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Climate Smart Brachiaria Grasses for Improving Livestock Production in East Africa – Kenya Experience

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Climate Smart Brachiaria Grasses for Improving Livestock Production in East Africa – Kenya Experience Climate Smart Brachiaria Grasses for Improving Livestock Production in East Africa – Kenya Experience Proceedings of the workshop held in Naivasha, Kenya, 14 - 15 September, 2016 Editors Donald M.G. Njarui Elias M. Gichangi Sita R. Ghimire Rahab W. Muinga November, 2016 i Climate Smart Brachiaria Grasses for Improving Livestock Production in East Africa – Kenya Experience Proceedings of the workshop held in Naivasha, Kenya, 14 - 15 September, 2016 Editors Donald M.G. Njarui Elias M. Gichangi Sita R. Ghimire Rahab W. Muinga November, 2016 Published by Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization P.O. Box 57811 - 00200 Nairobi KENYA ISBN 978-9966-30-024-9 First printed in 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the copyright owner. © KALRO 2016 Cover photo: Donald Njarui, Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk (CIAT 606) Correct citation: Njarui, D. M. G., Gichangi, E. M., Ghimire, S. R. and Muinga, R. W. (Eds) 2016. Climate Smart Brachiaria Grasses for Improving Livestock Production in East Africa – Kenya Experience. Proceedings of the workshop held in Naivasha, Kenya, 14 - 15 September, 2016. Nairobi, Kenya. 271 p. Table of Contents Forward iv Acknowledgements v Setting the Scene Overview of the climate smart Brachiaria grass programme J. G. Mureithi and A. Djikeng 1 Biophysical environment and farming systems of selected regions for integrating Brachiaria grasses in Kenya D. M. G. Njarui, E. M. Gichangi and M. Gatheru 3 Theme 1 Genetic Diversity and Production Genetic diversity of Brachiaria grass ecotypes in Kenya N. Ondabu, S. Maina, W. Kimani, D. M. G. Njarui, A. Djikeng and S. R. Ghimire 14 Agro-morphological characterisation of Brachiaria grass accessions D. M. G. Njarui, M. Gatheru and S. R. Ghimire 27 Establishment and growth of Brachiaria grass cultivars in the coastal lowlands of Kenya. C. N. Ondiko, M. N. Njunie and L. Ngode 37 Effects of seasons and cutting intervals on productivity and nutritive value of Brachiaria grass cultivars in semi-arid eastern Kenya D. M. G. Njarui, M. Gatheru, S. R. Ghimire and J. G. Mureithi 46 Production and nutritive quality of Brachiaria grass cultivars subjected to different cutting intervals in the cool sub-humid highlands of central Kenya E. M. Nyambati, W. Ayako, E. J. Chelimo and D. M. G. Njarui 62 Effects of cutting frequency on forage production and nutritive value of Brachiaria grass cultivars in coastal lowlands of Kenya C. N. Ondiko, M. N. Njunie, D. M. G. Njarui, E. Auma and L. Ngode 70 Establishment and early growth of Brachiaria grass cultivars in acidic soils of western Kenya M. N. Kifuko-Koech, M. C. Mutoko and K. W.. Ndung’u-Magiroi 80 i The effects of cutting frequency on the dry matter yield and nutritive quality of Brachiaria grass cultivars in acidic soils of western Kenya M. N. Kifuko-Koech, K. W. Ndung’u-Magiroi and M. Kamidi 90 Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on shoots and roots biomass of Brachiaria grasses in low fertility soils of North western Kenya K. W. Ndung’u-Magiroi, M. N. Kifuko-Koech, M. C. Mutoko and E.M. Gichangi 102 Theme 2 Participatory Evaluation of Brachiaria Grasses Participatory evaluation of Brachiaria grass cultivars for livestock production in the coastal lowlands of Kenya M. N. Njunie and C. N. Ondiko 116 Participatory evaluation and selection of suitable Brachiaria grass cultivars for production in the semi-arid eastern Kenya M. Gatheru, D. M. G. Njarui and E. M. Gichangi 124 Participatory evaluation and selection of Brachiaria grass cultivars in the cool central highlands of Kenya E. M. Nyambati, W. Ayako, S. Mailu and E. J. Chelimo 132 Participatory evaluation and selection of Brachiaria grass cultivars for North western highlands of Kenya M. C. Mutoko, M. N. Kifuko-Koech, M. Kamidi and K. W. Ndung’u-Magiroi 139 Theme 3 Brachiaria Grasses, Microbes and Soil Health Fungal endophyte communities of Brachiaria grass (Brachiaria spp.) in Kenya L. Kago, J. Njuguna, D. M. G. Njarui and S. R. Ghimire 150 Bacterial community associated with Brachiaria spp. in Kenya C. Mutai, J. Njuguna and S. R. Ghimire 163 Effects of Brachiaria grass cultivars on soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in soils of the semi arid eastern Kenya E. M. Gichangi, D. M. G. Njarui, M. Gatheru, K. W. Ndung’u-Magiroi and S. R. Ghimire 179 Soil microbial biomass and changes in soil properties in cultivated Brachiaria grass in north western Kenya K. W. Ndung’u-Magiroi and M. N. Kifuko-Koech 194 ii Effects of Brachiaria grass cultivars on soil aggregation and stability in the semi-arid eastern Kenya E. M. Gichangi, D. M. G. Njarui, S. R. Ghimire, M. Gatheru and K. W. Ndung’u-Magiroi 201 Plant shoots and roots biomass of Brachiaria grass cultivars sown in the semi-arid eastern Kenya and the effects on soil carbon E. M. Gichangi and D. M. G. Njarui 217 Theme 4 Brachiaria Grass and Livestock Production The effects of Brachiaria grass cultivars on lactation performance of dairy cattle in Kenya R. W. Muinga, M. N. Njunie, M. Gatheru and D. M. G. Njarui 229 Change in growth of Galla goats fed selected Brachiaria grass cultivars in the coastal lowlands of Kenya P. M. Ngila, D. M. G. Njarui, N. K. R. Musimba and M. N. Njunie 238 Theme 5 Seed Production and Diseases Potential for seed production of Brachiaria grass cultivars in the central highlands of Kenya J. N. Gitari and D. M. G. Njarui 246 The potential of Brachiaria grass cultivars to produce seed in north Western highlands of Kenya M. B. J. Kamidi, K. W. Ndung’u-Magiroi, M. N. Kifuko-Koech and D.M.G. Njarui 254 Diseases of improved Brachiaria grass cultivars in Kenya H. Nzioki, D. M. G. Njarui, M. Ahonsi, J. Njuguna, L. Kago, C. Mutai and S. R. Ghimire 262 iii Foreword The agricultural sector is the main driver of Kenya’s economy and livelihood for the majority of Kenyans. The sector accounts for 65% of Kenya’s total exports and provides more than 70% of informal employment in the rural areas. Livestock contributes about 30% of the agricultural gross domestic product. One of the research agenda of Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) is development of improved technologies for increased agricultural production. Therefore as the country focuses on poverty alleviation, employment creation and food security in the rural areas, improved livestock technologies contributes towards this goal. Improvement of livestock productivity through access to high quality feeds can significantly contribute to the Kenya’s Vision 2030 through ‘equity and wealth creation opportunities for the rural poor.’ On the anticipation that Brachiaria grasses can be integrated into the agricultural systems to address increased livestock productivity, a collaborative research project was initiated between KALRO and Biosciences eastern and central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub in 2012. Laboratory and field research were conducted simultaneously. The objective of the laboratory studies was to identify role of endophytes and associated microbes in enhancing adaptation of Brachiaria grass cultivars to drought and low fertility soils. The field research focused on the integration of the grasses into smallholder mixed crop-livestock system and assessing their contribution to milk and meat production. Studies were conducted in Kwale and Kilifi Counties in coastal lowlands, Machakos and Makueni Counties in mid-altitude eastern region, Nyandarua, Nyeri and Embu Counties in central highlands and in Trans-Nzoia, Uasin Gishu, Elgeyo Marakwet and Busia Counties in western Kenya. At the end of the project, a workshop was held which brought together researchers from diverse backgrounds, from KALRO and BecA-ILRI Hub. The research findings presented in the workshop are important in; (i) elucidating roles of endophytes in enhancing adaptation of Brachiaria grasses to drought and low fertility soils, (ii) demonstrating the role of Brachiaria in enhancing livestock productivity in terms of milk and meat, (iii) assessment of contribution of the Brachiaria to soil health and mitigation of climate change, and (iv) evaluating the potential of Brachiaria seed production in Kenya. The information presented in these proceedings will benefit farmers, researchers and development partners in Kenya and East Africa. This document will have an instrumental role in promoting forage research and development programs in the region for sustainable development of the livestock sector. E. K. Kireger (PhD) Director General, KALRO iv Acknowledgements The Director General, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) and Director, Biosciences eastern and central Africa - International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub are acknowledged for providing enabling environment during implementation of the project. The Deputy Director General, Livestock–KALRO is thanked for providing guidance during project implementation and organization of the workshop. The commitment of KALRO and BecA-ILRI Hub collaborating scientists in the preparation of papers and participation in the workshop is appreciated. We thank partners from Rwanda Agriculture Boards, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, Colombia; Grasslanz Technology Limited and AgResearch of New Zealand for their contribution in the project. Special thanks also go to staff from BecA-ILRI Hub and KALRO institutes and centres that assisted in many ways to make the workshop successful. Farmers who participated in the implementation of field activities reported in the proceedings are highly appreciated. The editorial committee that organised and facilitated the review, editing and publishing of the proceedings is also gratefully acknowledged. Ms Ruth N. Mutua is thanked for typesetting and formatting the proceedings. The research outputs that culminated to the workshop and proceedings were from a collaborative project between KALRO and BecA-ILRI Hub with financial support of the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida).
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