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Xerox Umversify Microfilms INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox Umversify Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 74- 10,973 HOELL, Margaret Stevens, 1921- THE TICARET ODASI: ORIGINS, FUNCTIONS, AND ACTIVITIES OF % E CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF ISTANBUL, 1885-1899. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1973 History, modem University Microfilms,XEROX A Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1974 MARGARET STEVENS HOELL ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFIIMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. THE TICARET ODASI: ORIGINS, FUNCTIONS, AND ACTIVITIES OF THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF ISTANBUL, 1885-1899 DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Ihe Ohio State University By Margaret Stevens Hoell, B.A. in Ed., M.A.T. The Ohio State University 1973 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Sydney N. Fisher Dr, Michael W. Curran Dr. Samuel C. Chu rtment of History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For his invaluable observations which have helped to shape this study I am indebted to Dr. Sydney N, Fisher, \àio was instrumental in obtaining the microfilm of Iæ Journal de la Chambre de Commerce de Constantinople from Istanbul University and the British Museum, I am grateful as well for the technical help of Dr, Carter V, Findley of The Ohio State University; for the courtesies extended by the present Chamber of Commerce of Istanbul; and to the traders and shippers in many lands who from very early years have sparked my interest in international exchange. Finally, I thank my husband for his unfailing good humor and my children for their patience and encouragement. i i VITA November 7» 1921 , . , B o m - Vengurla, Maharashtra, India 19 ^2 ....... B.A. in Bd., University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 19*9 -1 9 5 3 ...... Residence, Calcutta, India 1 9 5 3 -1 9 5 7 ...... Spice Trade, N.V, Internationale Crediet-en Handels-Vereeniging “Rotterdam", New York, New York 1 9 6 6 -1 9 6 7 ...... Secondary school teacher, social studies , Gallon, Ohio 1969 ......... M.A.T,, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Chio I9 7I-I973 ...... Teaching Associate, Center for Interna­ tional Studies and Department of History, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Kiddle Eastern History History of the Modern Middle East, Dr. Sydney N. Fisher History of China, Dr. Chang Hao History of Japan, Dr. James R. Bartholomew History of Russia and the Soviet Union, Dr. Michael W. Curran i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................. 11 VITA ......................................... Ill INTRODUCTION .................................. 1 Chapter I. ECONOMIC ANTECEDENTS ............. , II. INSTITUTIONAL ANTECEDENTS ........... , III. LEGISLATIVE ANTECEDENTS ............. , IV. THE FORMATION OF THE CHAMBER ....... V. THE CHAMBER'S JOURNAL ................ VI. ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS ............. VII. RECOMMENDATIONS ..................... VIII. RELATIONS WITH THE TRADESMEN .......... IX. THE CHAMBER AND THE BAKERS ........... X. BUREAUCRATIC CONFLICTS .............. XI. CONCLUSION ........................ APPENDIX 1 210 II.......................................... 212 III.......................................... 220 IV.......................................... 222 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................. 224 Iv INTRODUCTION On January JO, 1879/ 6 Safer 1296, His August Imperial Majesty the Sultan Ahdulhamid II decreed by irade the organic law for a Chamber of Commerce in Istanbul,^ This Chamber was to be composed of twenty-four members of good repute chosen from among the qualified 2 merchants of the capital for a term of three years. Their election by majority vote on secret ballot would take place in an electoral assembly of twenty members, of which half would be nominated by the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture and the remainder by the quali­ fied merchants themselves. The Minister of Commerce was to preside over this assembly,^ Upon formation of the Chamber, the members would elect a ^Le Journal de la Chambre de Commerce de Constantinople (Istanbul Ticaret Odasi Mecmuasi), January 5 p 1885» P» 2, Hereafter JCCC, Cf, George Young, Corps de droit ottoman; recueil des codes, lois, règlements, ordonnances et actes les plus importants du droit Interleur, et d 'etudes sur le droit coutumier de l'Empire ottoman (7 vols,} Oxford; Clarendon Press, 1 905-I9 0 6), IV, 3* which gives the date as 6 Safer 1297, or January 19, 1880, Young's sources are the Dustur-l Hamidlye, IV, 673» S'Oci the Kodikes Ottomanikol, p, 3288, a Greek translation of the Dustur, However, Young also states that a translation of this irade was communicated to the foreign missions by memorandum of April 3» 1879. This would substantiate the earlier date given by the Journal of the Chamber, 2 Young, Corps de droit, IV, 3”^» arts, 1, 2, and 7, See below, Appendix I, for English translation of Young's organic regula­ tion, ^Ibid, p. 4, arts, 3 and 4, 2 president and vice-president from their group and proceed to draw up internal regulations for their corporate body. Both the names of offi­ cers and the bylaws were to be submitted to the Ministry of Commerce for approval. Either on its own initiative or upon demand, the Chamber was to propose in writing to the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture appropriate measures leading to the progress and development of skills and industry; modifications and reforms to be introduced to commercial laws and customs duties; public works projects such as port construc­ tion, river navigation, extension of postal, telegraph, and railway lines; the opening and repair of bridges and roads; the establishment of trade exchanges; the publication of commercial journals; in sum, measures leading to all that might contribute toward the progress of trade,^ Furthermore, the Chamber was to maintain a systematic record of merchandise, currency, and public titles of all kinds, as well as of any other articles relative to commercial operations. Upon demand by the Ministry of Commerce, the Chamber would deliver to it a statement of this register invested with its special seal,^ By Western definition, a chamber of commerce is a voluntary n board or council for some commercial purpose, A council established by Imperial decree with prescribed q.uadifications and duties would ^Ibid, pp, 4-5, arts, 6 and 10, ^Ibid, p, 4, art, 9, *Ibid. p, 5, art, 11, "^Webster"^Webster*s *s New InteniatInternational Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed,; 1956, p, 446, 3 appear to be contradictory to the spontaneous institution of the West. In the world of Haatidian absolutism, however, a decreed chamber of commerce not only followed the procedural standards of time and place; it was also the logical development of an Ottoman institution which contained its.own social and ideological justifications, The Chamber of Commerce of Istanbul, therefore, might be expected to differ in form and function from commercial chambers established in Europe. Moreover, it mi^t also be distinguished from those chambers established in the Ottoman Empire by European merchants bankers in the late nineteenth century. In 1870 an Austro-Hungarian Chamber of Commerce formed an autonomous section of its consular community in Istanbul. Reorganised in I8 9 7-I8 9 8, it was governed by a council of twelve members and a president. Annual and trimestral reports were published in the g Handels Museum of Vienna. The French Chamber of Commerce, founded in 1884 and subsi­ dized by the government of France, contained at least a thousand mem­ bers by 1 9 0 6, among vdiom over half represented banking agencies.^ Its monthly bulletin, the Revue Commerciale du Levant, began publication in 1886
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