets. more youthful; if to Siva, one aged very quickly, if pean peoples were newcomers who found the to Zabav8, one made merry, etc. Slavs already settled there, tilling the soil and living BOYAN, BAY AN , among the southern Slavs in organized settlements (from which they called -- HUSLAN: prophetic bard (singer), poet and EARTHLY GODLINGS OR SPIRITS themselves selyane) in contrast to the newcomers musician. In all probability the god of poetry and who continually shifted, drifted and emigrated from music, since in antiquity all poetry was DYIDKI, BYELUNY, BYELOBOZHKI; among accompanied by music. Its epithetic expressions the Poles; BOZHNENTA, KRAMOLYU DEK, place to place. This is also attested to by the SKSHAT; among other Slavs: BOZHIK, BOZ numerous Slav words found in all European lan in The Lay of the Host of Prince Igor are: prophetic, grandson of Veles, the nightingale of HICHEK: all bodiless earthly creatures (sprites or guages. Certain of these languages, for example, spirits) not born but created by Svarog. Celestial the German and Hungarian, are filled with them. ancient times. In Halichina, many cradle songs godlings, as previously mentioned, were called The Germans are even called by the half-Slavic, begin and end with the words Iyulyu-Iyu/yu. A mother, feeding her crying infant from her breast, dyidki by our prechristian ancestors (among half-Celtic name of german, Ger or gre in Celtic Byelorussians -- byeluny, byelobozhki), the means border: German -- a borderland person. says: Chicha Lyalya! The same is said when she bozhkini (female sprites) -- dyidkini-babki. The The German grenze was taken from the Slavic consoles the infant with a kukla (doll). In Halichina word dyidko is used to the present time in word granitsa (border). This is also confirmed by a doll is called a /yal'ka. Oi Iyuli, Iyuli serves in the Halichina in everyday usage as an expletive, to the acquisition by other European peoples of their Rus as a refrain to the songs of the horovody which is added the prefix proklyatyi (damned) or ancient deities, religiOUS beliefs and customs and equally with the refrain Oi Dyid Lado! or Oi Lado!. . chornyi (dark or black): Akh, tyi proklyatyi or rituals from the Slavs (Sreznevsky). The ancient chornyi dyidko! meaning: Oh, you accursed or German god Votan -- the Slav Odin, the German RADA, RADUNKA or RADUNITSA: goddess dark sprite. The dyidkos were supposedly created Beldag -- the Slav 8yelobog, the Valkyrie -- the of joy and pleasure. by Svarog to guard the entrance to the White Slav Vily, Freya -- Priya, etc. In Shwabiya, on the ZABAVA: goddess of entertainment and World or the World of Light: a) from the serpent day of St. Vita (Slavic Svetovid), they burn fires play. Hreha Horesia (the legendary evil Horynych of the (Slavic sobotki); on the banks of the river Moselle, MLADA: goddess of youth and beauty. Byliny), the king of the Dark World (of darkness they feast the day of Ivan (Slavic Kupala). Their SIVA: goddess of old age. swastika is the Slavic Perun cross which was men and evil); b) from his mistress, the Chornaya Pot'ma (Dark Cloud), and c) from their offspring, tioned earlier (see Perun), borrowed by the ZHIV-ZHIVA: god and goddess of health the little devils who constantly attempt to invade Germans from the Slavs. and strength. In Halichina the city of Zhivets is the World of Light and corrupt it. Together with the named after these mythical gods. Great Thursday Dyidy-Svarozhichi (Dazhbog, Perun, Veles, etc.), KUPALO-KUPALA-LYETO: god-goddess of was called Zhivyi Chetverg. In the evening on this who descended from space above, and were sup the summer sun .and ripened fruit. With their com day people washed their faces with water from the posedly spiritual and intellectual giants, the dyidki ing to the earth, Kostruba (Winter Frost), still hid river creek or well, considering this washing as a den in the bowels of the earth and in the waters, cure' for sores, pimples, warts, etc. Many localities were obligated to help people in everything and to flees in fear. The waters again recoup their all over the Slavic lands have been named after create a living paradise for the people on earth. healing-medicinal properties and again become these gods. The leader of this invisible Svarogian host ' mences.,u.. ita, b.'e, to ....f .. o ripen.... r.. b. athi.ng Kupa/a..... A. '.'IS.. fr ..greeted u i.tS. on theby hIS~arth breth~en co. m. - ZHELVA: goddess of pity, sorrow, sadness. was Byelobog who, after the creation of the Car / • ,,,,---~-;:- -"~-)',, ~~v,..~Y"'--:~,n$:'~ip:.~p _~~, S1iPrpen $tJe was supp'o~eCl 'fo llfiVe gaftieretf all sincere pathians, lived on the peak of Bye/ogara (White (Ju'ne, July and August). With the festival of tears into a jug and carried them to the Lord. After Peak), today's Chernogora (Black Peak). The Kupala (which came on the eve of the feast of the He counted them, His heart melted from pity and dyidki colonized the land, air and water, and also Nativity of St. John the Baptist -- June 24) are con He showed His compassion to the dying and wail the nether world, having divided a/l the land into joined many prechristian rites and rituals and with ing, comforting them by sending down Radunku small portions or lots. As was said in Halichina, numerous so-called Kupalian songs. Camp fires and Zabavu (the goddesses of joy and pleasure; they were all around and everywhere; they were were lit, over which people leapt and across which see above). honored for their good work. In the representation cattle were herded to purge both humans and of the people, these sprites were "snow-white cattle of all evil and sickness. Young men and As mentioned earlier, in antiquity our sprites" (from this: 8ye/obog, Byelobozhki, maidens played divination, pleated crowns and at ancestors held triznas on the graves of their Byeluny, the word for white being byelyi), with cast them into the waters: "Whose crowns are departed relatives and friends, hosting themselves golden wings. People were suposed to feel their joined in the waters would be joined in marriage." by eating, drinking, singing and playing games. presence by the fragrance and sweet music issu During the night they would traipse over the fields This festival in remembrance of their departed ing from their golden wings while they were in full with burning resinous torches, "sowing sparks for a ancestors was called Radunjitsa. The custom of flight. They supposedly appeared in dreams and bountiful harvest." They would construct a large merriment and feasting on the graves of the on the eves of festivals, honoring the Dyidy, wheel from straw (a "sun disc") and early in the departed has been preserved and continued to this entertaining themselves together with earthly crea morning, with the first rays of the sun, they would very day among Russians in Bukovina and in some tures. set it afire and roll it into the water, after which they localities in Halichina, as well as among the To be Continued would bathe in the same water. On the so-called southern Slavs. [Yes, even here in America! -- Ed.] Kupa/'naya noch (Kupalian night), they would Pertaining to phallicism, the worship of the generative In Carpathian Rus, as the author himself had wit principle in nature, symbolized by the phallus. It is character gather twelve "healing grasses" and search for the nessed, to this day in some villages they entertain sp-called lady fern, or bracken (called the Perun istic of most primitive religions. In antiquity it was prevalent in themselves even by singing and dancing in the the religion of Dionysus. flower), underwhich supposedly a large treasure cottage around the body of the decedent who is trove was /'Jidden. . laid out on a bench. 2 Because of all this, one can presuppose that on the The sojourn of Kupala on the earth lasted day when the people celebrated the spring festival of Yarilo, until the last harvesting of grassy (herbiferous) However oe might attempt to call these the former patron-god of the Irish, with its symbol of the first crops, that is, more or less to the feast of St. Elias customs as strange and savage, the people spring plant after the winter snows -- the shamrock, which was (July 20), and even to the Dormition (August 15), believed that Zheli sends Radunku and Zabavu to worn by the Irish on this particular day -- became associated, when, according to the people's superstitions, the overcome their grief with joy; that these beliefs are after the acceptance of Christianity, with the feast of their new sun supposedly "falls asleep." The blessing of justified psychologically; that the best remedy Christian patron, St. Patrick, with the purpose of erasing Yarilo ripened fruit, vegetables and flowers took place on against the grief gnawing at body and soul, are joy and paganism from the people's memory. the feast of Transfiguration (August 6), called by and entertainment. The trizna performed our people Spasa (the day of the Saviour). immediately after the funeral was such a resource, The language of the Irish and the Scotch, and also diverting one's mind "from gloomy thoughts." w that of the Bretons in France (with their capital at Brest and LYUL-LYALYA, LYEL-LYELA, also TSITSA3, with many other localities with Slavic-Celtic names) -- as also CHICHA BABA or CHICHA BYALYA; among In antiquity, those Russian tribes that the language of the Basques - are all related. This is what Byelorussians -- LYUBICH, LYUBMEL: god burned (cremated) their dead believed that during T.F. Healy wrote: "The Irish language is the mother tongue of goddess of love. When a couple fell in love, Lyul the funeral Zhelye floated above the participants the Scotch, Welsh, Cornish, Manx, Basque and Breton. A invisibly entered into the young man and Lyalya and pricked their hearts with her sting and also native Irish speaker can understand a Highland Scotchman into the young maiden. These gods-goddesses invisibly scattered the ashes of the cremated body speaking his Gaelic. And the glossaries of Scotch words and incited the hearts of the couple to mutual love. of the deceased. phrases incorporated into our English dictionaries are nothing They taught them what to do, what to say to each more than corruptions of the Irish tongue. The dispersion of other so that they would forever stay enamored of SUM-SUMA: the god and goddess of grief. Among the Baltic Slavs: HOREVIT. Sum carried on the once great Celtic family and subsequent division into each other. Lyalya also invisibly anointed the lips capricious classifications made for the different dialects of the maiden with an other worldly Velesian honey his left side a packet full of gloomy thoughts and on his right side a bag of grief. He himself had among the children of the Gael" (The New York Times, May 1, to eternally allure her lover with sweet kisses. The 1940). lovers were guarded through the pokladiny of their turned gray from the plagues he bore and dis wedding ritual, after which the couple, as husband pensed. Anyone who touched his accursed bag 3 was immediately afflicted. Sum could not cry. Sakso Grammatikus (12th century) wrote about Tsitsa: and wife, were taken under the protection of the Die deal Zizae celeberrimo, ludum et lasciviam magis, quam goddess Lada. Consequently, he tormented himself and tortured others even worse than Zhelva and Karina, who at formidenem ostentarunt.