PERIOD 5: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION, c. 1750 TO c.1900 CHAPTER LEARNINGOBJECTIVES CHAPTER OVERVIEW 1450–1750 Ch 16:ReligionandScience II.The GlobalizationofChristianity I.Opening Vignette CHAPTER OUTLINE B.Western ChristendomFragmented: The ProtestantReformation A.In 1500,Christianitywasmostlylimitedto Europe. C.Europeans werecentralplayers,buttheydidnotactalone. B.The earlymodernperiodwasatimeofculturaltransformation. A.The currentevolutionvs.“intelligentdesign”debatehasitsrootsintheearly • • • • • • 2.Luther’s ideas provokedamassive schisminCatholicChristendom 2.Luther’s 1.Protestant Reformationbeganin1517 3.on thedefensiveagainstIslam 2.serious divisionswithinChristianity(Roman Catholicvs.EasternOrthodox) 1.small communitiesinEgypt,Ethiopia,southern India,andCentral Asia 3.science becamepartofthedefinitionglobalmodernity 2.Scientific Revolutionalsocausedanewculturalencounter, betweenscience 1.both Christianityandscientificthoughtconnecteddistantpeoples 3.there iscontinuingtensionbetweenreligionandscienceintheWestern world 2.the ScientificRevolutionfosteredadifferentapproachtotheworld 1.Christianity achievedaglobalpresenceforthefirsttime modern period. To exploretheimplicationsofScientificRevolutionforworldsocieties movement waslimitedinotherpartsoftheworld To explorethereasonsbehindScientificRevolutioninEurope,andwhythat China, India,andtheIslamicworld To expandthediscussionofreligiouschangetoincludemovementsin syncretized withnativetraditions To investigatetheglobalspreadofChristianityandextenttowhichit To examinetheReformationmovementsinEuropeandtheirsignificance science To exploretheearlymodernrootsoftensionbetweenreligionand d.questioned thespecialroleof clericalhierarchy(including thepope) protestwasmoredeeplygrounded intheologicaldifference c.Luther’s wasoneofmanycriticismstheRoman Church b.Luther’s a.Martin Lutherposted theNinety-five Theses,asking for debateabout c.Ottoman siegeofVienna in1529 b.fall ofConstantinopletotheOttomansin1453 a.loss oftheHolyLandby1300 and religion ecclesiastical abuses PERIOD 5: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION, c. 1750 TO c.1900 D.Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America C.Christianity OutwardBound 2.Europeans claimed exclusive religioustruth,triedtodestroytraditional 1.process ofpopulation collapse,conquest,andresettlementmade Native 2.imperialism madetheglobalizationofChristianity possible 1.Christianity motivatedandbenefitedfrom European expansion 8.the Reformationencouragedskepticismtowardauthorityandtradition 7.Protestant ReformationprovokedaCatholicCounter-Reformation 6.religious differencemadeEurope’s fracturedpoliticalsystem evenmore 5.as theReformationspread,itsplinteredintoanarrayofcompetingProtestant 4.the recentlyinventedprintingpresshelpedReformationthoughtspread 3.many womenwereattractedtoProtestantism,buttheReformationdidn’tgive d.commoners wereattractedtothenewreligiousideasasatoolforprotest c.gave anewreligiouslegitimacytothemiddleclass b.some monarchsusedLuthertojustifyindependencefromthepapacy a.fed onpolitical,economic,andsocialtension,notjustreligiousdifferences b.some overt resistancemovements a.occasional campaignsofdestruction againsttheoldreligions religions insteadofaccommodating them Americans receptiveto theconqueringreligion c.missionaries weremostsuccessfulinSpanish America andthePhilippines b.missionaries, mostlyCatholic,activelyspread Christianity a.settlers andtradersbroughttheirreligionwith them b.explorers combinedreligiousandmaterial interests a.Spaniards andPortuguesesawoverseas expansion asacontinuationof b.in thefollowingcenturies,Protestanthabitofindependentthinkingled a.fostered religiousindividualism f.new religiousorders(e.g.,theSocietyofJesus[Jesuits])werecommitted e.new attentiongiventoindividualspiritualityandpiety d.crackdown ondissidents c.new emphasisoneducationandsupervisionofpriests b.corrected theabusesandcorruptionthatProtestantshadprotested a.Council of Trent (1545–1563)clarifiedCatholicdoctrinesandpractices the ThirtyYears’b.1618–1648: War a.1562–1598: FrenchWars ofReligion(Catholicsvs.Huguenots) volatile churches rapidly d.some increaseintheeducationofwomen,becauseemphasisonBible c.only QuakersamongtheProtestantsgavewomenanofficialroleintheir b.Protestants closedconvents,whichhadgivensomewomenanalternative a.Protestants endedvenerationofMaryandotherfemalesaints them agreaterroleinchurchorsociety the crusadingtradition to skepticismaboutallrevealedreligion to renewalandexpansion reading churches to marriage against thewholesocialorder PERIOD 5: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION, c. 1750 TO c.1900 III.Persistence andChangein Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions B.Expansion andRenewalintheIslamicWorld A.African religiouselementsaccompaniedslavestothe Americas E.An Asian Comparison:ChinaandtheJesuits 3.blending oftworeligioustraditionswasmorecommon 3.the mostwell-knownIslamicrenewalmovement oftheperiodwas 2.the syncretismofIslamizationwasincreasinglyoffensivetoorthodoxMuslims 1.continued spreadofIslamdependednotonconquestbutwanderingholy 3.persistence ofsyncreticreligions(Vodou, Santeria,Candomble,Macumba) 2.Europeans oftentriedtosuppress African elementsassorcery 1.development of Africanized formsofChristianityinthe Americas, with 3.missionaries didn’toffermuchthattheChineseneeded 2.no massconversioninChina 1.Christianity reachedChinainthepowerful,prosperousMingandQing c.Christian saintstookonfunctionsofprecolonialgods b.immigrant Christianitytookonpatternsofpre-Christianlife a.local gods(huacas)remainedinfluential h.reform movements persistedand becameassociated withresisting g.the politicalpowerof theWahhabis wasbroken in1818,butthe f.the statewas“purified” e.movement developedapoliticalelementwhen Abd al-Wahhab alliedwith d.aimed torestorestrictadherencethesharia (Islamiclaw) c.aimed torestoreabsolutemonotheism,end venerationofsaints b.founder Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) wasatheologian a.developed inthe Arabian Peninsula inmid-eighteenthcentury Wahhabism c.growing tensionbetweenlocalizedand“pure” Islam b.series ofjihadsinWest Africa (eighteenth/earlynineteenthcenturies) a.helped provokemovementsofreligiousrenewalintheeighteenthcentury men, scholars,andtraders divination, dreaminterpretation,visions,spiritpossession b.early eighteenthcentury:papacyandothermissionaryordersopposed a.Christianity wasunappealingasan“allornothing”religionthatwouldcall c.missionary effortsgained200,000–300,000convertsin250years b.Jesuits wereappreciatedformathematical,astronomical,technological, a.some scholarsandofficialsconverted b.Jesuits especiallytargetedtheofficialChineseelite a.called foradifferentmissionarystrategy;neededgovernmentpermission dynasties e.many ritualssurvived,oftenwithsomeChristianinfluence d.leader ofthechurchstaff(fiscal)wasaprestigiousnativewhocarriedon Western culturalintrusion movement remainedinfluential inIslamicworld Muhammad IbnSaud; ledtocreationofastate attacked corruptIslamicpractices Jesuit accommodationpolicy for rejectionofmuchChineseculture and cartographicalskills for operation the roleofearlierreligiousspecialists PERIOD 5: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION, c. 1750 TO c.1900 IV.A New Way of Thinking: The BirthofModernScience C.China: NewDirectionsinanOld Tradition A.The ScientificRevolutionwasanintellectual andculturaltransformationthat D.India: BridgingtheHindu/MuslimDivide 1.Chinese andIndiancultural/religiouschangewasn’tasdramaticwhat 3.Scientific Revolution wasvastlysignificant 2.creators ofthemovement sawthemselvesasmakingaradicaldeparture 1.was basedoncareful observations,controlledexperiments,and formulation occurred betweenthemid-sixteenthcentury andtheearlyeighteenthcentury. 3.growth ofSikhism,areligionthatblendedIslamandHinduism 2.bhakti movementwasespeciallyimportant 1.several movementsbroughtHindusandMuslimstogetherinnewformsof 4.lively popularcultureamongthelesswelleducated 3.considerable amountofdebateandnewthinkinginChina 2.Ming andQingdynastyChinastilloperatedwithinaConfucianframework a.Confucian andHinduculturesdidn’tspreadwidelyinearlymodernperiod occurred inEurope a.fundamentally alteredideasabout theplaceofhumankind withinthe of generallawstoexplain theworld d.evolved intoamilitantcommunityinresponse tohostility c.gradually developedasanewreligionofthe Punjab b.Nanak andhissuccessorssetasidecaste distinctionsandproclaimed a.founder GuruNanak(1469–1539)hadbeen partofthebhaktimovement; f.Mirabai (1498–1547)isoneofthebest-lovedbhaktipoets e.much commongroundwithSufism,helpedtoblurthelinebetweenIslam d.often setasidecastedistinctions c.appealed especiallytowomen b.effort toachieveunionwiththedivinethroughsongs,prayers,dances, a.devotional Hinduism religious expression b.great ageofnovels,suchasCaoXueqin’s The DreamoftheRed a.production ofplays,paintings,andliterature d.kaozheng (“researchbasedonevidence”)wasanewdirectioninChinese argumentthatindividualscouldseeksalvation c.similarity toMartinLuther’s b.Chinese Buddhistsalsotriedtomakereligionmoreaccessible a.Wang Yangmin (1472–1529):anyonecanachieveavirtuouslifeby b.both dynastiesembracedtheConfuciantradition a.addition ofBuddhistandDaoistthoughtledtocreationNeo- b.but neitherremainedstatic cosmos essential equalityofmenandwomen came tobelievethatIslamandHinduismwere one and HinduisminIndia poetry, andrituals Chamber (mid-eighteenthcentury) elite culture without helpfromapriestlyhierarchy commoners—withdrawal fromtheworldnotnecessaryforenlightenment introspection, withoutConfucianeducation Confucianism PERIOD 5: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION, c. 1750 TO c.1900 C.Science asCulturalRevolution B.The QuestionofOrigins:WhyEurope? 5.by Newton’s death, educatedEuropeanshadafundamentally differentview 4.Sir IsaacNewtonwastheapogeeofScientific Revolution 3.other scientistsbuiltonCopernicus’s insight 2.initial breakthroughwasbyNicolausCopernicus 1.dominant educated-EuropeanviewoftheworldbeforeScientific 7.sixteenth–eighteenth centuries:Europeanswereatthecenterofamassive 6.Western Europecoulddrawontheknowledgeofothercultures 5.Chinese authoritiesdidnotpermitindependentinstitutionsofhigherlearning 4.in theIslamicworld,scienceremainedmostlyoutsideofsystemhigher 3.but Europeanconditionswereuniquelyfavorabletoriseofscience 2.China’s technologicalaccomplishmentsandeconomicgrowthwere 1.the Islamicworldwasthemostscientificallyadvancedrealminperiod800– e.by thetwentiethcentury, sciencehadbecomethechiefsymbolof d.also usedtolegitimizeracialandgenderinequality c.challenged ancientsocialhierarchiesandpoliticalsystems b.challenged theteachingsandauthorityofChurch c.knowledge oftheuniversecan be obtainedthroughreason b.the “machine oftheuniverse”is self-regulating a.not propelledbyangels andspiritsbutfunctionedaccordingto of thephysicaluniverse c.natural lawsgovernboththemicro-and macrocosm b.central concept:universalgravitation a.formulated lawsofmotionandmechanics c.Galileo Galileidevelopedanimprovedtelescope b.Johannes Keplerdemonstratedellipticalorbits oftheplanets a.some arguedthattherewereotherinhabited worlds b.promoted theviewthatearthandplanets revolvedaroundthesun a.On theRevolutionsofHeavenlySpheres(1543) c.a universeofdivinepurpose b.earth isstationary, atthecenterofuniverse a.derived from Aristotle andPtolemy Revolution b.explosion ofuncertaintyandskepticismallowedmodernscienceto a.tidal waveofknowledgeshookupoldwaysthinking new informationexchange b.emphasis wasonclassicalConfuciantexts a.Chinese educationfocusedonpreparingforcivilserviceexams education c.autonomy ofemerginguniversities b.idea ofthe“corporation”—collectivegrouptreatedasalegalunitwith a.evolution ofalegalsystemthatguaranteedsomeindependencefor unmatched forseveralcenturiesafterthemillennium 1400 mathematical principles emerge certain rights variety ofinstitutionsbytwelfth/thirteenthcenturies modernity aroundtheworld PERIOD 5: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION, c. 1750 TO c.1900 F.European Sciencebeyond theWest E.Looking Ahead: Science intheNineteenthCentury D.Science andEnlightenment 7.Catholic Churchstrenuouslyopposedmuchofthisthinking 6.the humanbodyalsobecamelessmysterious 3.Japan keptupsome EuropeancontactviatradewiththeDutch 2.Chinese hadselectiveinterestinJesuits’ teaching 1.science becamethemostwidelydesiredproduct ofEuropeanculture 5.Sigmund Freud(1856–1939)castdoubton humanrationality 4.Karl Marx(1818–1883)presentedhuman history asaprocessofchangeand 3.Charles Darwin(1809–1882)arguedthatall oflifewasinflux 2.in thenineteenthcentury, sciencewasappliedtonewsortsofinquiry;in 1.modern sciencewascumulativeandself-critical 8.some thinkersreactedagainsttoomuchrelianceonhumanreason 7.central themeofEnlightenment:theideaprogress 6.Enlightenment thoughtwasinfluencedbygrowingglobalawareness 5.much Enlightenmentthoughtattackedestablishedreligion 4.Enlightenment thinkersbelievedthatknowledgecouldtransformhuman 3.Immanuel Kant(1724–1804)definedEnlightenmentasa“daringtoknow” 2.scientific approachtoknowledgewasappliedhumanaffairs 1.the ScientificRevolutiongraduallyreachedawiderEuropeanaudience b.Galileo wasforcedtorenouncehisbeliefthattheearthmovedaroundan a.burning ofGiordanoBrunoin1600forproclaiminganinfiniteuniverse b.a smallgroup ofJapanesescholars wasinterestedin Western texts, a.import of Western booksallowed, startingin1720 b.European sciencehad substantialimpactontheChinesekaozheng a.most interestedinastronomy andmathematics struggle some ways,itunderminedEnlightenmentassumptions c.religious awakeningsmadeanimmenseemotionalappeal b.the Romanticmovementappealedtoemotionandimagination a.Jean-Jacques Rousseau(1712–1778)arguedforimmersioninnature d.some evenregardedreligionasafraud c.some werepantheists—equatedGodandnature b.many thinkersweredeists—beliefinaremotedeitywhocreatedtheworld a.in his Treatise on Toleration, Voltaire (1694–1778)attackedthenarrow d.many writersadvocatededucationforwomen c.John Locke(1632–1704)articulatedideasofconstitutionalgovernment b.attacked arbitrarygovernment,divineright,andaristocraticprivilege a.tended tobesatirical,critical,andhostileestablishedauthorities society b.people believedthatscientificdevelopmentwouldbring“enlightenment”to a.Adam Smith(1723–1790)formulatedeconomiclaws c.but noearlyscientistsrejectedChristianity movement rather thanbooklearning but doesn’tintervene particularism oforganizedreligion humankind orbit androtatedonitsaxis PERIOD 5: INDUSTRIALIZATION AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION, c. 1750 TO c.1900 V.Reflections: CulturalBorrowingandItsHazards B.The developmentofearlymodernideastookplaceinanenvironmentgreat A.Ideas shapepeoples’ mentalorculturalworldsandinfluencebehavior. 4.Ottoman EmpirechosenottotranslatemajorEuropeanscientificworks 3.foreign ideasandpracticeswereoften“domesticated” 2.borrowing sometimescausedseriousconflict 1.borrowing wasselective cultural borrowing. a.Ottoman scholarswereonlyinterestedinideasofpracticalutility(e.g., b.Islamic educationalsystemwasconservative,madeithardfortheoretical maps, calendars) anatomical studiesinparticular science todowell