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Spectrum Sensing for Wavelet Packet Modulation Schemes in Wireless Communication Systems University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2017 Spectrum Sensing for Wavelet Packet Modulation Schemes in Wireless Communication Systems Le, Ngon Le, N. (2017). Spectrum Sensing for Wavelet Packet Modulation Schemes in Wireless Communication Systems (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27853 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/3959 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Spectrum Sensing for Wavelet Packet Modulation Schemes in Wireless Communication Systems by Ngon Thanh Le A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING CALGARY, ALBERTA JULY, 2017 © Ngon Thanh Le 2017 Abstract Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the popular multicarrier modulation technique used in wireless communications, especially on fading channel. Having some advantages compared to OFDM, Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM) is a promising multicarrier candidate in Cognitive Radio (CR) systems. An essential component of the CR systems is efficient and fast spectrum sensing (SS), which ensures that the secondary users (SUs) use the spectral resources at the right time and place. In this dissertation, based on an approximated Covariance Matrix of the noise-free received signal, several novel spectrum sensing methods are proposed for WPM systems. Dealing with the shortage of knowledge about the primary signal at the SUs’ receiver, another SS method based on Rao score’s test is also proposed. To reduce the sensing time, two sequential SS approaches are proposed and investigated. The excellent performances of the proposed methods are evaluated under various constraints, shown by some analytic and simulation results. ii Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Professor Abu Sesay, my supervisor, for his valuable guidance, comments and criticism throughout the development of this dissertation under his supervision. My sincere thanks go to Ammar Al-Masri for his useful discussions and suggestions, to Tung Lai for his long, kind friendship, and timely encouragement. I would like to thank my colleagues for their help, the great lab environment and the splendid moments they shared with me. I wish to make my feelings clear to my parents and my brother for their unconditional support and love. I never forget their sacrifice which gives me a chance to be born, grown-up and mature. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, my parent in law, and my children for their support, patience and love. This period of time will be over soon, but love is growing up. iii Dedication To my parents, my brother, my wife, my children and to all others who have helped me. I love you all. iv Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................... II Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................ III Dedication ..................................................................................................................................................... IV Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................... V List of Figures.................................................................................................................................................. IX List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... XII List of Symbols ............................................................................................................................................. XVI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1.1 Radio channel characteristics ....................................................................................................... 3 1.1.2 Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) .............................................. 6 1.1.3 Short term Fourier transform (STFT) ............................................................................................. 7 1.1.4 Wavelet Transform (WT)............................................................................................................... 9 1.1.5 Wavelets in communications ...................................................................................................... 18 1.1.6 Detector and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)................................................................ 22 1.2 DISSERTATION OBJECTIVES AND CONTRIBUTIONS ........................................................................................... 25 1.3 DISSERTATION OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 2 MULTICARRIER SYSTEMS, COGNITIVE RADIO SYSTEMS AND CONVENTIONAL SPECTRUM SENSING METHODS ................................................................................................................................ 31 2.1 CONVENTIONAL OFDM AND WPM WIRELESS SYSTEMS .................................................................................. 31 2.2 CONVENTIONAL RADIO AND COGNITIVE RADIO SYSTEMS .................................................................................. 37 v 2.2.1 Underlay ...................................................................................................................................... 38 2.2.2 Overlay ........................................................................................................................................ 39 2.2.3 Interweave .................................................................................................................................. 40 2.3 CONVENTIONAL SPECTRUM SENSING METHODS .............................................................................................. 41 2.3.1 Energy detector (ED) ................................................................................................................... 43 2.3.2 Matched filter ............................................................................................................................. 45 2.3.3 Feature detection ........................................................................................................................ 46 2.3.4 Cooperative spectrum sensing .................................................................................................... 52 2.4 SOME SPECIAL SS METHODS ....................................................................................................................... 54 2.4.1 Compressed sensing .................................................................................................................... 55 2.4.2 Information theoretic criteria (ITC) ............................................................................................. 56 2.4.3 Markov model-based SS .............................................................................................................. 56 2.4.4 Entropy-based SS ........................................................................................................................ 57 2.5 SOME FUNDAMENTAL LIMITS OF SPECTRUM SENSING AND EXPERIMENT RESULTS ON COGNITIVE RADIO ..................... 58 2.6 SPECTRUM SENSING STANDARDIZATION ....................................................................................................... 63 2.7 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 65 CHAPTER 3 SPECTRUM SENSING FOR WPM BASED COGNITIVE RADIO MULTI-CARRIER SYSTEMS USING PILOT SIGNALS ....................................................................................................................................... 67 3.1 WPM SYSTEMS, COGNITIVE RADIO AND SPECTRUM SENSING ............................................................................ 68 3.2 WAVELET PACKET MODULATION BASED MULTI-CARRIER SYSTEMS ...................................................................... 70 3.3 PROPOSED SPECTRUM SENSING METHODS .................................................................................................... 73 3.3.1 The optimal detection method .................................................................................................... 75 3.3.2 ATDSC .........................................................................................................................................
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