DOCSLIB.ORG

The Interaction and Reactivity of Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide on Ruthenium Surfaces Edward Edwards Quick Iowa State University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Interaction and Reactivity of Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide on Ruthenium Surfaces Edward Edwards Quick Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1979 The interaction and reactivity of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide on ruthenium surfaces Edward Edwards Quick Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Physical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Quick, Edward Edwards, "The interaction and reactivity of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide on ruthenium surfaces " (1979). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 7305. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/7305 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame,. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued agaun—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. UniversiV Micrdnlms International 300 N. 2EEB ROAD. ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4ËJ, ENGLAND 8010256 QUICK, EDWARD EDWARDS THE INTERACTION AND REACTIVITY OF NITRIC-OXIDE AND CARBON- MONOXIDE ON RUTHENIUM SURFACES Iowa State University PH.D. 1979 University Microfilms 1 ntGrnâtiOnâl 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. MI 48106 18 Bedford Row, London WC1R4EJ, England PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark . 1. Glossy photographs 2. Colored illustrations 3. Photographs with dark background '4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. orint shows through as there is text on both sides of page 6. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages throughout 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 8r Computer printout pages with indistinct print 9. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author 10. Page(s) seen to be missing in numbering only as text follows 11. Poor carbon copy 12. Not original copy, several pages with blurred type 13. Appendix pages are poor copy 14. Original copy with light type 15. Curling and wrinkled pages 16. Other Universitv Micrdfiims Intemanonal 300 \ Z=== 30., ANN AR30S eg;06 '312: 761-1700 The interaction and reactivity of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide on ruthenium surfaces by Edward Edwards Quick A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Chemistry Major: Physical Chemistry Approved : Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the M6jor Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames. Iowa 1979 11 TABLE OP CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE SURVEY 4 Reaction Kinetics 4 Reactant Surface Interactions 17 EXPERIMENTAL 30 Reactor System Design 31 Ruthenium Crystal Preparation 37 Kinetic Procedure 4l Thermal Desorption Techniques 45 LEED/Auger Procedure 47 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Experiments 50 Materials 50 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 52 Kinetics Introduction 52 Surface Characterization 62 LEED/Auger characterization. 62 XPS characterization 101 Thermal desorption spectroscopy 113 Exchange Studies 124 Rate Reproducibility and Mechanistic Considerations 131 Ill SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS 18? LITERATURE CITED I90 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I98 APPENDIX 200 1 INTRODUCTION During the past ten years an extensive effort has been made in the field of catalytic chemistry to describe the nitric oxide reduction system. This interest was precipi­ tated by the 1970 Clean Air Act calling for the diminution of nitric oxide emission from automobile exhaust. Since then literally thousands of conceivable catalysts have been tested but it is safe to say that transition metal oxides and noble metal catalysts have shown the most promise. A difficulty arising in these studies is that no given catalytic material will promote the reduction at the required rate and lead to a specified product distribution. The problem is multiplied by the fact that the exhaust composition usually consists of not just nitric oxide and carbon monoxide but also hydro­ carbons, oxygen, water and hydrogen (1) as well as a number of inert components. This leads to up to eleven different thermodynamically possible reactions occurring in a given catalyst bed. The hydrogen-CO oxidation catalysts that were rapidly developed during the early 1970's can be attributed solely to the wealth of fundamental studies conducted over previous years in defining the mechanisms of the possible reactions and the characterization of the catalysts investigated. Major research thrusts in this area led to a decreased priority in the area of NO research and thus contributed to 2 the less advanced development of NO^ reduction catalysts at the present time. Without the necessary kinetic and mechan­ istic information available, suitable catalysts that would reduce NO^ emissions to meet Federal standards have not resulted. This has, therefore, brought forth a new signifi­ cance to the pursuance of fundamental studies between the active components comprising motor vehicle exhausts. Since it is difficult to obtain meaningful kinetic data that can be related to a specific mechanism from a system where many reactions are possible, only one reductant was chosen for investigation, namely carbon monoxide. The reaction between nitric oxide and carbon monoxide can lead to two possible nitrogen-containing products: nitrous oxide and molecular nitrogen as depicted in the following reactions: 2N0 + CO COp + NgO (1) 2N0 + 2C0 ^2^ 2CO2 + Ng (2) Of the catalysts that have been investigated, metallic ruthenium is of considerable interest. It is favored not only for its high activity but also because under exhaust conditions it has been shown to be more selective to the formation of Ng over ammonia (2-8) than platinum or rhodium. Due to these reasons as well as to the interesting surface chemistry involving ruthenium, a study has been undertaken utilizing a single crystal ruthenium disc of the 3 (102) orientation. This thesis will describe a multi-faceted investigation incorporating not only kinetic and isotopic studies, but also employing the low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy CAES), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) techniques. Prom the spectroscopies utilized, the surface characteristics of the ruthenium catalyst have been probed both before and following inter­ action with the reactants so as to discern the nature of the adsorbed intermediates as a function of temperature and pressure. By incorporating kinetic and isotopic studies into this investigation, a mechanism consistent with the surface characterization data will be developed. Previous kinetic work has led to only a qualitative understanding of the nitric oxide reduction system. The conditions under which this work has been performed —9 are from 10 to 10 Torr reactant partial pressures with substrate temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1000°C. The kinetic reaction conditions are of a more limited nature as the partial pressures studied were in the 10~^ to 10 Torr range using a catalyst temperature of 475°C. This dissertation will be divided into three sections comprising a survey of literature relevant to the nitric oxide reduction reactions on ruthenium, an experimental procedures section and finally a presentation and discussion of the results. 4 LITERATURE SURVEY This survey will be divided into two main areas. The first area will consist of a literature
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Highly Selective Addition of Organic Dichalcogenides to Carbon-Carbon Unsaturated Bonds
    Highly Selective Addition of Organic Dichalcogenides to Carbon-Carbon Unsaturated Bonds Akiya Ogawa and Noboru Sonoda Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Abstract: Highly chemo-, regio- and/or stereoselective addition of organic dichalcogenides to carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds has been achieved based on two different methodologies for activation of the chalcogen-chalcogen bonds, i.e., by the aid of transition metal catalysts and by photoirradiation. The former is the novel transition metal-catalyzed reactions of organic dichalcogenides with acetylenes via oxidative addition of dichalcogenides to low valent transition metal complexes such as Pd(PPh3)4. The latter is the photoinitiated radical addition of organic dichalcogenides to carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds via homolytic cleavage of the chalcogen-chalcogen bonds to generate the corresponding chalcogen-centered radicals as the key species. 1. Introduction The clarification of the specific chemical properties of heteroatoms and the development of useful synthetic reactions based on these characteristic features have been the subject of continuing interest (ref. 1). This paper deals with new synthetic methods for introducing group 16 elements into organic molecules, particularly, synthetic reactions based on the activation of organic dichalcogenides, i.e., disulfides, diselenides, and ditellurides, by transition metal catalysts and by photoirradiation. In transition metal-catalyzed reactions, metal sulfides (RS-ML) are formed as the key species, whereas the thiyl radicals (ArS•E) play important roles in photoinitiated reactions. These species exhibit different selectivities toward the addition process to carbon-carbon unsaturated compounds. The intermediates formed in situ by the addition, i.e., vinylic metals and vinylic radicals, could successfully be subjected to further manipulation leading to useful synthetic transformations.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Pigments: the Third Step to Higher Quality And
    Understanding Pigments: The Third Mark Harber October, 2000 Step to Higher Quality and Consistency Putting great color in your product is part of the pigments. However, they are less opaque and systems approach for resolving issues of sub- would have to be used at higher loading levels to standard properties and appearance. achieve similar whiteness and opacity. This article on pigments is the third in a four-part Titanium Dioxide is used in the majority of the series about the interrelationship of the material products made by the cast polymer industry. Tita- components used in marble and solid surface nium Dioxide-based colors include most whites, manufacturing. These AOC-authored articles re- pastels, earth tones and off-whites such as bone, spond to the challenge that the cast polymer in- ivory, beige or biscuit. As noted in Table 1, non- dustries aspire to higher standards of quality and white synthetic oxides are combined with Titani- consistency. Because resolving cast polymer is- um Dioxide to create pastels and earth tones for sues requires a systems approach, other articles cultured marble and solid surface applications. in this series address resins, gel coats and pro- cessing. All articles begin with background infor- Phthalocyanine pigments, or "Phthalos," impart mation on the main subject matter, followed by deep colors such as the automotive "Hunter ten related issues and guidelines. Green" of a sport utility vehicle or the high strength Blue used in ballpoint pens. Because A BACKGROUND ON COLORANTS they are so deep when used by themselves, In their natural state, cast polymer resins meet a Phthalo Blue and Phthalo Green are normally variety of performance requirements but are lack- blended with other pigments, many times Titani- ing in the color that draws the customer to the um Dioxide.
    [Show full text]
  • Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 11
    This PDF is available from The National Academies Press at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13374 Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 11 ISBN Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels; Committee on 978-0-309-25481-6 Toxicology; National Research Council 356 pages 6 x 9 PAPERBACK (2012) Visit the National Academies Press online and register for... Instant access to free PDF downloads of titles from the NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 10% off print titles Custom notification of new releases in your field of interest Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Request reprint permission for this book Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 11 Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels Committee on Toxicology Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Division on Earth and Life Studies Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 11 THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 FIFTH STREET, NW WASHINGTON, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Insti- tute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Monoxide (CO), Known As the Invisible Killer, Is a Colorless
    FACT SHEET Program: Fire Equipment & Systems CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS – RESIDENTIAL UNITS Carbon monoxide (CO), known as the Invisible Killer, is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas that results from incomplete burning of fuels such as natural gas, propane, oil, wood, coal, and gasoline. Exposure to carbon monoxide can cause flu-like symptoms and can be fatal. Residential buildings that contain fossil burning fuel equipment (i.e., oil, gas, wood, coal, etc.) or contain enclosed parking are required to have carbon monoxide detectors. What are the symptoms of CO poisoning? CO poisoning victims may initially suffer flu-like symptoms including nausea, fatigue, headaches, dizziness, confusion and breathing difficulty. Because CO poisoning often causes a victim's blood pressure to rise, the victim's skin may take on a pink or red cast. How does CO affect the human body? When victims inhale CO, the toxic gas enters the bloodstream and replaces the oxygen molecules found on the critical blood component - hemoglobin, depriving the heart and brain of the oxygen necessary to function. Mild exposure: Often described as flu-like symptoms, including slight headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue. Medium exposure: Severe throbbing headache, drowsiness, confusion, fast heart rate. Extreme exposure: Unconsciousness, convulsions, cardio respiratory failure, death. Many cases of reported carbon monoxide poisoning indicate that while victims are aware they are not well, they become so disoriented, that they are unable to save themselves by either exiting the building or calling for assistance. Young children and household pets are typically the first affected. If you think you have symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning or your CO alarm is sounding, contact the Fire Department (911) or University Operations Center (5-5560) and leave the building immediately.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean Storage
    277 6 Ocean storage Coordinating Lead Authors Ken Caldeira (United States), Makoto Akai (Japan) Lead Authors Peter Brewer (United States), Baixin Chen (China), Peter Haugan (Norway), Toru Iwama (Japan), Paul Johnston (United Kingdom), Haroon Kheshgi (United States), Qingquan Li (China), Takashi Ohsumi (Japan), Hans Pörtner (Germany), Chris Sabine (United States), Yoshihisa Shirayama (Japan), Jolyon Thomson (United Kingdom) Contributing Authors Jim Barry (United States), Lara Hansen (United States) Review Editors Brad De Young (Canada), Fortunat Joos (Switzerland) 278 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 279 6.7 Environmental impacts, risks, and risk management 298 6.1 Introduction and background 279 6.7.1 Introduction to biological impacts and risk 298 6.1.1 Intentional storage of CO2 in the ocean 279 6.7.2 Physiological effects of CO2 301 6.1.2 Relevant background in physical and chemical 6.7.3 From physiological mechanisms to ecosystems 305 oceanography 281 6.7.4 Biological consequences for water column release scenarios 306 6.2 Approaches to release CO2 into the ocean 282 6.7.5 Biological consequences associated with CO2 6.2.1 Approaches to releasing CO2 that has been captured, lakes 307 compressed, and transported into the ocean 282 6.7.6 Contaminants in CO2 streams 307 6.2.2 CO2 storage by dissolution of carbonate minerals 290 6.7.7 Risk management 307 6.2.3 Other ocean storage approaches 291 6.7.8 Social aspects; public and stakeholder perception 307 6.3 Capacity and fractions retained
    [Show full text]
  • Titanium Dioxide Production Final Rule: Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases
    Titanium Dioxide Production Final Rule: Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Under the Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) rule, owners or operators of facilities that contain titanium dioxide production processes (as defined below) must report emissions from titanium dioxide production and all other source categories located at the facility for which methods are defined in the rule. Owners or operators are required to collect emission data; calculate GHG emissions; and follow the specified procedures for quality assurance, missing data, recordkeeping, and reporting. How Is This Source Category Defined? The titanium dioxide production source category consists of any facility that uses the chloride process to produce titanium dioxide. What GHGs Must Be Reported? Each titanium dioxide production facility must report carbon dioxide (CO2) process emissions from each chloride process line. In addition, each facility must report GHG emissions for other source categories for which calculation methods are provided in the rule. For example, facilities must report CO2, nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) emissions from each stationary combustion unit on site by following the requirements of 40 CFR part 98, subpart C (General Stationary Fuel Combustion Sources). Please refer to the relevant information sheet for a summary of the rule requirements for calculating and reporting emissions from any other source categories at the facility. How Must GHG Emissions Be Calculated? Reporters must calculate CO2 process emissions using one of two methods, as appropriate: • Installing and operating a continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS) according to the requirements specified in 40 CFR part 98, subpart C. • Calculating the process CO2 emissions for each process line using monthly measurements of the mass and carbon content of calcined petroleum coke.
    [Show full text]
  • Nitrogen Dioxide
    Common Name: NITROGEN DIOXIDE CAS Number: 10102-44-0 RTK Substance number: 1376 DOT Number: UN 1067 Date: May 1989 Revision: April 2000 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- HAZARD SUMMARY * Nitrogen Dioxide can affect you when breathed in. * If you think you are experiencing any work-related health * Nitrogen Dioxide may cause mutations. Handle with problems, see a doctor trained to recognize occupational extreme caution. diseases. Take this Fact Sheet with you. * Contact can irritate and burn the skin and eyes with * Exposure to hazardous substances should be routinely possible eye damage. evaluated. This may include collecting personal and area * Breathing Nitrogen Dioxide can irritate the nose and air samples. You can obtain copies of sampling results throat. from your employer. You have a legal right to this * Breathing Nitrogen Dioxide can irritate the lungs causing information under OSHA 1910.1020. coughing and/or shortness of breath. Higher exposures can cause a build-up of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), a medical emergency, with severe shortness of WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS breath. OSHA: The legal airborne permissible exposure limit * High levels can interfere with the ability of the blood to (PEL) is 5 ppm, not to be exceeded at any time. carry Oxygen causing headache, fatigue, dizziness, and a blue color to the skin and lips (methemoglobinemia). NIOSH: The recommended airborne exposure limit is Higher levels can cause trouble breathing, collapse and 1 ppm, which should not be exceeded at any even death. time. * Repeated exposure to high levels may lead to permanent lung damage. ACGIH: The recommended airborne exposure limit is 3 ppm averaged over an 8-hour workshift and IDENTIFICATION 5 ppm as a STEL (short term exposure limit).
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Advances in Tio2-Based Photocatalysts for Reduction of CO2 to Fuels
    nanomaterials Review Recent Advances in TiO2-Based Photocatalysts for Reduction of CO2 to Fuels 1,2, 3, 4 5 Thang Phan Nguyen y, Dang Le Tri Nguyen y , Van-Huy Nguyen , Thu-Ha Le , Dai-Viet N. Vo 6 , Quang Thang Trinh 7 , Sa-Rang Bae 8, Sang Youn Chae 9,* , Soo Young Kim 8,* and Quyet Van Le 3,* 1 Laboratory of Advanced Materials Chemistry, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; [email protected] 2 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam 3 Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam; [email protected] 4 Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications, Lac Hong University, Bien Hoa 810000, Vietnam; [email protected] 5 Faculty of Materials Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Vietnam National University–Ho Chi Minh City (VNU–HCM), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; [email protected] 6 Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Vietnam; [email protected] 7 Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore (CARES), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; [email protected] 8 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; [email protected] 9 Department of Materials Science, Institute for Surface Science and Corrosion, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.Y.C.); [email protected] (S.Y.K.); [email protected] (Q.V.L.); Tel.: +42-01520-2145321 (S.Y.C.); +82-109-3650-910 (S.Y.K.); +84-344-176-848 (Q.V.L.) These authors contributed equally to this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Dioxide Exposure Effects – Fact Sheet
    CARBON DIOXIDE EXPOSURE EFFECTS – FACT SHEET Studies by NIOSH in 1976 dispelled the myth that carbon dioxide is an asphyxiant gas and only causes adverse health effects when it displaces oxygen. Symptoms of overexposure by inhalation include dizziness, headache, nausea, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, deeper breathing, increased heart rate (tachycardia), eye and extremity twitching, cardiac arrhythmia, memory disturbances, lack of concentration, visual and hearing disturbances (including photophobia, blurred vision, transient blindness, hearing loss and ringing in the ears), sweating, restlessness, vomiting, shaking, confusion, flushed skin, panic, parathesis (a sensation of numbness in the extremities), disorientation, convulsions, unconsciousness, coma, and death. CO2 Duration Physiological Impact/Health Effect Concentration 1,000 ppm Less than Impairs judgment, decision-making ability, and thinking skills on a 2½ hrs. short-term basis, even for healthy individuals. 2,500 ppm Less than Many individuals are rendered cognitively marginal or 2½ hrs. dysfunctional. 5,000 ppm with Headache, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and 20.9% Oxygen sleep disruption. 6% 1-2 mins. Hearing and visual disturbances 7% (70,000 ppm) 5 mins. death with 20.9% Oxygen 10% to 15% Dizziness, drowsiness, severe muscle twitching, unconsciousness and death within a few minutes. Within 1 Loss of controlled and purposeful activity, unconsciousness, coma, 17% to 30% min. convulsions, and death 30% carbon 30 secs. Unconsciousness, with some subjects having seizures that were dioxide, with 70% characterized as decerebrate (no cerebral functioning). oxygen Even though oxygen is necessary to carry out cell functions, it is not the lack of oxygen that stimulates breathing. Breathing is stimulated by an excess of CO2.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Carbon Monoxide (Co) Level in Enugu Metropolis Monitoring Industrial and Residential Area
    ASSESSMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) LEVEL IN ENUGU METROPOLIS MONITORING INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL AREA BY ADIKE JOSEPH .N. CHE/2007/123 PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING CARITAS UNIVERSITY, AMORJI-NIKE ENUGU STATE AUGUST, 2012 TITLE PAGE ASSESSMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) LEVEL IN ENUGU METROPOLIS MONITORING INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL AREA BY ADIKE JOSEPH .N. CHE/2007/123 PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING, DEGREE IN CHEMICAL CARITAS UNIVERSITY AMORJI-NIKE ENUGU STATE AUGUST, 2012 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this work was down under the supervision of Supervisor‟s name Engr Ken Ezeh Signature------------------ ------------------------------ date ------------------------------ Head of Department ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Signature ------------------------------------------------ Date ------------------------------ External supervisor ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Signature ------------------------------------------------- Date ------------------------------ Department of Chemical Engineering Caritas University Amorji-Nike Enugu DEDICATION This project was dedicated to Jesus the Saviour for all his marvelous deeds in my life, more especially for seeing me through all my university years and to my dearly parents Mr. and Mrs. Adike, N. Joseph, for all their contributions, encouragement, love, understanding and care for me and the family. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To Jesus the Saviour be the glory to whom I depend on I wish to thank the Almighty God for giving me the opportunity, knowledge and wisdom to under take my university task successfully. My profound gratitude goes to my supervisor, Engr. (Mr.) Ken Ezeh for is invaluable supervision and unremitting attention. I wish also to acknowledge my lecturers in the person of Engr. Prof. J.I.
    [Show full text]
  • What Are the Health Effects from Exposure to Carbon Monoxide?
    CO Lesson 2 CARBON MONOXIDE: LESSON TWO What are the Health Effects from Exposure to Carbon Monoxide? LESSON SUMMARY Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, tasteless, colorless and nonirritating Grade Level: 9 – 12 gas that is impossible to detect by an exposed person. CO is produced by the Subject(s) Addressed: incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels, including gas, wood, oil and Science, Biology coal. Exposure to CO is the leading cause of fatal poisonings in the United Class Time: 1 Period States and many other countries. When inhaled, CO is readily absorbed from the lungs into the bloodstream, where it binds tightly to hemoglobin in the Inquiry Category: Guided place of oxygen. CORE UNDERSTANDING/OBJECTIVES By the end of this lesson, students will have a basic understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying CO toxicity. For specific learning and standards addressed, please see pages 30 and 31. MATERIALS INCORPORATION OF TECHNOLOGY Computer and/or projector with video capabilities INDIAN EDUCATION FOR ALL Fires utilizing carbon-based fuels, such as wood, produce carbon monoxide as a dangerous byproduct when the combustion is incomplete. Fire was important for the survival of early Native American tribes. The traditional teepees were well designed with sophisticated airflow patterns, enabling fires to be contained within the shelter while minimizing carbon monoxide exposure. However, fire was used for purposes other than just heat and cooking. According to the historian Henry Lewis, Native Americans used fire to aid in hunting, crop management, insect collection, warfare and many other activities. Today, fire is used to heat rocks used in sweat lodges.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Technology
    INDUSTRY NEWS EMERGING TECHNOLOGY Iron-based superconductors reinforce link to magnetism BRIEFS A new class of iron-oxyarsenide-based superconductors discovered earlier this year shares IDES Inc., a plastic similar unusual magnetic properties with previously known high-temperature superconductors materials information based on copper-oxide materials, report researchers at the National Institute of Standards and management company, Technology, Gaithersburg, Md. The work emphasizes a critical but as yet unexplained link be- and Firehole Technologies Inc., a tween magnetism and high-temperature superconductors. developer of innovative The importance of magnetism to high-temperature superconductors is remarkable because simulation technologies magnetism strongly interferes with conventional, low-temperature superconductors, but now for composite materials may prove to be an integral element of such materials. and structures, have The team used neutron beams to demonstrate that, like copper-oxide superconductors, the entered into a strategic new iron-oxyarsenide HTc materials discovered by Japanese researchers share an unusual partnership to develop a magnetic structure with magnetically active layers interspersed with layers of nonmagnetic searchable composite material. materials database. For more information: Qingzhen Huang, National Institute of Standards & Technology, 100 www.ides.com Bureau, Gaithersburg, MD 20899; tel: 301/ 975-6164; [email protected]; www.nist.gov. Intel Corp., Samsung Electronics, Copper nanowire arrays grown on different surfaces and Taiwan A simple process to grow upright copper nanowires on a variety of materials is under develop- Semiconductor ment by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. The nanowire arrays Manufacturing could be suitable for field-emission displays, a new type of display technology that promises to pro- Company (TSMC) vide brighter, more vivid pictures than ex- have reached agreement on the need for industry- isting flat-panel displays.
    [Show full text]