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E-Book-Walter.Pdf WALTER FRANCISCO FIGUEIREDO LOWANDE DO AMERICANISMO AO INTERAMERICANISMO UMA HISTÓRIA TRANSNACIONAL DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DE MUNDOS MODERNOS NO BRASIL 1º Edição PPG - HISTÓRIA IFCH - UNICAMP Campinas - 2020 IFCH/UNICAMP - PUBLICAÇÕES Copyright © 2020 Reitor: Marcelo Knobel Conselho Editorial Estrangeiro Diretor: Alvaro G. Bianchi Mendez Barbara Weinstein Diretor Associado: Roberto L. do Carmo Eduardo Svartman Emílio Moran Comissão de Publicações Franklin Gil Hernández Coordenação Geral: João de Pina Cabral Roberto L. do Carmo Lia Levy Miguel Hernández Hernández Representantes Docentes: Pedro Meira André Kaysel Everton Emanuel Campos Autor: Walter Francisco Figueiredo Lowande Fátima Évora Jesus J. Ranieri ISBN: 978-65-87198-02-6 José Maurício Paiva A. Arruti Mariana Chaguri Tiragem: Digital (e-book) Tiago Lima Nicodemo Taísa Helena P. Palhares Capa: Walter Francisco Figueiredo Lowande Colaboradora: Imagem: Rodrigo Arteaga Guita Grin Debert http://www.rodrigoarteaga.com/ES/Ramificaciones Conselho Editorial Nacional Orientação: Angela de Castro Gomes Silvana Barbosa Rubino Ernesto López Glaucia dos Santos Marcondes Apoio: Isadora Lins França PPG/IFCH - História José Meirinhos Lúcia da Costa Ferreira Produção Editorial, Finalização e Divulgação: Marcelo Moura Mello Setor de Publicações - IFCH/UNICAMP Renato Ortiz E-mail: [email protected] Este e-book está licenciado por Creative Commons Atribuição-Não-Comercial-Sem Derivadas 4.0 Internacional Agradecimentos “Um livro não tem objeto nem sujeito; é feito de matérias dife- rentemente formadas, de datas e velocidades muito diferentes” (DELEUZE e GUATTARI, 1995, p. 10). Agradecer seria, portanto, uma tentativa de evidenciar as diferentes matérias e temporalidades que Autor: Walter Francisco Figueiredo Lowande formam esse livro. Por se tratar de tarefa infinita, serei obrigado a me ISBN: 978-65-87198-02-6 Tiragem: Digital (e-book) restringir aqui aos afetos que ficaram mais fortemente impressos em Capa: Walter Francisco Figueiredo Lowande minha memória. Imagem: Rodrigo Arteaga http://www.rodrigoarteaga.com/ES/Ramificaciones Ao longo da pesquisa da qual deriva este livro foram fundamen- Orientação: tais os apoios financeiros do CNPq, da CAPES e o respaldo ins- Silvana Barbosa Rubino Apoio: titucional da UNICAMP, UNIFAL-MG e University of Massachusetts, PPG/IFCH - História Dartmouth. Também devo mencionar as instituições arquivísticas que Produção Editorial, Finalização e Divulgação: Setor de Publicações - IFCH/UNICAMP me deram todo o apoio para que este trabalho pudesse se realizar: E-mail: [email protected] Seção de Memória e Arquivo do Museu Nacional da Quinta da Boa Vista, Arquivo Central do IPHAN, National Anthropological Archives da Smithsonian Institution, American Philosophical Society e Rare Books and Manuscripts Library da Universidade Columbia. Por fim, este livro é fruto da oportunidade de publicação com a qual fui agraciado por decisão da Comissão de Pós-Graduação do IFCH-UNICAMP. Incontáveis pessoas também estão conectadas a esta publica- ção. Diante da incapacidade de nomear a todos(as), restringir-me-ei a colegas e amigos(as) cujas contribuições têm sido fundamentais, desde a defesa de minha tese, para a feição que ela adquiriu nes- te livro: os(as) colegas de trabalho e de luta da UNIFAL-MG, dentre os(as) quais destaco os professores Natalino Neves da Silva e Elaine Ribeiro da Silva dos Santos, cujas constantes interlocuções têm sido fundamentais para o aprimoramento das perspectivas aqui apresen- tadas, além dos(as) diversos(as) estudantes que têm me instigado com problemas atuais e reavivado meu ânimo em permanecer firme nestas discussões nem sempre bem aceitas no mundo acadêmico; a professora Caitlin DeSilvey, da Universidade de Exeter, Penryn, que tem me apoiado de forma muito atenciosa em projetos transnacio- nais nos quais temos vivamente acreditado; a professora Cristina Pei- xoto-Mehrtens, da Universidade de Massachusetts, Dartmouth, sem a qual o período que estive nos Estados Unidos para a realização desta pesquisa teria sido improvável e com quem tenho a felicidade de manter contato; o professor Cristiano Tambascia e as professoras Márcia Chuva e Cristina Meneguello, que, junto à professora Cristina Mehrtens, avaliaram esta tese e, além do incentivo, colocaram-me questões que até hoje tenho tentado responder; a professora Silvana Rubino, minha orientadora de doutorado, que continua sendo uma apoiadora fundamental para a realização e apresentação desta pes- quisa, e que, junto com a professora Cristina Meneguello, tem repre- sentado um apoio muito importante para as ações que temos tentado desenvolver em torno de uma história mais pública e significativa, for- talecendo assim os laços para o enfrentamento desse difícil momento para educação superior brasileira. O suporte de amigos e familiares também é indispensável para qualquer empreendimento que nos demande, por vezes, excessiva dedicação. Na impossibilidade de mencionar todos(as) que têm tornado minha vida mais leve, restrinjo-me aqui a mencionar minha esposa, Nayhara, sem a qual nada disso seria possível. APRESENTAÇÃO SUMÁRIO 08 - Apresentação 11 - Uma história transnacional da modernidade 23 - Espaços e tempos da pesquisa 26 - Advertências 28 - PRÓLOGO 36 - O CONCEITO DE CULTURA 38 - Civilisation e Kultur 53 - O conceito antropológico de cultura 65 - O AMERICANISMO, FRANZ BOAS E OS CONGRESSOS INTERNACIONAIS DE AMERICANISTAS 65 - O americanismo 72 - Franz Boas,Völkerkunde e política 85 - Os congressos internacionais de Americanistas 105 - O AMERICANISMO ENTRE OS EUA, A ALEMANHA, A SUÉCIA E A FRANÇA 107 - Entre os EUA e a Alemanha 129 - Entre os Estados Unidos e a Suécia 136 - Entre os Estados Unidos e a França 171 - O AMERICANISMO NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS E NO BRASIL 171 - A expansão da rede americanista transnacional nos Estados Unidos 203 - Entre os Estados Unidos e o Brasil 229 - A CONSTITUIÇÃO DE UMA ANTROPOLOGIA INTERAMERICANISTA POR MEIO DO HANDBOOK OF SOUTH AMERICAN INDIANS 230 - As relações internacionais entre Brasil e Estados Unidos e o interamericanismo 242 - Julian Steward: o sujeito exemplar da antropologia interamericanista 246 - A constituição de uma antropologia interamericanista por meio da produção do Handbook of South American Indians 267 - A CONSTRUÇÃO DO INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY E A REESTRUTURAÇÃO DAS REDES AMERICANISTAS 269 - Curt Nimuendajú: uma fonte valiosa de recursos etnográficos em disputa 286 - O Museu Nacional da Quinta da Boa Vista: uma instituição em disputa pelos recursos etnográficos 301 - A Escola Livre de Sociologia e Política: uma instituição interamericanista no Brasil 314 - O COMMITTEE OF INTER-AMERICAN ARTISTIC AND INTELLECTUAL RELATIONS E O SURGIMENTO DO INTERAMERICANISTA PROFISSIONAL 321 - Barreiras valorativas aos trânsitos interamericanos: política, comportamento, idade, gênero e cor 341 - Novas oportunidades para o grupo do Museu Nacional 348 - Entre o americanismo e o interamericanismo 358 - Trilhando as próprias sendas interamericanistas: Charles Wagley e a SESP 367 - O CIAAIR E SÃO PAULO: DESCOBRIR A CULTURA E CIVILIZAR A NAÇÃO 367 - A conformação de uma nova elite 375 - Das viagens de descoberta do Brasil à burocracia: a subjetivação de Mário de Andrade e a objetificação da cultura nacional por meio do patrimônio cultural 395 - São Paulo e a produção transnacional da cultura brasileira 411 - COOPERAÇÃO ARTÍSTICA INTERAMERICANA 411 - A mensagem interamericanista dos murais da Library of Congress 421 - O projeto musicológico interamericanista 440 - CULTURAS INDÍGENAS E MODERNIZAÇÃO NACIONAL POR MEIO DA CIÊNCIA CIVILIZADA: O MUSEU NACIONAL ENTRE O AMERICANISMO E O INTERAMERICANISMO 440 - Os rastros de um cometa 455 - Uma rearticulação para os conceitos de civilização e cultura 468 - As reformulações narrativas do Museu Nacional 503 - EPÍLOGO 503 - Algumas conclusões 519 - Algumas reflexões 528 - FONTES ARQUIVÍSTICAS 547 - WEBSITES 548 - REFERÊNCIAS 563 - ÍNDICE DE NOMES, INSTITUIÇÕES E EVENTOS Apresentação Este livro se destina às pessoas interessadas no campo da história intelectual, especialmente no que diz respeito à história da antropologia e das instituições culturais brasileiras da primeira metade do século XX. A sua atenção se dirige às controvérsias inter-regionais que foram travadas no Brasil, desde a década de 1920 até o final da Segunda Guerra Mundial, em torno de projetos de modernização nacional. Esses temas são aqui abordados a partir de uma perspectiva transnacional, o que me possibilitou avançar em direção a argumentos mais gerais sobre a constituição de mundos modernos a partir de circuitos de circulação de coisas produtoras de determinados tipos de subjetividades e objetividades. Este trabalho também diz respeito, portanto, ao nosso modo de vida presente, dominado por uma versão atualizada do colonialismo predatório que caracteriza a modernidade, embora essa discussão mais abrangente não seja o foco de minha investigação. Ainda vivemos sob a égide do Estado e do Mercado que, em nome do progresso civilizacional e do desenvolvimento econômico, subjugam humanos e não humanos tornados objetos de uma ação exploratória generalizada. A ideia iluminista subjacente a esse modelo, a de uma liberdade a ser alcançada pela emancipação da Sociedade em relação à Natureza, por meio da facilitação e aceleração desse processo pela Ciência e pela Política, nos conduziu, no entanto, àquilo que tem sido chamado de Época do Antropoceno.1 Isso significa que aquilo que nós aceleramos 1 Sobre a recente consciência que desenvolvemos sobre a Época do Antropoceno
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