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Title Nesting Biology of the Drywood Termite, Incisitermes Minor (Hagen)( Dissertation 全文 ) Author(S) Khoirul, Himmi Setiawa

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Title Nesting Biology of the Drywood Termite, Incisitermes Minor (Hagen)( Dissertation 全文 ) Author(S) Khoirul, Himmi Setiawa Nesting Biology of the Drywood Termite, Incisitermes minor Title (Hagen)( Dissertation_全文 ) Author(s) Khoirul, Himmi Setiawan Citation 京都大学 Issue Date 2017-03-23 URL https://doi.org/10.14989/doctor.k20445 Right 許諾条件により本文は2018-03-01に公開 Type Thesis or Dissertation Textversion ETD Kyoto University Nesting Biology of the Drywood Termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen) Khoirul Himmi Setiawan 2017 Contents Contents .......................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 1: General Introduction ...................................................................... 5 1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 6 1.2. Biology of the Western drywood termite, I. minor (Hagen)................. 8 1.3. X-Ray CT: Principle and application ................................................... 11 1.4. Objective and outline of the study .................................................... 17 Chapter 2: Timber preference of the drywood termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen) (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) in founding a colony following the nuptial flight ............................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 20 2.2 Materials and Method ....................................................................... 21 2.2.1 Wood specimens ............................................................................ 21 3.2.2 Monitoring and Analysis ................................................................ 22 2.3 Results ............................................................................................... 23 2.3.1 Nest-founding activities on six species of commercial timbers ..... 23 2.3.2 Timber preference ......................................................................... 26 2.3.3 Nest-site position on the timber .................................................... 28 2.3.4 Nest-site location in response to timber arrangement .................. 31 2.4 Discussion ......................................................................................... 33 2.4.1 Timber preference ...................................................................... 33 2.4.2 Nest-site selectivity ..................................................................... 35 2.5 Chapter summary .............................................................................. 38 Chapter 3: The structure of initial chamber and nest-founding behavior of the drywood termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen) (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) ...... 39 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 40 3.2 Material and Method ........................................................................ 40 3.2.1 Wood specimens and nest-founding activity .............................. 40 2 3.2.2 Analysis of initial structure of royal chamber ............................. 41 3.3 Results ............................................................................................... 43 3.4 Discussion ......................................................................................... 50 3.4.1 Nest-site selection ...................................................................... 50 3.4.2 Nest-founding and foraging behavior ........................................ 52 3.5 Chapter summary .............................................................................. 54 Chapter 4: The first year development of an incipient colony following the nuptial flight of the drywood termite Incisitermes minor (Hagen) (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). ............................................................................................. 55 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 56 4.2 Materials and Method ....................................................................... 56 4.2.1 Wood specimens ............................................................................ 56 3.2.2 Monitoring of first year chamber development............................. 57 3.2.3 Data and statistical analysis .......................................................... 58 4.3 Results ............................................................................................... 59 4.3.1 The development of RC-a............................................................... 59 4.3.2 The development of RC-b............................................................... 61 4.3.3 The development of RC-c ............................................................... 62 4.3.4 The development of RC-d............................................................... 64 4.3.5 The development of RC-e ............................................................... 65 4.3.6 Relevant properties of nest development ...................................... 66 4.4 Discussion ......................................................................................... 70 4.4.1 Nest development ....................................................................... 70 4.4.2 The establishment of a new colony ............................................ 73 4.5 Chapter summary .............................................................................. 74 Chapter 5: Nest-gallery development and caste composition of isolated foraging groups of the drywood termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen) (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). ............................................................................................. 76 5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 77 5.2 Material and Method ........................................................................ 77 3 5.2.1 Wood Specimen and Experimental Setup ................................... 77 5.2.2 Monitoring .................................................................................. 78 5.2.3 X-Ray CT Scanning and Data Analysis ........................................ 79 5.2.4 Colony examination .................................................................... 80 5.3 Results ............................................................................................... 81 5.3.1 Nest-gallery development in Spruce A timber ............................ 81 5.3.2 Nest-gallery system in Spruce B timber ...................................... 86 5.3.3 Nest-gallery system in Sugi timber ............................................. 88 5.3.4 Colony composition .................................................................... 89 5.4 Discussion ......................................................................................... 93 5.5 Chapter summary .............................................................................. 99 Chapter 6: Wood anatomical selectivity of drywood termite in the nest-gallery establishment. ............................................................................................. 101 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 102 6.2 Materials and Method ..................................................................... 102 6.2.1 Wood specimen ........................................................................... 102 6.2.2 X-ray CT Scanning ........................................................................ 103 6.2.3 Data Analysis ............................................................................... 103 6.3 Results ............................................................................................. 104 6.4 Discussion ....................................................................................... 114 6.5 Chapter summary ............................................................................ 117 Chapter 7: Conclusions ................................................................................ 119 Acknowledgement ....................................................................................... 122 References ................................................................................................... 125 4 Chapter 1: General Introduction CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION This first chapter gives an overview of the background of the study and outlines the thesis. 5 1.1. Introduction The western drywood termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen) (Kalotermitidae) is considered to be the most destructive drywood termite in the western United States (USA) and is one of the five most economically important termites in the USA (Su and Scheffrahn 1990). The colonies live entirely within sound and dry wood (Light 1934), and derive their food and water from a single piece of wood (Evans et al. 2010). Because of this hidden ecology, I. minor has been easily transported within an infested wood around the world by human activities. In the modern and mobile society, the introductions of such wood-inhabiting termites are very difficult to deal. Although I. minor is an economically important pest, there is very few scientific literature investigated the nest-gallery systems of I. minor. The most detailed description of I. minor’s biology was provided by Harvey (1934b), eight decades ago. The cryptic behavior of I. minor hinders studies of its nest- gallery development and colony establishment; thus, the early detection of I. minor infestation is difficult. There have been many published investigations pertaining
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