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GradeA EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Certificate No.0224 V44 P Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental Assessment Report (EIA) of WaterwayRegulation Project On Lower Xijiang River by Using World bank Loan Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resources Protection
Public Disclosure Authorized November 1997 National Environmental Assessment Certificate
Serial No.0224
EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentCertificate
Name of Unit: Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resources Protection
Class of Certificate: Class A
Serial No. of Certificate: 0224 of National Environmental Assessment Certificates
Authority of certificate Issuing: National Environmental Protection Bureau
30 December,1989
2 Head of Institute: Wu Yadi(Senior engineer of environmental management)
Deputy Head of Institute: Li Xueling(Senior engineer of Environmental science)
Luo Shusong (Senior engineer of Chemical engineering)
Deputy Chief Engineer: Yan Lianhe(Professor of agriculture and hydrology)
Lin Fangrong(Professor of chemistry)
Wu Qianzhao(Senior engineer of environmental science)
Manager of Project: Luo Chengping(Engineer of environmental impact assessment)
Work Group: Luo Chengping Translators: Wu Renhai
Liu Xinyuan Zhang Zhongquan
Huang Aizhu Gong Ying
Lin Weihua Luo Chengping
Chen Yubo Wu Zhijun
Zhu Yuansheng
Wu Zhijun
3 Table of Contents
1. Introduction 1.1 Objectives and Origins 1.2 Basis for Preparation 1.3 Grade. Scopes and Standards of Assessment 1.4 Assessment Processes 1.5 Main Work Contents and Methods 1.6 Assessment Conductor and Working Staffs 1.7 Assessmentapproval 1.8 Note
2. Description of the Project 2.1 Properties, Aims and Significance of the Project 2.2 Description of the Waterway 2.3 Dimension and Standards of Waterway Construction 2.4 Main Engineering 2.5 Budgetary Estimate and Investment Arrangement 2.6 Engineering Analysis
3. Investigationand Assessment of Current Environmental Situations 3.1 Physical Environment 3.2 Biological Environment 3.3 Socio-Economic Environment 3.4 Living Quality 3.5 Current Scouring and Silting Situations 3.6 Current Water Quality and Its Assessment 3.7 Current Water Supply and Drainage Facilities 3.8 Harbors and Docks 3.9 Current Environmental Noise and Its Assessment 3.10 Investigation of Ship Pollutants
4. Environmental Impact Prediction and Analysis, and Mitigation Measures 4.1 Environmental Impact Prediction and Analysis 4.1.1 Water Quality Impact Prediction and Analysis 4.1.2 Impact Analysis on Aquatic Organisms and Fishery Resources 4.1.3 Rise of Flood Level and Impact on Flood Control 4.1.4 Analysis of Impact on Scouring and Silting 4.1.5 Analysis of Impact on Water Supply and Drainage Facilities 4.1.6 Analysis of Noise Environmental Impact 4.1.7 Analysis of Other Environmental Impacts during Construction Stage 4.1.8 Socio-Economical Environmental Impact Assessment 4.1.9 Environmental Impact Prediction and Analysis of Ship Pollutants 4.1.10 Analysis of Ship Pollution Accident Risk
4 4.2 Project Alternatives 4.3 Countermeasures of Environmental Protection 4.3.1 Measures to Mitigate Water Quality Impact of SS from Dredging 4.3.2 Aquatic Organism and Fishery Resources Protection 4.3.3 Flood Raising 4.3.4 River Erosion and Sedimentation Mitigation 4.3.5 Water Supply and Sewerage 4.3.6 Noise Control Measures 4.3.7 Environmental protection measures during construction stage 4.3.8 Measures to Mitigate Impact of Construction on Waterway Traffic and Harbor Operation 4.3.9 Shipping Pollution Control 4.3.10 Accidental Shipping Pollution Prevention
S. Analysis of Toxic Residues in Fish
6. Environmental Management, Monitoring & Training 6.1 Environmental Management Organization 6.2 Environmental Management during Construction Phase 6.3 Environmental Management during Operational Phase 6.4 Environmental Monitoring 6.5 Training Programs
7. Public Participation 7.1 Methodology 7.2 Workshops and Conclusions 7.3 Public Opinion Survey 7.4 Bulletin in Newspaper 7.5 Response to Public Concerns 7.6 Conclusions
8. Analysis of Environmental and Economical Benefits and Costs 8.1 The Social Benefits of the Project 8.2 Project Investment and Economical Benefits 8.3 Environmental Loss and Environmental Protection Investment 8.4 Environmental Benefits 8.5 Cost-Benefits Analysis of Environmental Economics
9. Conclusions and Suggestions
Appendix 1. Entrusted Letter of Environmental Impact Assessment Work
Appendix 2. TOR of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the Regulation Project on the Lower Xijiang River Channel (Guangdong Province) by Using World Bank Loan
5 Appendix 3. Review Opinions on the. TOR of Environmental Impact Assessment for the Waterwav Regulation Project on the Lower Xijiang River (Guangdong Province) Assisted with World Bank Loan
Appendix 4. Reply Correspondence of Review Opinions on the TOR of Environmental Impact Assessment for the Waterway Regulation Project on the Lower Xijiang River (Guangdong Province) Assisted with World Bank Loan
Appendix 5. Reply Correspondence on the Assessment Standards of the Environmental Impact Assessment for the Waterway Regulation Project on the Lower Xijiang River (Guangdong Province) Assisted with World Bank Loan
Appendix 6. Official Reply Correspondence for the Environmental Impact Assessment Report of Zhaoqing-HutiaomenWaterway Regulation Project on the Lower Xijiang River
6 1. Introduction
1.1 Objectivesand Origins
The waterway regulation project for lower Xijiang river by using World Bank loan consists of two sub-projects: (1) 3,000 dwt seagoing waterway from Zhaoqing to Hutiaomen (simplified as LXR(Z-H) or (Z-H)), (2) 1,000 dwt waterway from Nanhua to Lianhuashan within the branch Liansharong (simplified as L-S-R).
Z-H waterway in the lower Xijiang river refers to the seagoing waterways from Zhaoqing to Hutiaomen in the western part of the Pearl river delta, in which the section from Zhaoqing to Baiqingtou with a total length of 123 km is called as the lower reach section of Xijiang river, and the section from Baiqingtou to Hutiaomen (through Maxi channel) with a total length of 45 km is called as Hutiaomen waterway.
L-S-R waterway with a total length of 90 km locates in the river network of Pearl River Delta, composing of Lianhuashan waterway, Shawan waterway and Ronggui waterway. The waterway is one of the main waterways to link Guangzhou with Pearl River Delta, the coastal areas in the west of Guangdong Province and the mainstream of Xijiang river, and it reaches Shizhiyangto the cast and connects with the mainstream of Xijiang river to the west.
The current maintenance standards of Z-H and L-S-R waterways can no longer satisfy the requirement of regional economic development and the connection with outside. In order to change the rather closed inland water transportation system in Pearl River Delta, and improve the comprehensive transportation network with the coordinate development of waterway, road and railway so as to promote the economic development in the delta and even the whole basin of Pearl River, Guangdong provincial government has put forward the concrete Schemes to develop Pearl River Delta water-borne transportation network, which is based on the General Scheming of Inland Navigation Development formulated by the Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China. The present project is put forward according to the above background.
Guangdong provincial government attaches great importance to the present project. Under the circumstance of fund shortage, extensive investigation was still carried out and a great deal of data collected. In the meantime much survey and research were conducted. All these have laid sound technical-economic foundations for the implementation of the present project. In 1994, Guangdong Provincial Waterway Bureau considered the Hutiaomen waterway regulation project as the critical project of water-borne transportation development in short tern. In the spring of 1995, the bureau conducted the feasibility study for the project, and commissioned the Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resource Protection (SIPRWRP) to carry out the environmental impact assessment work for the project. In May of 1995, Environmental Assessment Report for Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen Waterway Regulation Project in the Lower Xijiang River (2nd phase) was completed by the Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resource Protection, and was
7 approved by Guangdong Provincial EnvironmentalProtection Bureau (see Appendix 6).
With the further progress of the work, and for the convenience of seeking for the World Bank Loan, the regulation projects of LXR(Z-H) and L-S-R waterways were combined into Waterway Regulation Project for Lower the Xijiang River by Using World Bank Loan.
The project is directed by the Guangdong Province Communications Department, which has established a leading group of using World Bank Loan and its executing agency-The World Bank Finance Office of Guangdong Province Communications Department. Meanwhile the project was commissioned to Guangdong Province Waterway Bureau (GPWB) to undertake.
Commissioned by Guangdong Provincial Waterway Bureau, the Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resource Protection undertook the work of preparing environmental assessment report for the project. In the course of report preparation, the requirements of the Regulations on Environmental Protection for Development Projects, and the Notice about Strengthening the Management of Environmental Impact Assessment of Development Projects using the Loan of Financial Organizations, and Environmental Assessment Guidelines of World Bank (OD4.01) have been taken into full consideration.
The objectives of the preparation of environmental assessment report are, according to the relevant regulations of China and World Bank, to maximize the positive effects and to mitigate the negative effects as far as possible so as to obtain economic, social and environmental interests simultaneously. The main points are as follows:
(0)To determine whether the measures to mitigate the negative effects need to take or not, based on the magnitude and the significance of the negative effects and the environmental carrying capacity. When needed, Schemes to mitigate negative effects or protection measures would put forward.
(O) To identify potential long-term environmental effects, and to work out environmental protection measures, the intensity of investment and supplementary routine monitoring Scheme.
) To answer the main environmental issues which the public will much concerns with.
(tI To put forward an environmental management action Scheme in regard to the engineering characteristics of the project so as to ensure regional sustainable development.
1.2Basis for Preparation
(I) Commission Letter of Environmental Impact Assessment issued by Guangdong Provincial Waterway Bureau (the first party), and Technical Service Contract on the Environmental Impact Assessment Work for Z-H and L-S-R Waterways Regulation Project in the Lower Xijiang River signed by Guangdong Provincial Waterway Bureau and Institute of Water Resources Protection and Science of Pearl River (the second party).
8 (2) TOR of Environmental Impact Assessment of Waterway Regulation Project for Lower the Xijiang River by Using World bank Loan, prepared by Institute of Water Resources Protection and Science of Pearl River.
(3) Reply Correspondence of Review Opinions on the TOR of Environmental Impact Assessment for Waterway Regulation Project in Lower the Xijiang River by using World Bank Loan issued by National Environmental Protection Agency, and its annex Review Opinions on the TOR of Environmental Impact Assessment for Waterway Regulation Project in Lower the Xijiang River by Using World Bank Loan
(4) The First Screening Group of World Bank, Memorandum on the Inland Waterway Project in Guangdong Province of China (1996.4.30-5.5), and its Appendix 3 Environmental Documents to be Submitted to World Bank before 1996.8.30.
(5) The Second Screening Group of World Bank, Memorandum on the Inland Waterway Project in Guangdong Province of China (1996.5.20-5.21)
(6) Guangdong Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau, Reply Correspondence on the Assessment Standards of Environmental Impact Assessment of Waterway Regulation Project in Lower the Xijiang River by Using World Bank Loan
1.3 Grade, Scope and Standards of Assessment
1.3.1 Grade of Assessment
According to the classification principle in the Environmental Assessment Guidelines of World Bank (OD4.0 1), the environmental assessment of the project is determines to be class A.
1.3.2 Scope of Assessment
According to the specific locations of the regulation work, the scopes of assessment for water-body and noise are defined as follows.
(1) The extent of water environmental assessment: the whole regulation waterway, that is, Z- H waterway and L-S-R waterway (Nanhua-Lianhuashan).
(2) The extent of assessment of noise, vibration and terrestrial plants: the regions within 200 m on both sides of the waterway.
1.3.3 Assessment Standards
(I) Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards (GB 3838-88) (2) Portable Water Hygiene Standards (GB 5749-85)
9 (3) Fishery Water Quality Standards (GB 11607-89) (4) Environmental Noise Standards for Urban Harbor and both Sides of River (GB 11339- 89) (5) EnvironmentalNoise Standards for Urban Areas (GB3096-93) (6) Comprehensive Wastewater Discharge Standards (GB 8978-88) (7) Ship Pollutants Discharge Standards (GB 3552-83) (8) Pollutants Control Standards of Contaminated Soil Used by Agriculture (GB 4284-84) (9) Wastewater Pollutant Discharge Standards of Guangdong Province ( DB 4426-89)
1.4 Assessment Process (Figure 1-1)
After accepting the commission of Guangdong Provincial Waterway Bureau, Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resources Protection had extensive and deep contact with the specialists and officials of World Bank screening group. In the same time, field surveys were performed immediately, data collected and relevant specialists consulted. On these bases, TOR of Environmental Impact Assessment was prepared and was submitted to National Environmental Protection Agency for approval.
Since the assessment work was heavy and time was limited, investigation of current environmental situations, data collection, and chemical determination and analysis were conducted before the approval of the TOR. In the meantime analysis of current environmental situations and part of environmental impact prediction were also performed. After the approval of the outline, we made some amendments and modifications to the outline according the review opinion and its reply Correspondence. Appropriate control countermeasures and mitigation measures were put forward against the negative impacts. In final the environmental assessment report for the project was prepared.
Since environmental impact assessment for Z-H waterway regulation project had been completed in 1995 and approved by Guangdong Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau, the present report, after having consulted with the relevant responsible departments and negotiated with the specialists of World Bank, mainly focuses on L-S-R waterway. For Z-H waterways, the following three aspects are supplemented: analysis of toxic residues in fish, environmental protection action Scheme and public participation.
1.5 Main Work Contents and Methods
1.5.1 Preliminary Work of the Project
Since this is a project supported by World Bank, loan, environmental assessment must meet both the standards and requirement of environmental protection in our country, and related regulations of environmental protection of World Bank. Therefore, during the preliminary
10 accept commission
negotiation with preparation group of World Bank
field survey, data collection and consulting specialists
prepare TOR of assessment
environmental quality investigation, data collection, and determination and chemical analysis
review and approval ofTOR [| analysisofcurrent public participation [environmental situations
amendment impactprediction and analysis supplement
[control or mitigationmeasures
preparationof environmentalaction Scheme
ipreparationofreport su r
|submit to review and approve
Figure 1-1 Workingprocess of environmentalimpact assessment
stage of assessment,we had extensive and deep contacts with the officialsand specialists of World Bank, and we also invited resource and environmental experts at home to guide our work. 1.5.2 Collection and Analysis of Existing Data
During the preliminary stage of assessment, we went to the related cities and counties to conduct field investigation for many times, and collect data of the local physical environment and social and economic situations. We also made environmental investigation along the waterway and on both sides.
1.5.3 Monitoring and Assessment of Current Environmental Quality
Due to the limited time, we only conducted water quality monitoring in the flood season of 1996. For dry season and ordinary season, we adopted the monitoring results obtained by local environmental protection agencies. Current water quality was assessed with the assessment method of single factor according to the assessment standards confirmed by Guangdong Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau. Noise level was recorded in daytime and at night at three noise sensitive points, and was assessed with the assessment method of single factor according to the assessment standards approved by Guangdong Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau.
1.5.4 Environmental Impact Prediction and Analysis
(1) Social-Economic Environmental Impact Assessment: Impacts on regional economic development, social progress, public living quality and landscape etc. are discussed with the assessment method of investigation.
(2) Prediction and analysis of fishery resources impact: The analysis would mainly focus on the impact on fishery resources and their reproduction, habitats and migration caused by such construction activities as reef-blasting during the construction stage.
(3) Analysis of flood control impact: According to computational results of mathematical model and experimental results of hydraulic model, the change of flood level after the project are analyzed, and its impact on flood control of both sides is discussed.
(4) Prediction and analysis of water quality impact: The prediction focuses on water quality impact caused by the increase of suspended substance (SS) from dredging. With two dimensional dynamic model, the distribution of SS concentrations under different flow pattem are calculated, and the impact on water quality of the water intakes is analyzed.
(5) Analysis of impact of waste earth and dredged materials: waste earth and dredged materials results from such activities as dredging, shoal-cutting and reef blasting etc. The analysis focus on the possible environmental pollution resulting from the disposal of waste earth and dredged materials.
(6) Noise prediction and analysis: 0 The impact of noise from the construction machines on the sensitive points would be analyzed according to the noise exposure level of the machines; ®)
12 levels of ship noise at different receiving points are calculated with the modified empirical model on the basis of noise exposure level obtained by field monitoring, and the scope and extent of noise impact on the sensitive points are assessed through comparing with the related standards.
(7) Analysis of water quality impact caused by ship pollutants: The amount of oil wastewater, sewage and garbage from ships are predicted with empirical equations for the year of 2010, and their probable unfavorable effects on water quality are analyzed.
(8) Other environmental impact analysis: including impact on scouring and silting, impact on harbor facilities, analysis of ship pollution accidents and impact on human health during the construction stage etc.
1.5.5 Measure of Environmental Protection
For various negative environmental impacts during the construction stage and the operation stage, appropriate environmental protection and mitigation measures are put forward, and environmental and economic benefit-loss analysis are conducted in the meantime.
1.5.6Public Participation
Through topic discussion meetings and questionnaire investigations, attitudes, opinions, suggestions and demands of public to the project and its environmental protection programs were collected.
1.6 Assessment Conductor and Working Staffs
(1) Assessment Conductor Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resources Protection , subsided to the Water Resources Protection Bureau of Pearl River Basin, is a holder of Grade A Environmental Impact Assessment Certificate from National EnvirommentalProtection Agency, and is also a qualified unit of measuring recognition.
(2) Main Working Staffs
1.7 Assessment approval (see Tab. 1.2)
1.8 Note
The Z-H Waterway would be simply analyzed because the EIA report for Z-H Waterway regulation project was approved by Guangdong Province Environmental Protection Bureau (see to Appendix 6).
13 Table 1.1 Working Staffs
Name Position Specialty
Projecttechnical responsible Li Xueling Associatedirector of institute, EnvironmentalScience
seniorengineer 4
Projectresponsible luo Chengping Engineer EnvironmentalAssessment
Assessmentof currentEnvironmental HangAizhu Seniorengineer Chemistry qualitv Socio-economicenvironmental Liu Xinyuan Directorof Environmental Economyof waterre assessment AssessmentGroup, senior sources engineer
Fisheryresources impact assessment LinWeihua Seniorengineer Biologicalprotection andcountermeasures
Environmentalimpact of ChenYubo Seniorengineer Chemicalengineering constructionstage and countermeasures__ Environmentalaction Scheme Wu Zhijun Engineer Waterresources planning
Table 1.2 Assessment Approval
item Time Institution Commissionof ETAwork 1996.5 GPWB Preparationof TOR 1996.5-1996.7 SIPRWRP Approvalof TOR 1996.8 TransportMini. & NEPA Modificationof TOR 1996.9 SIPRWRP Preparationof EIAreport 1996.8-1996.12 SIPRWRP Preparatoryapproval of EIA report 1997.1.21 TransportMini. & NEPA Approvalof EIA rt 1997.6.25 NEPA
14 2. Description of the Project
2.1 Properties, Aims and Significance of the Project
Based on the General planning of Inland Navigation Development formulated by the Ministry of Communications, Guangdong provincial government has put forward concrete Schemes for the construction of Pearl River Delta waterway network. That is, within Pearl River Delta, a waterway network composed of 17 waterways (a total length of 851 km) will be developed, of which seagoing waterways and 1,000 dwt waterways are critical. The network will form a pattern of "three longitudinal waterways" and "three transverse waterways".
Three longitudinal waterways are: * Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen seagoing waterways in lower Xijiang River * Bainishui-Hengmen seagoing waterway * Guangzhou (Xiji-Guishandao) seagoing waterway
Three transverse waterways are: * Dongping waterway (Sixianjiao-Daweijiao) * L-S-R waterway (Lianhuashan-Nanhua) _ Xiaolan-Jun'an waterway.
The present project was put forward on the above background. Its aims are, through such regulation works as dredging, damming and reef blasting etc., to raise the navigation standard of Z-H waterway (168 km) from the existing only navigable for 1,000 dwt inland barges to that navigable for 3,000 dwt marine vessels, and to raise the navigation standard of L-S-R (Lianhuashan-Nanhua)waterway from the existing only navigable for 500 dwt inland river barges to that navigable for 1,000 dwt river and seagoing vessels.
With the rapid economic development in Pearl River Delta in recent years, the present transportation system, especially the water-borne transportation system, can no longer meet the requirement. The upper Xijiang river connects with those provinces (regions) such as Yunan, Guizhou and Guangxi etc., and the lower reaches with Pearl River Delta. It also links with Beijiang river and Dongjiang river. The three rivers are linking up, with 8 outlets entering sea. The lower Xijiang river and L-S-R waterway of Pearl River Delta have excellent natural conditions for developing water-borne transportation. The waterway regulation within the lower Xijiang river will create a convenient water-borne transportation environment for the economic development of Pearl River Delta, will break the rather closed inland water-borne transportation pattern in this region, and would improve the comprehensive transportation network with the coordinate development of waterway, road and railway. That will help the enterprises in the region join in the international trade, introduce capitals and techniques, strengthen the development of "export-oriented" economy, enhance the competitive ability of regional import and export trades, and promote the extension of productivity along the coast and the shore, so that the economy in Pearl River Delta or even in the whole Pearl River basin will be brought into full play.
15 2.2 Description of the Waterway
2.2.1 Location of the Project
The waterway regulation project for lower Xijiang river consists of two parts: (1) 3,000 dwt seagoing waterway from Zhaoqing to Hutiaomen ( Z-H waterway), (2) 1,000 dwt waterway
from Nanhua to Lianhuashan within the branch of Liansharong waterway ( L-S-R waterway). The 4 locations are shown in Figures 2-1 and 2-2.
2.2.2 Current Situations of the Waterways
(I) Z-H waterway
Currently, Z-H waterway (168 km) is only navigable for 1,000 dwt inland barges, and its channel grade belongs to Class 3. The waterway from Hutiaomen to Hebao island is a seagoing channel with a navigation depth of 6 m, which is navigable for 3,000 dwt seagoing vessels. The maintenance dimensions of Z-H waterway at the present are shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Cutrent maintenance dimensions of the waterway in lower Xijiang river (Z-H)
____._____ Length Maintenancedimcns (m)| Channel From To (km) Depth Width Bendradius LowerXijiang River Zhaoqing(2nd Sixianjiao 45.0 2.5 80 S00 bridge) _ - LowerXijiang River Sixianiiao Baiqingtou 78.0 2.5 50 360 HutiaomenWaterway Baigingtou J Hutiaomen 45.0 2.5 50 360
(2) L-S-R waterway
L-S-R waterway navigable for 500 inland waterway ship is composed of Lianhuashan channel, Shawan channel, and Ronggui channel, and its navigating guarantee rate is 98%, and its channel grade is Class 4. Its current maintenance dimensions are listed in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Current maintenance dimensions of L-S-R waterway
.______Length Maintenanc'edima ions(mi) Channel From To (Iam) Depth Width Curvature ______m___ radius Lianhuashan Lianhuashan Batangwei 17.0 2.5 50 360 Shawan Batangwei Huoshaotou 24.0 2.5 50 360 Ronggui Huoshaotou Nanhua 49.0 2.5 50 360
2.2.3 Main Facilities along the Waterway
16 The facilities are shown in Table 2.3.
Table 2.3 Main facilities along the waterway
Channel Bridges Cables across Water pipelines Water gates Bank-protection river across river works (left + right) LXR (Z-H) l4(l) 28 0 94(2) (28.09+39.16) km Liansharong 8(3) 27 3 77 (24.98+29.35) km
Waterway - (I) including3 bridgesunder construction and 7 bridgesplaned to be built. (2)all watergates are the gates of thebranches on bothside of Xijiangriver mainstrm. (3) includingI bridgePlaned to be built.
2.3 Dimension and Standards of Waterway Construction
The standards of waterway construction adopt Standard for Inland Navigation Waterway (GBJ 139-90) of People's Republic of China.
Through regulation, Z-H waterway will reach the standard navigable for 3,000 dwt seagoing vessels, and L-S-R waterway (Lianhuashan to Nanhua section) navigable for 1,000 dwt inland and seagoing vessels. The design maintenance dimensions are listed in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4 Design maintenance dimensions of Z-H waterway and L-S-R waterway
Channel Width (m) Depth (m) Curvature radius (m) Z-H waterway 100 6 650 L-S-R waterway 80 4 500
2.4 Main Engineering
The main engineering's include damming, dredging, underwater reef blasting, navigation marks and communication (Tables 2.5 and 2.6). In addition, 62.4 ha (936 mu)of land is required by the project.
On the Lower Xijiang River, the regulation project is divided into 13 sections as follows:
(1) Moyamzhou Shallow Reach The planned navigation line is located at the left bifurcation with a minimum depth of 3.5 m. The length of shallow reach is 1330 m. At the end of the reach, there are some scattered reef- obstacles .The regulated measure is the construction of five groynes in left bank and three groynes in right bank, at the head left bifurcation, and blasting the reef obstacles in Wuma and Hengcha.
17 (2) Dianshuizhou Shallow Reach The planned navigation channel is located at the left bifurcation with minimum depth of 5.3m. The regulated measure is to construct a submerged lock-dam at the islet head. two submerged dam in the left deep channel with crest level of 7.16m.
(3) Qinsha-Fuwan Shallow Reach The planned navigation channel is located in the main channel at right side of Qinsha, and affected by complicated currents of the Beijiang and the Xijiang River. The channel is too wide with a minimum depth of 4.3m, and length 850 m. The regulated measure is the construction of 9 groynes in right bank of right bifurcation end .Fuwan shallow reach is as long as 530 m with less than 6 m depth, and three groynes will be constructed in right bank.
(4) Taipingsha Shallow Reach The planned navigation line is located at the left bifurcation with a minimum depth of 2.8 m, length of shallow reach is 2370 m with some reef. The regulated measure is to construct 2 groynes in the right bank and blast the reef-obstacles at Emao and Sangyan, construct 9 and 2 groynes respectively in the right bank and left bank at the islet tail and dredge the channel at the tail of islet.
(5) Haishousha Shallow Reach The planned navigation channel is located at the left bifurcation with a minimum depth of 2.9m. The length of the left bifurcation is 2430 m., and the minimum depth in islet tail is 3.7 m. The length of reach is 1520m, there are some reef-obstacles in the bifurcation. Regulation measure is to construct dividing dam at the islet head, and construct 4 groynes of teeth-type along the dividing dam, and 11 groynes and 3 submerged dams in the opposite bank, dredge the navigation channel, blast the reef-obstacles, construct 4~groynes in the left bank at islet head, 850m levee in the right bank. In addition, in the opposite bank of Ganzhutan reach, there are 500 m shallow reach with minimum depth 5.2 m, construct 3 groynes and blasted 2 scattered reefs.
(6) Tianhe Shallow Reach Located at the biggest bifurcation of the mainstream of Xijiang River, there is a shallow reach in the right bank of the opposite, with a minitnum depth of 2.9m and length of 1060 m., regulation measure is to construct 3 groynes in the right bank of bifurcation head, 4 groynes and I lock dam in the left bank at islet head, blast the reef-obstacles.
(7) Chaolianzhou Shallow Reach The planned navigation channel is located at the left bifurcation with a minimum depth of 3.6m. The length of upper shallow reach in the head of inlet is 2000 m; and the minimum depth of middle shallow reach is 3.7 m with length 2120m, and along with some reefs. Regulation measure is to construct dividing dam and 4 teeth type groynes and 3 groynes in the opposite bank along the dividing dam, 9 and 3 groynes in the left and right bank of the middle shallow reach respectively, blast the reef at Hetang.
18 (8) Baiqin Shallow Reach The length is 2420 m with a minimum depth of 5.0m. Regulation measure is to construct 14 shoft-groynes in the right bank at the islet head, 2 submerged dams in the opposite bank, a dividing dam with a length of 1370 m at the head. 2 teeth-type groynes along the dividing dam; in the right bank at opposite of teeth-type groynes, construct 13 groynes, blast the reef at Xinsha.
(9) Shibansha Shallow Reach The flow is sharp divided in this reach. After the bifurcation, silt is deposited in the slow velocity zone. The length of the beach is 700 m with minimum depth 3.0 m ,with some reef- obstacles. Regulation measure is to construct I lock dam,9 groynes in the left and right bank, 950 m levee in the left bank. Dredge the channel of inadequate depth, blast the reefs at Xinsha, Dajutou, Guancai and Muzhou.
(10) Siqin Shallow Reach The reach is straight, wide and shallow with seriously inadequate flow volume, maximum width in the reach 325m and minimum depth 2.5m , with some reef-obstacles. Regulation measure is to construct 43 groynes in the left and right bank, 3650 m levee in the scouring course, dredge the channel of inadequate depth, blast the reef in Dongji.
(11) Hengkeng Curved Reach Hengkeng Reach is connected in sharp curvature with the Hemaxi Waterway, the angle of axial-line is 600, curvature radius 256m .The reach is sharp-curved and narrow, dangerous in navigation. Big ship through is very difficult. Regulation measure is to excavate a new channel to increase the curvature radius, block the old river inlet, and blast the reef at Hengkeng.
(12) Yongyezhou Reach The width in this reach varies in interval and the depth in wider part is less than 5.5 m.. Regulation measure is to construct 17 groynes in the right bank of the reach from Hengkeng to Yongyezhou, dredge the channel of inadequate depth, 4700m levee in the scoured course.
(13) The reach from Nanmenchong to the Estuary The course is widening and deepening progressively, in the midstream, and the flow is retarded by the stones of Chizimei and Huniao. Under the action of tidal current, silts deposited and became a beach with minimum depth 2.8 m. Regulation measure is to dredge the left side channel of the stones, blast the stones , construct 10 groynes , I lock dam in the right side, and 1270m levee in scoured course. In the lower reach of Xipaotai, construct groynes in both banks, 9 groynes in the left bank and a dividing dam in the right bank of the estuary. Along the dividing dam construct 10 groynes upstream toward Xipaotai.
On the L-S-R waterway, there are five wide shallows and four sharp bend way one sharp bend way on one-way river course, two bend way on the lower end of the shoal and one on the upper end of the shoal, five narrow shallows, 11 dangerous sections, 18 reefs. The regulations,
19 dredging, straightening, reef blasting and bank protecting will be taken as the works measures for the project and they are as follows:
(I) The regulation works The regulating is taken as the measure combining the dredging for the wide shallows. This type of shallows are: the inlet of the Lianhuashan, Dawutpou and Guanyinsha on Shawan Waterway, Nanhua and Ximaning on Ronggui Waterway.
(2) The widening and dredging works
* The dredging 9 sections are needed to be dredged in the works, and they are the upper end of Ruisheng shoal on Lianhuashan Waterway, Guanyin and Dawutou shallows on Shawan Waterway, and Lijiasha Waterway(for details , see to Fig.2.6 & Fig.2.7)
* The straightening Four places should be straightened, and they are Batangwei, Huoshaotou, Banshawei and Erjiao. According to the design standards, three plans is offered, and the water depth by dredging is 3.5m, 4.Om and 4.5m. On Batangwei it is only needed to be straightened by excavation under the water, no bank protection and dam is needed. The bank protection and dam are needed after the excavation on Banshawei and Erjiao. On Huoshaotou the old bank protection is concrete erect retaining wall, and it should be blasted out and the new concrete hollow block retaining wall will be constructed.
* The reef blasting The reef blasting is on Shawan and Ronggui Waterway, and there are total 18 reef blasting, including 24500 mn reinforced concrete retaining wall blasting on Huoshaotou.(see to Fig.2.6 & 2.7).
* The bank protection The eroding bank on L-S-R Waterway should be protected. The old slope protection on Shawan Waterway is erect revetment, so the new is the erect slope protection. The sloping mound type revetmnentis used on Ronggui Waterway. The total length of the bank protection is 8,375m, the stone filling 75,756 m3, the stone facing 24,723 m3, the crushed stones 20,858 m3 , and the concrete 3,246 m3.
The total engineering quantities of the regulation project is given in Tab. 2.5 and 2.6. The general layouts of the project are shown in Figures 2-4, 2-5, 2-6 and 2-7.
2.5 Budgetary Estimate and Investment Arrangement
Budgetary estimate consists of the following 4 kinds of expense: regulation engineering expense , other expense, land use expense and expense put aside.
20 2.5.1 Summary of Investment (Table 2.7)
Table 2.5 Engineering volumes of Z-H waterway regulation project
Engineering Amount Length (m) Volumes of earthworks Remarks and stonework (m3) Damming 207 31,765 184.13 X I04 Dredging 886.55 X 104 Spit-cutting 3 337.29 X 104 Cutting at Hengkengkou, Nanzhen and Gouweishan Reefs blasting 12 3655 58.8 X 10I Bank 11,500 35.8 X 104 protection Navigation marks 107 2 remote control centers, and 12 docksfor operation ships
Table 2.6 Engineering volumes of L-S-R waterway regulation project
Engineering Amount Length (m) Volumes of earthworks Remarks and stonework (m3 Damming 18 5,100 14.70 X 104 Dredging 314.28 X 104 Spit-cutting 4 211.05 X 104 Cutting at Batangwei, Banshawei, Huoshaotou and Er'jiao Reefs blasting 18 26.46 X 10' Bank 8,375 15.32 X 104 protection Navigation marks 58 2 remote control centers, and 12 docks for operation ships
21 Table 2.7 The project budget
NoJItem .Amount RMB(X 104 Yuan), CorrespondingtoUSS (X 104). I iProject ex ense 380,583.24 .9,744.05 K Construction_engineernn 79,159.24 :9,571.86 3a Purchase of equipment 1,424.00 - .172.19 2 .Other expense .13,393.83 1,619.56 Expense for land use 3 982.00 481.50 4 Expense reserved 29,404.22 3 555.53 Total 127,363.29 :15,400.64
* Thecurrency exchange rate assumesto be RMB8.27/WSS.
2.5.2 Scheme of Annual Investment
Total construction period is proposed to be four fiscal years. The allocation of the investnent is listed in Table 2.8.
Table 2.8 Annual investment plan
jTotal iIst fiscalyear 32ndfiscal year 33rdfiscal year 34thfiscal year ilUnvestment 1 RadioQ' .3100 32S 130 30 31S RMB (x le Yua) 3127,363.29 ,33l,40.84 338,209.02 338,209.02 119104.51
Corespondingto USS(X 104):15,400.64 13.860.16 14,620.19 14,620.19 !2310.10
2.6 Engineering Analysis
2.6.1 Principle of Engineering Analysis
According to the Technical Guideline of Environmental Impact Assessment, and Operational Directives of World Bank (OD4.01), the pollutant discharges are analyzed and quantified on the basis of the characteristics of L-S-R waterway regulation project.
2.6.2. Objects and Contents of Engineering Analysis
2.6.2.1 Construction Stage
All the followings during construction stage will have some impact on regional environment: dredging, the construction activities of damming, underwater reef blasting, spit-cutting and damming, and noise from the construction machines, underwater reef blasting and transportation vehicles, and random discharge of building garbage, living garbage and sewage etc. However, the impact resulting from those factors is local, short-term and reversible.
22 (I) Impact of Waterway Dredging
Impact of suspended substances (SS) resulting from dredging on water quality and fishery resources is local, short-term and reversible.
The amount of SS from dredging can be calculated with the following formula:
Q =Wox R x T Ro in which: Q- amount of SS from dredging (tlh); W- coefficient of SS production (t/m3); R- accumulated percentage of SS particle size at the given Wo (%); Ro- accumulated percentage of SS particle size at the field-measured velocity(%); T- dredging volume (m3/h)
When dredging volume is 1,000.83 m3/h, and the coefficient of SS production takes 1.45 X 10 3 t/m3 ,the amount of SS is estimated to be 16.71 t/h with the above formula.
(2) Impact of underwater reef blasting
There will be 18 reef blasting, and a total volume of reef blasting will be 26.46 X 104 m3 . Noise and vibration (shock pressure in water) from reef blasting will have some influence on buildings along the sides of the waterway and on fish. The extent of influence depends on the quantity of explosives used. The scope of impact generally limits within 200 m from both sides.
(3) Impacts on Aquatic Organisms
Such activities as operating of the construction ships, dredging, damming, reef blasting will damage the habitats of aquatic organisms and benthos, and change their migration behavior and distribution pattern. These impacts are temporary, and after regulation they will recover very soon.
(4) Impact of Land Requisition on Agriculture
The project will make a requisition of 136 mu of lands, which will certainly have some impact on agriculture.
(5) Impact of Noise from Construction Machines
The intensity of noise resulting from ships, machines and vehicles used during the construction stage are ( monitoring at the distance of Im) is as follows. Ship (tugboat): 65 dB(A) Major powered ship: 94 dB(A) Truck: 67-104 dB(A)
23 Dredging craft: 70 dB(A)
2.6.2.2 Operation Stage
(1) Water Quality Impact of Ship Pollutants
After the completion of the regulation project, the transportation volume will increase greatly since the waterway will have been improved and will be navigable for larger tonnage of ship. The resulting oil wastewater, sewage and garbage will have certain impact on water quality.
(2) Ship Noise
After the completion of the regulation project, the traffic flow of ships will increase, and noise from navigation will change. The noise level of whistling is 85 dB(A) ( monitored at the distance of 200 m from the ship), which will have some impact on residents on both sides of the waterway.
24 3. Investigationand Assessmentof Current EnvironmentalSituations
3.1 Physical Environment
3.1. I Topography
The project area situates in the plain region with river network, and along both sides of the project waterway are extensive plains. The landform is slightly higher in the northwest, and somewhat lower in the southeast. Three kinds of landforms dominate on both sides: high plain, low plain and low wet fields, and among them some small residual hills are randomly distributed. The altitude in most areas is between 0.2-2.0 m.
Low wetlands consists of mulberry field and fish ponds etc., which is an artificially modified landform of low plain. High plain locates in the middle and northern parts of Xijiang and Beijiang river deltas with the altitude between 0.5-0.9 m. Low plain, also called sandy land or low sandy land, mainly composes of clays and silts.
3.1.2 Geology
Base rocks in Pearl River Delta are mainly composed by granite, conglomerate, sandstone, shale and argillite formed in different times. Granite distributes in southern and eastern parts of Xijiang and Beijiang river deltas, and other base rocks mainly in northern and middle parts of the delta. Base rocks along the shores of L-S-R waterway are mainly composed by red bed rocks in Cretaceous system and Paleogene system, metamorphic rock in Sinian period and granite in Yanshan period. Weathering crust is 3-4 m thick, with the thickest being 10-20 m.
3.1.3 Soil
Most of lands in the project region are covered with alluvial deposit. Soil types consists of artificial cumulous soil, paddy soil and krasnozem. Artificial cumulous soil, being fertile and acid, sufficient of water, rich of N and P, and lacking of K, is suitable for growing many kinds of crop. Paddy soil is thick and fertile, has strong capacity of keeping fertile and water, distributes in patches, and is easy to be irrigated and convenient for cultivating, but is slightly acid, of high ground water table and lacking of P. Krasnozem is less, distributing on hills and table lands.
3.1.4 Climate
The project region is south to the Tropic of Cancer, with a typical subtropical marine monsoon climate. Winter is short while summer is long, and spring and autumn are near equal. Summer is nearly half year long, from the mid of April to the second half of October. It is warm all the year, and rich of heat. Mean annual temperature is 21.8 0C, the extreme low temperature was -1.3 °C, and the extreme high temperature 36.7 OC.The sunshine is rich, and the rainfall is abundant with the mean annual rainfall of 1648.9 mm. Rainy season is distinguished apparently
25 from dry season. Monsoon changes apparently. In winter north and northeast winds prevail, while in summer south and southeast winds prevail.
.3.1.5 Ground Water
Ground water of the shallow layer in project region belongs to pore water ( mixing phase of sea and land) in alluvial layer with a depth of about 20-50 m, and ground water of deep layer belongs to pore water and crevice water between layers with a depth of about 105 m.
3.1.6 Hydrological Characteristics and Silts
Z-H and L-S-R waterway locates in the tidal area. Water level, flow velocity, discharge and direction change in a very complicate way. Whether in flood season or in dry season, or at high tide or at low tide, they are always different.
According to the statistical data from Rongqi hydrological monitoring station (2) on Yang waterway, the maximum tidal difference of this waterway was 2.0 m, and tidal difference in flood season is small. The highest water level is 3.46 m recorded in 1968, and the lowest -1.lOm. The maximum velocity is 1.72-2.06 m/s.
Silts of Z-H waterway mainly come from Xijiang river, and Silts of L-S-R waterway mainly come from Xijiang river and Beijiang river.
3.2 Biological Resources
It is revealed that there are no critical natural habitats or natural protection zones along the waterway in field investment. From Zhaoqin to Sixianjiao of the lower Xijiang River, there are hilly land and lower mountain at the left bank, and fluvial plain at the right bank which are utilized as agricultural land. From Sixianjiao downstream, both sides of the project waterway are delta fluvial plain, and all land is utilized as farming land and fish pool except some towns and harbors.
3.2.1 Aquatic Organisms and Fishery Resources
The waterway is rich of organic materials. In associate with the tidal effects, special ecological environment forms. Aquatic plant, aquatic animal and benthos are all abundant. Fishes of upper, middle and bottom layers are relatively rich. Ecological communities are very complicated, with the mixture of pure fresh water fish, estuary fish, migration and semi-migration fish.
Records about fish species existed in some historical books. From 19th century to 40's of 20th century, lots of investigation reports were published. After the liberation, fishery development was paid great importance, and there had been many high-level papers published. Especially in 1980's, a systematic research on the aquatic environment in the Guangdong sections of Pearl River was conducted and a monograph was edited based on the results of investigation,
26 which was leaded by Pearl River Institute of Aquatic Product, Chinese Academy of Aquatic Product in associate with Department of Biology in South China Normal University, Zhanjiang Aquatic Product College and Department of Biology in Jinan University. Fishery production statistical data and fishery planning's conducted by various fishery administration departments at the county or city levels provided sound foundations for our environmental assessment.
3.2.1.1 Food Organisms
Phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos and aquatic vascular plant are main natural foods for fish, all of which are called as food organisms.
(I) Phytoplankton Lianhuashan of the project waterway locates in the interfacing point of saline water and fresh water. Salinity of Shawan waterway is great due to the influence of tidal intrusion from Humen. Nanhua-Tianhe is one of the tidal meeting points in the delta. Influenced with both the tidal intrusion and the runoff from upper reaches, phytoplankton includes not only fresh species but also saline species. Its amount and species have different distribution at different times and locations, and dominant species also change with time and space. When runoff is greater and salinity is lower in flood season, fresh species are dominant. However in dry season when runoff is less and salinity is greater, saline species are dominant. Both number and species in Lianhuashan waterway are greater than that in other waterways. Species composition of phytoplankton is listed in Table 3. 1, and their biomass are given in Table 3.2.
Table 3.1 Species composition of phytoplankton in L-S-R waterway
Chlorop-Cyanop- Chryso- Florideo-Xantho- Crypto- Phyrrop- Eugleno-Bacillariop- Total hyta hyta phyta phyceae phyta phyta ha phyta hyta past 29 16 2 0 1 2 1 4 30 82
records ____ sampling 14 8 I / I 2 / 3 I 39 in June
18.96 _ __
Table 3.2 Biomass of phytoplankton in L-S-R waterway unit: mg/kg
Channel Chlorop-Cyanop- Baccillar Chryso- Xantho- Crypto- PhyrrophytaEuglenophyt hyta hyta -iophyta phyta phyta phyta a Xijiang(upper 2.9 2.0 80.0 1.4 / / 2.1 5.8
section) ._ Hutiaomen& 4.9 1.9 87.4 0.4 / I 1.5 7.8
Liansharong - -
The available data indicate that annual mean number of phytoplankton in the waterway was 360,000 IL, and biomass was 1.628 mg/L. Measured results in 12 sampling stations in 1996
27 showed that the number was 512,000-4,290,000 IL, and the maximum value was recorded in Lianhuashanwaterway.
From these two tables it can be seen that the three most abundant groups of phytoplankton are Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta in decrease order. The biomass is Bacillariophyta, Euglenophyta and Chlorophyta in decrease order. Bacillariophyta is excellent foods for fry and some adult fish, Euglenophyta is also a kind of algae easy to digest, and Chlorophyta is the foods for some benthos and plant-eating fish as well as the main foods for zooplankton.
In addition, the concentration of Chl-a in the waterway was also determined from June 13 to 20,1996 so as to estimate the primary productivity. The range of primary productivity for 48 water samples are 1.03-7.70 mglL, and the maximum record also appeared in Lianhuashan waterway. These data indicates that current water quality is between poortrophic to mesotrophic. What is worth to mention is that there are much Cryptomonas and Cyclotella in each sampling station, which indicates that water quality has been polluted in some degree.
(2) Zooplankton The species composition and biomass of zooplankton are summarized in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3 Number of species and biomass of Zooplankton
______Protozoa Rotifea Co oda Cladoce__ Total Channel number biomass number biomass number biomass number biomass nunber biomass (mg/ ~ (gL) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mgn_ mgL). Upperpart of 28 0.3 41 2.1 25 7.5 20 90.2 114 0.061
Lowerpart of 40 0.18 38 5.4 26 3.1 49 91.2 153 1.66 waterwav Present 4 I I I I I I I observation
Samnplingwas conducted in summer. Consequently there were less species due to the effects of seasonal changes of flood, silt, transparency and foods. The seasonal changes of biomass are given in Table 3.4. Table 3.4 Seasonal changes of Zooplankton biomass unit: mg/L Season Protozoa Rotifera Copepoda Cladoceva Spring 0.012 0.067 0.039 2.428 Summer 0 0 0.083 1.080 Autumn 0 0 0.055 0.81 Winter 0.02 0.32 0.36 1.53
28 (3) Benthnic Animal The project waterway is the meeting region of fresh water and saline water. Ecological conditions are very complicated, which provide fine habitats and rich foods for benthnic animals. The composition of benthic animals is given in Table 3.5. The seasonal changes of benthos biomass are presented in Table 3.6.
Table 3.5 Species composition of benthic animals
Channel Annelida Mollusca Aquatic Crustacea Platyhelm- Heteron- Total insecta intes emertini Upper 8 15 12 7 0 0 44
reach I ___I__I Lower 11 26 12 16 0 1 66
reach I ______I______I______I______
Table 3.6 Seasonal changes of benthos biomass unit: g/m3 Channel Spring |Summer Autumn Winter Upperreach 35.67 1.72 39.03 30.72 Lower reach 25.70 30.31 17.34 58.44
The dominant species include: C.Fluminea.LiMnopernaBellamya,Bithynia Fuchsina. Corbulide, Odonata, Nerdis Sp. Dytiscidae, Chironomidae (Tendidae), Macrobrachium Nipponensis, Palaemon (Exopalaemon), Carinicauda,SeyllaSerrata (Forskal) ,Sesarma.
Each year, from July to September is the growing period of the larva of many economic fish and shrimp from South China sea. Cryster and shrimp fry often enter Lianhuashan waterway with tidal currentfor finding food and growing. In the composition of the capture, shellfish, shrimp and cryster occupied over 1/3.
(4) Aquatic plant 99 species of aquatic vascular plants were recorded in literature, which were distributed in spots. Due to the effects of human activities, there are no much aquatic plants in the project waterway now.
In summary, foods organisms in this section of waterway are rich, which lay sound foundation for fishery development.
3.2.1.2 Fishery Resources
Fishery resources of the project waterway are rich. Special ecological environment provide various kinds of habitat for fish, and consequently there exist many different ecological types of fish.
29 (I) Species Composition According to the literature, in the studied waterway there were a total of 197 fish species in 19 orders and 54 families. Among them, order Cypriniforns had 65 species, accounting for 32.99% of the total species, order Perciformes 64 species, 32.48%, order Siluroidei 13 species, 6.6%, order Clupeiforms 9 species, 4.57%, orders Anguilliforms and Mugiliformes 8 species respectively, 4.06% of each, and the other 12 orders with 9 species, accounting for 4.57%.
Different natural conditions and ecological environment in the waterway make these fish have different distribution characteristics. Generally speaking, the species of family Cyprinidae dominate in quantity in the upper sections and are the main components of fresh fish production. Such lower sections as Lianhuashan waterway and Shawan waterway are the habitant regions of salt and fresh water fish, where there are 119 migratory species of which most are in orders Perciformes and Clupeifornns. In the section near the estuary, sometimes the salinity can reach 0.90 %aand even up to 10 %abecause of the influence of tide, but there still exist 28 species of family Cyprinidae. These species belong to migratory species, and those habitant in upper and middle layers are of high quantity while those in bottom layer can still account for over 1/3.
(2) Important Economic Species, Fish Catch and Spawning Field There are more than 40 important economic fish species, included: Macrura Reevesi (Richardson),Coilia Mysms, Mylopharyngodon Piceus (Richardson),Ctenopharyngodon Idellus (CuvierEt Valenciennes),Erythroculter Recurvicrps, Megalobrama Hoffinanni Herreet Myers, CyprinusCarpio Linnaeus ,Carassius Auratus (ainnaeus)Aristichthys Nobilis (Richardson),and et al. Fish catch in upper section is mainly composed of fresh water species. Fishery production in lower section such as Lianhuashan fishery harbor in recent years reached about 3 X 104 tta, of which fresh water species and fresh-salt water species occupy nearly same proportion.
Every year about 1,000 fishing ships on average operate in L-S-R waterway. According to the present investigation, Panyu city has over 300 fishing ships to operate here, with more than 1,000 fishing workers and annual fishery production of 2,000-3,000 t Shunde city has 6004800 fishing ships working here and their annual fishery production was 1,200-1,800t
There exist many of high economical value fish species here, included: Pthchidio Jordani Myers, SinipercaKnern, Acipenser SinensisGray, Macrura Reevesi, MegalobramaHoffinanni Herreet Myers, Chana Asiatica. et al. No spawning fields for semi-migratory large and middle- size fish were found in the project waterway, where there only found some small reproductive fields for some fish of family Cyprinidae which has no strict requirement for spawning conditions. The spawning fields of salt-fresh water fish species mainly locate in the estuary of Pearl River and shallow coastal areas. However, fish fry, shrimp larva and crab larva from esturine areas often enter Lianhuashan waterway for growing, finding food, and habitant etc.
In order to stabilize fishery resources, fishery administrative department put artificial fish fry into rivers. At the present nearly 100,000,000 fries were put into Guangdong reach of Xijiang river each year, and 1,000 X 104 fry and some crab larva into L-S-R waterway each year.
30 3.2.1.3Biological Pollution
Because lots of urban domestic sewage and industrial wastewater discharge into the waterway, certain degree of pollution has been caused.
(I) Bacterial Pollution Wastewater generally contains a great deal of bacteria and colibacillus, which become the main sources of bacterial pollution in the waterway. 26 water samples at ebb and flood tides from 13 stations were analyzed. Bacterial count was between 290 and 16,400 /ml, and colibacillus count between 2300 and 23,800 /L, which are much greater than that in pure river water (generally bacteria count is 100-1000 /ml, coli count 10000 /L). Thus, bacterial pollution in the waterway is apparent.
(2) Toxic Residues in Fish ( details in 5.1)
3.2.2 Vegetation
Becauseof the influence of regional development and human factors, natural vegetation along L-S-R waterway was damaged heavily. The vegetation coverage is relatively high on hills. There is basically no bare land, and flat land was covered with grass and sugarcane etc. Soil loss was slight. Both sides along Shawan waterway and Ronggui waterway were basically covered with artificial vegetation or crops.
3.2.3 Terrestrial Animal
No rare and precious animals were found within 500 meters of both sides along L-S-R waterway.
3.3 Socio-Economic Environment
3.3.1 Communities and Population
The direct economical tributary area of LXR(Z-H) waterway includes 20 municipal districts of four local cities of Yunfu, Zhaoqing, Foshan and Jiangmen associated with their jurisdiction counties.The total area is 3.44 X 104 m2 and the total population is 1,115.6 X 104 showed by the 1994 census , accounting for 19.3% of Guangdong's geographic area and 16.7% of the Guangdong's population.
The assessment region involves 8 towns. 4 of these towns belong to Panyu city, namely, Lianhuashan, Shilou, Shawan and Lanhe, and the other 4 belong to Shunde city, namely, Dailiang, Rongqi, Guizhou and Jun'an.
Total population in the assessment region is about 53.5 X 104 persons, of which
31 agricultural population is 25.5 X 1o0 persons, accounting for about 47.66% of total population. Total population in the 4 towns of Shunde city is 34.5 X 104 persons, of which agricultural population is 16.9 X 10 persons, accounting for 48.90%. Total population in the 4 towns of Panyu citY is 19.0 X 104 persons, of which agricultural population makes up 45.26%.
3.3.2 Social Economics
The tributary area of LXR(Z-H) is abundant in natural resource. Major mineral resources consist of limestone, gypsum chernozem, granite, marble, iron sulfides etc. Being a important agricultural production base of Guangdong province, the tributary area has rich forest resource either Places of natural scenic beauty , such as "the One River, Two Lakes, Three Gorges,
Four Pogodas n in Zhaoqin City and the " Bird Paradise " in Xinhui County are the precious tourism resources of the area.
Geographically, the tributary area of LXR(Z-H) channel, locating at the west margin of the PRD, belongs to the boundary of developed region in Central Guangdong Province and the developing area in West Guangdong Province. Its economical status is within the developed and under-developed level. The Jiangmen district, as more close to the seashore, is economically more developed than Zhaoqing and Gaoming Districts.
According to the statistics in 1995, Total Industrial and Agricultural Output (TIAO) in the region along L-S-R waterway was RMB 78.81 X 10', of which Total Industrial Output(TIO) was RMB 42.2 1 X 10', and Total Agricultural Output (TAO) RMB 36.60 X 108.
TIAO in the 4 towns of Shunde city was RMB 33.89 X 10' , of which TIO is RMB3.09 X 10a (accounting for 9.18%), and TAO RMB 30.80 X 10 (accounting for 90.92%). TIAO in the 4 towns of Panyu city was RMB 44.92 X 10', of which TIO was RMB 39.12 X 10' (accounting for 87.09%), and TAO RMB 5.80 X 10' (accounting for 12.11%).
3.3.3 Water Conservancy and Transportation Facilities
At present, in LXR(Z-H) channel, the flood control is chiefly dependedupon the dykes along river banks, and flood controlling pivotal engineering in upstream is insufficient. Since 1949, through reparation, consolidation and combining of dykes, the flood - preventive capacity has been being increased gradually. Now, the principal dykes for flood prevention are: Jingfeng combined dyke, ZhongshunDyke, Jiangxin Combined dyke and Qiaosang combineddyke. The area of protected agricultural land is 1.34 million Mu with a capacity of against the recurrence flood of 50 year interval. The requirement of flood prevention for middle and small dyke is against recurrence d o 10 - 20 year interval, the dykes in the vicinity of the estuary could be against 10th class typhoon and storm surge. Most of the dykes are made of stone, some of small dykesprotecting less than 10 thousands Mu are made of earth.
According to relevant reports, there are 24.98 km of dikes along the left bank and 29.35 km of dikes along the right bank of L-S-R waterway (Table 3.7). A total of 7 bridges have been built
32 over the waterway. A new bridge ( Maning Bridge ) is pending on approval to build for the Guang-Zhu expressway (Table 3.8).
Table 3.7 Current flood protection dikes from Lianhuashan to Nanhua
Section Length (km) Average crest level (m) Length of dikes =______|left bank right bank leftbank right bank Lianhuashan-Batangwei 13 2.82 3.04 9.65 11.95 Huoshaotou-Nanbian I1 3.48 3.89 3.78 4.41 Nanbian-Batangwei 13 2.81 2.91 4.25 3.29 Huoshaotou-Banshawei 10 3.92 3.96 3.90 1.70 Nanhua-Yingezhu 16 6.40 6.40 0 0 Yingezhu-Banshawei 23 4.84 4.75 3.40 8.00
Table 3.8 Clearance dimensions of bridges across over Liansharong waterway
Section Nameof bndge Highestnavigable water level Clearancedimension Location Remarks
Recurrence Water level Clear width Clea
interval (years) (m) (m) headway(m) l
LianhuashanHai'ou bridge 20 2.00 110 Is 300 m above Lianhuashanin use
-Batangwei harbor
Huoshaotou-New Shawan20 2.59 so Is 400 m eastto the northbank in use
Batangwei bridge ___
Shawanbridge 20 2.59 so I s 300 m eut to thesouth bank in use
Huoshaotou- Dailiang-Daigeroad in use
Banshawei Wushabridge 20 110 I 700 m belowthe vehicle dock in use
Nanhu - Qijiso bridge 20 80 18 300 m above Nanhua brick in use Banshawei l____ l plant
|______Ronggibridge 355 90 la _201.7 kmnbelow Rongqitown in use r______IDeshen bridge 120 13.55 190 16 300 m below Ronggibridge in use
3.4 Living Quality
3.4.1 Levels of Material and Cultural Lives
Since the economical reformation and open-door polices of China . the export-oriented economies in the PRD developed rapidly. As the east central part of the PRD enters into extensive development stage , their comparative economical advantages begins to decrease gradually. Meanwhile , the comparative economical potential in the tributary area along the lower Xijiang river waterway becomes more obvious day after day.
Furthermore, with the transformation and updating of industrial structures in economical
33 zones of the PRD . the labor intensive enterpriseswill doubtlessly shift to and spread in the western marginal area.
With progresses in economy, this area will gain gradual improvements in social culture,
civil construction, medical services and public health sanitation. Subsequently t the population quality will also be improved towards higher education level.
According to the socio-economic statistical data of Panyu city and Shunde city in 1994, current situations of material and cultural lives in assessment region are summarized in Table 3.9.
Table 3.9 Main index of levels of material and cultural lives
Items Unit PanyUcity Shundecity
1.Income RMB _ meanincome per farmer 4652 3788
average annual 9072 13909.22
income per workcr annualincome per capital 10668.95
2. consumption level RMB __
fanner ______4119
on-fanner* t27.01
3. accommodation area Out______urbanarea 26.2 28.9
countrvside _ 33.9 31.5
4 savingdeposits RMB
savings per capita 14333 12722
5.Culture acts ,
number of TV sets/100 persons _ 30 130
6.Education
% of school enrollments % 99 .9 999
1Hygiene . Numberof clinic 27.3 27.8 beds/ 10.000persons numbersof doctor 11.3 13.1
110.000persons _
8. Employment persons 2.0 1.7
34 It can be seen from the table that levels of material and cultural lives in the assessment region is evidently higher than that in the other region, and that in Shunde city is higher that in Panyu city.
3.4.2 Public Health
Epidemic prevention agencies are well developed in the assessment region. Hospitals at the various levels distribute all around the region. On average, number of hygiene agencies in Shunde city is greater than that in Panyu city. However, number of patient beds and clinic medical workers in Shunde city is less than that in Panyu city.
3.4.3 Places of Historical Interest and Scenic Beauty and Tourism
There are no many places of historical interest and scenic beauty. Lianhuashan in Panyu city is a very attractive touring site.
3.5 Current Scouring and Silting Situations
Based upon the topographic mapping of the Xijiang River Course from Zhaoqing to Baiqintou in 1978 to 1992, which is provided by the Guangdong Provincial Scientific Institute of Waterway, the scouring and siltation of the whole river reach were calculated through method of dense section measuring. The results show that the silted reaches are m uch more than the scoured reach, and the river tends to be silted in summary. The total silting accumulation from Zhaoqingto Baiqintou is 9800 x 10 M, the scouring is 5790 x 10 M, and net siltation is 4090 x 10 M. Annual mean siltation is 292104 M', accounted fbr 3.6% of sediment yield. During the period of 14 years from 1978 to 1992, the average silt heightis 0.287m and the annual silt height is 2cm/a.
In the Hutiaomen Waterway, the silt sedimentation (including natural and artificial appears as the silting in branch but scouring in mainstream, and such a situation is very evident in the water gates in Jiangmen and Muzhou River. On the basis of topographic mapping of the channel from 1970 - 1989, the changes in scouring and siltation can be appraised as that the 9.6 km of Hemaxi Waterway from the -Baiqintou to the Muzhou Water Gate has received 41.1 X 104 M silt - The annual mean siltation is 2.2 x 10 M, and annual siltation height is 0.4 cm/a. In the Hutiaomen Estuary, the boundary of the river spreads wider, and the river bed becomes more gentle and the velocity becomes slower. All these factors combined with the back and forth of tidal current and the flocculation of saline water cause a lot of silt deposition in the estuary.
On the whole, along the upstream and downstream of Baiqintou, the entire river bed appears to be silted except scouring in some local reaches.
L-S-R waterway is runoff-dominated. 40% of runoff from mainstream of Xijiang river (discharge at Makou) flows through Nanhua-Banshawei section of Ronggui waterway. Generally
35 speaking, scouring takes place in the narrow sections or the sections with large flow, while silting occurs on shores of the broader river section and on shoals where flow is slow. Results of scouring and silting analysis are listed in Table 3. 10. The results show that there are more scouring sections and silting sections in L-S-R waterway. Scouring is greater than tilting, Overall the waterway is on the state of scouring.
Table 3.10 Results of scouring and silting computation for L-S-R waterway
Section Scouringvoiume Siltingvolume Netvalueof scouring Averap thicknessof Dataperiod and 3 t (101m) (104m) andsilting (10 ml) scouringand silting numberof yeas
(mn)
Lianhuashanwaterway 405.9 256.9 -349.0 .0.36 1971A096.3
(Lianhuashan-Dashawei) _ (a)
Shawanwaterway .924.4 105l1 419.3 .0.94 1984.10-96.03
(Huoshaotou-Batangwei) (11)
Rongguiwaterway .75.7 19.5 -56.2 .0.31 1985.10-96.03 (Huoshaotou-Banshawei) (10)
Rongguiwaterway (Nanhua. .5735.6 106.3 4929.3 -2.000 19U6.10496.05
Banshawei) (9)
The comparison between the sections show that scouring in the section Nanhua-Banshawei is strongest, the second is Shawan waterway. The other two are less.
There are 11 main shoals in L-S-R waterway, where silting mainly takes place. These shoals to which the waterway departments often conduct dredging are the main targets of the waterway regulation project.
3.6 Current Water Quality and Its Assessment
3.6.1 Monitoring of Water Quality
(1) Sampling stations
24 sampling stations were selected, and samples were collected for analysis along the regulated waterway. The location of sampling stations is shown in Figure 3-1 & 3-2.
(2) Monitoring items and analysis methods
14 monitoring items were selected in L-S-R Waterway, namely Water temperature, pH, DO,
CODm,, BOD5 , NH4 f-N, NO2 --N NO3 -N, SS, CN, Oil, Coliform, Bacteria count and Algae etc.
12 items in LXR(Z-H) Waterway, and they are CODw,,, NO2 -N, N0 3-N, phenol, CN, As, Cr", Cd, etc.
Analysis methods are all based on the standard methods specified in Surface Water
36 Environmental Quality Standards.
Water sampling and analyzing were conducted by the Monitoring Center of Water Environment of Pearl River Basin. Samples were taken in each station at low tide and high tide .
3.6.2 Water Quality Assessment
Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards (GB 3838-88) is chosen as the standard for classifyingthe grade of single item. For the sections having defined functions, and their protection objectives was taken as the assessment standards.
The following 10 items are chosen as the assessment parameters: pH, DO, COD)M, BOD, non-ionic ammonia, NO2 -N, N03 -N, phenol, oil and SS.
Water quality class for each assessment parameter is determined by the method of comparing with the standard. Index method was used in assessing water quality at different seasons.
Results of single parameter assessment are listed in Table 3.1 la & 3.1 lb. In LXR(Z-H) Waterway, all items are within class I or 2 , and satisfy the requirement of assessment standard. In L-S-R
Waterway, the concentration of oil, and the concentrations of non-ionic ammonia and NO2 -N in some stations are within class 4 of surface water environmental quality standard. The concentrations of other parameters are within class I or 2. The pH value and the concentration of SS in all the waterway can satisfy the requirement
Table 3.1 la Assessment of Current Water Quality
Channel CODme |NO .N |NO3 -N Phenol CN As Cr I Cd I_ g class class class ma/ ciassmg// ss mcl g mc s mg/L class
Moyanzhou 1.2 1 0.018 1 0.73 1 * b I = b *1 1 0.00022 1
Makou 1.4 1 0.019 1 0.70 1 I_ . I / / . 1 0.00009 1
Taipingsha 15 1 0.023 1 0.68 _ . I s _ I 0.004 1 0.00008 I_
Haishousha 1.4 _ 0.024 1_ 0.70 1 . 1 . 1 / 1 0.004 1 00.00011 1_
Tianhe 1.5 _ 0.026 1 0.681 _ _1 I1 / 1 0.00007 1
Chaolian- 1.6 1 0.027 _ 0.72 _1 _ . I / 0.004 1 0.0000S I zliou-
Baiqintou 1.9 I__ 0.030 1 0.79 1 _ 1 I__ I / 0.004 1 0.00010 _
Muzhoukou 3.9 II 0.004 I 1.10 I . I I I 0.00005 I
ShanghCn, 3.9 II 0.003 1 0.97 1 . I . _ . _ . 1 0.00005 I
Hengshan 3.4 II 0.003 1 0.96 1 1 * 1 1 1 0.00006 1
Yonezhu 4.0 _ 0.0041 _1.00 _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ 000003 1
Xi=aotai 3.6 0003I 1 094I ______000004 I_
Undetectedu
37 Table3.11 b Assessmentof CurrentWater Quality
Channel pH SS4" non-ionic NO].N NO2 -N CODt BOD CN Phenol oil ammonis
mg/L mg/Lclass mg/L Glass mg/L clasmg/L class mg/L class mg/L clus mg/L classmg/L cass
Lianhuashan 1 3 11.0 0.01 _ 1.35 _ 0.302 IV 3.1 II 2.2 I /2 10.00X 1 0.11 IV
Htuoshaotou- 7.S 5.5 0.02 _ 0.60 1 0.026 1 1.2 1 0.7 I / I I I 0.11 IV ftatangwel I I I I I I
Huoshaotou- S.1 2.0 0.05 IV 0.71 l 0.024 l 1.1 1 0.6 I / I I l 0.05 III Banshawei I I _ I
Nkabua 8.0 1.9 0.02 ti 1.17 1 0.024 1 1.1 I 0.6 I I / I 0.11 IV Ranehawel(lower
Nanhua. 8.1 7.5 0.02 II 1.20 1 0.20 I I.1 I 1.0 I 1 0.002 1 0.10 IV Banthowei(upper
(I) . adoptthe recommended standard in TechnicalReplation of EnvionmentalQuality Report Prepion (2) undetected
The concentrationof oil in 70 % of the samples,that of NO2 -N in 8% of the samples,and that of non-ionicammonia in about 20%/oof the samples are within class 4 of surface water environmentalquality standards. Therefore, water qualityin most parts of the waterwaybas been pollutedby oil.
Waterquality in each channelsummarize as follows.
Lianhuashanwaterway: The concentrationsof oil and NO2 -N belong to class 4 of Surface WaterQuality, and the concentrationsof the other items are withinclass I and class 2. Compared withthe monitoringresults in the past years, the conclusionis basicallythe same. Waterquality in dry seasonor at floodtide is worsethan that in wet seasonor at ebb tide.
Shawan waterway:It is the main sources of drinking water of Panyu city. Water quality protectionobjectives are that water qualityaround the water intake must withinclass 2 standard, and that in other sectionswithin class 3 standard.In the present investigation,the concentrations of all monitoringitems did not exceed the standardsand could meet the requirement.In water resourcesprotection area, monitoringresults show little changesamong differentyears, or among flood, ordinaryand dry seasons, or between flood tide and ebb tide. However, in Guanyinsha sectionat the lower Shawanwaterway, the concentrationsof all monitoringitems are higher at floodtide than at ebb tide becauseof the tidal effect. The concentrationof oil is 0.06 mg/L (within class4 standard).
Lijiashawaterway ( that is, from Huoshaotouto Banshawei):It is the drinkingwater sources of the villagesand towns in the southern part of Panyu city. The concentrationsof nitrogen-kind
38 substances are with class 4 standards. the concentration of oil within class 3, and the concentrations of other items within classes I and 2. Comprehensive assessment results indicate that water quality in this waterway can meet the requirement of drinking water sources.
Ronggui waterway (that is, from Nanhua to Banshawei): It is one of the drinking water sources of Shunde city and its administrative villages and towns. The concentration of oil is between 0.07 and 0.15 mg/L, being within class 4 standards, and the concentrations of other monitoring items are within class I and class 2.
Results of water quality assessment are summarized in Table 3.12.
Table 3.12 Water quality assessment of different seasons (L-S-R)
Channel Seasons pH DO COD BOD non- NO2 - NO3 - Phe- oil MD ionic -N -N nol _ ammonia Lianhuashan dryseason 0.50 0.81 0.98 0.49 0.50 0.66 0.14 0.40 1.6 wetseason 0.30 0.63 0.52 0.29 0.50 0.23 0.07 0.40 1.8
______ordinary season 0.53 1.15 0.45 0.34 0.50 0.82 0.07 0.60 1.4 Huoshaotou- dryseason 0.18 0.77 0.41 0.07 0.50 0.16 0.11 0.50 0.40 Batangwei wetseason 0.42 0.52 0.60 0.02 0.50 0.20 0.12 0.50 0.40 ordinarvseason 0.50 1.00 0.79 0.26 0.50 0.13 0.09 0.50 0.40 Nanhua- dryseason 0.58 0.52 0.45 0.53 0.50 0.05 0.09 0.05 0.50 Banshawei wetseason 0.57 0.68 1.00 0.13 0.50 0.10 0.10 0.50 0.50 (Rongguisection) ordinaryseason 0.58 0.73 0.75 043 0.50 0.17 0.08 0.50 0.50 Nanhua- dryseason 0.58 0.72 0.75 0.27 0.50 0.10 0.09 0.50 0.50 Banshawei wetseason 0.55 0.89 0.90 0.23 0.50 0.07 0.10 0.50 0.50 (Donghaiwaterway) ordinaryseason 00.18 0.50 0.08 0.50
In summary, water quality pollution is evident in Lianhuashan waterway and Guanyinsha section of Shawan waterway. Most parts of L-S-R waterway was polluted with oil. The concentrations of non-ionic ammonia in Lijiasha waterway were within class 4 standards. Besides land pollution sources, pollutants from ships navigating on the waterway should not be overlooked. Monitoring results of all items in water resources protection areas could all meet the appropriate requirements.
3.6.3 Investigation on Sediments
3.6.3.1 Monitoring of Sediments
Locations of sediment sampling stations are shown in Figure 3-2.
(1) Monitoring Items and Date
39 Monitoring items for sediment samples are Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu. Hg and DDT. Samples were collected on June 18, 1996. One sample was collected for each station.
(2) Monitoring Results of Sediments
The results are listed in Table 3.13.
Table 3.13 Monitoring results of sediments
Channel Station Cd (mg/kg) Pb (mg/kg) Cu (mg/kg) Zn(mg/kg) Hg (mgtkg) DDT(ug/kg) Lianhuashan Hai'ou 0.20 44.S 5.32 1.08 0.017 2.1 bridge Shawan Guanyinsha 0.40 14.8 5.12 37.3 0.021 1.9 Lijiasha Banshawei 0.20 11.2 10.0 35.2 0.023 1.8 Rongeui Rongai 0.30 12.9 8.62 35.3 0.017 1.3 Xiiiangriver Xijiang 1.83 77.8 48.9 192 0.345 3.0 Assessment pH a 6.5 20 1000 S00 1000 iS standards -
3.6.3.2 Assessment of Sediments
(I) Assessment items, standards and methods
Assessment items include Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Hg: Since there is no assessment standard for DDT, only some general comment are made for DDT.
Assessment standards are listed in Table 3.14.
40 Monitoring items for sediment samples are Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Hg and DDT. Samples were collected on June 18, 1996. One sample was collected for each station.
(2) Monitoring Results of Sediments
The results are listed in Table 3.13.
Table 3.13 Monitoring results of sediments
Channel Station Cd (mg/kg) Pb (mg/kg) Cu (mglkg) Zn(mg/kg) Hg(mg/kg) DDT(ug/kg) Lianhuashan Hai'ou 0.20 44.5 5.32 1.08 0.017 2.1 bridge Shawan Guanyinsha 0.40 14.8 5.12 37.3 0.021 1.9 Lijiasha Banshawei 0.20 11.2 10.0 35.2 0.023 1.8 Ronggui Ronggi 0.30 12.9 8.62 35.3 0.017 1.3 Xijiangriver Xiiiang 1.83 77.8 48.9 192 0.345 3.0 Assessment pH > 6.5 20 1000 500 1000 15 standards
3.6.3.2 Assessment of Sediments
(1) Assessment items, standards and methods
Assessment items include Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Hg. Since there is no assessment standard for DDT, only some general comment are made for DDT.
Assessment standards are listed in Table 3.14.
40 Table 3.14 Assessment standards of sediments*
Items I Cd A Pb I -o n Cu I AR Standards 20 1000 1000 500 15
* fromPollutant Control Standards of ContaminatedSoil Used in Agriculture(GB4284-84)
The index method is adopted as the assessment method.
(2) Assessment results
Pollution index of each item is calculated with the assessment method. Results are listed in Table 3.15. It can be seen that contents of heavy metals in sediments are much smaller than the assessment standards, being suitable for agricultural use. As for various waterways, pollutant contents were greater in Xijiang waterway and Lianhuashan waterway than in other waterways. Since DDT is hard to solve in water, of high stability and high residue, and is not easy to decompose (with half-life period of 2.15 years). Therefore, dredged materials should not be dumped in water resources protection areas so as to prevent from polluting water quality of drinking water sources.
Table 3.15 Pollution index of single factor of sediments
Channel Station Cd Pb Cu Zn H Lianhuashan Hai'ou 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.11 0.001
______bridge ______Shawan Guanyinsha 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.001 Lijiasha Banshawei 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.002 Rong,ui Rongqi 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.001 Xifiangriver Xiiiang 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.19 0.023
3.7 Current Water Supply and Drainage Facilities
3.7.1 Water Gates
Water gates have the functions of irrigating, preventing saline tides, and draining water- logging, and part of them even have the function of discharging wastes. According to the result of uncompleted statistics, along the riparian area of waterway in the regulation project, there are 94 water gates in middle and small scale with total passing volume below 100OM3 /s, 56 along the mainstream of the Xijiang River, 38 along Hutiaomen Waterway, Among these gates, the largers are Shaping Gate, Beijie Gate and Muzhou Gate, etc. The detail of the gates is listed in Tab3.16a and Tab3.16b. According to the statistics, there are a total of 81 small water gates, of which 42 are on left bank and 39 on right bank. Besides, there are 3 small ship gates (locks), of which one is between Nanhua and Banshawei, one between Huoshaotou and Banshawei, and one
41 between Huoshaotou and Batangwei. Details of water gates along L-S-R waterway are summarized in Table 3.16c.
3.1 6a Water gates for irrigation and drainage from Zhaoqin tQ Baiqintou in the LXR(Z-H) Waterway
Name of the Dimensionofthe water_gatefm) Name of Dimensionofthe water ate(m) water gate Leng Wid Height Hole Level of the water Leng Width Height Hole Level
th th number bottom gate th number of
bonom
Left bank: Right bank:
Luoyin 5 5.4 3 2 0.3 Di-rhui 3.5 2 |I |.2
Shizui 5 3.2 3.2 I 1 7 Dia.yi 10 14 _ _
Changli 16.5 25.2 7 I 5.8 Shwei 3.5 2 1 17
Guangli 2.6 2.8 3.9 | 3.9 jinli 2.5 2.3 I 2.4
Heng-cuo 3 3 2 Sheli 2 3.5 - I 17
Shixi 2.8 2.8S Jinzhou 3.5 3 5 _-1.3
Boloduo| | 2.5 3 3 -0.7 Chang. 37 3 8 3.8 I 2.2
- _ § l - _ | - keng - -
Beishui 3 2.8 2 -11 Ximul
Yongfeng- 2.5 3 I -1.0 Tawei duo______
Honging 2.2 2.2 I | 15 - Shaping 14 8 84 7 .18
Wuganding 4 7 | -1.0 Shatian 3 4 4.1 1 4 .7
Jiefangsha 34.5 7 5 1 .1.5 Dakeng 5 4 -041
Heqin 40 32 5.5 I -1.9 Tianhe 5.3 3 5.5 I 0.3
Zhuyuan- 4 3 I .0|6 Xingwo 4 3.5 4 2 1.2 chun
Nanpu 10 3.7 5.3 -1.6 Hengiuang 3.6 4.4 44 1 -1.0 xiza 15 3.5 5.4 1 -1.6 R|_ bou 6.5 84 2 .03
Tagan 11 42 6.5 1 1.0 | Zhouqun 8 52 38 2 -0_8
Lontian 12 2.6 4.21 07 Shawei 4.6 5 5 I -1.0
Leibu 3.6 4S I 06 - linizi | 5.5 4 50 .0.6
Hegan 63 59 - I 1.5 Hengii 5.2 5.7 77 I -2.2
Choulian 6.5 4.2 |I 1. Sankong 5 58 1 1.1
|2Nange -2 - - Yuewan 3.7 3.6 -1.0
Zhishan 4 3_6 .08 Chiaoziao 2.4 5 -1.0
Ekou 44 5.2 1 -1.0 Henghai- 4.3 6.8 2 -0.5
nan
Baimaotou 2 2.6 | 0I Sizhou 6.4 4.5 I 2.5
Jindu
i50nglSongloag|2 7 8.8t -1.7
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.S .ta5 64-Shatou66 .5 I _ _ 3nsa...E.,i,.4Weti- ._ C . 4 ...... 46 ..-05 I__ .------*_ SilaDaiskan to 2 3.8 -.08 I
wel_ Shagao 11 5.76.9-2.3: * I
Ishagao I 1.81 3.4 6.5 -2.3 12 ULiangshen 1tS 5 5.7 -16 t.I .
3.7.2 Water Plant
There are 4 drinking water intakes along Z-H waterway which location is shown in Fig.2-2. Shawan section and Nanhua-Banshawei section of L-S-R waterway are the drinking water sources for some towns administrated by Panyu city and Shunde city. There are a total of 9, of which 7 locates along Nanhua-Banshawei section, 2 along Shawan waterway. Distribution of water plants is listed in Table 3.17, and location of water intakes is shown in Figure 2-3.
Table 3.17 Water plants Channel Name of water plant Position Remarks Nanhua-Banshawei Xideng water plant 200 m in lowerreach of Ximaning waterwaystation left bank Yuanfa water plant 600 m in upper reach of the meeting right bank
_-_____ - ______point of Jun'an channel I______rTong'anwater plant 1.2km in lowerreach of yingezhu right bank Longcongwater plant 1.0 km inlower rech of the right bank diversion point of Jiya channel
__ _ _7______Guizhou water plant 1.2 km in upper reach of Rongqi town right bank
______Daishanwat plant 70 m in upperrch of Deshenbridge leftbank
______0rXiaohangbu water plant 250 m in upperreach of Deshenbridge right bank Shawanwaterway Shawanwater plant 300 m in upper reach of Shawan water gate left bank Panyu 600 m in lower reachof Shawan right bank
3.8 Harbors and Docks
There are a total of 12 main harbors and docks along the waterway, of which 4 are in Lianhuashan waterway, 2 in Shawan waterway, and 6 in Ronggui waterway (Nanhua-Banshawei). Relatively large harbors are Lianhua harbor, Shunde harbor, and Rongqi harbor. Their distribution is shown in Table 3.18.
Table 3.18 Harbors and Docks Channel Harbors and docks Location Remarks Lianhuashan- Lianhua harbor 300 m in lower reach of Hai'ou bridge right bank Batangwei Dock for containers 500 m in lower reach of Hai'ou bridge riBht bank
45 Dock of ship-dismantling 1.5km in lower reachof Hai'ou bridge right bank company Dock of Guangzhou lindao 2.5 km in lower reach of Hai'ou bridge right bank Container Plant Huoshaotou- Dock of Dongcong oil stock 400 m in lower reach of Dongcong water gate right bank Batangwei Dock of Dongcong foodstuffs around Xiadongcongwater gate right bank stock Dock of Shetou touringzone 1.0 km in lowerreach of the diversion point of right bank Jiyachannel Dock of Degao electric 1.0 km in lower reach of the diversionpoint of right bank appliance plant Jiyachannel Nanhua- Dock of Baiyan food and oil 200 m in lower reach of Sishe water gate left bank company _ Banshawei Dock of Shunde sugar plant at diversion point of Shunde branch left bank Ronggi harbor Ronggitown right bank Shunde harbor Banshawei left bank
3.9 Current Environmental Noise and Its Assessment
3.9.1 Assessment Standards and Amount
(I) Assessment Standards
According to the Reply Correspondence on the Assessment Standards of Environmental Impact Assessment of Waterway Regulation Project for.the Lower Xijiang River by Using World Bank Loan (Guangdong Province Environmental Protection Bureau), and the Technical Regulations of Environmental Noise Regioning in Urban Areas (GB/T 15190), the assessment standards of environmental noise are determined and listed in Table 3.19.
Table 3.19 Environmental noise standards for the regions along the waterway dB(A)
Standard value Permissible value of abrupt noise Regions daytime night level at night (ship whistling etc.) <30 m from the grate of protection levee 7 70 >30 m from the grate of protection levee 760 o 65
(2) Assessment Amount
Assessment amount adopts Equal Efficient Continual Noise Level (LAq). L.q is calculated with the following formula:
LAqg = 10gFIgT Ad 110 (3-1)
In which: LA(t)- Instant A noise level, dB (A);
46 T- Monitoring period, second (s).
3.9.2 Investigationand Monitoring of Current Environmental Noise
(1) Monitoring points of noise
A total of 5 monitoring points were set up (Figure 3-2). Among them, four points were on the shore and in residential in both Lianhuashan town and Rongqi town. For these four points, monitoring was conducted once both in daytime and at night. Only one monitoring point was set up on the river bank in Nanhua village so as to monitor the ship noise at peak hours (in daytime) and number of ship passages was also recorded.
(2) Monitoring equipment and method
A. Monitoring equipment In the monitoring HY-105 Noise Detectors were used. The electic-sound property of the detector meets the requirement of international standard IEC[651](1979). Sound calibration was conducted before and after monitoring.
B. Monitoring method According to relevant regulation of Monitoring Method of Regional Environmental Noise in Urban Areas (GB/T14623), monitoring should be conducted in principle in case of no rain and that wind velocity was less than 5.5 m/s. The monitoring point in residential areas was placed witbin I m of residential apartment. The monitoring point at the bank stretch out im, and was vertical to navigation direction. Monitoring lasted for 20 minutes.
(3) Monitoring results
The monitoring results for the 5 monitoring points are presented in Table 3.20.
Table 3.20 Monito resultsof noise No. 1 2 3 4 5 Positionof station on shoreof in residential on shoreof in residential on shoreof Lianhuashan areaof Rongqi areaof Rongqi Nanhua ______Lianhuashan __ Widthof waterway(m) 550 420 920 daytime Leg(dB(A)) 57 55 63 48 59 passagesof IS ships/20 15 ships/20 15 ships/20 15 ships/20 23 shipsl20 ship minutes minutes minutes minutes minutes mainnois sources ship regionaltraffic shio livinet ship night Leg (dB(A)) 52 S0 48 45 passagesof 5 shipsl20 5 shipsl20 0 shipsl20 0 ships/20 ship minutes minutes minutes minutes mainnoise sources ship living waves natural
47 I I I I I environment
(4) Current noise environmental quality assessment
From the monitoring results, all background noise levels in the residential areas of Lianhuashan town and Rongqi town had been within class 2 of GB3096 in daytime or at night. The noise sources were traffic noise near the residential area and socio-living noise, but not the ship noise from the ships sailing on the waterway, since these residential areas were far from the waterway. Background noise levels for the river-side monitoring point were within class 4 of GB3096. In summary, sound environmental quality in the assessment region at present was quite fine.
3.10 Investigation of Ship Pollutants
3.10.1 Oily wastewater from vessels
According to the relevant information, discharge coefficients for the amounts of oily wastewater and oil were determined by comparative method, which are listed in Table 3.21.
Table 3.21 Coefficients of oil wastewater discharge from ships
Items Passenger ships Containers ship Miscellaneous cargo ship others Oil wastewater 0.5 J 0.7 2 1.5 (kg/h.ship) Oil amount (kg/h.ship) 0.005 0.008 0.009 0.009
Amount of oily wastewater and its oil contents were calculated with the following equation:
W =QiAiBi (3-2)
In which: W-amount of oily wastewater and its oil contents from vessels (kg/a) Qi-annual passages of certain kind of vessels ( tankers/a) Ai-sailing time of certain kind of vessels on the waterway (h) Bi-discharge coefficients of oily wastewater or oil from certain kind of vessels (kg/h.tanker)
Sailing time of various kind of vessels on L-S-R waterway was estimated and listed in Table 3.22.
Annual passages of vessels were predicted and presented in 3.23.
Table 3.22 Navigation time of various kinds of ship on L-S-R waterway
Items Passenger ships I Containers ship Miscellaneous cargo ship I others|
48 Time (h) | 2 5 5.25 7
Table 3.23 Ship flow Items Passenger ships IContainersship i Miscellaneous cargo shipI others Ship flow (ships/a) 10,200 15,820 51,042 17,522
Based on the above parameters, it is estimated that total amount of oily wastewater was 785.49 tla, and oil amount was 3.38 tta (Table 3.24).
Table 3.24 Amount of oil wastewater dischargefrom shi s Items Passenger ships Containers ship Miscellaneous others others cargoship Amount of oil 10.2 55.37 535.94 183.98 785.94 wastewater (t/a) I Oil amount (tla) T 0.102 0.633 2.41 0.237 3.381
3.10.2 Investigation of Sewage from Vessels
Sewage from vessels are important pollution sources for the waterway. According to the investigation, at present most of sewage discharges directly into the waterway without any treatment, and pollute water quality.
Amount of sewage-can be estimated with the following formula:
G=YQAiCi/24 x10 (3-3) I-I
In which, G-amount of sewage or garbage from vessels (t/a) Qi-annual passages of vessels of type i (tankers/a) Ai-navigating time of vessels of type i (h) Ci-coefficients of sewage or garbage from vessels (kg/h.tanker)
Various coefficients are presented in Table 3.25, which are based on previous investigation or statistics of 1995.
Table 3.25 Dis hargecoefficients of sewage from vessels Type of vessels number of passages number of crewmen coefficients (kg/h.tankers) Passage ships 500 15 1030 container ships . 15 J30
49 Imiscellaneousfreight ships l-lo 120 others 17 114
With the equation of (3-3) and the coefficients in Table 3.25, it can be estimated that total amount sewage from vessels in 1995 was 1,213.405 t/a, of which that from passage vessels was 875.5 t/a, from container vessels 98.875 t/a, from miscellaneous cargo vessels 167.482 t/a and from other kinds of vessels 71.548 t/a. Therefore, sewage was mainly from passage ships.
3.10.3 Investigationof Bargages from Vessels
According to the investigation, one person on ship produce about 1-1.5 kg garbage per day. With the method of comparison, coefficients of garbage production for various types of vessels can be determined (Table 3.26).
Table 3.26 Discharge coefficients of garbage from vessels
Type of vessels number of number of crewmen Amount of garbage coefficients
passengers _ per capital (kg/d.p) (kg/h.tankers) Passenger 500 15 1.5 1030 container |_ | 15 1.5 30 mixing freight _10 1.5 20 others ______17 1.5 14
Total amount of bargage was 951.92 t/a, of which 65.6.63 t/a from passenger vessels, 98.875 tla from container vessels, 167.482 t/a from mixing cargo vessels, and 53.66 t/a from other types of vessels. Currently, these bargages directly discharged into the waterway without any treatment.
50 4. EnvironmentalImpact Prediction and Analysis, and MitigationMeasures
4.1 Environmental Impact Prediction and Analysis
4.1.1 Water Quality Impact Prediction and Analysis
4.1.1.1 Impact prediction and Analysis of SS in L-S-R waterway
Table 4.1 summarizes total engineering volume of the regulation project of L-S-R waterway, which is abstracted from the feasibility report of the project. The analysis focused on the negative effects of dredging engineering on the water quality of the regulated waterway, while for other engineering they would have less impacts on water quality according to their properties.
Table 4.1 Engineering amount of the regulation project
Types of Engineering Damming Dredging Spit-cutting Reef-blasting Levee engineering number of Construction 18 9 3 18 11 sites (sections)
Construction ranges |5,100 m 20,100 m 4.67 X l0'm 2 5l,155 m 8,375 m
Volume of rock 13.93 / 2.6818 I 7.576 dumping(X 104 m3)
Volume of sand and / / 0.4165 / 2.0858 stone filling(X 104m3)
Volume of stone 0.765 / 0.1813 / 2.4703 building(X 104 m3)
Volume of rock digging 7 26.46 / (X Io' MI)
Volume of mud / 103.23 211.05 / / 3 dredging(X 104 mM )
(I) Analysis of Pollution Source
According to the TOR of assessment, the emphasis of water environmental impact assessment placed on predicting the effects of SS from the regulation project on water quality, and
51 analyzing the feasibility and rationality of the project from the point of water environmental protection, and putting forward mitigating measure for negative effects.
According to the characteristics of project, SS would mainly from dredging works. There would be dredging works both during construction stage and during operation stage. The amount of SS produced during construction stage can be estimated with the following formula:
M = WoRT/Ro (4-1)
where M: amount of SS resulting from dredging works (t/h) Wo: coefficient of SS production, taken as 1.49 X 10 3 h/m3 R: ratio of accumulated particle sizes of SS at given Wo (%) Ro: ratio of accumulated particle sizes of SS transported along the waterway (%) T: volume of dredging per kilometer (m3/h.km)
Based on formula 4-1, the amount of SS resulting from dredging works during construction stage could be estimated. The results are presented in Table 4.2.
During the operation stage, the sources of SS would change as scouring and silting conditions would have changed after the regulation works. For the scouring sections, scouring amount from river bed can be directly presumed as the pollution source. For the silting sections, dredging is needed. Therefore, SS can still be estimated with formula 4-1. The results are listed in Table 4-2.
From Table 4.2, it can be found that volume and intensity of dredging works would be greatest within Lijiasha section of Ronggui waterway, with the dredging length accounting for 41.57% of total length of the project, and the dredging volume accounting for 65.99 % of total dredging volume. Volume of sediments to be dredged per kilometer in Lijiasha section is 7.638 X 3 4 3 104 m /km, being 17.46 times of maximum dredging volume in Shawan waterway (0.44 X 10 m 3 /km), and also being slightly greater than that in Lianhuashan waterway (6.993 X 104 m /km).
The Comparison of the hydrological dynamic conditions and river characteristics between L-S-R waterway and Lijiasha waterway shows that tidal-average water surface width and area of water carrying section of L-S-R waterway is 2.31 times and 4.00 times greater than that of Lijiasha waterway respectively. Tidal current of L-S-R waterway is 3.08 times at flood tide and 5.65 times at ebb tide greater than that of Lijiasha waterway (Table 4.3).
It can be concluded that whether during the construction stage or operation stage, impact on water quality of Lijiasha water would be most evident, since its source of SS would be the greatest, and both tidal current and runoff would be smallest. Consequently, the assessment focus on Lijiasha section.
52 Table 4.2 Properties of regulation Project and Amount of SS
_DOdgingengineering Max. vol. in opeation Amount of SS* _____-______penod
No Waterway Position Lengthof construction Volume of project mIb.km tlh.km
In % X tO'm' X 10nm/km % Scouring Silting Consmucti Opertion
(dry (tlood on period period
_ - - - - penod) season) -
I LianhuashanRuishenzb 4.200 19.40 29.37 6.993 26.45 1.103 15.069 0.0394
_ outou
2 LianhuashanGusnyinsh 1,000 4.62 4.65 4.650 4.50 1.196 10.020 0.0428
_ a shoal .
3 Shawan Liugang 500 2.31 0.22 0.440 02 - 1.196 0.948 0.0428
4 Shawan Daiwutou 1,800 8.31 0.00 / I .196 0.0428
S Shawan Dadaosha 2,200 10.16 004 0.122 0.04 1.196 0.0428
6 Shawan Guanyinsh 400 2.85 0.00 / 1,196 / 0.0428 _ ~~ ~~a,
7 Shawan Modietou 50 2.31 0.19 0380 0.18 1.196 0829 010428
0.341
8 Ronggui Lijiasha 9,000 41.57 68.74 7.638 166.59 0.099 I .778 16.459 0.2376
9 Rongpui Dasbanda-500 2.31 0.02 .040 0.02 0.260 0.086 0.0093
owei _
- 1__lTotal 12000 1924 103.23 .136 '4Z0.00l0,0 0.121 11.067 0.0467
* (1) 1,550m of waterwaybroadening project was classifiedinto the short-cuttingengineering, but it does notincluded in thistable since the projectwould be conducted mainly on theshore. (2) Accordingto the investigationof bed sedimentsin the projectwaterway, volume-weight takes as 2.40 tIm3. (3) Pollutantload of Lijiashawaterway in opemtionstage adopted the scouringin dryperiod. (4) Forthe computationin constructionstage, working hours was 8 hoursper day.
Table 4.3 H ological dynamic conditions Waterway Length Breadth Depth Ax Runoff Tidal current 2 3 (or section) (m) (m) (m) (m ) (M3S) (m /s) I. Lianhuashan 17 500 3-7 2500 -1800-2350 2.Shawan 24 370 3-6 1665 175 -1360-1740 3.Rong ui 39 520 5-9 3640 275 -1238-2632 4.Lijiasha 10 160 2.6 416 140 -402-308 (1+2+3)/4 2.31-3.25 1.15-3.46 4.00- 1.25-1.96 >3.08->5.65
(times) _ 8.75
(2) Hydrodynamic Characteristics
53 For the feasibility study of the regulation project, synchronous hydrological observation of over 27 consecutive hours was conducted at three points in L-S-R waterway from 1996.6.14 to 6.18. The observation items include tidal flow ( velocity, direction and tidal current) and tidal characteristics. At the same time, hourly observation data for the 3 appropriate days in 5 routine tidal observation stations were collected, and samples were also collected to analyze the characteristicsof silt transportation and particle-size distribution of bed sediments. Figures 2-6 and 2-7 shows the position of observation stations. Figure 4-1 depicts the observation results of tidal level at the two ends of Lijiasha section.
At ebb tide, tidal level at Rongqi and Sanshanjiao (Chini )observation stations is much higher than that at Banshawei observation station, which indicates that water flows out from Ronggui and Shunde waterways to Hongqimen waterway. At flood tide, tidal level at Banshawei station is slightly higher than that at Rongqi and Chini stations, indicating that flow of flood tide directs from Hongqimen waterway to Rongqi and Shunde waterways.
Discharge of flood tide at Banshawei station (D-D station) in the lower end of Lijiasha section is in the range of 1,640 - 688 m3/s, while that of ebb tide 883-2940 m3/s. Discharge of flood tide at E-E station in the upper end of Lijiasha section is in the range of -5.44 - -402 m3/s, while that of ebb tide 21.8-308 m3/s. Discharges of flood and ebb tides at Huoshaotou station (F-F 3 3 station) in Shawan waterway are in the ranges of 142 - -1360 m /s and 122 - 1770 m /s respectively.
Based on the above characteristics of tidal flow and tidal level, simulating computation of hydrodynamic conditions and water quality prediction can be conducted.
(3) Water Quality Prediction
The assessment river section (Lijiasha section) can be classified as broad and shallow waters of tidal river network. In case of that boundary conditions are telatively defined, two dimensional shallow water tidal wave formula and convection-diffusion formula are chosen to simulate the transferring and diffusing characteristics of pollutants. The formula are presented as follows.
du a a a gu(u2 +V2)1/2
a du+ v+ g- H+ =° (4-2)
a gV(U2+v 2 )1/2
a u+ga + fuc+ H2 =° (4-3)
-+--a(Hu) +- (Hv) = (4-4)
-gH) +HuS) +AHvS) = - (E Ha)+-(EYH-)+S (4-5)
54 where 1,x and y are time (s), horizontal ordinate (m) and vertical ordinate (m) respectively; u and v are flow velocityat x andy directionsrespectively (m/s); z is the tidal level (m); g is the gravitationalvelocity (m 2/s); f is Corioliscoefficient; c is the coefficientof frictionresistance; S is the concentrationof pollutantto be transferred(mg/L); S. is the pollutantload (g/s.m2); H is the waterdepth (m); and E, and Eyare diffusioncoefficients at x andy directionsrespectively.
* Estimateof coefficients
Fornula 4-2 - 4-4 are called as two dimensionalshallow tidal wave formula. Coriolis coefricient(J) and the coefficient of friction resistance (c) are estimatedwith the following generallyused equations.
f= 2osinmp (4-6)
c = H6 (4-7) n
0.032(H5 1.Om) {0.061(1+ -)(H >.Om) (48
Where ai is angular velocityof earth's rotation(rT); and 47 is latitude.
Formula4-5 is two dimensionalconvection-diffusion formula. Es and E. can be estimated withthe followingequations.
E = 0.6HU. (4-9) 2 E. = 0.011(UB) / HU. (4-10)
Where U. is shear velocity(m/s).
For suspendedsubstances (SS), S. should be treated specially.Besides the dischargesource strength, the ability and the current situations of water-bornesilt should also be taken into consideration.It mightbe done with the followingequation.
55 S,, =aw(S + SO-S.) (4-l)
Where a is the calibration coefficient for the matching calculation; w is the motion fall velocity (m/s); So is the increment of SS concentration caused by the silts stimulating at the source point; S. is saturated rate of water-borne silt (mg/L).
Fall velocity (w) is related to the mechanical composition of silts, and can be estimated with the following empirical equation.
w=-4= (4)k 2 v 3 g(k (4-12) k1 d kki d 4 k1r 2 Where kl, k2 and v are empirical coefficients and kinematic viscosity coefficient (104 m /s) respectively; and d, r and r, are particle size (mm), volume weight of water (t/m3) and volume weight of silt (t/m3).
S. can be estimated with the following equation of hUM,,N. S. = UU.4 Tjgwi (4-13)
* Conditions of solution
ADI method is used for solving equations 4-2 - 4-5, with the following initial conditions and boundary conditions.
( Initial conditions:
V(x,y,t),.,o = Const (4-14) Where V represents the initial values of tidal level (Z), flow velocity in x and y directions and SS concentration. Const is a group of constants given according to environmental conditions of Lijiasha section and computational coefficients.
(©)Boundary conditions:
V(x,y,t)-n = 0 (4-15) Where n is the vector on closed boundary.
V 2 (x,y,:) = Vap(XIY't) (4-16)
Where V, is the process of tidal level (z), flow velocity in x and y directions (u and v); V0 is the measuredprocess curve.
For Lijiasha section and its upper and lowerrelated river nets, F-F cross-sectionand D-D cross-sectionare taken as the open boundariesfor tidal flow control, and E-E cross-sectionas the
56 boundary of branch control. Chini station and Banshawei station are taken as the control stations of tidal level in open boundary.
( Computation scope and coordinates
The directions of longitude and latitude are chosen as x and y coordinate directions. Computation scope and selection of coordinates are presented in Figure 4-2. Since the waterways of Ronggui, Shunde-Shawan and the lower part of Lijiasha go basically in the direction of east, the space step length of grid is taken as 200m ( A x) X 50m (A y). However, the upper part of Lijiasha section goes roughly in the direction of south, so the space step length of grid is taken as 50m x) X 200m y).
* Model verification
Figure 4-3, the comparison between the measured and the computational results of tidal level for Rongqi station, shows good coincidence with slight difference. The difference between the simulated tidal wave phase and the measured tidal wave phase is less than 30 minutes. The characteristic values of tidal level are basically consistent. The difference is mainly due to the conceptualization of the model, and the negligence of small inward and outward channels. It can be considered that the computational results of the model is basically credible.
Figures 4-4 - 4-7 present simulation results of flow under four kinds of typical tidal situations. At ebb tide, water from Shunde waterway would run out through Shawan waterway and Lijiasha section, while at flood tide, tidal waves introduced from Shawan waterway and Hongqimen waterway would influence the flow pattern in Lijiasha section. In the whole, tidal waves from Hongqimen would govern the flow pattern at flood tide. in Lijiasha section.
* Impact prediction and assessment
With formula 4-5 and its related formula 4-2 - 4-4 and the estimated coefficients, the impact on water quality of the project can be predicted, whether during the construction stage or the operation stage. The impact of construction from the engineering works at Banshawei (point to link with Hongqimen waterway at the lower end), Daliangycong mouth ( the middle part ) and Huoshaotou ( point to connect with Shunde-Shawan waterway at the upper end ) was predicted respectively. At the given construction conditions, each construction point can be considered as a point source. Due to its relatively fixed position, accumulation of pollution by the linear source between grids can be ignored. Figures 4-8 - 4-13 and Table 4.4 summarize the results of water quality prediction from the above engineering positions.
(4) Impact Assessment
Fishery Water Quality Standards (GB 11607-89) is chosen as the assessment standard. It defines that artificial increment of SS must not exceed 10 mglL, and it must not cause harmful effects on fish, shrimp and shellfish (mulluscs) when it seditnent on bottom layer".
57 * Construction stage
XL Banshawei construction point From Figure 4-8, it can be found that at rising tide maximum scope of impact on water quality of Lijiasha section caused by the engineering works at banshawei is 3.6 km. Within the scope, increment of SS concentration is in the range of 1.00 - 11.41 mg/L. The maximum incremenml value slightly exceeds the assessment standard, but the scope of exceeding the assessment standard is very small, being limited in a small area with a length of 400 m and a width of 50 m near to the construction point (Table 4.4). Out of the standard-exceeding area, SS concentration is less than 1.0 mg/L. Figure 4-9 shows that at ebb tide silts from the construction will transport toward Hongqimen waterway mainly along the left side. The area with the incremental value of SS concentration being over 1.2 mg/L. is about 1200m. The range of SS incremental value is 1.2 - 7.64 mg/L. There is no exceeding standard area (Table 4.4).
(©) Daliangcongkou construction point
Water quality in Daliangcongkou section is easy to be polluted due to its poor hydrological conditions. Figures 4-10 and 4-11 summarize water quality prediction results for Dailiangyounkou construction point. Figure 4-10 indicates that at rising tide silts from the dredging works may moves up to the waters near Huoshaotou. The increment of SS concentration is in the range of 0.5 - 22.4 mg/L. The maximum increment occurs in waters around the dredging point. The increment of SS concentration exceeds the assessment standard in an area with a length of about 1.6 km and a width of 150 m. However, the prediction results also show that within a tidal day the situation of exceeding the assessment standard would not last for more than 2 hours.
Figure 4-11 shows that at the ebb tide, silts from the dredging works will mainly influence the right side of the section. The increment of SS concentration is in range of 1.5 - 14.99 mg/L in a 4.2 km-long section. The maximum increment occurs near the dredging point. The area of exceeding the assessment standard is about 1,000 m X 100m.
®) Huoshaotou construction point
Water quality prediction results present in Figures 4-12 and 4-13. Since Huoshaotou is a intersecting point of flows and silts from dredging is easy to be transported elsewhere, SS concentration would have apparent increment only in a section of 2.0 km around the dredging point. Table 4.4 summarizes the water quality prediction results for this construction point.
© Other construction point
From the previous analysis, SS source strength of Lijiasha section is 17.36 to 191.5 times greater than that of other construction points ( except of the construction point at the outlet of shallow and wide Shawan waterway), while the tidal current of Lijiasha is 3.08 to 8.55 times less than that of other waterways. That means that both dilution and diffusion abilities in Lijiasha
58 section are relatively poor. Therefore, based on the analysis of water quality prediction for the upper, middle and lower sections, it can be deduce that silts from other dredging works would not have apparent influence on water quality, and there would be no waters exceeding the assessment standard.
Table 4.4 Summary of water qua ity prediction results (SS2 Stage Point Tide Max.increment Area of exceedingtankards Lengthwith SS >1.0 (mg/L) (lengthx width)(m2) mg/L.(kn) Banshawei Flood 11.41 400 X 500 3.6 Ebb 7.64 0 1.2 Construction Daliangycong Flood 22.41 1600 X 150 4.2 stage Ebb 14.99 1000 X 100 4.2 _ Huoshaotou Flood 17.93 500x S0 1.2
______Ebb 11.99 200 X50 1.8 Operation Daliangycong Flood 0.242 0 <0.20 stage Ebb 0.162 0 <0.20
* Operation stage
The previous analysis shows that SS source strength would be very small during the operation stage. Prediction results for Daliangcongkou section, which is relatively easy to suffer water quality impact and has relatively great source strength, indicate that silts from the operation after regulation project would have little impact on water quality. The maximum possible increment of SS concentration would be less than 0.25 mg/L, only accounting for 25% of the assessment standard. Therefore, such impact can be considered as very slight.
* Comprehensive assessment
In summary, the proposed regulation project would have, during the construction stage, temporary impact on water quality of very small areas in some sections and in some time, while during the operation stage, there would be basically no negative impact on water quality. The project is environmental sound in view of water environmental protection, provided that water environmental protection measures put forward in this report are measured and executed during the construction of the project, the operation and the administration.
4.1.1.2 Impacts of Saline Intrusion in Z-H waterway
As shown in the results of hydraulic model test after the construction of groynes and excavation, in the estuary part of Hutiaomen Waterway, the flow velocity and dynamic force would be increased . In dry season, movement of rising and failing tides will be strengthened, and the saline tide changes with sea tide. Therefore, the construction will render a impact on the movement of saline tide in the lower reach of Hutiaomen Waterway. In this section, by using the historic data of chlorinity measured by water quality monitoring stations along Hutiaomen Waterway, after the moving condition of saline tide in Hutiaomen Estuary has been established,
59 and by the aid of mathematics model of averaged saline intrusion in one - dimension tide the changes of saline intrusion after the project are calculated.
(1) Analysis of Historic Date and Information
There are two permanent hydrologic stations along the Hutiaomen Waterway, the Xipaotai Station and Hengshan Station, a set of rather complete measurement on chlorinity been recorded in the Hydrological Annual 1962 - 1965. By using these four - year historic data on chlorinity, a general understanding of the movement of saline tide can be obtained -The movement of saline tide is controlled predominantly by two factors-the runoff from upstream and the tidal current from downstream - During the dry season, the upstream inflow decreases and the moving of saline tide is strengthened. Thus we selected January and February as the observation period at first as in these period the moving of saline tide is more active.
The characteristic data of the saline tide and the corresponding runoff in upstream in the four years (Makou Station) are listed in Tab 4.5, and those at Hengshan Station in 1963-1965 are listed in Tab 4.6.
As shown in Tab 4.5, the chlorinity in Hutiomen estuary is related tightly with the value of runoff of Makou Station in upstream, In general, the chlorinity of the estuary decreases with the increasingof river flow in Makou Station.
In views of the data of these four years, during the dry season in January and February, the averaged maximum chlorinity of Hutlaomen Estuary in flood tide is 6.8, and 2.7 .In average; the maximum chlorinity in ebb tide is 1.5, 0.34 in average.
Tab 4.5 Characteristic value of chlorinity at Xipaotai in dry Season (Jan. & Feb.) Flood tide Ebb tide Monthly flow Date Max Average Min Max Average Min of Makou I______I______Station Jan.1962 4.74 1.08 0.01 0.16 0.02 0.01 4060 Feb.1962 6.19 2.64 0.02 0.68 0.14 0.01 2130 Jan.1963 8.32 3.74 0.11 2.44 0.74 0.01 1380 Feb.1963 7.39 3.76 0.26 2.05 0.64 0.03 1720 Jan.1964 6.03 1.78 0.01 0.79 0.09 0.01 2890 Feb.1964 6.81 2.27 0.01 1.30 0.17 0.01 2830 Jan.1965 7.27 3.36 0.05 2.45 0.51 0.01 1780 Feb.1965 7.13 3.12 0.02 2.34 0.40 0.01 1530 Average 6.74 2.72 0.06 1.53 0.34 0.01 2290 The chlorinity date data is the average value of vertical measuring points.
Tab 4.6 Characteristic value of chlorinity at Hengsha station during the dry season (January and February) Date Flood tide Ebb tide
60 Max. Average Min. Max. Average Min Jan.1963 0.16 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 Feb.1963 0.21 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 Jan.1964 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Feb.1964 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 Jan.1965 0.10 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Feb.1965 0.04 0.01O 0.01 0.0 0.00
As shown in Tab 4.6, the impact of saline tide at Hengshan Station is small. Even in the driest year of 1963, the maximum chlorinity is 0.02 1%, lower than the requirement in national Standard of Surface Water Quality 0.025%. Therefore the water quality in Hengshan Station is not affected by the saline tide.
In order to investigatethe monthly variation of chlorinity in the estuary section, we selected the chlorinity data in the driest year 1963 (P 99 % ) and the corresponding monthly. flow at upstream Makou Station listed in Tab 4.7. As shown in the table, during the period of a whole year, the chlorinity in estuary changes with the flow variation in upstream Makou Station. In dry season of January and February, the inflow from upstream Makou decreases to the minimum and the chlorinity increases to the maximum, In the flood season of July and August,
Tab 4.7 The monthly characteristic value of chlorinity at Xipaotai Station in 1963 Month Flood tide Ebb tide I Flow of Max. AveL ge Min. Max. Avemae Min. Makou 1 8.32 3.74 0.11 2.44 0.74 0.01 1380 2 7.39 3.76 0.26 2.05 0.64 0.03 1720 3 4.75 2.09 0.02 0.60 0.13 I 0.02 2300 4 3.53 0.91 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.01 3430 5 1.40 0.21 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 3770
6 4.48 1.33 0.01 0.17 0.01 2580 _ 7 1.59 0.15 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.01 8000 8 1.42 0.07 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 8140 9 3.94 0.51 0.01 0.44 0.02 0.00 3750 10 4.28 2.05 0.02 1.03 0.08 0.01 2680 11 3.31 1.03 0.00 0.09 0.02 0.00 4460 12 4.54 1.36 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.00 3610 the inflow from Makou increases to the maximum, and chlorinity sharply decreases to the* minimum, the averaged value is only 0.01%, lower than the requirement of National Surface Water Quality Standard of 0.025%. Although the maximum chlorinity in flood tide may be exceeded the standard during the period of flood season, the whole Hutiaomen Waterway is predominantly controlled by the runoff, the impact of saline tide are negligible.
In order to further understand the daily variation of chlorinity during dry month a graph of
61 chlorinity and flow of runoff at the Makou Station is analyzed. It is found that the chlorinity has an inverse relation with the flow at Makou Station. Meanwhile, the influences of tide are significant either.
In summary, By the analysis of historic data, it could be concluded as following: The chlorinitv in Hutiaomen estuary is depended upon the integrated action of flow form Makou and tidal current from downstream, chlorinity has a clearly inverse relationship with the inflow from Makou Station, the moving of saline tide in spring tide is more active than in neap tide.
The activity of saline tide is concentrated mainly in dry season. During the dry season, the maximum chlorinity at Xipaotai Station in flood tide is more than 0.6%, the average is 0.3%, the averaged value in ebb tide is 0.03%, Lower than the requirement of the National Quality Standard for Surface Water. At Hengshan Station, which is located 16 km upstream from Xipaotai Station, there is almost no saline tide influence.
During the period of flood season, Hutiaomen Waterway is controlled by river runoff, the influencesof saline tide are negligible.
(1) Project impact estimation by mathematical model simulation
In this section, by the aids of one dimension averaged saline intrusion model, the impacts of the construction after the regulation on saline intrusion are quantitatively estimated.
A. Basic equation las a3s a as - +U-=-(E -) (4-17) at a 8-x
where s-chlorinity U-averaged flow velocity (m/s) E.-vertical dispersion coefficient (m2/s) t-time (s) x-distance (m)
In average model of one dimensional tide, U is taken as average velocity of flood tide, equ.(4-17) becomes
U-=-(E -) (4-18) dx dxza
Supposed x E [0,L], boundary condition is
S(O)-So
62 S(L)SL
And then, the exact solution of equ. (2) can be obtained analytically,
S -S0 exp(Px/ L)-I (4-19 SL - s0 exp(P) -1 P-UL / E, (4- 20)
B. Computation paameter and boundary condition
The main parameters in equ. (4-19 ) & (4-20 ) are U, the averaged flow ,velocity in flood tide, and E, the vertical dispersion coefficient. The value of U can be obtained experimentally by hydraulic model test
U t 0.7 U,= (4- 21)
Where U,,, is the maximum velocity of flood tide in estuary
According to the characteristics of Hutiaomen Waterway, E, is obtained
E. 620.8U,,,2 (4- 22) Select the averaged flood tide velocity of the spring tide in dry season, 3 Dec 1982, as the reference, U.. - 0.69(m/s), then,
E. =296m2 /s (4-23)
In boundary condition, the upper boundary is at Hengshan and the lower boundary is at Xipaotai, with a distance 16.4km, and the boundary concentration is the averaged chlorinity of flood tide.
C. Designation of hydrological condition
In order to emphases the impact of the construction on the saline intrusion, a typical year when the saline tide was most active should be selected as the observation year, and this year is 1963 according to the hydrological data at Makou Station. In the calculation, the velocity is the one of spring tide in dry season, and the chlorinity is the average value between the highest tide to the lowest tide within one day -The boundary chlorinity can be obtained by statistical average of the chlorinity data in January and February of 1963.
D. Results of computation
Results of computation are listed in Tab 4.8. As shown in the table, the distance of saline intrusion after the construction is only 6m increase, therefore the Impact is negligible.
63 Tab 4.8 List of parameter boundary, condition and results of computation
Phase Before the After the construction construction Parameter Es(m3/s) 296 296 U(m/s) 0.46 0.51 Boundarv Xipaotai 2.79 2.79 condition of Hengshan 0.03 0.03 chlorinitv (o0-3) . Distance of Saline intrusion 16346 16352 (2.5x 1I0')
4.1.2 Impact Analysis on Aquatic Organisms and Fishery Resources
4.1.2.1 Impact on Food Organisms
After the completion of the proposed project, there are no direct impacts on water chemical and physical properties, acidity or alkalinity, and contents of various kinds of nutrients. In flood season, submerged dams forms complicated flow pattern, which will be favourable for the growth and reproduction of food organisms. In dry season, water concentrates relatively to the center of the river. Relative static waters form between dans. On the shallow waters of both sides, since sunshine is plentiful and water temperature is relatively high, phytoplankton reproduce very fast.
Nearly 20 km of L-S-R waterway need to dredge. Amount and species of benthos on the river bed are not much since sediments around the middle part of the bed are mainly composed of middle- or small-sized grain. Although benthos would be damaged to some extent during the construction stage and bottom sediments tend to be poor, aquatic organisms would generally recover in 3-5 years due to their strong adaptive ability. Therefore such impact means insignificant. The dredged materials would not place on the banks, but transport to the dumping areas to dump. In overall, the project would have more positive impact on the growth and the reproduction of food organisms than negative impact.
4.1.2.2 Impact on Fishery Resources
Ecological environment would restore nearly to normal state in some time after the completion of the project. Food organisms would be more abundant. There would be no impact on the species composition of fish. Dams would provide some kind of favorable ecological environment for fish whether in dry season or wet season.
(I) Impact on fish breeding
No spawning fields of middle to large-sized semi-migration fish exist in the project waterway, and spawning fields of salt and fresh water fish mainly distribute out of the Pearl river estuary.
64 Therefore the project would have no impact on fish spawning fields. Although some small spawning ftelds of fish in order Cyprinidae scattered in the project area, they require no strict spawning conditions and they can find new places to spawn even if their existing field's would be damaged by the construction.
In order to stabilize the fishery resources, artificially reproduced fish fry are thrown into the rivers by the aquatic production department from May to October in recent years. The fry enters into Lianhuashan waterway for living and developing. For minimizing the loss, no fry should be artificially put into the sections with reef-blasting and dredging, or construction works should be done in winter.
(2) Impact on migratory fish
There are six species of migratory fish in the project waterway. The spawning fields of these fishes distribute in the upperstreamS in Guangxi. Long distance migratory species have some preference for their migratory route, generally following the route of their ancestors. The project would not block their migratory route. No such impact exists for other semi-migratory fishes.
4.1.3 Rise of Flood Level and Impact on Flood Control
4.1.3.1 L-S-R Waterway
(I) Current Levees and Their Standards
Protection standards of the levees along L-S-R waterway are high. There are 10 levees with the highest protection standard of 100-year recurrence interval and the lowest standard of 20-year (Table 4.9).
(2) Flood (Tidal) Level
According to the statistical information of flood levels of many years, design flood (tidal) levels for the main stations along L-S-R waterway can be determined (Table 4. 10).
(3) Flow Division Ratio along Waterway and Change of Water Surface Height after the Completion of the Project
I) Mathematical model, determination of coefficients, model verification and method of solution.
Table 4.9 Current levees and their standards
Current ability of flood control
65 Name of levee Recurrence interval(Y) Representative station Design water level (m) Shishi 20 Sansha 2.33 Jiaodon / 20 Nansha 2.72 Yuwotou 50 Lingshan 2.90 Longzhen 50 Shawan 2.91 Da'ao 50 M4odietou 2.99 Panshun 20 Sanshan 3.42 Diyi 20 Dazhou 3.23 Ronggao 20 Rongqi 3.55 Qixing 20 Xinchong 4.36 Zhongshun 50 Niaozhou 3.90
Table 4.10 Design flood (tidal) level
waterway Station Freque cy (%) 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 Shawan Sanshan 3.65 3.60 3.51 3.42 3.22 3.11 Sansha 2.33 2.26 2.21 2.12 2.05 1:95 Ronggui Rongqi 4.08 3.92 3.70 3.55 3.39 3.17 Yinggezui 5.31 5.12 4.96 4.72 4.55 4.20 _Nanhua 6.51 6.28 6.03 5.72 5.36 4.92
The Saint-Venant equations are used to simulate the characteristics of flow changes and water level changes before and after the project.
t6Z &Q B-F+ C- = O
(4-24) 61 2Q~ Q6Q$2 QF -+ (gF - B)- + _=g F2 Q2 & F2 H F e F R413 F 22 z
Where Z is water level; Q is discharge; X is the distance along the waterway; t is time; g is gravitational acceleration; F is effective area of water crossing; R is hydraulic radius; n is Manning resistance (roughness) coefficient; B is the width of the waterway.
66 Boundary of the model is placed in the region without the impact of project. Boundary conditions of flow in the upperstream include the flows from Xijiang river, Beijiang river, Dongjiang river and Liuxihe river. The upper boundary conditions are listed in T4ble 4.11. The lower boundary conditions chose the low values of annual mean tidal level.
3 ______Table 4.11 Upper boundary conditions (mnIs)
______Frequency_(%) Station 1 2 5 Makou 46,736 43,747 40,203 Sanshui 15,506 14,514 12,630 Ganzhu 4,510 4,222 3,879 Tianhe 23,064 21,589 19,841 Laoyagang 3,200 3,200 3,200 Fanwu 14,400 13,100 11,300 Zhenjiang 4,180 3,520 2,340
Verification computation is based on the measured flood process from 12:00 of 1994.6.19 to 4:00 of 1994.6.21, from which comprehensive roughness coefficients for various sections are obtained,generally being in the range of 0.020 - 0.030. Verification results are presented in Table 4.12. Difference between the measured and computational results is mostly less than 5 cm, with the exception of 12 cm difference at Banshawei station.
Table 4.12 Results of flood level verification computation on the "94.6" flood Station Tide Measured (m) Computed (im) Difference (m) Nanhua H-H tide 6.05 6.03 -0.02 L-L tide _ _ Xiaolan H-H tide 4.78 4.77 -0.01
L-L tide ______Rongqi H-H tide 3.96 3.91 -0.05 L-L tide 3.71 3.71 0.00 Banshawei H-H tide 3.16 3.16 0.00
______L-L tide 2.77 2.89 0.12 Sanshanjiao H-H tide 3.78 3.79 0.01 L-L tide 3.50 3.54 0.04
Design dimensions of the regulated waterway are 80m broad and 500m of curvature radius, but there are three designed schemes for the depth of the channel, that is, 3.5 m, 4 m and 4.5 m. Therefore, three regulation scenarios can be formed, namely scenario 1, scenario 2 and scenario 3. For each scenario, water level changes and flow division ratio changes after the completion of the project can be simulated.
2) Water level changes
67 The simulated results (Table 4.13 ) show that water level changes very slightly after the completion of the project, with maximum rising level of 3 cm and maximum falling level of 5 cm. The reason is that most of the regulation works are dredging and there are no much of damming works. Comparison between three scenarios indicates that Scenario I would result in slightly greater water level change than Scenario 2 and Scenario 3. Figure 4-14 presents water levels along the waterway based on Scenario 2.
3) Variation of discharge
Table 4.14 summarizes the variation of discharge after the completion of project, which is equal to (Qf,, - Qbef,t)/ Q/f,,ox 100% . The variation is very small, generally being within ± 3%. It is correspond with the variation of water level. The discharge variation in Lijiasha waterway is relatively great, and after the regulation project, discharge will increase 5.8 - 6.5% for Scenario 1, 7.5 - 8.4% for Scenario 2 and 9.6 - 10.4 % for Scenario 3. For Shawan waterway, discharge will decrease about 2%, but in its branch- Xijian channel discharge will increase about 2%. Discharge of Liugang waterway will decrease about 3.5%, and discharge in Lianhuashan will remain unchanged. Therefore, Scenario 2 is better than Scenario I or Scenario 3, from the point of view of avoiding the discharge changes too much and ensuring relatively better benefits of waterwav.
(4) Analysis of Impact on Flood Control
I) After the regulation project, dischargechanges every small (less than 1%) in all waterways with the exception of Lijiasha waterway which have a discharge change of over 5% for all the design frequencies and scenarios. Such small discharge changes will have no much impact on the flood control conditions of both shores.
2) After the regulation project, changes of water level are different along the waterway. From Xiqiaokou downward to Lianhuashan waterway, water level after the project lowers mainly, with the maximum lowering of 0.05 m, which will benefit for flood control. From Xiqiaokou upward to Nanhua, water level are mainly rising, but with the maximum of only 0.03 m, which will have little impact on flood control.
68 Table 4.13 Variations of water level after the project unit: m
- P-1% - P=2% P-5% Position Scenari Scenari Scenar Scenari Scenari Scenari Scenario Scenario Scenar ol o2 io3 o I o2 o3 1 2 io3 Nanhua 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ximaning 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Yinggezui 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Jiyakou 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ronggi 0.00 0.01- 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 Banshawei 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Huoshaotou 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 Modietou 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 Zinikou 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 Dawutou -0.05 -0.05 -0.05 -0.04 -0.04 -0.05 -0.03 -0.03 -0.04 Sanshakou 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.01 -0.01 -0.01 Lianhuashank 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -ou _-
Table 4.14 Variations of discharge after the completion of project (%)
Waterwayor Pel% Ps2fY = P-5 = section ScenarioScenario Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 UpperXijiang river 000 0.0 0.0 00 00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LowerXiiiang river 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Nanhuasection of 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Rongguiwaterway - - Rongeui channel 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Jun'an channel 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Xiaolanwaterway 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 01 0.1 0.1 Xiaolan-Jiyasection 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Jivasection 0.0 00 00 00 00 00 0.0 0.0 00 Dai-Erjiaosection o -0.1 -0.1 .0 1 -0.1 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0 I
Ronggui - - Shunde branch 0.2 0.0 -0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.2 0.2 0.0 -0.2 Ronggi-Banshawei 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 -0. I -0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0. I Hongtimen 0.6 07 08 06 07 08 0.5 0.7 08 Lijiasha 5.8 7.5 9.6 6.0 7.8 10.0 6.5 8.4 10.4 Shavan waterway -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.0 -2.1 -2.1 -2.0 Lianhuashan 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
3) For the same frequency, water level changes for different regulation scenarios are nearly the same, and the amount of changes is also similar. For the same regulation scenario, water level
69 change at different frequency has same tendency. Such tendency exists that the greater the recurrence interval, the greater water level change, but this tendency is not apparent. From the simulation results, water level change in most of sections has no difference for different frequency.
Therefore, it may be considered that the regulation project of L-S-R waterway has no much impact on flood control. Those sections where water level lowers or levee engineering needs would be favorable for flood control. For those sections where water level rise after the project, negative impact can be mitigated by optimizing the project design, organizing construction scientifically and reinforcing levee protection. At the same time, observation of water level during the construction stage and after the completion of the project should be enhanced, and the measured data should be conveyed to the Command and Control Center of Flood Protection.
4.1.3.2 Z-H waterway
(I) Impact Factor on Flood Prevention
Many engineering measures such as groynes, damming, lock-dam, dredging (excavation), levee protection, short - cutting and reef - blasting are used in the regulation of the Lower Xijiang River -The regulation is based upon the function of groynes to concentrate river flow to wash the siltation; the second measure is to excavatewith complement of the levee protection, short - cutting and reef - blasting. The principal measure is the construction of groynes, which is divided into two phases - In fir-stphase, the required navigable depth is 5.Omand navigable width is iOOm,dredging of 40 km, I I levee protection of total length15km, I short cutting ( Hengkeng), 11 reef - blasting, the amount of blasted - stone is 300 thousand cubic metres In second phase, upon the basis of the first phase, navigable depth is 6.0m, most groynes and submerged dams will be added.
Above engineering measures have different actions Double - direction grouped 9,oynes are capable to prevent the scouring of flood to the dyke base, and protect flood control dyke . The single direction grouped groynes has the action of levee revetment; in the upper course of Xijiang mainstream as the river is Wider within this course, the scouring to the opposite bank is relatively small. In Hutiaomen waterway, however, the river is relatively narrow, the single direction grouped groynes could cause some scouring to opposite bank. In order to diminish the unfavourable action of the single direction grouped groynes in the Hutiaoment Waterway, levee protection of 15km is to be constructed. The measures of dredging, reef blasting and short - cutting increase the cross sectional areastraighten and widen the river course, which is very helpful to decrease the flood level, The construction is divided into two phase. The Ist phase mainly consists of dredging and reef blasting to deepen the river course up to 5.Om and widen the river bottom up to lOOm,and a small part of groyne and lock-dam construction. After the scouring and silting reaches a new balance, the 2nd phase, which mainly consists of groyne and lock dam constrUction and excavation to 6. Om depth, begins to put into action. In comparison to the regulation project of Dongping Waterway, the two phase construction of this projects has less influence on the flood level.
70 (2) Analysis of Hydraulic Model Test and Mathematical Simulation Results.
1) Introduction To Hydraulic Model and Mathematical Simulation. The rising of flood level is the key point of the project . In the feasibility study of the project, the hydraulic model test and mathematical simulation has been used - Since fixed - bed condition in the hydraulic model cannot reflecte the evolution of scouring and siltation, and the mathematical model simulation is constrained by the boundary conditions, the results of both studies have some limitation. But it can be used to estimate the impacts on flood prevention.
Hydraulic model test was conducted on the scheme of navigable depth of 6.0 m, and the mathematical model has been simulated the flood hydrograph in both proposals of 5.Om and 6.0 m navigable depth respectively.
2) Analysis of Variation in Flow Division Radio Variation in flow division, ratio could change the distribution of flood peak discharge in different bifurcations, an excessive variation is unfavorable to the flood control. The variation of flow division ratio in proposal of 6. 0 m has beem simulated in hydraulic model, and the results are shown in Tab 4.15. and Tab 4.16.
Tab 4.15 Variation of flow division ratio in the regulation project of the lower Xijiang River waterway
Hydro- Variation Shibansha Muzhoukou Hukeng Chifen logical of Flow frequency ___ l__ . ___ P=5% Division 36.5 0 0.6 -1.1 ratio(m 3/s) Variation OA9 0 0.09 -0.14 Rate (%)0__ P=2% Division 31.0 0.3 0.4 -1.0 ratio m3/s __ Variation 0.38 0.04 0.06 -0.11 Rate (%)0__ __ P=1% Division 19.2 0-1 0 0 ratio (m3/s) , Variation 0.22 0.01 0 0 Rate (%)
71 Tab 4.16 Variation of flow division ratio in the regulation project of the lower Xijiang River waterwav The changes of flow division ratio of Chaolianzhou Reach before and after regulation Location of Q=40203m3/s Q=43747m3/s Q=46737m3/s waterwav- AQi/Qi AQi/Qi AQUQi AQi/Qi AQi/Qi AQi/ Qi Guzhe. 0.5 5.1 0.7 6.9 0.8 8.5 Chiaolia. -2.2 -4.5 -3.3 -6.9 -5.5 -10.7 Beijie 1.7 4.1 2.7 6.4 4.7 12.0 The changes of flow division ratio of Haishousha before and after the regulation Left -0.6 -1.0 -0.8 -1.4 -1.6 -2.7 bifurcation Middle / / / / l / Right 0.6 1.4 0.8 2:0 1.6 4.0 bifurcation I I I The changes of flow division ratio of Taipingsha before and after the regulation Left -1.5 -2.4 -0.9 -1.5 -1.2 -2.0 bifurcation I Right 1.5 3.9 0.9 2.3 1.2 3.0 bifurcation
Note: Q-Discharge in Tianhe or Makou Station. Qi-Discharge in different bifurcation. AQi-Difference of the discharge before and after the regulation.
The ariation of flow division ratio during the regulation of the lower Xijiang River can be divided into two cases. A. The variation of flow division ratio in the regulated and other waterways in the river network of the lower course. B. The variation of discharge division ratio in both left and right bifurcation or left, middle and right bifurcations of islets in the upper river course.
Shebansha, Mozhoukou, Hukeng and Chifen belong to the first Case. According to the results of hydraulic model test, the variations of flow division ratio in above four sections are very small. The maximum variation occurring in Shibansha is only 0. 49 % (P = 5 % ), the discharge increase is less than 40m3/s, and the impact on flood prevention is negligible. The results of hydraulic model test are shown in Tab 4.15.
The main river islets are Taipinsha, Haishousha and Chaolianzhou. As shown in the results of hydraulic model test, variation of flow division ratio in different bifurcation of Haishousha and Taipingsha is small and the impact on flood prevention is negligible. The variation of flow division ratio in the left, right and middle bifurcation of Chaolian Zhou are relatively higher and increase with the increasing of flood discharge, The maximum increase is 12 % in the right bifurcation of Beijie.
Because the above results were Obtained under the fixed - bed condition, and the real variation
72 would be smaller. Therefore,it is convinciblethat the impactof flow division ratio varies on floodprevention of leftand right bifurcationis relativelysmall.
3) The Analysisof Variationof Flood Level
The variation of flood level after the construction undoubtly becomes the focus of flood preventionalong the river. The hydraulicmodel test and mathematicssimulation -ere conducted upon the fixedriver bed conditionssuch as groynes,short cuttingand reef -blasting,other varying factors suchas scouring& siltation,and variationin flow divisionratio has not been included. However,from the analysisof the result,the variationtendency of flood levelcan be evaluate 3) The details of the result of hydraulicmodel test and mathematicalsimulation of flood level along the river can be referred to the relevant report of the ScientificInstitute of Hydraulic Engineeringof Guangdong Province on the hydraulic model test and mathematicalmodel simulation,some of the results are citedand shownin Tab 4.17.
As seen in the result,some conclusionscan be reachedas follows:
Underthe conditionof fixed- bed, there is a risingof floodlevel along the river for 5. 0 m and 6.0 m navigabledepth proposalsexcept in somesections, it meansthe groyneshave some action on the rising of flood level. However,the resultsare constrainedby the fixed - bed condition,the combinedactions of other factors such as scouring,siltation and dredgingare not reflected,the real impactwould be smallerthe calculatedresult.
In the comparisonof results of mathematicalsimulation, the maximumflood level in the 5.Om depth proposalis 0.09m,occurring nearly Hengshan in the lowercourse of Hutiaomenwaterway. But in the proposalof 6.0m navigabledepth, the maximumrising of flood level increasesup to 0.16m in Dianshuizhou. The rising of flood level in the 6.Om proposal is related to the constructionof much more groynes.
The short - cutting at HengKeng,widening and deepeningof the river course have remarkable action to decreasethe flood level for the upstreamriver course. The results of hydraulicmodel test and mathematicalsimulation show the velocityin each regulatedcourse after the regulationis higherthan that beforethe regulation,that in turns increasethe scouringof river bed. Variation of flow division ratio is favorable to decreasethe flood level either. Since the constructionis conductedfrom downstreamto upstreamin a way of section by section, that is helpfulfor the securing of river bed -After 5 years construction,the river bed will reach a new balance of scouring. On the other hand, the mathematicalsimulation of the 6.Omproposal was finishedby one step of calculation,and failing to be revisedupon the fallingof flood levelafter 5.0 m depth constructionin the first stage. Therefore,the real flood level should be much lower than the calculatedvalue.
(3) Analysisof the Impacton Flood Prevention From aboveanalysis, it is known that the maximumflood level afterthe first stage constructionof 5.Om navigable depth will have 0.09m rise, mainly occurring between Hengshang and
73 Yongyezhou. The real flood level rise is probably less than 0.09m as analyzed in above, and the first stage construction has less influence on the flood control.
The flood level rise of the second stage construction of 6.0m navigable depth should occurs upstream from Dianshuizhou, and the maximum is 0.16m Since the present flood prevention levels of Jingfeng Combined Dykes and shapuwei Dyke, which are the principal dykes in upstream of Dianshuizhou, are lower than the highest flood levels in history (See Tab. 4 - 3 - I for detail), the dykes along the whole lower Xijiang River -ill be re,etted up to higher criteria of flood prevention in the Flood Prevention Plan of The Pearl River Ualley. For example, Jingfeng Combined Dykes will be consolidated to against 50 year interval recurrent flood, Shapu Dyke 20 year interval recurrent flood, dykes along Hutiaomem Waterway 20 year interval recurrent flood. Moreover, two water conservancy constructions of total reservoir volume of 9.0 billion M3, Longtan and Datengxia Water Conservancy Construction, have been planned in blueprint of the Flood Prevention Plan of the Pearl River Valley, that will double the flood prevention capabilities of above dykes.
(4) Conclusion A .Groyne groups can raise the resistance of dykes against the scouring, showing favorable impact. B. Variation of division ratio of each bifurcation is relatively small to cause unfavorable impact on the flood prevention level of each bifurcation. C. The first stage constraction of 5.Omnavigable depth has less influence on the flood level rise. D. The second stage construction of 6.Omnavigable depth may cause clear flood level rise in the upper course. E. The short - cutting at Hengkeng has remarkable action on falling of flood level. F. After the construction the two water conservancy constructions in the upper course of Xijiang River and revetment of dykes along the river, the impact of flood level rise will be decreased further.
Tab4.17 Results of mathematical model computation of the flood level changes in two proposals before and after the regulation construction (m)
NO. Name of the section Navigable depth Navigable depth Navigable depth 2 (p I%) _I (p - 2 %) _ (p = 5 %) 5.0 6.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 6.0 1 GaoYao 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.05 29 MoYanZhouTou 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 42 MoYanZhouWei 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.04 53 DianshuiZhouTou 0.03 0.16 0.03 0.16 0.02 0.16 58 DianshuiZhouWei 0.02 0.16 0.02 0.16 0.01 0.15 61 Qinshatou 0.03 0.16 0.02 0.16 0.02 0.16 67 Qinshawei 0.02 0.16 0.02 0.16 0.02 0.16 71 Xichiaokou 0.02 0.13 0.02 0.13 0.02 0.13 78 Makkou 0.02 0.13 0.01 0.13 0.01 0.13
74 91 Fuwan 0.02 0.12 0.02 0.12 0.0! 0.11 93 Xi-17i 0.02 0.12 0.03 0.13 0.02 0.12 98 TaiPinshaZhouTou 0.04 0.14 0.04 0.15 0.04 0.14 110 TaipingshaZhouWei 0.05 0.14 0.05 0.14 0.05 0.14 112 Xij15# 0.05 0.09 0.06 0.10 0.06 0.10 114 Gaoming Bridge (Xi- 0.06 0.13 0.05 0.13 0.05 0.13 14) 116 GuLauXi 13# 0.06 0.14 0.05 0.13 0.05 0.13 119 Haishaoshatou 0.05 0.12 0.04 0.12 0.04 0.11 122 Xi-12U-Left & Mid. 0.03 0.11 0.02 0.11 0.02 0.11 126 Xi-12"-Right 0.05 0.12 0.05 0.12 0.04 0.11 129 Haishoushawei 0.05 0.10 0.04 0.10 0.04 0.10 131 Shakouxi-I l 0.05 0.10 0.04 0.10 0.04 0.09 135 GanZhuXi-10" 0.04 0.09 0.03 0.08 0.03 0.08 144 NanhuaXi-9# 0.03 0.10 0.03 0.09 0.03 0.09 146 TianheXi-8" 0.03 0.09 0.03 0.09 0.02 0.08 150 GuZhenShuiXi-7' 0.02 0.09 0.03 0.10 0.03 0.09 153 Xi-6U 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.02 0.10 154 ChaoLianZhoutou 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.07 0.00 0.07 159 BeiJiiXi-4# 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.06 172 HetangXi-5" -0.03 -0.02 -0.03 -0.01 -0.02 -0.01 176 ChaoLianZhouWei 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 177 WaihaiXi-2# 0.00 0.04 -0.01 0.04 0.00 0.04 180 Baigintou 0.00 0.00 -0.01 0.00 -0.01 0.00 183 Baiginhu-1" 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.05 187 Shibanshashangkou 0.04 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.07 192 MuZhoukouhu-3# 0.00 0.02 -0.01 0.02 -0.01 0.01 196 Laolaoxikou -0.02 0.03 -0.02 0.03 -0.02 0.02 200 Hu-5' -0.04 0.04 -0.04 0.04 -0.03 0.04 205 Hu-6' -0.03 -0.04 -0.02 -0.04 -0.02 -0.03 208 Hu-7' -0.05 -0.03 -0.05 -0.03 -0.03 -0.02 212 Chifenhu-1# I 0.00 -0.02 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 215 Hu8-2" 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.05 218 Hengshanhul3'_ 0.08 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.07 227 YongyezhouTou 0.06 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.05 234 YongyezhouWei 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.06 237 Hu-14' 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.06 243 Xipautai-15" 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03
4.1.4 Analysis of Impact on Scouring and Silting
4.1.4.1 Impact of Waterway Engineering on Scouring and Silting
75 The waterway regulation aims to raise, by artificial means, the depth of waterway for navigation so as to have a better navigation conditions. Therefore, to remove the shoals and avoid silting is one of the main aspects of the regulation project. According to the characteristics of L-S- R waterway and the result of analysis on its evolution, the project design department put forward appropriate design principle: firstly dredging, and then damming in some sections, in order to reduce silting and keep the waterway stable.
In fact, after dredging, waterway bed will have the tendency of silting again according to the evolution rule of itself. But after dams in some sections are set up, overall discharge will change due to the effect of dams. Consequently, natural silting in the regulation waterway would be influenced.
Firstly, silting again after dredging will mitigate the original scouring tendency. Naturally, scouring dominates in L-S-R waterway, and after dredging such tendency may change for some period. In such shallow sections with silting, the demand of silting again would be more strong.
Secondly, dams will enhance the scouring effects in the sections near to the dams since they can increase flow velocity. However, relatively stable waters would be produced in the section between two dams, where flow velocity is small and silting will occur again. Damming will mainly be performed in the section with shoals. On 94km of L-S-R waterway, 18 dams will be set up, with a total volume of rock placing 13.93 X 104 m3. Impact of dams on the scouring or silting would not be great.
Thirdly, with the completion of the project, discharge in each section or waterway will change, which will also influence scouring and silting. Variation of discharge for Nanhua- Banshawei section of Ronggui waterway will be very small (in range of 0 - -0.2%), which has little impact on scouring or silting. Discharge will increase about 10% in Lijiasha waterway, and scouring effect will possibly be strengthened. Discharge in Shawan waterway will change little with a decrease of less than 3%, and with the associate effects of dam group in the section the possibility of silting on mainstream will not be great. Discharge in Lianhuashan waterway will basically have no change.
In summary, the following conclusions can be made. The original overall scouring or silting effects will be mitigated. Volume of silting on the navigation channel will not be great in a short time after dredging. The possibility of silting or scouring on main shoals will be small. Silting will occur on the shores between dams. Scouring will be promoted in Lijiasha waterway.
Along the whole river course from Zhaoqing, Baiqintou to Hutiaomen, over 100 groynes will be constructed within the distance of 170.7 km. The direct results of groynes are the decrease of the cross sectional area and increase of flow, velocity, acting to concentrate the flow to wash the siltation and scour the river bed to maintain the normal navigable depth in the waterway. Meanwhile, sediments tend to deposit between groynes due to the formation of back flow, which shifts the siltation in midstream of the channel towards the river beach and maintains the normal
76 navigable depth. From the investigation to the constructed groynes in the Sixianjiao Reach, which connects the Xijiang River and the Beijiang River, siltation between groynes is very obvious in a time span of less than one year after the damming of groynes. That confirms the effectiveness of groynes in realization of the purpose of the waterway regulation project.
4.1.4.2 Impact on Shore Scouring
Impact on shore scouring would mainly result from the following factors: (1) spur dike group; (2) the increase of discharge; and (3) navigation generating waves.
Most of dikes to be built are spur dikes of single direction. The establishment of such dikes will forces water to the opposite side, and possibly cause scouring of the shore base. However, in the section with shallow and broad water surface, such scouring possibility in dry season is very small due to protection effect of broad water surface and the side shore forming by flood. For the proposed regulation project, most of the spur dikes locate in the sections with shallow and broad water surface, so they would have very little impact on scouring of the opposite shore.
At the Siqing Shallow Beach and Yongyezhou Reach of the Hemaxi Waterway in LXR(Z- H) waterway, the project has designed densely distributed single direction groyne groups, and the river is relatively narrow in these sections. Thus, the scouring caused by the spur flow is rather remarkable. However, the project has also designed levee measures on the opposite banks, and the scouring caused by the single direction groyne groups will be effectively controlled and has less impact on the opposite banks.
With the completion of the proposed regulation project, discharge would have apparently increase only in Lijiasha waterway, the ratio being about 10% (P-5%/). Since Lijiasha waterway is narrow and shallow, discharge increase will certainly promote the scouring effect on the shore base. However, levee of about 3,800 m along the left shore has been designed in order to eliminate the scouring effect.
Navigation generating waves (especially those from express vessels) will enhance the scouring effects on river shores, especially in such narrow and shallow sections as Lijiasha. In order to reduce such effects, levee protection measures and management for all the waterway should be strengthened appropriately. The designed 8,375 m of levee will mitigate the scouring effects on the shore base to some extent.
From the above analysis, it can be concluded that spur dikes will not cause great scouring effects, the effects resulting from the increase of discharge will be counteracted by levee engineering, and navigation generating waves will have some scouring effects on shores.
4.1.5 Analysis of Impact on Water Supply and Drainage Facilities
The LXR(Z-H) and L-S-R waterway regulation project, during its construction or after the
77 completion of the project, will change some of hydrological factors temporarily or permanently. The analysis will focus on the possible impact of the project on the conditions of water intake.
4.1.5.1 Impact Factors
According to the feasibility study report of the project and the results in the previous parts of this report, the project would mainly cause changes in water quality, discharge, water level and scouring and silting conditions. The followings analyze the impact on water supply and drainage facilities of these factors.
4.1.5.2 Impact of Water Quality Changes
Results of water quality impact of SS from dredging have been presented in the previous part 4.1.1.1 and summarized in Table 4.4. Water quality impact of SS from dredging is temporary. From the point of view of long term, flow pattern and velocity of the waterway will be improved after the completion of the project, which will be favourable for both the sewage discharges and the improvement of water quality in the region of water sources. At the present Shawan waterway is the drinking water source for Panyu city, and many water plants distribute along Ronggui waterway. Improvement of water quality will be of importance to water supply of related water plants.
4.1.5.3 Impact of Scouring and Silting Changes
Changes of scouring and silting of the navigation channel in the middle of waterway have no influence on water supply and drainage facilities, but changes on shores will have impacts.
According to the analysis of part 4.1.4, silting will occur in waters between spur dikes due to slow velocity. Such silting will influence water supply and drainage facilities between them.
Spur dikes should be constructed where there are no water supply and drainage facilities. However, since there are too many such facilities along the regulation waterway, it is inevitable that some facilities are still located between the group of spur dikes. There are 4 water gates (Table 4.18a) to be affected in L-S-R Waterway, and there are 13 (Table 4.18b) in LXR(Z-H) Waerway. Major impact is that silting between dikes will be possible to influence water flowing in or out smoothly through the gate. Such impact may be mitigated by building introductory dike.
78 Table 4.1 8a Spur dikes and water gates among them
______Locations of Number of Water gates among the dikes No. Waterway dikes dikes Number Nameof gate I Lianhuashan RuiShenzhoutou 5 1 Shaxing
2 Shawan Guanyinsha 3 7 _ _ - 3 Shawan Dawutou 4 2 Daliang, Xiapo 4 Shawan Modietou | 1 7_ 1 5 Ronggui Ximaning 3 1 Qingyun 6 Ronggui Nanhua 2 1 Total 18 4 _
Table 4.1 8b Affected watergalogth LXR(Z-H)Waterway
Nameof the Dimensionof the water I a(m) - Name of the Dimensionofthet water p t(m) - water gate Lang Wid Heig Hole Levelof wster 8ste Leng Width Height Hole Level
th - ht number bottom th number of
_ ___th num bonom Lehbank: Rightbank
Hegang 6.3 5.9 |1.5I Shadian 3 4 4.1 I .0|7
Xi an - 5.2 6.0 -16 Tianhe 5.3 3 55 1 0.3
Shanglen 44. 4.0 -2.1 Qiaojiao 2.4 75 1 71.0
Xialen 5.5 5.0 - 2.0 Heughainan 4.3 68 - 1 0.5
-_- _ _Shizbou - - 6.4 4.5 -2.5
- - Donhengwei _4.6 6_0 - .5
Bhqin 5.0 5.0 -2.4
-_ . Hengchong 5.0 5 0 -2.0
- - - Sbadui 5.0 6.0 .1.6
4.1.5.4 Impact of Discharge Changes
Since discharge has no much changes after the completion of the project (refereed to part 4.1.3.3), water supply facilities in various sections may still have enough water to take. Therefore, discharge changes have no negative impact on water supply facilities.
4.1.5.A Impact of Water Level Changes
Water.taking pump station has certain requirement of water level in dry season, while drainage facilities have certain requirement of water level in flood season. According to the design scenario, design lowest navigation water level of L-S-R water adopts the value issued by Guangdong Province Waterway Bureau (Table 4.19). The design recurrence interval is 5 years, and P=98%. The computation of lowest water level in dry season for water taking is generally based on the same standard. There is no much difference.
79 Table 4.19 Comparison between design lowest navigation water level (DLNWL) and lowest water level for water taking in dry season (LWLWTDS)
Station Nanhua Yingezui Rongqi Banshawei Sanshanjiao Sanshakou DLNWL -0.45 -0.59 -0.79 -0.96 -0.91 -1.60 LWLWTDS -0.41 -0.60 -0.85 -0.98 -0.91 -1.49
Therefore, there will be no negative impacts for current water taking facilities. After the completion of the project, flood level along L-S-R Waterway changes very small with maximum rising level being 3.0cm, and 16.0cm in LXR(Z-H) Waterway, and maximum falling 5.0cm, so there will be no negative impact for drainage in flood season.
4.1.5.6 Conclusion
In summary, SS from dredging in Lijiasha waterway during construction period would have some impact on Wusha water plants, but such impact would be small and temporary. Water gates among the spur dike group will be affected, since water can not flow fluently out of or into the gate due to silting around the gate. However, such impact would not be great in scope and extent, and could be mitigated by some engineering measures.
4.1.6 Analysis of Noise Environmental Impact
4.1.6.1 Analysis of Noise Environmental Impact during Construction Stage
(I) Noise Source Strength of Mechanical Equipment
Main equipment used during construction include: dredging craft, bulldoser, concrete mixer, tug, concrete pump, etc. Table 4.20 gives the values of noise level resulting from the commonly used equipment while operating during construction stage.
(2) Prediction of noise environmental impact during construction stage
Noise sources during construction stage can be simplified as point source. Noise level at various distance from the source can be estimated with the following equation.
Lp = Lpo-20 log[] (4-25)
Where Lp is the predicted value of noise level at distance of r m (dB(a)); and Lpo is reference noise level at distance of ro m (dB(A)).
Table 4.21 presents the predicted values of noise level at various distance for different kind of equipment.
80 Table4.20 Valueof noiselevel of variousequipment in operation No. Equipment Distancefrom monitoring point to the equipment LA (dB(a))
I bulldoser 5 86 2 generalpower ship I 94 3 tugboat 1 65 4 dredgingcraft I 70 5 concretemixer 5 84 6 concretepump 5 85 7 truck 5 78 8 spanner 5 85
Table4.21 Predictedvalues of noise levelat variousdistance for differenteuipment
Distance(m) 3 10 20 40 50 60 70 30 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 200 bulldoser S6 S0 74 68 66 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 5S 57 56 56 54 generalpower ship S0 74 61 62 60 5S 57 56 55 54 53 52 52 51 50 50 _ tugboat 5S 55 52 49 . dledging craft 63 60 57 54 53 52 St 50 suck 73 72 66 60 5S 56 55 54 53 52 51 s0 concretetaker 34 7S 72 66 64 62 61 60 59 5S 57 56 55 54 53 52 5I concretepuTmp t5 79 73 67 63 63 62 61 60 59 5 57 56 55 34 _3 52
spsaner 3T_t5 79 73 67 65 63 62 61 60 59 55 57 56 55 54 53 52
(3) Noiseenvironmental impact assessment during constructionstage
From the results of table 4.21, it can be seen that noise level caused by the operationof constructionequipment will not exceedthe standard of class 2 (GB3096-93)in daytime at the distanceof over 100 m and at night at the distanceof over 250 m. In the project regions,such sensitiveplaces as schools, hospitalsand residentialareas are far from the constructionsites, so noise resultingfrom the operationof constructionequipment will not causenegative effects on the sensitivepoints alongthe waterway.
4.1.6.2 Prediction and Assessment of Ship Noise EnvironmentalImpact during Operation Stage
(1) Predictionof ship noise A. Modelselection and determinationof coefficients At present no formal regulations exist in our country concemed about inland ship noise environmentalimpact assessment.Here we use the followingmodel to predict noise impact from the navigationof ship in 2010 on main sensitivepoints of Lianhuashantown and Rongqi town in peak hours, in daytimeand at night.
81 Lep = 1oig[\ Ni10Iw(P)l lOIg T- lOlg D _AS (4-26) Lep= I T, 2r
Where m is the kind of ship, m=3, classifying as engine-driven concrete boat, container vessel, and engine-driven barge and passenger ship; Ni is the number of ships of kind i in time T; T is monitoring time, s; Tr is reference time, Tr= I s; LA,,(r) is average noise level at the distance of r for the ships of kind i, dB(a); D is width of the river, m; r is the distance from the prediction point to waterway, m; and A S is attenuation value in the air, dB(A).
Ship whistling noise can be considered as point source. Its environmental impact can be estimated with the following formula.
Lp = Lp 0 - 20 ogF-1 (4-27) LroJ Where Lp is predicted noise level at the distance of r m from the source, dB(A); Lpo is reference noise level at the distance of ro m, dB(A), when ro=200m,Lpo =85 dB(A).
B. Determination of coefficients The kinds of ship and their flow in 2010 are predicted and presented in Table 4.22. Through comparative monitoring and investigation, average reference noise level at the distance of 25 m from the source for each 'kind of ships are determined and presented in Table 4.23. For Lianhuashan town and Rongqi town, A S assumes to be 0 for open areas and 10-15 dB(A) for residential areas due to the protective effects of buildings.
Table 4.22 Ship flow prediction in 2010 unit: ships engine-driven Container vessels and Passenger ship Total concrete boat engine-driven barge Whole day 98 170 30 298
Daytime, 85% of 83 144 25 252 the whole day
Night, 15% of 15 26 5 46 the whole day
Peak hours, 25% 25 42 8 75 of the daytime I
82 Table 4.23 Average reference noise level ( sailing speed 7-24 km/h) unit: dB(A) engine-driven concrete boat Container ships and Passenger ship enginedriven barge 98 94 89
C. Model verification In order to verify the above model, comparative monitoring was conducted in Nanhua village during the peak hours. The comparison between the measured and the computed results is shown in Table 4.24. The difference is only 0.5 dB(A). Thus, the above model is appropriate for predicting ship noise impact of the project.
Table 4.24 Comparison between measured and computed results
Positionof engine-drivenContaincr ships nd Passeng-Total number of Measured Computed Difference Notes monitorng concreteboat engine-driven ership shipsin 20 value valuedB(A) dB(A) point ------barge minutes dB(A) 200m from Riverwidth navigation 17 5 1 23 59 5I.5 0.5 92m. sailing channel speedof ship7-
20 kmlh
(2) Prediction results and assessment
Prediction results of noise level at different distance in peak hours, daytime and at night for Lianhuashan town and Rongqi town are given in Table 4.25 and 4.26.
Table 4.25 Prediction results of ship noise inpact in the section of Lianhuashan town _ _ _ __ u s~~~~~~~~~~~d(A) Period Distancefrom navigation channel, m (besideshore is open Residentialara Shipwhistling
area) - - 100 110 120 130 150 250 predicted BackgroundAccumulated noise impact value value value on residential ame peskhours 63 63 63 62 60 55 45 5S 55 daytime S5 55 54 53 51 41 S5 55 night 51 51 So 50 47 37 50 50 73 Standards daytime70 daytime:60 daytime60 6S
night 55 night: 50 night 50
Assessment withinthe Standard within withtinstndard exeeeding sandard standadby S
dB(A)
83 Table 4.26. Predicting results of ship noise impact in the section of Rongqi town dB(A)
Perod Distance fromnavigation channel, mibeside shore is open Residential aas Ship whistling
-. area) -,
50 60 70 So 160 250 predicted Background Accumulated noise impact
value value value Onresidential
area
Peakhours 67 66 65 64 60 56 43 48 49
daytime 60 59 59 57 51 39 4S 58
night 56 55 55 53 47 35 45 45 70
Standards daytime 70 daytime:60 daytime: 60 65
night 55 night:50 night: 50
Asessment daytime: within the Standard within within standard exceeding
nighttime: exceeding standairdby I dB(A) on standard standardby 5
shore dB(A)
With the completion of the project, regional noise level around the project area in 2010 resulting from ship navigation, whether in peak hours, in daytime or at night, will generally be within the appropriate standards. Only sudden noise caused by ship whistling will exceed the standard by 5-8 dB(A). But, such impact exists at present. Therefore, noise environmental impact after the completion of the project will be very small. 4.1.7 Analysis of Other Environmental Impacts during Construction Stage
4.1.7.1 Impact of Waste and Dredging Materials Dumping
According to project planning, dredging materials from Shawan waterway will be dumped into the dike field of Dawu shoal, and those from the entrance section of Lianhuashan, Batangwei, Lijiasha and Banshawei will be transported to Jiang'ou dumping place. Waste materials of reef blasting will be dumped into deep channel nearby so as to protect levee. Locations of dumping places are shown in Figure 2-6.
Dumping of waste and dredging materials will cause the following negative impacts.
(1) Dust resulting in the process of dumping will pollute air.
Dredging materials from underwater are rich of water, so no dust will result from the dumping and there is little possibility to pollute atmosphere. However, waste materials from land engineering will be possible to produce dust and pollute air, but amount of dust will depend on moisture content and particle size of the materials, and impact scope and extent will depend on
84 wind velocityin the process of dumpingand particle size. Particle size of bed materials in the projectarea is relativelylarge, so air impactof dustwill be very small.
(2) Impactof wasteand dredgingmaterials as secondarypollution source
A. Impactwhen dumping into waters
Dredgingmaterials when dumpinginto waters will incteaseSS concentrationin water, will lowerphotosynthesis of aquatic plants,and result in the decreaseof DO concentrationin water. All those will have negative effects for fish reproductionand growth. The increase of SS concentrationwill be unfavorablefor industrialwater use and human water use. However,such impact is limitedin scope and temporary.When dumpingfinish, such impact will disappear naturally.Contents of harmful and toxic heavymetals in sedimentsare insignificant.Release of heavy metals from dumping materialswill be very small, and its environmentalimpact is also small.
B. Impactwhen dumpingon land
Accordingto the result of sedimentanalysis, contents of harmfuland toxic heavy metals in sedimentsare very slight, and sedimentsare suitable for agriculturaluse. Therefore,dumping dredgedmaterials to reclamationareas would have no negativeimpacts on crops and otherplants.
The favourableeffects of dumpingdredged materials mainly include:
(0 to createland and increaseland resource Dumpingdredged materials into reclamationareas and dumpingplace will be helpful for increasingland resource.
(2)to protectlevee and increasesafety coefficient of floodcontrol. Dumpingwaste materials of reef blasting into the shore of deep channel in the dangerous sectionwill benefit for leveeprotection and floodcontrol.
4.1.7.2Impact of Shock Waves of Reef Blastingon Fish and NearbyBuildings
(1) Impacton Fish
Reef blastingwould produce strongshock waves,which will harm or kill fish. Accordingto the relevanttest, generallyblasting of 5 kg TNT in water made fish in an area with radius of 110 m die or injure, and in shallow water due to the reflectionof bottom the impact scope was 1.3 times greater than that. Gas and remainsof explosivesdue to the incompleteexplosion would cause pollutionand have some impacton fish.Therefore, amount of explosivesto be used should be controlled, advanced explosion techniquesshould be employed and explosion should be
85 conducted in appropriate season (November to next April) so as to minimize negative effects. After the completion of construction, fishery multiplication should be conducted with fishery administrative agency.
(2) Impact on nearby constructions
Near to the points of reef blasting are some levees ( with flood protection standard of recurrence interval 20 years), bridges and cables across river. Shock seismic waves resulting from the reef blasting would possibly have some destructive effects on these constructions. Mitigation measures should be taken in order to minimize negative effects.
There are two bridges which are nearer to the points of reef blasting. Shawan bridge is 950 m away from the point of reef blasting in upper reach, and Desheng bridge only 150 m away from reef blasting point in upper section. Blasting would have no much impact to Shawan bridge, but would possibly influence Desheng bridge. Amount of explosives to be used should be controlled. In addition, the cable nearest to reef blasting point locates around Dongmaning, only about 300 m away. Protection measures should be taken during construction. If reef blasting would destroy current levees, reparations should be made according to the original standard after the completion of the project.
4.1.7.3 Impact on Human Health
The project has the following characteristics: engineering intensity is small, no many construction works need, construction workers distribute in broad areas, construction period is as long as 4 years, and construction points are more but scatteredly distributed. Most construction workers live and work on ships which have better living conditions. Number of workers working and living in the construction points with poor conditions is very limited. Therefore, diseases is difficult to prevail and easy to control, and there will be no much impact to human health. Of course, some protective measures would still need to be taken, since the incidence of infectious disease is generally high in Panyu city and Shunde city.
4.1.8 Socio-economic Environmental Impact Assessment
4. 1.$.1 Impact on Economic Development
(1) LXR(Z-H) & L-S-R waterway connects directly with Yunfu city, Zhaoqing city, Foshan city, Jiangmen city, Panyu city, and Shunde city, etc. With the rapid development of economy, these cities have a ever increasing requirement for water transportation. The waterway regulation will provide favorable conditions to develop inland and international trade.
(2) Construction of LXR(Z-H) & L-S-R waterway will promote the rational modification of comprehensive transportation net structure in Pearl River Delta and help to establish new transport
86 pattern of connecting with each other. In the same time, it will help to increase the competitive ability of regional import and export trades, and promote regional economic development.
(3) Economic development will undoubtedly provide more employment opportunities for local areas.
(4) The increase of handling capacities of the harbors along the waterway will help to lower the cost of agricultural production, and to promote agricultural development.
(5) Waterway transportation will help lessen the pressure of road transportation and reduce vehicle exhaust gas pollution.
4.1.8.2 Impact on Public Living Quality
The project would have no apparent direct effects on local public living quality, but would bring some indirect effects.
(I) Economic development will increase the income of urban and rural residents. Developments of industry, transportation and third production will provide more employment opportunities. Advanced agricultural development will raise the income of resident in rural areas. The increase of the income will help to raise accommodation areas of residents and increase the amount of savings.
(2) With the economic development, more and more people are attracted to towns. The increase of town population will require more cultural and educational facilities, and cultural and educational developments will be promoted.
(3) With the improvement of investing environment, more foreign capitals will be attracted. Financial income of local government will be raised. The government has the capability to raise the investment on the aspects of public medical and health and education. Conditions of public medical and health, and education will be improved gradually.
(5) The increase of ship transportation, and urban and industrial developments will result in water pollution. If water pollution can not be controlled effectively, it would influence drinking water quality and harm public health. Water pollution control will be a key issue in the future to assure public living quality.
4.1.8.3 Impact on Cultural Relics, Historical Sites and Landscapes
Within the project region, there are no significant scenic spots, no important cultural relics and historical sites. Therefore, there will be no impact on cultural relics and historical sites.
Spur dikes and dams will change natural landscape on the two shores. Artificial measures should be taken to protect natural landscape or to improve the landscape.
87 4.1.8.4 Impact of Construction on Harbors and Sailing Ships
Since most of engineering works of the project will be conducted near to shore and relatively far away from the main channel, the construction of the project generally would not hinder navigation. Except that the regulation of RuiShenzhoutou section in Lianhuashan waterway is closed to Lianhuashan harbor and Dongcong oil dock is on the right shore of Guanyinsha shoal in Shawan waterway, all other harbors or docks are far away from the project sections. The nearest spur dike will be 600 m far away from Lianhuashan harbor, and the construction is on the opposite shore of the harbor, so its construction will have little influence on the operation of the harbor. The regulation of Guanyinsha shoal is also on the opposite shore of Dongcong oil dock, so the construction of spur dike will not influence the operation of the dock. However, there will reef blasting at distance of 400 m in upper reach of the dock, and measures should be taken to ensure the safety of the dock.
Reef blasting will influence safe navigation. Before blasting, notice should be issued as early as possible. It is best to blast in the period with less ship flow or in same time, so as to reduce the waiting time of other ships.
Operation of dredging craft will have direct impact to navigation. Appropriate measures should be taken to ensure the normal navigation.
Main construction materials of dikes are stones, which will be obtained locally and transported with ships. There will be no impact on land traffic, but it will increase the load of waterway transportation and have some impact on waterway traffic. Therefore, transportation plan should be formulated so as to evade the peak hours and mitigate the negative impacts on the navigation.
4.1.8.5 Impact of Land Requisition and Removal on Community and Land Use
The project will make a requisition for 936 mu of land. No population need migrate, thus there will be no issue of re-settlement involved. The amount of land requisition is small, which is mainly composed of fluvial bog. Therefore, land requisition will have little impact on agricultural production. If rational compensation is made for the farmers, such impact will be further small. After the completion of the project, these lands will be resumed to use. Thus, impact from requisition of land will be temporary, small and reversible.
4.1.9 Environmental Impact Prediction and Analysis of Ship Pollutants
4.1.9.1 Prediction of Ship Flow
According to the results of passenger and cargo forecast in L-S-R waterway for 2010, the ship flow of the waterway for 2010 can be estimated (Table 4.27).
88 Table 4.27 Annual ship flow for 2010 in L-S-R waterway
Type of ship | Passenger ship Container cargo Miscellaneous Others l ships - cargo ships Ship flow 11,200 62,222 13,778 17,440
The comparison of Table 4.27 and Table 3.29 shows that the amount of passenger ships have no much changes, with an increase of about 9.8%, amount of container cargo ships increase rapidly , the rate being 393.31%, and miscellaneous cargo ships decrease, accounting for only about 26.99% of that in 1995. The amount of other ships remain nearly the same.
4.1.9.2 Prediction of Ship Oil Wastewater
The corresponding oil wastewater and oil contents discharged from ships in 2010 are predicted related coefficients. The results are presented in Table 4.28.
Table 4.28 Oil wastewater discharged from ships into L-S-R waterway in 2010 tla Type of ships Passenger ships Container Miscellaneous Others Total I______|___-cargo ships cargo ships _ Amount of oil 11.20 217.78 144.66 183.12 556.76 wastewater _ _ Quantity of oil 0.12 2.48 0.65 1.19 4.35
The total amount of oil wastewater in 2010 will be 556.76 t/a, being 228.73 t/a less than that 1995. The quantity of oil will be 4.35 t/a , which is 0.97 t greater than that of 1995. The reasons are that in 2010 number of miscellaneous cargo ships decrease greatly, but that of container cargo ships increase significantly.
4.1.9.3 Prediction of Ship Sewage
Ship sewage prediction results in 2010 are presented in Table 4.29. Total sewage amount in 2010 will be 1481.71 t la, being 268.3 t/a greater than that in 1995.
Table 4.29 Amount of shi sewage in 2010 tla Type of ships Passenger ships Container Miscellaneous Others Total
______cargo ships cargo ships Amount of oil 961.33 388.89 60.28 71.12 1481.71
sewage ______
4.1.9.4 Prediction of Ship Garbage
The results of ship garbage prediction in 2010 are presented in Table 4.30. Total amount of
89 ship garbage in 2010 will bel 111.29 t/a. which is 159.37 tla greater that that in 1995, accounting for an increase of about 16.74%.
Table 4.30 Amount of ship garbage in 2010 t/a Type of ships Passenger ships Container Miscellaneous Others Total ______cargo ships cargo ships Amount of oil 721.00 291.67 45.21 53.41 1111.29 sewage
4.1.9.5 Environmental Impact Analysis of Ship Pollution
(1) Environmental impact analysis of oil wastewater
There will be no much changes in amount of oil wastewater and quantity of oil in 2010, based on the above prediction results. Therefore, after the completion of the project, impact of ships on oil contents in water remains basically at the existing level.
It is worth to mention that according to the measured results in wet season of 1996,oil has become one of the main water pollution factors in the waterway. At present, L-S-R waterway has been polluted with oil. So, effective measures should be taken to reduce the discharge of oil wastewater into the waterway.
(2) Environmental impact analysis of ship sewage
The amount of sewage discharged from ships on L-S-R waterway in 2010 will be 1481.71 t/a, which accounts for only 0.091 %o of the amount of sewage from land regions along L-S-R waterway in 1994(1,618 X I04t/a). The sewage from ships will have little impact on water quality. In fact, water quality of the waterway is mainly influenced by industrial and agricultural wastewater and sewage on both sides, and by pollutants coming from upper reach. However, within L-S-R waterway, all the sections except Lianhuashan section, Lijiasha section and the eastern part to Dadaoweitou of Shawan section are classified as reserves of drinking water, and there are 9 water plants within these reserves, which taking water directly from the waterway. If sewage from ships discharges directly into the reserves without treatment, water pollution may occur and water quality in water intake may be affected. Thus, proper measures should be taken to treat sewage from ships.
(3) Environmental impact analysis of ship garbage (solid waste)
According to comparative investigation, ship garbage mainly compose of organic pollutants. If these garbage discharge directly into rivers without any treatment, they would not only float on water surface to destroy natural river landscape, but also influence water quality due to decomposing of organic materials in water. Part of garbage would deposit to the bottom resulting in sediment pollution, and some even remain on bottom mud for long term due to their properties
90 hard to decompose.
4.1.10 Analysis of Ship Pollution Accident Risk
9 kinds of dangerous cargoes classified by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) include: First kind: Explosives; Second kind: Gas (compressed gas, liquidated gas and pressed-solved gas) Third kind: Combustible liquid Fourth kind: Combustible solid, combustible materials and materials releasing combustibles if touching with water Fifth kind: Oxides and organic superoxides Sixth kind: Toxic materials and contagious materials Seventh kind: Radioactive materials Eighth kind: Corrosives Ninth kind: Miscellaneous dangerous materials
There exists transportation of all the above 9 kinds of dangerous materials on L-S-R waterway. Ships which are possible to have relatively great pollution accidents include oil tank, ships of miscellaneous chemicals and ships of liquidated gas.
Although no great pollution accidents have occurred so far on the waterway, preventive measures must still be taken. Otherwise, in case of ship pollution accidents, water quality of water plants and aquatic organisms etc. would be threatened.
Safety management of navigation should be strengthened, especially the management of ships transporting dangerous. Navigation mark system, communication facilities and other complementary facilities should be established and perfected. Emergency response system to the pollution accidents should be established. Special companies to prevent and treat pollution should be established for different kinds of pollution accidents so as to satisfy the requirement in need.
4.2 Project Alternatives
4.2.1 Recommended Regulation Scenarios
Through the prediction of transportation development and the study of ship dimensions, it is recommended that the dimensions of 1,000 dwt river-seagoing ship are overall length of 68.0 m, breadth of 13 m and draught of 3.6 m.
There are three design scenarios for the waterwayregulation project. After comprehensive comparisonbetween them, it is recommendedthat designdimensions of the waterwayare widthof 80 m, depthof 4 m and minimumcurvature radius of 500 m.
91 4.2.2 Comparison of Design Scenarios
4.2.'.1 Design Scenarios
Three design scenarios of waterway were studied in the feasibility study report of the project.
(1) Scenario 1, 80m X 3.5m X 500m (width X depth X minimum curvature radius). (2) Scenario 2, 80m X 4.Om X 500m (width X depth X minimum curvature radius). (3) Scenario 3, 80m X 4.5m X 500m (width X depth X minimum curvature radius).
4.2.2.2 Comparison and Selection of Scenarios
L-S-R waterway situates in the river network region of Pearl River Delta. In dry season the waterway is basically controlled by tidal flow, while in flood season the boundary of tidal flow moves up and down within the waterway. Its average tidal level difference is 0.46 m. The tidal level difference in Yingezui is 0.63m, Rongqi 0.86m, Banshawei 1.OOm,Sanshanjiao 0.93m and Sanshakou 1.50m. Therefore, L-S-R waterway should make full use of tide for navigation. However, navigation density in this waterway is great, and usable tidal water depth is limited due to the influence of runoff. Scenario I needs 0.5-0.6 m of tidal water depth which is greater than the average tidal level difference, and navigation of all year round can not be assured. Scenario 2 can meet the requirement for 1,000 dwt river-seagoing ship navigation, but there will be no depth of silting. Tide can be employed to meet the requirement of depth of silting. Thus, tide would be fully used, and the requirement of navigation of all year round would also be met. Scenario 3 does not need to use tide, and there is also enough depth of silting. Although this scenario can satisfy the requirement of navigation of all year round, it does not make full use of the favourable conditions of tidal flow to lower the investment. Therefore, after comprehensive analysis, Scenario 2 is recommended.
4.2.2.3 Comparison of Engineering Volumes of Three Scenarios
The engineering volumes of three scenarios are listed in Table 4.31. Except that volumes of dredging and reef blasting are different for various scenario, the others are same.
92 Table4.31 Comparisonof engineeringvolumes among three scenarios
Scen Dredg Reefblasting Stonedike levelprotecion (x 10'm3) Requisition 4 3 -ario -ine (X 10 m ) of land (x 104m3) (X 10'm3) damm dtystone damm dry gout brok conc concrete (mu) -ing masonry-ing stone -n. r-e withsteel-
- - - - nmasonry stone bar
1 224.62 16.95 - - - - 2 314.28 26.46 13.93 .0.765 9.36 2.422 0.232 2.47 0.35 0.49 136
3 426.70 37.84 - -
4.2.3 Comparisonof EnvironmentalImpact
4.2.3.1Changes of Dischargeand WaterLevel and Impacton Flood Control
Thesimulated results are summarizedin Tables4.13 and 4.14.
(1). The changesof dischargebefore and after regulation: Dischargein Rongguiwaterway for each regulationscenario nearlyhas no changes.Discharge in Lijiashawaterway will change much, with an increaseproportion being 5.8-6.5%, 7.5-8.4% and 9.6-10.4% respectivelyfor Scenario 1, Scenario 2 and Scenario 3. Discharges in Shawan waterway and Lianhuashan waterwayhas smallchanges, with a decreaseproportion of about 1-2%/e.Comparatively speaking, changesof dischargeof Scenario3 will be relativelygreat, those of ScenarioI small and those of Scenario2 rank at the middle.
(2) The changes of water level before and after regulation:The tendency of water level change for each scenario is identical. Water levels of Ronggui waterway and Lianhuashan waterwaynearly have no changebefore and after regulation.Water levelin Shawanwaterway has slight changes,with maximumincrease of floodlevel being 3 cm and maximumdecrease of 5 cm. Comparativelyspeaking, change for ScenarioI is greaterthan that for scenario2 or scenario3.
In summary,each scenario will have little impact on flood control.In some sections,flood levelseven decreaseafter regulation,which will be favourablefor floodcontrol. In addition,each scenariohas leveeprotection engineering, which is also helpfulfor floodprotection.
4.2.3.2Environmental Impact of Dredgingand Reef Blasting
Dredgingvolumes for scenario 1, scenario2 and scenario3 are 224.62 X 104m 3 , 314.28 X 104 m3 and 426.70 X 104m 3 respectively.Generally speaking, the greater the dredgingvolume, the greaterthe environmentalimpact.
Volumesof reef blastingfor scenario1, scenario2 and scenario3 are 16.95 X 104m 3 26.46 X 104m 3 and 37.84 X 104m 3 respectively.Generally speaking, the greater the volumes of reef blasting,the greater the environmentalimpact. Among the three scenarios,volume of reef blasting
93 of the recommended scenario (scenario 2) ranks in middle place, and its environmental impact will be smaller than that of scenario 3 and greater than that of scenario 1.
4.3 Countermeasures of Environmental Protection
4.3.1 Measures to Mitigate Water Quality Impact of SS from Dredging
(1) Rational arrangement of construction plans: Water dilution and diffusion conditions are fine in most sections of the regulated waterway, but are relatively poor only in a few of sections such as the middle part of Lijiasha waterway. In making the construction plans, working intensity should be arranged appropriately in those sections with relatively poor dilution and diffusion conditions, and go-and-retum frequency of working ships should lower as much as possible. It is best to place at most one dredging craft with 2.0 m3 dredge bucket every kilometer in the project area. Construction activities should be stopped when the concentration of SS exceeds controlling standard (about 2 hours).
(2) Environmental protection engineering for short-cutting projects during construction stage: Short-cutting projects are concentrated in space with large amount of earth excavation. Some short-cutting projects are shore-excavating engineering. Construction plan should be arranged according to the principle of minimizing the scouring of mud and sand from excavating. The following suggestions are put forward:
D It is best to execute shore-excavating engineering on land; (©)Around the operation place of shoal-cutting, dike for working and grid area for lower speed should be established; ( Waste earth should be properly disposed.
4.3.2 Aquatic Organism and Fishery Resources Protection
Fishery resources can keep good conditions if fish catch is equivalent to the supplementary, residual increment of fishery resources when there is artificial input. Degradation may happen to fishery resource quality when environmental damage to fishery is larger than the supplementary.
The project waterways possessed good environmental conditions with quick regeneration of aquatic organism and abundant food organism. It is worthy of notice one third of fish catch is shellfish. Dredging and damming will have impact on shellfish growth. Interval dredging is recommended to prolong the period of time for engineering. This may benefit shellfish growth and recovery.
Even though no large fish spawning field exists in project waterways, there are numerous small spawning field for carp food fish and places for brackish adolescent fish, spawn and crab to grow up, feed, dwell and paedomorphosis. Reefs blasting that has the most damage to fishery resources should be arranged in winter and operated underwater. Mechanical blasting of reefs is a
94 feasible means to limit damage to fishery.
Over the years there were about one thousand fishing boats in the project waterways on which the engineering may have some impact. The project should coordinate with fishery authorities to distribute the boats over wider waters to prevent over-catching.
Engineering teams should make such agreement with fishery authorities concerned as putting less or no fry into waters where engineering is going on, and putting in fly when the engineering is over.
4.3.3 Flood Raising
(1) Dikes and Banks. Flood control standards applied to dikes and banks on L-S-R & LXR(Z- H) Waterway are the minimum recurrence interval in twenty years and the maximum in 100 years. So there is a need to brace existing dikes up to the requirements as prescribed in the master planning for flood control in Pearl River Delta.
(2) Mitigation Measures. According to the modeling the dike rise may not be less than 3cm to compensate the raising and keep the existing flood standard. Water level monitoring during construction and operational phases will be reported to flood control center for taking appropriate measures.
4.3.4 River Erosion and Sedimentation Mitigation
Based previous analysis adverse impacts of erosion and sedimentation come mainly from increased flow division ratio and ship driven waves on zarrow and shallow Lijiasha waterway. The recommended measures include the following:
(1) BankProtection. The project design has given consideration to erosion and adopted bank protection for 8,375m long. There is question about if this length is sufficient. For example Lijiasha is the narrow waterway of Liansharong with large discharge. Combined with ship driven waves they have substantial impact on bank erosion. The present design considered protection on left bank. This EA suggests additional protection on the right bank.
(2) SpeedLimit. Traffic control may be imposed on high speed passenger catamaran to prevent too strong ship driven waves. Speed limit can be set for catamarans running in Lijiasha.
(3) MonitoringOn Bank Erosion. How much is the bank erosion can be predicted during project design phase? When the project comes into operational phase periodical monitoring is needed on discharge and ship driven wave for taking additional mitigation measures.
95 4.3.5 Water Supply and Sewerage
We can see from previous analysis that adverse impacts of the project on water supply and sewerage include congestion caused by sedimentation in waterway immediately upstream to the dikes and water source quality problems with dredging. Strategies and measures are recommended to mitigate the impacts as follows:
(I) Spur dikes should be located away from existing water gates or its structure design has minimum adverse impact on the water gates.
(2) Water gate design in spur dike needs intensive analysis, for example, through hydraulic modeling, to determine the extent of sedimentation and countermeasures.
(3) If the sedimentation in waterway upstream to the dike has too much impact on the water gate, options can external relocation or restructuring of the gate, or construction of additional steering dike. Periodical dredge may be feasible in the waterway with less sedimentation.
(4) Employment of engineering machinery with least disturbance to river bed sediment.
(5) Water plant should be notified about coming engineering operations and conduct more frequent monitoring. According to the changes to source water quality, water plant may prolong water treatment time for more times of precipitation and filtration, increase chemical dosage, or take in source water at intervals when the engineering is not in operation. Construction activities should be stopped when the concentration of SS exceeds controlling standard (about 2 hours).
(6) Peak hours of water consumption are in daytime. Dredging in night time can minimize the impact on water supply.
4.3.6 Noise Control Measures
4.3.6.1 Noise Control Measures during Construction Stage
(I) Equipment with high noise level should not be operated during rest hours ( noon or night).
(2) Mechanical equipment's with low noise level or with noise abatement facility should be employed as much as possible.
(3) Construction departments should rationally arrange working hours and working places. Working places with high noise level should be far away from noise sensitive points. Equipment should be maintained and repaired regularly. Operation norms should be strictly followed.
4.3.6.2 Noise Control Measures during Operation Stage
96 (1) Land use along the shores should be rationally planned. In the regions near to the shores, especially within 30 m of the shores, no noise sensitive buildings, such as hospitals, schools, kindergartens, convalescent hospitals and large residential areas, should be allowed to establish. It is suitable for industry, commerce, stock and transportation and dock development.
(2) Monitoring and management of navigation noise should be strengthened. Monitoring and administration agency of navigation should be established and improved. Relative monitoring regulations should be formulated.
(3) Management on ships without ship hold or noise abatement facilities should be strengthened. All ships must equip with noise abatement facilities, otherwise they can not be allowed to navigate on the waterway. Navigation region and hours of ships without hold must be controlled,and in sensitive sections these ships can not be allowed to navigate at night.
(4) Greening belts are proposed to establish on the shores of sensitive sections, which will be helpful for mitigating the impact of ship noises.
4.3.7 Environmentalprotection measures during construction stage
4.3.7.1 Excavated Earth
(1) Choice of Disposal Site
Liansharong waterway is straight and lacks wide shallow for earth disposal. Earth dredged in Shawan waterway can be taken to Dawusha, 5km; Lianhuashan entrance and Batangwei's to Jiang'ou, ISkm; Huoshaotou, Lijiasha and Banshawei's to-liang'ou , about 20 km. Blasting rocks will be taken to deep water beside to cliffs to protect dikes and central island.
(2) Secondary Pollution Prevention
A. On Land National standard the Limitations to Pollutants in Agricultural Land prescribed that earth disposed of on agricultural land shall meet the limitations in the standard otherwise it has to be covered with unpolluted earth. Analysis on sediment on river bed showed the dredging earth could meet the limitations and be disposed directly on agricultural land.
B In Water There are water plant intakes 2 km upstream and 2.5 km downstream to earth disposal site at Dawusha shallow. It can comply with the relevant guidelines to choosing disposal site but needs intensive monitoring.
4.3.7.2 Reefs Blasting
(I) Reefs Blasting Vs Navigation
9i Reefs blasting in midstream line of the river may cause damage to properties and human life. The blasting operation of this project is limited, 8 sites, 1500m long and 264,600 m3. The affected area is small in short period of time at intervals. As long as explosion is over there is no impact on navigation any more. For public safety, operation notice should be extensively publicized to make the boats keep clear of the operation sites. Operation is coordinated with navigation authorities to take safety measures. Operations are conducted in such a period of time other than the peak hours of traffic to avoid interruption to navigation and unnecessary loss.
(2) Reefs Blasting Vs Residents Explosive noise has certain impact on residents on both banks. The energy is in direct ratio to explosive usage and in inverse ratio to distance. Explosive usage must be controlled to such a limit that noise levels in daytime do not exceed 70 dBA, the limitation to trunk roads. Explosion during 06:00 - 22:00 can minimize noise on residents to some extent. Additionally explosion during high tide can lower noise level by means of sound absorption.
(3) Reefs Blasting Vs Fishery Explosive shock wave has significant impact on fishes. As to timing for blasting operation, it should be consulted and coordinated with fishery authorities and producers not to put in additional fish and crab fry. Each year May to October is the most productive period when blasting may not be arranged. Blasting operation ought to pay attention to Chinese sturgeon and other precious fishes to avoid damage to these migrants. To minimize damage to fishes explosive usage and explosion technology needs careful selection. Damage to fishery resources may be compensated through negotiation.
4.3.8 Measures to Mitigate Impact of Construction on Waterway Traffic and Harbor Operation
4.3.8.1 Measures to Mitigate Impact of Reef Blasting
There will be one reef blasting about I km from Rongqi harbor. Before the exception of blasting, coordinate work should be done with the waterway administrative department and harbor management department. Blasting should not be allowed to execute during the peak hours of harbor operation, so as to mitigate the influence on ships using the harbor.
4.3.8.2 Measures to Mitigate Impact of Dredging
During dredging, dredge craft would be fixed by two pairs of anchors, in form of": ", at the upper and lower ends, which would have direct influence on navigation of ships on the waterway.
(I) Dredging should be planed to conduct along the shore of one side in order to assure normal ship navigation while conducting dredging.
(2) Related navigation notice should be issued before conducting dredging, so that ships across the dredging fields would be well informed.
98 (3) Navigation inspection should be strengthened during dredging, and effective precautionary measures should be taken, so as to avoid unfavorable effects of dredging on navigation and to assure safety navigation and dredging.
4.3.8.3 Measures to Mitigate Impact of Damming
Main impact of damming is to make waterway trafTicmore heavy due to the increase of ships transporting stone. The mitigation measures are that transportation plan should be formulated, and transportation of stones should not be conducted during the peak hours of navigation and harbor operation, so that it would not bring much impact on harbor operation and waterway traffic.
4.3.9 Shipping Pollution Control
Forecast on shipping pollution load concluded in the year 2010 wastes, including oil and domestic wastewater and garbage, will increase corresponding to larger traffic volume due to enlarged channel and capacity. The wastes will produce additional pollution to the river if no mitigation measures are adopted.
(I) Oily Water and Oil leakage from engine-room
There are two ways to deal with oily water and oil leakage from engine-room, on ship and onshore. On ship means the oil water is treated by mobile wastewater treatment system and by on-site oil separator. Onshore means the oil water is transited by shipping collectors to wastewater treatment facilities on land. Both ways require installation of oil water collection tank (cabin) or tray.
*Scenariol MobileWastewaterTreatnentSysteai
A boat with wastewater treatment system collect oil wastewater from other ships on the waterway. On board there are clarification and oil separation facilities that can treat the effluent to the discharge standard and recover the oil to waste oil cabin. Provided one ship is assigned to treat oil water and leaked oil from all the ships on the waterway the capacity of the treatment system must be at least 1.53 t/d. If the mobile treatment system is refurbished from used ship it needs capital investment RMB 200,000 and annual operation costs 50,000
*Scenario 2 Oil Separatoron Board If all the ships with set-in cabins, 2% out of the total shipping are required to install oil water separator each worthy of RMB 2,000 , it needs total capital investment RMB 4.1856 million and annual operation costs RMB 831,700 . But these ships can treat their own oil wastewater only.
*Scenario 3 Collectedon Boardand Treatedon Shore Collection ships suck in oil wastewater from other boats at harbors and stops and transit it to treatment facilities on land. The collector can be refurbished from used ship by constructing oil water cabin and installing pump system. The treatment facilities can be established in major harbors or the existing systems. Collector refurbishment and onshore treatment systems need
99 capital investment RMB 80,000 and annual operation cost RMB 120,000.
*Scenario Comparison(see to Tab4.32) To determine which scenario is the best, next table presents scenario details about capital investment,operation costs, technical requirements, operation and maintenance.
Table 4.32 Comparative Analysis of Shipping Oil Wastewater Treatment Scenarios Scenario I Scenario 2 Scenario 3
Capital investment, RMB104 20 418.56 8 Annualoperation costs*, RMB I04 5 83.71 12 Technical requirements High General General Operation and maintenance Complicated Simple Fairly simple Ship weight Large None Small Waste current collected Large Small Large
* exclusive of wages and salaries
Compared with other two, Scenario 3 is the most suitable way for inland shipping oil treatment with features like large volume collection, investment saving and easy operation and maintenance. Therefore Scenario 3 is recommended by this EA.
(2) Body Waste Disposal The recommended portable toilet for ships is all plastic with flush water tank on top. The flushed body waste is collected in special cabin to be emptied. Supposing 100 for a toilet, installing this type of toilets on medium and small bulk ships in Liansharong channel needs 2.4329 million
(3) Garbage Disposal All the ships must have containers for storing domestic solid wastes which will be taken to onshore facilities for disposal of. Additional investmnentfor the containers is 10.464 million .
(4) Shipping Pollution Control Strategies
A. All new ships shall install pollution control equipment as required by National Shipping Inspection Bureau.
B. In short term oil wastewater from existing ships may be collected and transited to onshore treatment facilities. According to relevant laws they shall be installed with oil separator. In long run oil wastewater from small ships can be collected on board and treated onshore even though other ships have oil separator.
C. Set up oil recovery station and refine the waste oil for reuse.
D. Portable flush toilet ( or ordinary toilet) is recommended for onboard body wastes to be
100 treated onshore.
E. Domestic solid wastes are collected on board and treated on shore.
F. Shipping management and supervision includes periodical inspection on oil wastewater system, forbidding and penalizing direct discharge of body wastes, garbage and oil wastewater into river, and cleaned food onboard for less sewage.
(5) Investment Estimates for Shipping Pollution Control (Table 4.33)
Table 4.33 Investment for Shipping Pollution Control
Waste Treatment Capital Investment Annual Operation Cost RMB 10,000 RMB 10,000 Oil waste water treatment, Scenario 3 8 12 (exc. wastewater container costs) Body waste disposal 243.29 Garbage disposal 52.32 Total 315.61
4.3.10 Accidental Shipping Pollution Prevention
(1) Navigationmanagement. promulgation of administrativerules is aimed at improvements to dangerous materials transport management procedures.
(2) Manifest systemfor toxic and hazardous materialstransport. Ships loaded with this type of materials shall declare to local harbor supervisory authority and then load and transport the materials with package on the route and timing as required with approval by the authority. After receiving the declaration, the authority shall notify the harbor supervisory authorities and local governments on the route to be prepared to accidental pollution.
(3) Public Safety Education. The survey indicated that shipping accidents may happen easily with medium or small ships owned by private or collective owners with least qualification and safety knowledge. They are the major targets for public safety education.
(4) Emergency response system. It may consist of establishing specialized pollution prevention and control companies, improving notification procedure , set-up of accident pollution control authority and assignment of specific personnel.
(5) Emergency responseprocedure. Wheneveraccidental pollution happens it shall be notified to Harbor Supervisory Authorities and local government. They will immediately organize task forces for pollution prevention and control, inform water users to be prepared with the coming pollution, require environmental protection agency and monitoring institution to do water quality monitoring and take all the necessary mitigation measures.
101 (6) Responsibilities.Persons responsible shall be chaergedaccording to responsibilitiesand damageand obligedto make compensationsto losses and costs for pollutioncontrol and other remedialmeasures.
102 5. Analysis of Toxic Residues in Fish
According to the TOR of Environmental Impact Assessment for the Waterway Regulation Project in the Lower Xijiang River (Guangdong Province) Assisted with World Bank Loan and the results of negotiation with the specialists of World Bank, Environmental Impact Assessment of Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen Waterway Regulation Project in Lower Xijiang should be supplemented with materials of analysis of toxic residue in fish, public participation and environmental protection action plan. The followings are only concerned with the analysis of toxic residue in fish. The remaining two parts are combined with those for L-S-R waterway project.
Institute of Aquatic Product of Pearl River conducted much analysis of toxic residues of fish in Xijiang River and Peal River Delta from 1983 to 1985. Measured results at that time showed that attention should be paid to the problem of pollution.
26 species of fish were collected in that investigation from Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen waterway and Liansharong waterway. 14 species are of middle or upper layer, and 12 species of bottom layer. Nearly 600 fish samples were analyzed. Parameters of toxic residues in fish and measured results are presented in Table 5.1
The results of analysis of toxic residues in 14 economic species of fish from different river sections are presented in Table 5.2.
Compared between river sections, Zhaoqing section was light polluted, Shunde section heavy polluted, and Xinhui section slight polluted.
The order of pollution degree in fishes is follows:
CtenopharyngodonIdellus (Cuvier at Valenciennes)> LateolabraxJaponicus (Cuviereet Valenciennes)> CyprinusCarpio Linhaeus > MegalobrarnaTerminalis (Richardson) > Sflurus Asotus Linnaeus > Cultur Erythropterus> Chnna Maculata (Lacepede) > Mugil Cephalus Linnacus> ChthysNobilis (Richardson) > HypophthalmichthysMolitrix (Cuvier et Valenciennes) > Squaliobarbus Curriculs (Richardson)> Augnila Japonica (Termmick et Schlegel) > ChupanodonThrissa (Linnaeus) >Cirrhina Molitorella (Cuier et Valenciennes)> CoiliaMystus (Linnaeus)> MacruraReevesi (Richardson).
Elopichthysbambusa (Richardson) and Salaux (CuwierValenciennes) were light polluted,but the phenol content of Elopichthys bambusa (Richardson) and Chromium content of salaux (Cuvier et valenciennes) were exceeded the standard.
103 Table 5.1 Parameters of toxic residues in fish and measured results
_____phenol Cr Hg As Cd Zn Cu CN - BHC permissible level (mg/L) 0.4 0.5 0.3 2.0 1.0 10 7 5 % detectable 87.2 100 100 74.6 80 90 95 74.6 100 % exceeding standard 66.3 94 3.4 4.3 1 / 77 / 12
* The table was formulated in early 80's. At that time, China hadn't yet national standard on toxic residual in fish, and the values of permissible level was obtained through combiling the standards abroad and the data analyzed in China.
Table 5.2 Load ratio of toxic residues in fish (%)
river section phenol As Hg Cu Zn Cd Cr CN Zhaoqing 3.3 47.78 6.57 0.05 0.354 0.213 41.8 0.24 Jiujiang 3.32 56.01 3.5 0.211 0.56 0.225 36.2 0.015 Shunde 2.47 81.69 0.99 0.72 1.92 0.092 11.11 0.152 Xinhui 4.6 66.4 8.43 0.78 2.29 0.576 15.67 1.125 Panyu 0.75 57.1 1.49 0.63 0.24 0.088 19.36 0.635
Pollution of Cr was heavy at that time for each river section, because fish has strong accumulative ability for Cr. Following Cr is Phenol, As and Cu in order of decrease.
Theextent of pollution was different for same species of fish living in different river sections, especially for those fish in bottom layer.
Table 5.3 Result of analysis of toxic residues in fish and shrimp section | itemns |Cu Zn Cd Pb Hg As Cr Phenol permissibl level (mg/Kg) 10 10 0.3 2.0 0.3 2.0 2.0 0.25 number of samples 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 101 Average (mg/Kg) 0.933 5.721 0.021 0.540 0.063 0.126 0.244 0.029 Xijiang Max. (mg/Kg) 10.596 16.889 0.127 2.083 0.376 1.934 1.065 0.122 river % detectable 100 100 58.4 87.3 97.0 77.2 84.2 59.4 °%exceeding standard 1.0 7.0 0 1 2.0 0 0 0 number of samples S0 50 S0 50 50 50 S0 50 average (mg/Kg) 0.647 5.300 0.049 0.676 0.040 0.108 0.162 0.046 Pearl River Max. (mg/Kg) 0.647 9.518 0.167 1.778 0.211 0.638 0.593 0.128 Delta % detectable 100 100 90 78 88 76 74 78 % exceeding standard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Notes: Assessment standard of Hg adopts Food Hygienic Standards, and others adopt Assessment Standards of Ocean Organism Pollution.
104 From 1990 to 1993, 151 samples of fish and shrimp were collected and analyzed from Pearl River Delta and Xijiang river by Guangdong Fishery Environmental Monitoring Station and Pearl River Watershed Monitoring Station of Fishery Environmental Monitoring Center of Ministry of Agriculture. The results are presented in Table 5.3.
The results show that there are residues of all 8 pollutants of heavy metals and phenol in fish and shrimp. Residues of Zn is greatest, and those of Cu, Pb and Cr rank in decrease order. Nearly all monitored values are within assessment standards, which can be classified as slight pollution.
Since fish and shrimp have different accumulative abilities for heavy metals, residues in fish and shrimp are different. Percentages detectable, detected values and percentages exceeding assessment standards for shrimp are greater than those for fish. Especially, average value of residue of Cu in shrimp is 26.6 times greater than that in fish (Table 5.4).
Table 5.4 Residues of heavy metals in fish and shrimp
items Cu Zn Cd Pb Hg As Cr Phenol average (mg/kg) 0.221 5.179 0.021 0.588 0.056 0.117 0.203 0.037 Fish % detectable 98.8 100 59.8 73.7 71.5 77.1 84A 87.4 % excecding standard 0 1.1 0 0.6 1.1 0 0 0 average (mg/kg) 6.101 9.445 0.052 0.893 0.043 0.139 0.353 0.032 Shrimp % detectable 100 100 76.4 94.1 88.2 82A 76.5 70.6 % exceedingstandard 5.9 47.1 0 5.9 0 0 0 0
Analysis of toxic residues in some fish was also conducted for the present assessment of L-S- R waterway regulation project. The measured results are presented in Table 5.5.
Table 5.5 Residues of heavy metals in some fish In L-S-R waterway mg/kg species of fish Hg Cd Pb Zn Cu Lateolabrax japonicus 0.00075 0.018 0.050 3.25 0.405 Mugit cephalus Linnaeus 0.00085 0.002 0.002 0.48 0.063 Silurus asotus linnacus 0.0004 0.002 0.002 4.70 0.623
According to the investigation, river water in the regions around Nanhai city and Shunde city is currently suitable for fishery, but is hard to use for fish egg hatching since hatching rate is extremely low. Therefore, the issue of pollution can not be overlooked.
105 6. Environmental Management, Monitoring & Training
Environmental management is one of the important component of the project. It starts with construction phase and lasts in operational phase. For such a long-term commitment and ever changing circumstances, it is necessary to establish administrative bodies for environmental management, make plans for environmental management, monitoring, and training programs for monitoring and managerial staff.
6.1 Environmental Management Organizations
The Environmental Department of the Project Office shall be in charge of the overall environmental management on the project. Please see Figure 6.1 for the organizational chart. The implementation organizations under the Department shall have responsibilities as follows:
(1) Prepare monthly, quarterly and yearly environmental implementation reports and report monitoring data, under direction of the Dept. and supervision and guidance of provincial and local environmental protection bureaus;
(2) Supervise project engineering and implementation of pollution controls; issue notification to construction teams violating environmental laws and improper implementation of pollution control, and report to the Dept.; assist with response to accidental pollution;
(3) Assist local environmental protection bureaus and the Dept. in establishing new monitoring stations or sampling sites along the channel, and in on-job training of monitoring and managerial staff.
6.2 Environmental Management during Construction Phase
The targets for environmental protection include water quality, fishery resources, environmental noise, land and navigation. Among them fishery resources and navigation can recover immediately after the engineering is over. As the survey indicates there was no existing spawning place for large or medium fishes in the LXR(Z-H) & L-S-R channel. The disturbance to navigation is not avoidable when the engineering vessels are in operation. Therefore environmental management during construction phase will concentrate on water quality, environmental noise and land.
(I) Water Quality Dredging, spit-cutting and reefs blasting should choose appropriate engineering scale good timing, usage of explosives for prevention damage to river banks. Engineering 3 km upstream 500m downstream to water plant inlet ought to coordinate with water plant and allow water plant sufficient time for taking in source water. Nine water plants along the channel, Xideng,Yuanfa, Tong'an, Longchong, Guizhou, Dashan, Xiaohuangbu, Shawan and Panyu City water plant,
106 Project Management Environmental Management
LTranshort Minie a BrPAnc
LDTrats. Dept. S L de E nAS
-Sit SupesEn.Eng v an.
, C o En. Monitoring
En. Admi Agencies
L-S-RBTanch LowerXijiang RiverBrach En.Supervisionjent Off upervocasEPAs
|Land& ResettleSec En. Sec.| |Land &-Resettle Sc E.Sc
pn-Site Enig.Supervisor ||En. MonitoringInst.|
en. Supervision En' Supervision
Notes:Administrative Contractual
Figure 6.1 Lower XijiangRiver RegulationProtect Organization
assign staff to monitoringwater quality around inlet in the Primary Water Source Protection Zone. Engineering team is required to construct soil enclosures between the channel and adjacentaquacultural water bodies.
All the engineering vessels, including dredges, tow and transport boats must pass the inspectionby the Shipping InspectionBureau and the annual test. Large boats more than 200 must be equipped with oil separator and domestic wastewater collection cabin and small transport boats with oil tray under power machinery, flush toilet and body waste tank. All the solid wastes- are required to be collected and oil wastewater in large boats to be discharged after oil separation. The collected oil, body waste and garbage can only be unloaded at designated harbor or garbage transit station.
(2) Noise Engineering team should conduct operation in appropriate duration other than 12:00 - 14:00, 22:00- 06:00 when the residents are resting or sleeping. Signs should be placed for traffic control to restrict speed, and using horns or loudspeakers.
(3) Land As to excavated soil and dredged sediment transport vessels and motor vehicles should take them to the designated areas for disposal to prevent secondary pollution. Land for agricultural or residential uses that are occupied for engineering must be compensated in accordance with national and local standards and reclaimed by the engineering team to its original uses.
6.3 Environmental Management during Operational Phase
As the regulation with huge amount of earth-work is completed the traffic volume is going to increase dramatically. In this phase environmental management will concentrate on water pollution and noise control. The major elements of environmental management during operational phase include:
(1) Monitoring and Education Water quality and noise monitoring will be in the same manner as construction phase, intensive environmental publicity and education;
(2) Shipping Annual and Navigation Tests All the vessels running regularly on the route are required to be equipped with oil separator or wastewater (including domestic sewage and body waste) collector. Oil separator may pass only after satisfactory test running. Additionally a number of wastewater and garbage transit stations are to be established in river-side urban communities or industrial complex with wastewater and garbage treatment facilities. Harbor supervisory authorities will impose strong control over illegal discharges of wastes through fines, operation suspension and holding ship in custody in cooperation the Public Security Bureau.
(3) Zoning for Noise Control The waterways at Lianhuashan and Rongqi towns are zoned for noise control where there is restriction on boat speed and use of whistle. Shipping Inspection and Harbor Supervision Authorities require on-route private transport boats to install noise insulation and mufflers to engines. The Harbor Supervision Authority may penalize the boat owner who violates the noise regulation according to report, complaint or inspection. When there is a urban development plan, the Environmental Monitoring Station is obliged to inform the Land Management and Planning
108 Bureaunot to locate any hospital, school, office building and residential community within 200m to the river banks.
(4) Response Capabilities to Accidents. Loading and unloading dangerousgoods at harbors along the channel has to follow such a procedure as declaration, approval, loading at the designateddock under supervision, inward escort, inward permit, clearance escort, and unloading at the designated dock under supervision. Harbor Supervisory Authorities must correct any wrong doing immediately and may penalize the violator as prescribed by Orders 20 and 21 issued by the Ministry of Transportation. To be able to respond to any accidents, the Authorities have to be prepared with:
Close communication with sensitive receptors, for example, urban water plant inlet and fishing waters, so immediate notification can be reached when accident happens with a vessel loaded with dangerous goods;Countermeasures and procedures against pollution accidents for quick and effective response.
6.4 Environmental Monitoring
The environmentaltargets during constructional and operational phases of the project include two categories long-term and short-term. Short-term targets, such as aquatic ecological and navigation, are present during constructional phase. For these targets, essential environmental awarenessand management is demandedto take mitigation measures. The long-term targets, such as water quality, noise and sediment, need periodical monitoring at specific sampling sites to providebasis for environmental management. The monitoring shall follow such national standards as:
Surface Water Quality Standard (GB3838-88) Shipping Wastes Discharge Standard (GB3552-83) RegionalEnvironmental Noise Standard for City Harbors and River Banks (GB 11339-89) Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-89) Limitations to Pollutants in Contaminated Soil for Agricultural Use (GB4284-84) Fishery Water Quality Standard(GB 11607-89)
6.4.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan For Construction Phase
According to the targets and tasks, a environmental monitoring plan for construction phase is listed in Table 6.1.
During construction phase relatively more frequent monitoring is required. Before construction activities start environmental action includes personnel training, preparation of monitoring equipment and instrumentation, and operation fund. Contractors and engineering
109 Table 6.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan during Construction Stage
--______._ Wa. _terQua lit;______
Monitoring Including 15 items: temperature, pH, DO, CODM,,,BOD 5, NOrN, NO-N, SS, non- items ionic ammonia, phenol, oil, cyanide, chlorophyll, coliform bacteria and total bacteria, of which 5 items are critical: SS, oil, DO, pH and total bacteria. Analysis Standardized Analysis Methods issued by NEPA methods Sampling 1. Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen waterway in lower Xijiang river stations (1). 5 existing hydrographic stations: Gaoyao, Makou, Beijie, Hengdhan and Xipaotai. (2). 8 joints of branch and mainstream: Guangli town, Taipingsha, Jiujiang town, Guzheng waterway, Chaolian island, Baiqintou, and Hemaxi (2 stations). (3). one monitoring station respectively at each water intake, at 3 km upstream and at 500 m downstream to the intake of the 6 water plants in four towns along the waterway.
2. Liansharong waterway (1). 9 stations at Lianhuashan, Batangwei, Shiqiao, Shawan, Zini, Banshawei, Rongqi, Yinggezhui and Nanhua. (2). one monitoring station respectively at each water intake, at 3 km upstream and at 500 m downstream to the intake of the 9 water plants in four towns along the
== _ =___i__channel. Monitoring 1. For all items in all stations, sampling and monitoring two times (one at high frequency tide, and one at low tide) in each season (wet,.normal and dry). and 2. For the critical items of SS, DO, once a week, and oil, pH and total bacteria, periods once a month, in the section under construction, and one time.at the next day of the end of construction. In the meantime, control monitoring stations would be set up at 500 m upstream and at 3 km downstream to the construction site. 3. For the items of pH, SS, cyanide, phenol and oil, oneday per 10-day,two times I day(one at high tide, and one at low tide) for the water intake which will be affected by construction activities. Executive The Project Office. The office will commission Pearl River Basin Water agency Environmen Center. Notes The plan would be properly modified according to the properties and progress o construction activities.
.._.___Environmental Noise Monitoring Continuous noise, abrupt noise, background environmental noise before Items construction at each sensitive point and in the construction section. Monitoring 1. Densely populated areas along the waterway: Guangli and Shakou towns for Stations Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen waterway project, and Rongqi and Lianhuashan towns for Liansharong channel project. 2. At distance of 50 m and 100 m away from the banks of the construction section.
110 Monitoring Monitoring background noise two times in the day before the construction starts. frequency During construction stage, monitoring two times a day (07:00-18:30, 22:00-06:30), and two days each season (one day in busy construction period, and one day in leisure periods p _ Executive (Same as above) ageney Sediment Monitoring 7 items: Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn, oil & DDT. items Analysis Follow the stan tduidelines issued NEPA. Sampling Samples would be taken from each construction section with dredging volume o more than 100 m3, including: a total of 8 sections at Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen waterway, namely, Laowanchong to koumen, Dalikou to Sijiao gate, Huangbu gate to Xi'an dock, Luzhoukou section, Chaolianzhou section, Haishousha section, Gaoming section, and upper Muolianzhou section; 5 sections at Liansharong channel, namely, Nanhua to Haixingsha, Lijiasha, Shawan bridge to Dawutou, Dadaosha to Guanyin, and Lianhuashan. Sampling One sample taken before each engineering operation |Lr%Sency Executive (Same as above) agency teams need to send managerial staff to receive training on environmental protection and monitoring for I or 2 weeks and assign employees to routine environmental monitoring operations.
6.4.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan For Operational Phase
When the regulation is completed,, shipping noise and wastes will add the existing pollution sources of river-side towns and industrial complex. In addition to monitoring on water quality and noise, it is important to strengthen shipping inspection and management. When the engineering is over it needs monitoring for I to 3 years during operation phase to determine the real impacts and additional mitigation measures. Thereafter the monitoring responsibility will shift to other environmental monitoring institutions. Table 6-2 provides details for environmental monitoring during operational phase.
6.5 Training Programs
6.5.1 Preparatory Training for Environmental Management and Monitoring Personnel
Environmental monitoring and environmental management are critical to all the waterway regulation project whether during construction stage or during operation stage. During the four- year-long waterway regulation project, environmental monitoring and environmental management would face various kinds of conditions, and work load would also be great. The core to
111 successfully implement environmental monitoring and management plans is to have responsible environmental monitoring and management cadres with advanced technology and high efficiency. To train environmental monitoring and management personnel is an important aspect of environmental management.
Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring Plan during Operation Stage
Environmental Noise Monitoring items Continuous noise from ship navigation, and abrupt noise from ship
Monitoring Stations At harbors or densely populated areas in four towns, namely, Guangli, Shakou, Rongqi and Lianhuashan. Monitoring should be conducted within the distance of 100 m away from river banks, and at the height of 1-2 m above the ground. Monitoring frequency For the monitoring of navigation noise, each monitoring should last at and periods least 20 minutes. One time a season, one day each time, two monitoring a day (in daytime from 06:30 to 18:30, and at night from
______20:3t6:30 __ ___...... _...- Executivea en don Waterway Bureau. Water Oualit ______R ____ Wae__ _ t______Monitoring items Same as the corresponding in Table 5. The key items include oil, DO, COD,BOD5, pH and SS. Monitoring Stations Same as the corresponding in Table 5. Monitoring frequency For the sections along the waterway, twice for each season (dry, and periods normal and wet), two samplings each time (at high tide and low tide respectively). All operations should follow the relevant regulations and guidelines issued by NEPA. For water intakes, sampling once a month at each intake, and ...... oil, DO, COD, BOD$, RH and SS. sediment Monitoring items 7 items: Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn, oil & DDT.
Analysis Follow the standards and guidelines issued by NEPA.
Sampling Samples would be taken from each maintenance section
Sampling frequency One sample taken before each maintenance engineering Executive agency (Same as above)
One year before construction work begins, Environmental Protection Section should also be set up in the same time with the establishment of the Project Office. The first thing, after the establishment of the Environmental Protection Section, is to organize I months training for environmental monitoring and management personnel. Training program can be divided into the following three stages:
112 (I) Intense training on environmentalprotection knowledge:Through such activities as invitingspecialists to give lectures, watching video cassettes,and visiting, relevant personnel wouldhave a thoroughunderstanding on environmentalprotection regulations and specifications in China, on the requirement of environmentalprotection by the World Bank, on the environmental impact of the project, and on the regulations and requirement in the environmentalprotection design, supervision,management and monitoringof the project,so that they wouldunderstand the importanceof environmentalprotection on promotingthe sustainable developmentof socialeconomy and livingquality. Trining periodis one month.( see to Tab.6.3).
Tab. 6.3 Detailsof trainingplan
time China(in Guangdong,10 Overseas(somewhere people x 4 weeks) undecided,5 peoplex 15 days) weekI environmental protection techniques of environmental regulationand specifications management and in China superintendentabroad week2 environmental management; GIS application in methodology of environmental management; environmentalmonitoring & visit to existing similar analysis waterwayregulation project week3 environmental protection regulationand specifications by World Bank week4 GIS application in environmental management
(2) On-site Practice. Experts would be invited to lecture on monitoring principles and methodologyat different water functionalzones. In the meantime,environmental management staff would required to discuss environmentalimpact of various engineering operations and mitigationmeasures. Conclusions from the discussionshould be integratedinto the environmental protectionmeasures for constructionstage. It would last 15 days.
(3) Overseas TrainingProgram. 5 persons of environmentalmanagement staff would be selectedand sent abroad to learn the advancedtechniques of environmentalprotection in other countrieswhere there existed similar waterwayregulation projects (The best is the World Bank loan projects),and to work out practicalenvironmental protection measures in accordancewith the actualsituations of the presentproject. It shouldlast 15 days. (see to Tab.6.3)
6.5.2 On-postTraining for EnvironmentalMonitoring and ManagementStaff
On-post training aims to strengthen environmentalmonitoring and management during constructionstage and operation stage, and to ensure environmentalmonitoring quality and 113 efficient environmental management, so as to enhance the overall quality of the project. The on- post training would also help to ffnd the problems in environmental monitoring and management, which should be reported to Environmental Protection Section timely so as to take appropriate measures to modify and solve. The training last I month, and two training would be conducted during construction stage (at the Ist quarter of the Ist year and Ist quarter of the 2nd year respectively), and one training every other year during operation stage (at the Ist quarter).
114 7. Public Participation
Public participation may reach targets at and play important role in:
(I) Public awareness of the project and its environmental impact; (2) Ensuring all the key environmental issues to be evaluated; (3) Evaluation of environmental resources; (4) Feasibility study of environmental mitigation measures; (5) Extensive public consultation to minimize the environmental impacts to be acceptable to the public.
7.1 Methodology
We adopted three ways for public participation:
(l) Workshops. Key environmental issues were presented to experts and scholars for intensive discussion and evaluation.
(2) Interviews& Surveys. Questionnaires for pubic opinions were sent extensively and randomly to institutions, organizations and individual residents in project affected areas, including both sexes, wide age, education, and occupation distribution. In addition to that, interviews and surveys were conducted for expert opinions.
(I) Bulletin in Newspaper In Nov.07, 1997, GPWB promulgated a announcement in 4th page of Nanfang (South) Daily.
7.2 Workshops and Conclusions
7.2.1 Workshops
(I) Organizer: The World Band Funded Project Office of Guangdong Provincial Channel Bureau.
(2) Timing In year 1996, three workshops during April 30 - May 1, May 20 - May 23, and July 8.
(3) MeetingPlace Taoyuan Hotel, Heyuan City; Guangdong Hotel and Hubin Hotel in Guangzhou City.
(4) Participants
llS More than 20 experts and scholars from Guangdong Provincial Channel Bureau, The environmental Protection Office of The Ministry for Transportation, The Scientific Research Institute for Pearl River Water Resources Protection, including specialized fields in channel engineering, environmental economy, environmental assessment and resources management.
7.2.2 Issues and Conclusions
(I) Contentsand Scope of the EA While preparing the Terms of Reference for EA, we extensively consulted with experts to insure the EA could consider all the issues and adopt appropriate methods. After reviewing the draft TOR experts concluded the project would produce enormous social and economic benefits but would not have significant environmental impacts. They emphasized it was important to survey and evaluate all the key environmental issues for successful project implementation and minimization of environmental impacts. It was suggested the environmental assessment of the project was classified as Category II that focused on three types of issues flood and flood control, fishery resources and water quality, and environmental impacts during construction phase.
(2) ProjectArea The project area expanded over cities Zhaoqing, Foshan, Jiangmen, Shunde, Panyu and Zhongshan. It was a delta downstream to West and North Rivers that was characterized with monsoon weather, network of waterways, plentiful water resources, fast growing and developed economy. The experts reached a conclusion that existing environmental quality was exposed to ever increasing domestic and industrial wastewater discharges when the area enjoyed abundant natural resources, high level social and economic development and good overall environmental quality.
(3) PositiveRole of the Projectto LocalSocial and EconomicDevelopment. The experts thought lower Xijiang River, including Liansharong waterway, could not accommodate shipping any more as the economy was growing fast. It would be necessary and feasible to regulate navigation channel in lower Xijiang River due to low regulation and operational costs. The project will connect the ocean with inland shipping. This changes the existing pattern of sole inland shipping and networks inland shipping, road transportation and railways. Improved transportation system will benefit the economy in Pearl River, even Pearl River basin through expanded international trade, capital and technology introduction, export competitiveness, and re-distribution of industries.
(4) GeneralOpinions about the Project A. Impact on aquatic organism. The project is in the Pearl River Delta where there are numerous families of aquatic organism, plentiful aquatic resources and developed aquaculture. In the project waterways there is no spawning place for migration fishes so no impact on migrants exits. During constructional phase reef blasting will have temporary impact on aquatic organism. The project can provide benefits to the spawning and growth of food organism and fishes.
B. Impact on flood control. Generally most engineering of the project is related to dredging
116 and reefs blasting but few dams so the project will have little impact on flood control due to insignificant flood raising.
C. Impact on water quality. During constructional phase dredging, reef blasting and damming will cause increased suspended solids which have some temporary impact on water quality. Water plants that may be affected should be notified before such activities start.
(5) Impact During Constrction Phase. Major impact of the project will happen during construction phase that temporarily increases suspended solids, affect or destroy the normal life of aquatic organism, and disturb shipping operation. Noise from engineering activities may annoy residents more or less because most engineering sites are in remote rural areas without dense population. Construction workers ought to be aware of epidemic and infectious diseases. Land occupied by engineering activities should be recovered to original use and compensated.
7.3 Public Opinion Survey
7.3.1 Questionnaires
We made questionnaires to survey public opinions and suggestions about the West River downstream channel regulation project and its environmental protection.
Table 7.1 Questionnaire for Public Opinion
Name Sex Age * Education
Work unit Occupation Date
Questions Multiple choices (I) Never known 1. How much do you know about the project? (2) Heard of (3) Clear 2. Do you think the attached Terms of Reference for EA and the Environmental Assessment Report has given complete (I) Complete consideration to environmental impacts from the (2) Incomplete, need to include project? Are there any other environmental issues to be assessed? 3. How is the existing environmentai quality (1) Unacceptable in project area? (2) Acceptable (3) Fairly Good 4. Do you have any opinions and suggestions
117 to environmental impact of the project?
7.3.2 The Public
7.3.2.1 Principles for Determining Representation
(1) Regional representation. Survey at all the cities along the channel. (2) Trade representation. People in various occupations may differ in the point of views. (3) Education level representation. People's attitude towards the project and its environmental protection is somewhat relied on their education levels. (4) Sexuality representation.
7.3.2.2 The Public Composition
(1) Regions Residents were interviewed at Zhaoqing City, Jiangmen City, Shunde city , Panyu city, Jiujiang City and Nan'an village.
(2) Trades The people surveyed and interviewed include employees in environmental protection, hydrological, shipping and navigation, fishery and aquaculture, land management, education, self- employed small business, fishers and farmers.
(3) Education levels The surveyed included 43 college graduates, 192 high school graduates, and 206 primary school or lower school graduates.
(4) Sexuality 76 females were surveyed, 17.23 % out of the total 441 persons surveyed.
7.3.3 Survey Process
Field survey was done in the days May 29 to 31, 1996 starting at Zini, through Shawan waterway to Lianhuashan waterway, back to Lijiasha waterway, through Ronggui waterway to West River mainstream. Along the way we interviewed 20 persons (3 females) including fisher, navigation managers, sailor, farmer and urban residents.
During water sampling June 16 to 21, 1996, we surveyed fishery institutions, 14 (2 females) farmers and urban residents around the sampling sites.
In two periods July 7 to 10 and August 28 to 30, 1996 the EA team visited Shunde City and Panyu City and interviewed officers in governmental agencies Land Management, Environmental Protection, Hydraulic, Fishery and Aquaculture, Navigation and Hygiene, specifically Shunde
118 City People's Congress and the Political Consultation Committee.
In Oct. 28 to Nov. 10, 1997, we took a field survey through the whole waterway again. We got 389 copies of answered questionnaires, which are not all satisfying although.
7.3.4 Statistic Analysis of Public Opinions
(1) Awareness of the Project Among the people surveyed, 175 (39.68%) gave answer "Never Known," 132 "heard of', 36 'Clear", and 98 didn't ansmer.The project was unknown to the general public.
(2) The Terms of Reference The majority did not say anything due to lack of environmental knowledge. Among the 41 persons who answered the questions, 34 thought the TOR included all the environmental issues, and 7 suggested the EA should give more space to the positive role of the project and impact on land use.
(3) Existing Environmental Quality Among the 441 persons, 98 did not give answers, 235 said "fairly good," and 108 "acceptable."
(4) Opinions and Suggestions for Environmental Protection Most of the 72 questionnaires held positive attitude to the project. The project would not produce any discharges but might have some impact during construction phase. During operational phase increased traffic volume will result-in more shipping wastes that can be reduced through efficient management.
The majority thought the environmental issues related to the project ought to be taken seriously. Specially the public demanded active response to water plant influent quality that was critical to them.
7.4 Bulletin in newspaper
119 7.5 Response to Public Concems
7.5.1 More Publicity
During the survey we sensed that the public did not know much about the project. It is recommended to inform the public more about the project through media such as TV, radio newspaper while the project is going.
7.5.2 EA to be Focused
At the workshops experts contributed a number of valuable suggestions to the Terms of Reference for EA. The EA should be focused on impacts such as flood control, fishery resources and water quality, and positive contributions of the project.
7.5.3 Impact on Water Plant Source Quality
The major impact on water quality of water plant influent comes from suspended solids during dredging. We established models to simulate the concentration patterns of suspended solids and determine its impact on influent water quality. Meanwhile the Environmental Action Plan required monitoring, once 10 days, should be done at cross-sections 3km upstream and 500m downstream to the influent during construction phase.
7.6 Conclusions
The public participation in two ways got a number of people involved and made successful results.
The public did not know so much about the project that intensive publicity is needed to increase public awareness. With briefing about the project and environmental assessment most of them felt positive towards the project regardless its adverse environmental impacts. The survey public was concerned with environmental issues closely related to them.
The survey discovered that urban residents, highly educated people and persons in developed areas were more concerned with the environmental side of the project.
120 8. Analysis of Environmental and Economical Benefits and Costs
8.1 The Social Benefit of the Project
The establishment of 3,000 dwt seagoing waterway will make great contributions to develop inland and international trades. L-S-R waterway with higher navigation standard, connecting with the seagoing waterway of Xijiang in west and Shizhiyang in east, will become an important linkage to link up the eastern and western parts of Pearl River Delta and each seaward outlet, and will be the main navigation waterway of Pearl River delta. It will change the closed inland water transportation pattern of the region, and will play an important role for the development of local waterborne transportation.
The completion of 3,000 dwt seagoing waterway below Zhaoqing and 1,000 dwt Liansharong waterway will promote the rational structure modification of comprehensive transportation network in Pearl River Delta, and establish the new pattern of connecting with each other. Through the proposed waterway, direct access of large ships will reduce middle processes, which will be helpful for lowering the circulation cost of products and the transportation cost in foreign trades, and increasing the benefits of the enterprises. In the same time, it will help enhance the competitive ability of regional import and export trades, and promote the development of regional economy along the coast and the shores. Therefore, the proposed project will bring great social and economic benefits.
Waterway regulation is a comprehensive water resources utilization project. After the regulation, land values along the shores will be raised, and more employment opportunities will be provided for local residents.
8.2 Project Investment and Economic Benefit
8.2.1 Project Investment
The total investment of the project is estimated to be 127,363.29 X IV RAM. The construction period includes four fiscal years.
8.2.2 Direct Economic Benefit
Direct economic benefit will be obtained mainly from the raise of waterway navigation ability and navigation standard. With the completion of the project, the present transportation structure will be reformed, and lots of cargoes will be transported through waterway. Therefore, main direct economic benefits includes the saving of road transportation cost, and the reduction of mileage of 1,000 dwt ships detouring around the estuary etc.
Results of the project feasibility study show that after the regulation of-Liansharong
121 waterway, the amount of saving of container ship cost and miscellaneous cargo cost will be RMB 4,162 X 10 in 2000, 12,220 X 104 in 2010, and 23,744 X 104 in 2020. For Xijiang lower reaches regulation project, the amount of saving of container ship cost will reach 127,737 X 104 in 2000, 420,187.5 X 104 in 2010, and 675,661.5 X 104 in 2020. Therefore, direct economic benefit will be tremendous.
8.3 EnvironmentalLoss and Environmental Protection Investment
8.3.1 Reef blasting in construction period will influence fish catch and reduce the income of fishery production. However, since fishermen, whose lives depend on fish catch, are distributed scatteredly, it is difficult to compute its income level. Therefore it is hard to quantify the loss in this aspect.
8.3.2 Silting on shores of spur dike will have some influence on water flowing into or out of the water gates nearby, which will increase the cost of dredging before the water gate.
8.3.3 Since reef blasting and dredging during construction stage will increase SS concentration in water, treatment cost of water plants along the river will be raised.
8.3.4 Cost of levee protection engineering sums to RMB 1,763.04 X 104, which is also a part of expenditure of environmental protection. Total length of reforestation would be 20 km and Supposed that RMB 20,000 would need for each kilometer of greening belt, totally RMB 400 X 104 would be required. This investment will be made by local governments and is not part of project estimate costs.
8.3.5 Cost of land occupation. The project will make a requisition of 936 mu lands to use for constructing complete facilities, such as waterway station and its workers' accommodation, maintenance ground of navigation marks and working dock of navigation marks etc. Most lands are river floodplain and uncultivated land, so it will have no much impact on land utilization. Compensation fees to the requisition of lands will be RMB 2,434.9 X 10.
8.3.6 Personnel training plan. Domestic training: 20 persons ( I months each person); Foreign training: 5 persons (a half month each person). The cost of training is RMB 2,000/ person for domestic training, and USS 8,500 / person.month for foreign training. Therefore, total cost of personnel training of environmental protection sums to RMB 21.574 X 104.
8.3.7 Cost of Environmental Monitoring
Environmental monitoring divides into two stages: environmental monitoring during construction stage and during operation stage.
8.3.7.1 Cost of Environmental Monitoring during Construction Stage
(1) Water quality monitoring
122 According to the Environmental Protection Action Plan, water quality monitoring items are as follows:
Water temperature, pH, CODm,, BODs , NO2 -N, NO3-N, SS, non-ionic ammonia, phenol, oil, CN -, chlorophyll, coliforns, and bacterial.
Monitoring stations consists of:
Zhaoqing - Hutiaomen waterway in lower Xijiang river: hydrological stations along the waterway: 5 stations meeting points with branches and diverting points of mainstream: 8 stations above and below the water intake of 4 water plants: 8 stations sub-total: 21 stations
Liansharong waterway: along the waterway: 9 stations above and below the water intake of 9 water plants: 18 stations subtotal: 27 stations Total: 48 stations
Monitoring frequency: 2 days each for wet season, normal season and dry season, 2 times each day ( at flood and ebb tides).
Analysis cost for each item is presented in Table 8.1.
Table 8.1 Cost of analysis of esch water quality item unit: RAUB No. Item Cost of analysis No. Item Cost of analysis I water tempeature 10 9 non-ionic ammonia 40 2 pH* 10 10 Phenol 50 3 DO* 30 11 oil* 40 4 CODM,* 40 12 CN 50 5 BODs* 40 13 Chl-a 50
6 NO2 - N 40 14 coilform group 50 7 NO3 - N 40 15 bacterial count 50
8- SS* 40 ______key items
Cost of sampling: RMB 300 /person.day Monitoring cost of additional items equal to 30% of the above sum Non-predictable cost: 10% Total cost of water quality monitoring: RMB 55.60 X 104.
123 (2) Sediment Monitoring
Cost of analysis: number of sediment samples: 13 ( sampling one time for each section before construction) cost of sampling: RMB 500 per sample Total: RMB 1.35 X 10'.
Table 8.2 Cost of analysis for each sediment item unit: RMB No. Item Cost of analysis I Pb 80 2 Hg 80 3 Zn 80 4 Cd 80 5 Cu 80 6 Oil 60 7 DDT 80 subtotal 540
(3) Noise environmental monitoring
Cost for each monitoring point: 13 Number of points and times: 4 towns along the water way. 2 points at distance of 50 m and 100 m for each town Monitoring frequency: 8 days each year, 2 times each.day. a total of 48 times three years. Cost for transportation and workers: 2 persons for each town, 2 days for each time, RMB 300 /person.day. cost of transportation: RMB 500 /day, 8 days each year. Total cost of noise environmental monitoring: RMB 7.46 X 104
Total cost of environmental monitoring during construction stage: RMB64.41 X 104
8.3.7.2 Cost of Environmental Monitoring during Operation Stage
It is about RMB 10 X 104, which is transmission costs of the monitoring result.
8.3.8 Measure to Control Ship Pollutants
(I) For Scenario 3, treatment of oil waste water and oil leakage will require an investment of RMB 30 X 104, and annual operation fee will be RMB 12 X 104.
(2) Treatment of ship night soil will need an investment of RMB 243.29 X 10'.
(3) Treatment of ship garbage will need an investment of RMB 1,046.40 X 104.
124 (4) Control of ship noise will need an investmnentof RMB 26160 X 104.
Ship pollutants control will require a total investment of RMB 27,479.69 X 104. This investment is not part of project estimate costs.
8.3.9 Cost of compensation of fishery loss
This part of investment will be decided by agreement on GPWB and GPSAPD (Guangdong Provincial Sea and Aquatic Products Department) altogether.
8.3.10 Total Investment of Environmental Protection Measures
Total investment of environmental protection measures are summarized in Table 8.3.
Table 8.3 Environmental costs (RMB X 104)
Project budget Investments outside of Items investments project budget LXR(Z- L-S-R LXR(Z- | L-S-R H) H) *Land requisition 2434.9 *Levees and Bank 1763.04 Protection . Reforestation 400 Compensation for undecided fishing Ship wastes control 1319.69 ShiP noise control \ 26160 Training: China 4 Overseas 17.574 . Monitoring: Construction stage: Water 24.325 31.275 Sedinent 0.675 0.675 Noise 4.59 2.87 Operation stage: transmission costs of 5 5 monitoring results ___ operation of 7 7 environmental office _ Total (excluding cost of 4307.924 27879.69 fishery compensation) . * included within "engineering" category of project investment.
125 8.4 Environmental Benefit
8.4.1 Lijiasha waterway is narrow. Establishment of levee protection engineering will play an important role for the safety of shores.
8.4.2 Treatment of ship pollutants will help clean water. Xijiang River is important water source. There are 4 water plants along LXR(Z-H) Waterway and 9 water plants along L-S-R Waterway. Collect and disposal of ship pollutants will reduce pollution of water sources of water plants. That is the main environmental benefit.
8.4.3 Water quality monitoring during construction stage can reflect impact of construction on water quality. In case of heavy pollution, emergency measures can be taken properly, so as to avoid supplying poor quality water to residents and ensure safety water use.
8.4.4 Greening along the shores helps improve landscape. It can also reduce the impact of ship noise on ambient environment.
8.5 Cost-BenefitsAnalysis of Environmental Economics
Except the investment of environmental protection measures, above environmental loss and benefit are difficult to quantify and can only be analyzed qualitatively.
Total investment of waterway regulation project on the lower Xijiang River will be RMB 127,363.29 X 104, of which investment of environmental protection will be RMB 4307.924 X 104 (excluding cost of fishery compensation), accounting for 3.38% of total investment. Although the proportion of environmental protection investment is low, environmental benefit resulting from environmental protection measures will be obvious, and its social benefit is hard to estimate.
126 9. Conclusions and Suggestions
9.1 Conclusions
9.1.1 About the Waterway Regulation Project in the Lower Xijiang River
The waterway regulation project in the lower Xijiang river will be an comprehensive regulation project to improving the navigation conditions and raise the waterborne transportation ability, by such engineering measures as dredging, reef blasting, damming, short-cutting, shoal- cutting (or shore-cutting, straightening) etc. Through regulation, the navigation standard of Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen waterway will be raised from the present standard navigable for 1,000 dwt ships to that navigable for 3,000 dwt ships, and the navigation standard of Liansharong waterway will be raised from the present standard navigable for 500 dwt ships to that navigable for 1,000 dwt ships. The total investment of the project reaches RMB 127,363.29 X 104, corresponding to about USS15,400.64 X 104.
9.1.2 Engineering Analysis
During the construction stage, environmental impacts resulting from various kinds of construction activities are local, temporary and reversible. Total dredging volume will be 1,200.83 3 X 104 m . SS from dredging and waste earth will have some influences on water quality and fishery production resources. There will be 30 underwater reef blasting, with a total volume of 4 3 85.26 X 10 m . Noise and vibration (shock waves} resulting from reef blasting will have some impact on fishery resources and nearby buildings on both shores, and the impact extent depends on the amount of explosives used. Other construction activities such as damming, dumped bank and operation of vehicles and ships will also have some environmental impact. In addition, 936 mu lands ( equivalent to 62.4 ha) will be requisitioned during construction stage, which will have some influence on land use and agricultural production. The above environmental impacts caused by the construction activities are short-term, and they will disappear with the completion of the project except the impact on land use. During the operation stage, because of the wider and deeper navigation channel and the raise of ship tonnage in operation, waterborne transportation load will increase, and progress of regional social economy will be promoted. However, oil wastewater, sewage and garbage from ships will have some impacts on water quality, although such impacts will be small and reversible, and be controlled by taking some measures. In addition, noise from navigating ship will have some impact on residents along the shores, although the impact may be limited and small, since there are only two towns along the shores with relatively large residential areas and there are no noise sensitive points such as schools and hospitals within 200 m of the shore.
9.1.3 Current Environmental Situations in the Project Area
127 The waterway regulation project in the lower Xijiang river consists two parts: the regulation of Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen 3,000 dwt seagoing waterway ( with a total length of 168 km), and the regulation of Liansharong (Nanhua-Lianhuashan) 1,000 dwt waterway ( with a total length of 90 km). Natural conditions in the project area are excellent, economic development level is high, overall environmental quality is good, and public living quality is relatively fine. The project area situates in alluvial area of Xijiang river and Beijiang river deltas, with typical land form of delta plain. Climate type belongs to typical subtropical marine monsoon climate. It is of plenty of rainfall. Occurrence of storm rainfall is concentrated, and typhoon is of high frequency. River network intersects within the region and is influenced by irregular semidiumal mixed tide from Pearl river mouths. Runoff is great but is not evenly distributed within the year. Original vegetation types are less, and most of vegetation are artificially planted. No rare and precious species of land animals are found in the region. Species of aquatic organisms are large, and fishery resources are rich. According to the literature, 197 species of fish have been recorded in the project area. Because discharge of Xijiang river is great, the ratio of wastewater to runoff is small, and self-purifying and dilution ability is strong, water quality in all sections but Beijie part of Jiangmen section (which is heavy polluted) is fine, overall water quality being within Class 1-2 standard of surface ground water quality standards (GB3838-88). Within Liansharong waterway, all sections except Lianhuashan section, Lijiasha section and Shawan section are classified as Class 2 water source protection area, and overall water quality in various section is within Class 2- 3 standards of GB3838-88 (with a few items exceeding the standard). Contents of heavy metals such as Hg, Pb, Cr, Zn and Cu etc. in river bottom sediments are within Pollutant Control Standards of Contaminated Soil Used in Agriculture (GB4284-84). There are 173 water gates for irrigation and drainage, 13 water plants and 12 harbors and docks along the shores of the project waterway. In 1995, there were 94548 ships of various kinds navigating on Liansharong waterway, from which 785.49 t oil wastewater ( oil amount 3.38 t), 1213.4 t sewage and 951.92 t garbage were produced. Background value of environmental noise level at the residential areas of Lianhuashan town and Rongqi town are within class 2 standard of Environmental Noise Standards for Urban Region.
9.1.4 Socio-Economic Environmental Impact Assessment
With the completion of the waterway regulation in the lower Xijiang River, a more convenient waterborne transportation environment of river and sea will be created for the economic zone of Pearl river delta, which will change the relatively closed inland water transportation pattern in Pearl River Delta, improve the comprehensive transportation network of waterway, road and railway. That will be helpful for the development of regional economy, and stimulate the economic rise in Pearl River Delta and even all Pearl River Watershed.
The raise of navigation capability after the regulation will help lower the transportation cost, and optimize further the investment environment in associate with the establishment of new harbors and docks along the waterway, which will play an active role in introducing foreign investment and advanced techniques and management methods, and in modifying the structure of production and the layout of productivity.
128 Growth of regional economy will provide more employment opportunities, and will help raise the income of residents, accompanied with which are the following social benefits: Accommodation areas of residents will be increased, living conditions will be improved, the amount of savings will be increased, urbanization will become more and more apparent, government financial income will be raised, public medical and health, cultural and educational services will be well developed, infrastructures will be improved, and living quality of residents will be raised.
There are no special landscapes and important cultural relics and historical sites on both shores of the waterway, and the regulation itself will not make any damages to the existing landscape and places of historical interest and scenic beauty. During the construction, some lands will be occupied, but impact on land use is small and temporary, since these lands are of flood plains and its use will be resumed with the completion of the project. Rational compensation should be made for land owners. There will be no such issue of removal and migration. The construction will have no impact on ships passing by and harbor operation, given that rational working hours and working mode would be chosen in course of construction.
9.1.5 Main Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures
9.1.5.1 Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures during Construction Stage
(1) During construction stage, dredging, damming and reef blasting will cause bottom mud floating up, resulting in the increase of SS concentration in water. According to the prediction, maximum SS concentration in dredging sections will be 22 mg/L with maximum diffusion scope of 1,600 m. Because of the diffusion of SS, water quality around the water intake will be threatened. Therefore, water plants should be informed in advance before the construction starts, so that they can make proper preparation not to take in water in the working hours of the construction. In the same time water quality monitoring for each water intake should conduct one time each time during the construction stage. Construction activities should be stopped when the concentration of SS exceeds controlling standard (about 2 hours).
(2) Construction activities such as Reef blsting and dredging etc. will disturb aquatic organisms, especially fishery resources. There are no spawning fields of migratory or semi- migratory fishery in the project waterway. The project has no much impact on migratory or semi- migratory fishery, but construction works should not be conducted in migratory season. Reef blasting may damage part of food organisms, and may kill some fish passing by the section with reef blasting, but the impact will not be great since there is no much fish in Liansharong waterway. Of course, a construction plan which can minimize loss of fishery resource should be formulated as early as possible by the project developer and fishery administration departments.
(3) Impact of noise resulting from the operating equipment is temporary. Furthermore, since most of sections of the project waterway situate in countryside where there are no many people, noise impact will be lowered greatly given that rational working hours be chosen.
129 (4) Strong shock waves from reef blasting will have some impact on the banks and nearby buildings, and also disturb aquatic organisms. Therefore, the blasting method of small dose of explosives should be employed in reef blasting, and in such sections where bed rock has been weathered heavily reefs of hindering navigation should be removed mechanically.
(5) Waste earth and dredged materials will be disposed in following ways: Dredged materials from Shawan waterway will be dumped to the area around Dawu shoal; those from Lianhuashan waterway dumped to Jiang'ou dumping ground; waste earth and materials from reef blasting will be dumped to nearby deep on bank side of dangerous sections so as to protect the levees. Since contents of heavy metals in sediments are low ( within the standard of Pollutant Control Standards of Sludge Used by Agriculture), dumpings will have no great impact on dumping grounds. Dumping will result in muddy water, so dumping should conduct in deep water as far as possible in order to prevent diffusion in large scale.
(6) Measures should be taken to prevent epdimic disease prevail in working areas during construction stage.
(7) 936 mu ( 62.4 ha) will be occupied during the construction stage. There will be no removal and migration, and no re-settlement will be involved. The land occupation has no great impact to land use. Rational compensation should be made for land owners.
(8) Construction activities may have influence on waterway traffic order, may result in local and temporary traffic jam, and may even impact harbor operation. Plan should be made by the construction departments to ensure the navigation in the course of construction. In the same time contact with waterborne transportation department should made properly, and ships passing by should be well informed. Transportation of stones and dredged materials through waterway will have no great impact on land traffic, but the transportation should not be conducted in peak hours of navigation and harbor operation.
9.1.5.2 Environmental Impact and Mitigation Measures during Operation Stage
(1) The simulated results show that after the completion of the project, in all sections (except Lijiasha) of Liansharong waterway, river discharge will have very small changes ( for most sections below 1%) compared with that before the regulation, and flood level will also have very small changes (max. increase being only 0.03m). Therefore, Liansharong waterway regulation will have no much impact on flood control, and in some sections the decrease of flood level will be favourable for flood control. Such regulation works as damming and dumped bank will reinforce levees and raise the ability of preventing scouring, which will also help flood control. With the completion of Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen waterway regulation, maximum increase of flood level may reach 0.16 m compared with that before the regulation. The increase will mainly occur above Dianshuizhoutou, and will have little impact on the sections of Hutiaomen waterway below Baiqingtou. For the flood control in the region of Dianshuizhou, better construction plan should be chosen and observation of water level changes should be performed during construction stage
130 and after the completion of regulation.
(2) Due to the changes of river discharge and velocity and water level compared with that before the regulation, silting and scouring effects of all the waterway will change consequently. Discharge in Lijiasha waterway will have great increase, so that scouring effect may be raised. Since there will be no much spur dikes established along Liansharong waterway, scouring to the oppose shore will not be great. For Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen waterway, measures should be taken on the opposite shores of the spur dike group so as to reduce the scouring effects.
(3) A great deal of spur dike groups will be set up along Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen waterway, which will have some influence on water gates and water diversion works among the dike groups. For the present design, there are 13 water gates and water diversion works locating among the spur dike group. Appropriate modification should be made during the project design stage, or appropriate jetty should be established during construction or water intake should be moved outward. Some compensations can also be made for the original administrative or construction units for modifying or removing the drainage works. There are only a few water gates situating among the spur dike group within Liansharong waterway, which can be removed and re-built. The project will be also helpful for drainage and irrigation with the help of tide.
(4) During the operation stage (taking 2010 as the representative year), amounts of oil wastewater, sewage and garbage produced by ships navigating on Liansharong waterway are predicted as 556.76 t/a (in which oil amount is 4.35 tla), 1481.71 t/a and 1111.29 tla respectively, which are very small compared with the corresponding from land sources. However, direct discharge of them into the waterway without any treatment will also aggravate water pollution. It is suggested that in short term oil wastewater should be collected and transferred to the shore to treat, and gradually equip with oil separator when conditions are apt, and in long term pollution control facilities must be equipped at least on middle to large sized ships. Potable pumping closestools should be made extensive use on ships. Deposit cabinet for garbage should also be equipped so as to collect sewage and garbage. In the same time, control check to ships should also be strengthened, and ship polludon control management regulation should be formulated.
(5) Noise impact from ship sailing will be small. Whether in peak hours, or in daytime and at night, noise level caused by ship sailing will be within the corresponding environmental noise standards. Only abrupt noise caused by ship whistling will exceed the standard by 5-8 dB(A), which will have some impact on local residents.
(6) According to the modeling results of saline intrution in Z-H waterway, genarally speaking, the construction of the waterway. regulation project will cause slightly faster water flow, and little impact on sline intrusion.
(7) There exists the transportation of all 9 kinds of dangerous materials classified by IMO on the waterway of the project. According to investigation, the ships easy to result in pollution accidents mainly include oil ship, miscellaneous chemicals ship and liquidated gas ship, especially oil ship. In order to protect such environmental sensitive points as water intake and water source
131 reserves and aquatic organisms. proper measures should be taken to prevent the occurrence of pollution accidents. Navigation safety management, especially the management on ships of dangerous materials, should be strengthened. Perfect navigation mark system, communication facilities and other complete facilities should also be established. Emergency response system of pollution accident should be established. Special pollution control and treatment companies for different kinds of accidents should also be set up so as to meet the requirement in need.
9.1.6 Comparison of Altematives
(I) Comparison of alternatives for Liansharong waterway regulation project
The recommended design scenario is 80 m X 4.0 m X 500 m, with other two design scenarios for comparison. The other two scenarios have same channel span and bend radius with the recommended scenario, but the navigable channel depth is different, being 3.5 m and 4.5 m respectively.
The waterway is influence by tides from Pearl river estuary. Scenario I needs use 0.5-0.6 m of tidal water depth, which already exceeds the avcrage tidal range in Nanhua station, consequently full-time navigation can not be ensured. Scenario 3 does not need use tide, but the investment will be greater. Scenario 2 can use tidal water depth to meet the demand of silting depth,
The simulated results show that changes of flood level after and before the regulation for three scenarios are basically the same, and they have same change trend. Scenario I has greater changes than scenario 2 and scenario 3.
Volumes of dredging and reef blasting of three scenarios are different, but those of other works are same. Generally speaking, the greater the volumes of dredging and reef blasting, the greater the environmental impact. Thus, environmental impact of scenario 3 is greater than that of scenario 2, and that of scenario 2 greater than that of scenario 1.
(2) Comparison of alternatives for Zhaoqing-Hutiaomenwaterway regulation project
For Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen waterway regulation project, there are two other alternatives: Modaomen seagoing waterway and Hengmen seagoing waterway.
A. It is very difficult to train the sand bars at Modaomen outlet.
Modaomen, the main seaward outlet of Xijiang river, diverts about 1/3 of sand volume measured at Makou station. Modaomen waterway is an ideal seagoing waterway, because it is wide and deep. However, the sand bars are well developed at the outlet. If it is chosen as the seagoing waterway, the critical work is to train the sand bars. Due to the poor understanding of the sand bars at Modaomen outlet and the absence of investigation and study at present, it is best not to train these sand bars for the moment.
132 Flood discharge through Modaomen ranks at the first place among the 8 outlets. The regulation of Modaomen outlet should aim mainly at satisfying the requirement of flood discharge. The training of sand bars should combine with the outlet regulation, and waterway regulation should not be conducted in haste.
B. It is very difficult to regulate Qi'ao shoal in Hengmen seagoing waterway.
Feasibility study report for Hengmen seagoing waterway project has been completed. Critical studies had been made in the report for Lanshan shoal and Ermao shoal, and the causes of their formation had been analyzed and engineering measures were also put forward. For Qi'ao shoal, only the cause of its formation had been analyzed. Bottom sediments of Qi'ao shoal is clay, which results from the sedimentation of coagulated substances. Qi'ao shoal also has the characteristics of sand bar. It is very difficult to regulate it.
C. It is more practical to go to sea through Yamen seagoing waterway for Hutiaomen waterway
Hutiaomen waterway has been the main waterway to maintain. It has reached class 3 inland navigable channel standard except for that bend radius at Hengken is not enough. Its important properties are that both tidal current and runoff flow follows the river form, the current situations of water and silt diversion will not change after the regulation, no lands will be occupied, rise of flood level can be controlled within 10 cm, drainage and irrigation facilities along the shores would function as normal, and there will no disturbance on road, railway and bridges. Through many times of negotiation with relevant departments, it is-considered that Hutiaomen waterway is a practical seaward waterway . Of course there may exists other better waterway.
9.1.7 Environmental and Economic Benefit and Loss Analysis
(1) Social-economic benefit
The development of the waterway in the lower Xijiang river will improve the navigable channel conditions, raise the navigation capacity, and promote the rational structure modification of comprehensive transportation network in Pearl River Delta. It will help lower the transportation cost of product, enhance regional import and export trade ability, and promote economic development along the coast and the shores. It will also help bring the rapid rise of economy in Pearl River Delta and even in all Pearl River Catchment, and provide more employment opportunities. Social-economic benefit of the project is tremendous.
(2) Environmental Benefit
A. Levee protection engineering will protect the longshore levee of Lijiasha waterway.
133 B. Collect and Disposal of ship pollutants will mitigate pollution on water source reserves along the waterway.
C. Levee protection engineering and forestation will improve landscape on both banks. Forestation can also reduce the impact of ship noise.
(3) Environmental cost and environmental protection investment
A. Cost of compensation of fishery loss. This part of investment will be decided by agreement on GPWB and GPSAPD (Guangdong Provincial Sea and Aquatic Products Department) altogether.
B. 936 mu of lands will be requisitioned. The compensation cost is RMB 2,434.9 X 104.
C. Cost of levee protection engineering is RMB 1,763.04 X 10'.
D. Cost of environmental protection personnel training is RMB 21.574 X 104
E. Cost of environmental monitoring is RMB 74.41 X 104 (including data fee of operationalphase 10 X 104).
F. Cost for operation of environmental office is RMB 14 X 104
(4) Environmental and economic benefit and loss analysis
Environmental protection investment sums to RMB 4307.924 X 104, accounting for 3.38% of the total investment of the project. Although the percentage of environmental protection investment is low, economic, social and environmental benefits resulting from it will be apparent.
9.1.8 Public Participation
Public participation of the present environmental assessment adopted two ways: topic discussion meeting and questionnaire investigation.
Topic discussion meeting was presided by the World Bank Loan Project Office of Guangdong Province Waterway Bureau. Three meetings were held. Over 20 environmentalists and specialists were invited to attend the meeting, from Environmental Protection Office of Ministrv of Communications, Guangdong Institute of Waterway, and Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resources Protection. They had discussed in details on such issues as contents, focus and extent of environmental assessment, current environmental quality in the project region, and the main environmental impact of the project construction etc.
At the same time, we made questionnaire, and conducted extensive investigations on the
134 public from different region, profession, age, sex and education background. In five times of investigation, 441 persons (of which 76 are females, making up 17.23%) gave their opinions and suggestions on the project, the TOR and contents of environmental assessment, the current environmental quality in the project region, and the environmental protection of the project.
9.2 Suggestions
9.2. t Publication of the project should be strengthened so as to make well known publicly.
During the investigation along the shores of the waterway, it was found that many people had little understanding of the project or even knew nothing of it. It is suggested that mass media such as broadcast, television and press should make report on the project from various aspects so as to let public know the project as much as possible, and opportunities and channels for public involvement should be provided, so that the construction of the project would receive better social, economic and environmental benefits.
9.2.2 Environmental Protection during Construction Stage Should be Strengthened
Environmental impact of the project will be produced mainly during the construction stage. It is recommended that the construction departments should operate according to the construction plan and the operation practices. Local environmental protection departments should perform the environmental monitoring during the construction stage, including mainly the water quality monitoring for each water intake and noise monitoring in noise sensitive points. The monitoring results should feed back to construction departments timely. Measures of punishment should be formulated and executed. During the construction stage, project developer, construction departments and environmental protection departments at various level should cooperate closely, so as to ensure the project to receive participated results.
9.2.3 Attention should be paid to the observation of flood level along the waterway after the completion of the project.
According to the simulation results, flood level in most sections of Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen waterway after the regulation will be raised obviously, but in Liansharong waterway flood level only in such sections as Banshawei, Lijiasha, Zhinikou and Modietou will have tendency to rise. The project developer should commission the qualified units to conduct hydrological observation, and the measured results should reported to the command center of flood control, so as to help flood prevention services and water conservancy agencies take necessary flood control measures.
9.2.4 Regional water pollution sources should be controlled.
Industrial wastewater and sewage treatment in the project region must strictly follow the requirement of water function regionalizing for the waterway in the lower Xijiang River. Water pollution sources should be controlled. Wastewater treatment facilities should be established and
135 improved. New pollution sources should be strictly controlled.
9.2.5 Ship pollution should be strictly controlled.
It is suggested that in short term oil wastewater should be collected and transferred to the shore to treat, and gradually equip with oil separator when conditions are apt, and in long term pollution control facilities must be equipped at least on middle to large sized ships. New ships must be equipped with oil separator. Potable pumping closestools should be made extensive use on ships. Deposit cabinet for garbage should also be equipped so as to collect sewage and garbage. The ship of collection and the treatment facilities on land will require an investment of RMB 8 X 104 ( not including the operation fees). In the same time, control check to ships should also be strengthened, and ship pollution control management regulation should be formulated. Violators of the regulation should be fined.
Ship should be equipped with noise abatement facilities. Ships without hold do not allow to enter noise sensitive areas, especially at night.
9.2.6 Other Suggestions
Part of waste earth can be used for dredge fill, and the raise of levee and dike. Dumping grounds should chose uncultivated or waste lands, and should occupy no or less agricultural lands. Part of waste earth may be used as raw materials of brick-making.
Afforestation should be conducted in proper region after the completion of the project, so as to improve landscape and help mitigate the impact of ship noise.
Building houses by farmers within the waterway region must be controlled timely.
136 References
1. The World Bank Finance Office of Guangdong Province CommunicationsDepartment, GuangdongWaterway Bureau, Brief Introductionof WaterwayRegulation Project for Lower XijiangRiver by UsingWorld BankLoan, 1996.3
2. GuangdongProvince Waterway Survey and Design Institute, FeasibilityStudy Report of Zhaoqing-HutiaomenWaterway Regulation Project for LowerXijiang River (2nd Phase),1995.6
3. GuangdongProvince WaterwaySurvey and Design Institute, FeasibilityStudy Report of LiansharongWaterway Regulation Project in the PearlRiver Delta, 1996.7
4. Shanghai Academy of Environmental Protection and Science, Training Materials of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment, 1995.6
5. GuangdongProvince Water Conservancyand ElectricityInstitute, Report of One Dimensional River Network HydrodynamicComputation for Liansharong WaterwayRegulation Project, 1996.6
6. OperativeDirective of WorldBank-Environmental Assessment, (OD4.01)
7. Regulations of Dangerous Freight of International Marine Transportation, People's CommunicationPress, 1990
8. EnvironmentalProtection Bureau of Shunde City, EnvironmentalProtection Planning of ShundeCity, 1995.5
9. PlaningBureau of Shunde City,Statistical Data of ShundeCity, 1994
10. StatisticalBureau of Panyu City,Statistical Data of PanyuCity, 1995
11. Recordsof Fresh Water Fish in GuangdongProvince, Guangdong Science and Technology Press, 1991.
12. Pearl River Aquatic Product Institute, Department of Biology of South China Nonnal University, Aquatic Product College of Zhanjiang, Department of Biology, Report of Investigationand Researchon FisheryResources in GuangdongSections of Pearl River, 1985
13. Guangdong Province Fishery EnvironmentalMonitoring Station, Pearl River Watershed MonitoringStation of Fishery EnvironmentalMonitoring Center in Ministry of Agriculture, SummaryReport of WaterQuality and Toxic Residuesin Fish of Xijiangriver, BeijiangRiver and Pearl RiverDelta.
14. Tang Yongluan, Diffusion and Dispersion Process of Turbulent Flow in Pearl River
137 Mainstream and Its Simulation, Natural Resources and Evolution Process in Pearl River Delta, 1988, -p 356-374
15. Lin Bingnan et al.. Joumal of Sediment Research, 1988(2), -1-8.
138 Appendix 1.
Commission Letter of Environmental Impact AssessmentWork
Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resources Protection ( holder of Grade A EnvironmentalImpact Assessment Certificate No.0224) was commissioned to conduct the followingenvironmental asscssment work-..
Projectname Waterwavregulanon project in lower Xijiangriver 1. According to the requirement of World Bank. to perfect th Environmental Assessment Report for Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen Waterway Regulation Project in Lower Xijiang River an provide the reportsin Chineseand English versions.
Introductionto 2. According to relevant regulations of World Bank and China. to contentsof complete the Environmental Assessment Report for Liansharong the project waterwav regulation project and provide reports in Chinese and English versions.
3. According to the requirement of World Bank. to work ou environmental protection action plan for the waterway regulation project in lower Xijiang river in cooperation with the Proje Office of Guangdong Province Waterway Bureau and provide th report in Chinese and Englishversions. Total investment Payment in of the project 5,000 x 10W advanceof survey 10,000 (RMB) (RMB_ GuangdongProvince Commissionedby WaterwayBureau Person in charge Tan Bin'an (acting) ______(sealed) _ Address: No.280,Changti Road Contactperson Wu Jiaxue Postal code Guangzhou,510120 Telephone Tel: 83334810ext 10 Commissiondate Mav 8, 1996 Demand Date of completion July30 1996 Rernarks
Unit: Scientific Instituteof Pearl River Water ResourcesProtection Address:PearlRiver Commission. Shougouling,Shahe, Guangzhou Postal Code: 510611 Telephone: 855519952, 87117213 Contact person: Liu Zhisen J appendix2.
Terms Of Reference (TOR) Of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment(EIA) Of The RegulationProject On The Lower Xijiang River Channel(Guangdong Province) By Using World Bank Loan
I Preface
1.1 Back-groundof Project
In recent years,with the rapid economical development in Pearl River Delta (PRD) areasthe water-bome transportationhas been playing a more and more important role.Meanwhilethe present port distribution pattern and channel dimensions show evident lack of capability to meet the requiremnentsfor economicaldevelopment in a purpose of satisfyingthe requirements of economical development in PRD.improving local investment environment and exerting more economical vigor into both sides of the waterway as well as initiating economical development in upstream mountainous areasin accordance with the " Long-Term Planning for Inland Shipping Development n issued by Ministry of Transportation(MOT), the "Oudines of Modernization Construction Planning in PRD Economical Zone " and the "Channel Network Construction Planning in PRD " issued.the Guangdong Provincial Waterway Bureau(GPWB)proposeda specific planning for the construction of NPRD waterway network.thatisto develop a criss-crossingwaterway network in the PRD.composed of 17 waterways(overalllength of 851 an)among which seagoing waterways and 1.OOOdwt waterway are taken as its backbones,distributedin the pattern of " three longitudinal waterways" and " three transverse.
" three longitudinalwaterways " as: * Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen(Z-H)andModaomen seagoing waterway on Lower Xijiang River * Dongpingwaterway(Sixiangjiao - Daweijiao) - Bainishui - Hen$men seagoing waterway
" three transversewaterways " as: * Liansharong(L-S-R)waterway(Lianhuashan- Nanhua) * Guangzhou(Xiji - Guishan Island)seagoingwaterway * Xiaolan - Jun'an waterway
To solve the problem of insufficient domestic fund.the Guangdong ProvincialTransportation Department applied for loan from the World Banklvia the recommnendationof the MOT in March of 1996.TheZ-H waterway regulation Project and the L-S-R channel regulation project were integrated as the Regulation Projecton the Lower Xijiang River (RPLXR) on an unifonn
2 l budget base.
In accordance with the aide-memoire reached by the bank M4issionand the Chinese participants.ina purpose of mitigating the negative environmental impact caused by the waterway regulation project and providing guidance for environmentalprotection design durinl construction.theenvironmental protection requirements specified by the World Bankin April of 1996.theGPWB entrusted the ScientificInstitute of The Pearl River Water Resources Protecnon(SIPRWRP)toundertake the environmentalimpact assessmentwork for the L-S-R project and to make further supplement to and improvement for the EIA report of the regulationproject on the lower Xijiang River Waterway(Z-H)underthe criteria of Bank.After entrusted by the GPWC.upon completion of staff organization.data collectingfield investigation and suggestion solicitation from concerned departments and specialists. the SIPRWRPfinished the compiling of Terms of Reference(TOR)ofEIA and submitted it to the National Environmental Protection Bureau(NEPB).On2 August of 1996 the TOR approval meeting was held at the NEPB Assessment Center in Guangzhou and suggestions from concerneddepartments and specialistswere solicited at this meeting.TheTOR is worked out based on these solicited suggestionsand opinions.
1.2 Preliminariesof Project
After dredging and regulation , the class of the 168km Z-H waterway section shallbe promotedfrom present standard of 1000 dwt inland river barge to a newstandard of 3000 dwt ship and the class of the 90km L-S-R(LianHuaShan-NanShan)channelsection shall be promoted from present standard of 500dwt inland river barge to a new standardof 1,000dwt ship(including ships of Hongkong and Macao)In the year of 1994,the GPWB put the RegulationProject Hutiaomen Channel into the list of the on-goingprovincial key projects for water transportation.inspring of 1995,thewater regulationproject on the Lower Xijiang River from Baiqingtou upstream to Zhaoqing was placed on the agenda of GPWC.The feasibility assessment was initiated and the SIPRWRP was entrusted to undertake the environmental impact assessment(EIA)task.InMay of 1995,theSIPRWRP finished the " EIA Report of the RegulationProject (second phase)on the Zhaoqing - Hutiaomen(Z-H)Waterwayof the Lower Xijiang River" and the report has passed the review and approval of the Guangdong ProvincialEnvironment ProtectionBureau(GPEPB).
1.3 AssessmentClass
In accordancewith the assessment classificationprinciples specified in item OD 4.01 of the World Bankl'sEIA guidelines.the assessmentclass of this regulation project is defined as class B.
2 Basis for the Preparation of EIA Report
2.1 Approval Documents
3 EnvironmentProtection Bureau(NEPB), April I, 1984.
(7)The Notification of Strengthening the Management of the EIA for Intenational Loan Funded ConstructionProject,SEPB.SPC.the Ministry of Finance(MOF)andthe People's Bank of ChinatPBC).June 21.1993.
(8)%WorldBank's Work Guidelines for EnvironmentalAssessment.
(9)Rules of Environment Protection Managementof Transportation Construction Project(ln Trial), the Ministryof Transportation(NIOT), 1987.
(0O)Standardsfor Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA)of Irrigation and Hydroelectric Construction(SDJ302-88), the Ministy of Energy Resources(MER), 1989.
(ll)Standards for Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA)ofRiver Valley(SL45-92), the Ministry of Water Resources(MWR)andMERNovernber 12.1992.
(12)GuangdongProvincial Regulations of Environment Protection Management of General ConstructionProject, the GuangdongPeople' DelegateConunittee, July 24, 1994.
(13 )lmplementingRegulations of GuangdongProvincial Fishery Management,theGuangdong People's DelegatcConunittee. 1989.
(14)Charging Standards for EIA of Guangdong Construction Project(Cornmissioned Manuscript).October9.1989.
2.4 EntrustingDocuments for EIA
EntrustingDocument for EIA , issued by GPWB, May 9, 1996.
3 Descriptionof the Project
3.1 Scope of Project
3.1.1 Locationof Project
The project consists of Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen(Z-H)3,000dwtseagoing waterway and its branch Liansharong(L-S-R)l,OOOdwtwaterway(Nanhua-Lianhuashan)within the lower reaches of Xijiang River.The Lower Xijiang River(LXR)waterway(channed)isdefined as the seaward waterway in the Lower Xijiang River stretching from Zhaoqing City to Hutiaomen outlet located in the west of the Pearl River Delta(PRD)Alongthe whole length of this waterway,first 123 km section from Zhaoqing to Baiqingtouis called the Lower Xijiang River,andsecond 45 km section from Baiqingtou to Hutiaomen.includingthe Hfemaxi Waterway is called Hutiaomen Waterway.Figure2.1 shows the location of this project.
S -l 6
The L-S-R waterwayof 90 km total length is located in the river networkof PRD,connecting to Shizivangwaterway at east and the Xijiangriver mainstreamat west. Currentlyit is one of the main waterways from Guangzhou City to PRD,coastal areas of western Guangdongand the Xijiangmainstream.Figure 2.1 & 2.3 Shows the Locationof the L-S-R project.
3.2 General Descriptionof the Channels
3.2.1 PresentStatus of the Channels
(1 )LowerXijiang River Waterway(Z-H)(fromZhaoqing to Hutiaomen)
At present time.the Z-H channel section(I 68hn)is classifiedas 3rd class inland channelwhich is navigable for barges up to 1.000 dwt.The seawardchannel from Hutiaomento Hebao Island is navigable for seagoingships of 3,000 dwt with maximun channel draught of 6 meters.The present channelmaintenance standards for Z-H channelsection are listed in Table 1.
Table I Present channelmaintenance standards for the LXR channels
Channel Startingand Ending mileage maintenancedimension (m) from to (acm) depth width curvatureradius LXR zhaoqing sixianjiao 45.0 2.5 80 600 LXR sixianjiao baiqingtou 78.0 2.5 So 360 Hutiaomen baiqingtou hutiaomen 45.0 '.5 50 360 waterway outlet
(2)L-S-RChannels
The L-S-R Channels consists of three sub-segmentsof Lianhuashan, Shawan and Ronggui waterways. Classifiedas a 4th class inland channel, it is navigable for 500 dwt barges and the navigation guarantee rate is 98% The present channel maintenancestandards for L-S-R channel are listed in Table 2.
Table 2 Present Channel maintenancestandards for the L-S-R channel
Channel Starting and ending place Mileage Maintenancedimension(m) (hnm) from to depth width curvatureradius L-H-S Lianhuashan Batangwei 17.0 2.5 50 360 S-W Batangwei Huoshaotou 24.0 2.5 50 360 R-G Huoshaotou Nanhua 49.0 2.5 50 360
6 l 7
3.2.2 Major constructionsalong the river See Table 3)
Tablc 3 Major constructionsalong the channels
Construction Bridge Cross-river Cross-river Sluice Bank revetment cable pipeline (left4right banks) (km) LXR I41 28 0 942) 28.09 i39.16 L-S-R 8 27 3 81 24.98+29.35
1) Including3 bridges under constructionand 7 in blueprint 2) All sluicesare those on branches in two sides of the Xijiang River 3) IncludingI bridge in blueprint
3.3 ConstructionScope and Standards
After the regulationproject, the class of the 168kmZ-H channel section shall be promoted from presentstandard of 1,OOOdwtinland river barge to a new standardof 3,000dwt ship and the classof 90km L-S-R(Lianhuashan- Nanhua)channelsection shall be promoted from present standard of 500dwt inland river barge to a new standard of 1,OOOdwtship(including ships of Hongkongand Macao).Thenew channel maintenancestandards are listed in Table 4.
Table 4 New Channel MaintenanceStandards
Waterway Depth(m) Width*(m) Curvature(r) LXR 6 100 650 L-S-R 4 80 500
3.4 ConstructionMeasures(See Tables 5 and 6)
Table 5 Preliminaryengineering amount of the LXR Waterway project
Item Number Total Earthwork Remark Length(.. (x.I .. Damming 207 31.765 184.13 Dredging 886.55 Spit-cutting 3 337.29 At 3 places of Hengkengkou, Nanzhen and Gouweishan Reef-blasting 12 3,655 58.80 Bank revetment 11,500 35.80 Navigation 107 Two remote control stations and
Marks - severalports for monitoringsps
7 S
Table 6 Preliminaryassessment of engineeringamount of the L-S-R ChannelRegulation Project
Item Number Total Earthwork Remark Length(m) (X 10 4 m3) Damming 38 9.500 37.9 Dredging 235.7
Spit-cutting 3 125.3 at 3 places of Batangwei, Banshawei and Huoshaotou Reef-blasting 6 1.500 9.6 Bank revetment 17.500 22.9 NavigationMarks 83 Two remote control center and two ports for monitoringships
Principle engineering designs of the regulation project on the LXR channel consist of damming,dredgingreef-blastingbank revetment,navigation marks and communication networkas well as requisition land of 936 mus(62.4 hectares)See figures 2.4,2.5,2.6 and 2.7 for the layout of the project.
3.5 Project Budget and Expense Allocation
The budget consists of four items: project expense, other expense, expense for and use and reserve.
3.5.1 The Allocationlisted in Table 7
Table 7 Allocationfor Expense of the Project
No. Iten Sun x104 RMB Converted US A Project Expense 80,583.24 9,744.05 1 Constructionengineering 79,159.24 9,571.86 2 Purchase of machine 1,424.00 172.19 B Other Expense 13,393.83 1.619.56 C Expense forland use 3,982.00 481.50 D Expense reserve 29,404.22 3,555.53 Total 127.363.29 15.400.64
Notes: Above currency exchange is RMB 8.27/US
S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 9)
;.S.2 AnnualAllocation of Fund
The constructionperiod of this project is four fiscal years in total It' s annual financial allocationfor this project is as follows: 25% of total cast for the Ist year, 30% for the 2nd year. S0°nfor the 3rd year and 15% for the 4th year(Seetable 8):
Table8 AnnualAllocation of the Fund
Year Total First Second Third Fourth Ratio% 100 5 30 30 15 RMBX104 127.363.2931.840.84 38,029.02 38,209.02 19,104.51 Converted 15,400.64 3.860.16 4.620.19 4,620.19 2,310.0
U S X ______
3.6 ConstructionMachinery
The majorconstruction machines include silt diggingships, draggingbarges, pile-driving machines, cranes, cargo trucks, bulldozers, concretemixers, etc.
4 Presentstatus of LocalEnviromnent
4.1 PhysicalEnvironment
4. 1.1The RiverSystem
The XijiangRiver is the mainstreamof the Pearl Riverwith an annualrunoff of 230 billion cubicmeters. The mainstreamof XijiangRiver starts in Guangxiautonomous region,and runs eastwardat WuzhouCity.1t enters into Guangdong Province at iieshouTown.The mainstrem has three tributaryrivers successionof HejiangRiver,Luodingjiang River and Xinxingjiang River at FengkaiCounty,Deping county and ZhaoqingCity respectively,thenit branches leftwardat Sixianjiao Town in Sanshui City with the Beijiang River as tributary.The downstreamingtrunk current is branched leftward at Nanhua Town,calledRonggui Waterway.Thenthe mainstreamis branchedagain at Baiqingtou.Theleft bifurcation,namelyas ModaomenWaterway.runs into the sea at Modaomenoutlet,and the tight one,namelyas Hutiaomen Waterway,flows into the South China Sea by the way of Yamen(Huangnaohai)seawardwaterway.
The L-S-Rwaterway consists of threefollowing segments: LianhuashanWaterway:From Lianhuashan to Batangwei,17km in length ShanwanWaterway:From Batangwei to Huoshaotou, 24kmin length Ronggui Waterway:From Huoshaotouto Nanhua,49km,in length
The L-S-RWaterway has numerousfurcations, and branching/tributingtake place frequently
9 lt along the whole section.
4.1.2 Geology And Soil
The LXR channels usually have sandy river bed, consisting of medium to fine sand and siltPart of the channels have basement rock as river bed.Both banks are almost alluvial soil.
4.1.3 MeteorologyAnd Climate
The climate in the LXR and the whole Pearl River Delta(PRD)is featured as tropical, subtropicalmarine monsoon climate.Meanannual temperatureis about 21-22 IC, the annual precipitationis about 1.000-2.000mm, and the annual mean duration of precipitationis 150 days.
Fog seasonusually begins in Novemberand ends in April of the next year.Statisticsshows that in a whole vear, half-day lasting fog appears for 1-3 days and temporary fog appears for about 15 days.Winddirection varieswith the season.FromNovember each year, north wind always blows in winter and will become stronger when cold waves approach.Thereare 2 to 6 cold waves each years, among which I to 2 are severe cold waves with class 5-6 wind or class 7 gust.Typhoon season is from May to October.Thetropical storm comes mainly from the Pacific Ocean with strong pneumatic power , unchanging blowing direction and widespread coverage.Generally speaking, typhoons landing on Shantou Area have little influence, and typhoons landing on Hainan Island less than class 9 cause less damageseither However, if typhoon lands in the coastlinebetween the Pearl River Estuaryand Zhanjiang Port, there will be more or less influenceson the LXR area and the PRD.
4.1.4 HydrologyAnd Sedimentation
The Pearl River Basin are abundant in water resources.Multi-annualaverage runoff of the segment upstream from Sixianjiao is 2,300 x 10 m3, accounting for 68.5°ioof the total runoff of the Pearl River water systern.Statisticdata shows that the multi-annualdischarging rate in Makou Station is 7,490m3/sec with mean annual silt-carrying capacity of 0.332kg/r3 The mean annual runoff at Hutiaomen outlet is 202 x 10m3, the multi-annual averageof silt dischargeis about 509 x 104m-, and about 20% is deposited onto the bed.
The coastal region near the Pearl River Estuary(PRE)hasirregular mixed semidiunnaltide.The boundary of tidal current in the LXR estuary in wet season reaches up to the Hengshan Station, while the boundary locates near Tianhe in dry season.The2 4/6 salty water usually move up and down beyond dowmstreamat the Xipaotai Fort.The table 9 shows the tidal characteristicsof L-S-R channel.
4.1.5 Water Quality
10 l ii
JiangmenCity is the largest urban along the mainstreamof LXR.The major pollution-causing industries are sugar production and paper manufacturing.Mostwaste water is not direcdy discharged into the Xijiang River.Since the Xijiang River has larmcr runoff and smaller pollution,runoffratio, the LXR Waterway has strong pollution-dilutionand self-cleaning abilitv Except the Beijie Segment in Jiangmen City, which is partiv polluted by higher direct discharge , most river segments remain good water qualitv of class I to nI accordin. to the Standards tor Surface Water Quality(GB3838-88).
Table 9 Tidal characteristicsat each controllingstation along the L-S-R Channel
Station Sanshakou Sanshanjiao Bsnsha%vciRonSqi(2) Yinsggzhul Nanhua
high highest 2.11 3.08 3.753.40 4.63 5.56 tidal tide mcan 0.68 0.74 0.74 0.79 0.94 1.00 Ievcl io0' lowest - 1.78 -1.22 -1.28 -1.15 4).95 -0.74 tide mean -0.82 -0.20 -0.26 .0.07 0.31 0.53
flood max. 2.74 2.02 2.10 1.84 1.52 1.23 tidal tidc mean. 1.52 0.94 1.00 0.85 0.63 0.47 mnLgcebb max. 3.07 1.98 2.15 1.95 1.54 1.20
The planned protectiontarget for river sections on L-S-R waterwayis as follows Longcong-Sanliansection on Ronggtuwaterway, Lijiashawaterway and casternsection of Dadaoweion Shawanwaterway are classifiedas class3rd of waterorigin protection zones and the rest sectionsare classifiedas class2nd zones.ThcL-S-R waterway, especiallyalong the both sides of the Shawanand Rongguiwaterways, is the industrialdistribution zone of Panyuand Shundecities, so the waterquality is sufferingpollution caused by the waste waterfrom these two cities.
In general, the water qualityof all riversections reaches up to the environmentprotection standardsexcept for fewerindices.
4.2 BiologicalResources
The ecologicalsystem of the waterwayis of estuarydelta wetland ecologicalsystem.The aquaticecological enviromnents are fair and stable,withrelatively complicated structures.Due to the interactionof runoff and ride current, the water in the estuaryis nutritious.Under favourablewarn climate,hydrobiosPropagate well with a great varietyof species.Fromthe historicalstatistics, the river segmenthas 95 generaof phytoplanktons, 86 generaand 153 species of zooplanktons, 65 generaand 69 species of benthos With plenty of fish resources, this riversegment has 197species of fish.
4.3 Statusof EconomiesAnd Living Quality
11 12
The direct economicaltributmy area of LXR(Z-H)waterwayincludes 20 mwicipal distncusof four local cities of Yunfu , Zhaoqing, Foshan and Jiangmen associated with their 2 jurisdictioncounties.The total area is 3.44 x 104 n and the total populationis 1.115.6 x 104 showed by the 1994 census, accounting for 19.3% of Guangdong's geographic area and 16.7% of the Guangdong's population.
The tributary area is abundant in naruralresource either.Majormineral resources consist of limestone,gypsum chernozem,granite,marble.iron sulfides etc.Being a important agricultural production base of Guangdong province, the trbutary area has rich forest resourceeither Placesof natural scenic beauty, such as " the One River.TwoLakes,Three Gorges,FourPogodas" in Zhaoqing City and the "Bird Paradise" in Xinhui Countyare the precious tourismresources of the area
Geographically,thetributary area of LXR channel.locating at the west margin of the PRD,belongsto the boundary of developed region in Central Guangdong Provinceand the developing area in West Guangdong Province.lts economical status is within the developed and under-developed level.The Jiangmen Districtas more close to the seashore,is economicallymore developed than Zhaoqing and Gaorning Districts.Themain economical indicesare listed in Table 10.
Table l0 Main economicalindices in the tributary area of waterway in 1994
Indices Gross Domestic National Ind & Agr. Export Volume Production (RMB Income Output (RMB x 10') (At (X 10 USS ) x 10) (x 10') pricesin 1990) LXR 798.6 675.4 1.473.80 41.40 Percent of Provincial 19.1% 20.78% 22.2% 8.8% Total L-S-R 240.76 186.49 443.35 21.39 Percent of Provincial 5.76% 5.74% 5.68% 4.55% Total
Since the economical reformation and open-door polices of China, the export-oriented economies in the PRD developed rapidly.As the east central part of the PRD enters into extensive development stage, their comparative economical advantages begins to decrease gradually.Meanwhile, the comparativeeconomical potential in the tributary area along LXR waterway becomes more obvious day after day.
Furthernore, with the transformation and updating of industrial structures in economical zones of the PRD, the labor intensive enterprises will doubtlessly shift to and sprcad in the westernmarginal area.
12 13
With progressesin economy, this aea will gn gdual improvementsin social culturemciviIl construction.medical services and public health sanimion. Subsequently, the population qualitywill also be improved towards highereducation level.
5 EngineeringAnalvsis
5.1 Principlesof Analysis
The analysisshall comply with the specificationsin EIA technical guidance and OD 4.01 of World Bank' s Work Guidelines.The pollutant analysis shall be performed based on the characteristicsof regulation project and the discharge quantity of pollutant shall be shown quantitativelv.
5.2 Targetand Content of Analysis
5.2.1 ConstructionPeriod
The environmentalimpact caused by dredging, damming, reef-blasting, spit-cutting, bank revetment, navigation marks, conmnunicationnetwork and noise of construction machines, reef-blasting, transportation trucks as well as the disposal of constructive rubbish and drainage of polluted water will be local, temporary, reversibleand slight.
(I )lmpactof Dredging
The total carthworkof dredging amounts to 1,122.25 x IO'm3.Influenceon water quality and aquatic organism caused by suspended matter(SS)ofmud digging, by transport and rubbish disposal will be local, temporary, reversibleand slight
The amountof SS during dredging is calculatedaccording to following formula:
Q=Wox R x T Ro
where Q is the quantity of SS(t/h); Wn is the quncrationfactor of SS(tVm3); R is the accumulatedpercentage ratio of SS particle size to
specified factor Wo(%); * Ro is the accumulatedpercentage of SS particle under in-situ flow velocity(%); T is the magnitudeof dredging(m'Ih)
From above formula with 1,122.25m3 /h of dredging earthwork and 1.49 x 103ttm3 of SS factor, the rough calculated result of Q is 16.71t/h
13 14
(2'0mpact of Recf-blastinu
The reef-blastingshall be perfomied at 18 places, with a length of 51.55n and earthm-orkof 68.4 x I04 '; DurinublastinlL. the noise and vibration from water impulse pressureu%ill have influence on factories. houses, equipmenton both sidesof ri-er and the fish The impact scopeis about 300-500m and the impact level depends on the amount of powder,.
(3 )impactson AquaticOrganisms DuringConstruction Period
The operationof constructivebar ges, work of mud digging, dammin and reef-lastingu ill damage the living environmentof aquatic organismsand benthos, thus causesthe zhanae of migration and distribution of aquatic organisms.Anyway. the impact will be temporaryand can be recoveredsoon after the completionof the regulationproject.
(4 lmpacts on AgricultureCaused by Requisitionof Land
936 mu land shall be requisitedand this uill have impact on agriculture.Thelevel and scope of impact are descripted in the EI.Areport.
(5)lmpact Causedby ConstructiveM-lachines
The constructive ships will drain polluted water from motor pin.The pollution quantity is 0.l4t!dav withoil concentration l.OOOmgi.
The polluted be%age discharged fromih! constructi e ship, amilountsto I OOkgda%
Thieribbish produced bv .constructiveslilps amounts to 1.5k,, day per capita.
Thr levelsol noise caused by constructixcships .iiachines and tuicksare as tollov.:
shiips(diraggingship,,): 65d1((A) Mlotorships : ')4dlBiA) -ruckis: 67-104dB(Ai \lud-diginu Slhips: 7,0d3(A)
. Operationperiod
I flifluenceoni \\ aiceQt)alilt caused h\ pollutantsof 'hip
\f'cer theretilation project . withi tle %idening anid deepenling of thle:zliaifiel . tle class ol naigatiOl .will be pr)omotedfromi 5O)1loilliage to 1.0(Iti lollilage anid lioniil 10 romlac it .0 00Otrespectively aici the transp)ortcapacmt! .%ill lie increas:df.( onisequeinilyI.ie shlip)oily u;shl¢sall,lsel 'sa"telaInd rubbisl * ill ha1vimpact on %katercquality.An%% a%.th%: impact
14 '5
will be slight.reversibleand could be controlled
(2)Noiseof Ships
Afterthe regulationproject, the channelwill be navigable for 3000t ships and the noise from these ships is up to 85dB(A)measuredat the spot 200m far away from the channel.Thenoise have influenceon residents on both sidesof the river.
6 Identificationof EnvironmentalImpacts And Screeningof AssessmentFactors
6.1 Identificationof EnvironmentalImpacts
From the project analysis , the potential environmental impact caused by the project constructionconsists of following aspects.
6.1.1 Enviromnentalimpact caused by the Locationof Project
( I)Occupy some areas of agriculturallands
(2)Changeof Local land ecologicalsystem and aquatic ecologicalenvironment
6.1.2 EnvironmentalImpact DuringConstruction Period
(I)Water pollutioncaused by dredging
(2)Disposalof waste earth in dredgingareas(bottom sediment and other excavatedearth)
(3)Noise
(4)Currenttransportation
6.1.3 EnvironmentalImpact DuringOperation Period
( I)Improvethe navigation condition
(2)Promotethe economical developmentin local area and tributary amea
(3)Noise
(4)Rubbishof ships
(5)Waste from ships
6.2 AssessmentFactors
15 16
6.2.1 favourableimpact
The navigationcondition will be improved, the navigationmileage will be shortened and the navigation cost will be reduced.This will promote the economical developmentin local and tributary arewas.
6.2.2 Water EnvironmentalAssessment Factors
During constructionperiod, the suspended substance(SS)Producedby underwater digging will have impact on water quality of waterway The assessmentfactor is SS
During operation period, the polluted oily waste water,Sewageproduced by ships and the living rubbish will pollute the water quality.Becausethe impact is slight, only the analogical analysisis performed.
6.2.3 AcousticsAssessment Factor
During the constructionperiod, the impact consists mainlyof machine noise and truck noise During the operationperiod, the impact comes from ship noise.
6.2.4 Solid Waste
During constructionperiod.the solid waste consists mainly of disposed silt of waterway after dredging Duringoperation period, there will be rubbish from ships and living garbage.
6.2.5 Influenceon EcologicalEnvironment
During constructionperiod, the aquatic organisms, especiallyfishes will be affected The part of agriculturalland and some houses will be affected.
6.3 AssessmentTiming
Initial year: 1995 Forecast destination: 2010
7 Content and Key Points of Assessment
7.1 Content of Assessment
7.1.1 Investigationand Assessment of Current Environment
7.1.1.1 Water environment
16
L 17
7.1.1.2Noise
7.1.1.; Botom sedimentof river bed
7.1.1.4Aquatic organisms 7.1.1.5 Land use
7.1.2Analysis on EnvironmentImpact Caused by the Locationof Project
7.1.2.1Population migation
7.1.2.2Status of occupiedagricultural land
7.1.2.3Local land ecological system and local aquatic ecological system
7.1.3EIA During construction period
7.1.3.1Water environment
7.1.3.2Waste earth(bottom sediment of rivr bed andother excavated earth)
7.1.3.3 Noise
7.1.3.4Aquatic organisms
7.1.3.5Transportation
7.1.4 EIADuring Operation Period
7.1.4.1Beneficial impact
7.1.4.2Water environment
7.1.4.3 Noise
7.2 Key Pointsof Assessment
After verification, the assessmentemphasis consist of influenceson water originof rivers and fisheryresources and impactson floodcontrol.
8 Scopeand Standardsof Assessment, EnvironmentProtection Target
17 18
8.1 Scope of Assessment
According to the specified location of project, the scope of assessment are divided into water basin and noise.
( l)Assessment scope of water basin is regulation waterway section, i.e.7-H of Lower Xijiang i River and L-S-R(Nanhua-Lianhuashan)waterway.
(2)Assessmentscope of noise,vibrationand plants covers 200m of area inside two sides of waterway.
8.2 AssessmentStandards
(I)Surface Water EnvironmentalQuality Standards(GB3838-88)
(2)Portable Water HIygieneStandards(GB 5749-85)
(3)Fishery Water Quality Standards(GB11607 89)
(4)EnvironmentalNoise Standards for Urban Harbor and both Sides of River(GB11339-89)
(5)ComprehensiveWastewater DischargeStandards(GB 8978-88)
(6)Ship PollutantsDischarge Standards(GB3552-83)
(7)PollutantsControl Standards of Contaminatedsoil Used by Agriculture(GB4284 -84)
8.3 FunctionalClassification and EnviromnentProtection Target.
The function of water course up to Nanan section on LXR waterway is under definition and the target of water quality protection is class of GB3838-88 M.The Xihai Waterwayis the water source protection area of class 2 and the target of water quality protection is class 2- 3.The function of Shibansha Waterway is under definition and the target of water quality protection is class 3-4.The Hemaxi section is the protection area of class 3 and the target of l water quality protection is class 4-5.The Hutiaomen waterwayis the protection area of class 4 and the target of water quality protection is class 4-5.
Donghai section of L-S-R waterway belongs to the protection area of class 2 and the target of water quality protection is class 2-3.The Ronggui Waterway(Longcong-Sanlian)belongsto the area of Class 3 and the protection target is class 4-5.The western Dadaowei on Shawan Waterway is area of class 2 and the protection target is class 2-3:meanwhile the eastern Dadaowci is area of class 3 and the target is class 4-5.Tbe LianhuashanWaterway is protection area of Class 3 and the target of water quality protection is class 4-5.
18 The sensitive protection target of water origin along the L-S-R Waterway is as follows:the water intakes for cities and towns consist of such nine watr plants as Xideng,Yuanfatong'an.Longcong,Guizhou.Dashan.Xiaohuangbu.Shawanand Panyu.The table 1I Shows the description of the nine plants.Thenoisy sensitive Protection target is as follows:along the larger resident places inside 200m- area of both banks such as LianhuashanZini.Rongqi.thereis no noisy sensitive spots of hospitals.schoolsetc.
Accordingto existing data, there exists no mediun and large sized fish breeding bases inside the waterwayarea.
Table II Major Water Plants Along the L-S-R Waterway
Channel Namcof vatcr plant Position Rcrarks Naihua- Xideng waterplant 200 m in loeverrcach of Ximaningwvatcrway station leftbank
Banshae______Yuanfawatcr plant 600 m in upperrcach of thcmeeting point of Jun an rightbank
_ _ - channel Tongan watcr plant 12 kmin owerreach f ui riht bk LonAmongwater plant 1 0 kinin lowermach of thedivcrsion point of Jiya rightbank
__ channel___ _chwm tuizhou*aterpla t i 2 bnipjerrcach of Ronvqtomi nvm2bmnl Dashanwaterjplat 70i m in erreachofDeshen lebfdtbank
______Xlahuangbuwater plant 250 m in upperreach of Deshenbridgee risht bank Shawam Sham wawtrplant 300m in upperreach of Shaw watergaze i leRftbnk
.__ ...... ~~* , . - S_ Panvu 600mmi lower meach ofShawvan Irieht bankc
9 Work Plan of Assessment
In May of 1995, the SIPRWRP finishedthe WEIAReport of the RegulationProject(Second Phase)on the Zhaoqing-Hutiaomen(2-H)Waterwayof the Lower Xijiang River" and the report has passed the approval of the GPEPB,The project is credited the loan from World Bank and the Bank gave some new specifications for the EIA work.So accordingto the aide- memoire reached by the Bank Commission and Chinese participants, the report shall be added to the contents of analysis on toxic residue in fish, public participation and Action Plan, then, this report and the report for L-S-R waterway are integrated as one report.Followingwork plans are mainlythe content of EIA for L-S-R regulationProject
9.1 Investigationon Pollution Sourceand Current Status Assessnent of EnvironmentQuality
9. 1.1 Investigationon Pollution Source
(I)Investigation on Pollution Source of Ship
19 20
The investigation is performcd concerning to the type of ships inside the waterway and the dischargequantity of pollution resource.
A.lnvestigationon Pollution Source of Ship * Analysison the cause of producingoily wasted water * Investigationon quantityof oily waste water * Investigationon the dischargeof oily waste water from ship pit and oil leakage
B.Investigationon sewageof ship * Investigationon producingof sewageof ship * Investigationon drainageof sewagefrom ships
C.Investigationon garbage of Ships Investigationon producing of garbageof ships Investigationon disposalof garbageof ships
(2)Investigationon noise pollution source
The investigationwork consists of type, distribution and noise level of major noise source inside 200m area of both sides of waterwayand the noisepollution source of ships.
9.1.2 Assessmentof Existing Status of Water Quality
9.1.2.1 Monitoringof Existing Status of Water Quality
(] )Monitoringstations(see figures 3.2)
(2)MonitoringTime: June of 1996(flood season)
(3)Samplingfrequency: two samplesat high tide and low tide respectivelyeach day
(4)ltems of water quality monitoring: watenemperature,temperature,pH.DO,CODM,.BODs.NOr.-.NO-N,SS,non-ionic, ammonia,volatile,phenol.cyanide,peroleum.chlorophylacoliforms.bacteria.algae.16 items.
(5)Analysismethod: Follow the related analysis standardsissued by the NEPB.
(6)Assessmentmethod: separateassessment on each parameter in accordancewith the EnvironmentalQuality StandardsFor Surface Water.
Some existing monitoring results from environmentalmonitoring stations along the river can be used in the monitoring worlkduring draught flood seasons.
20 21_ _
9.1.2.2Assessment of ExistingStatus of WaterQuality
( I)Assessment items: PH.DO.CODM,,non-ionic.ammonia,Nitrite.Niwate,Volatile phenoi.petroleun.SS.
(I)Assessmentmethod: accordingto the standardsspecified by the GPEPB, Singlefactor assessmentmethod is used.
9.1.; Monitoringand Assessmentof ExistingStatus of BottomSediment and Analysison toxicresidue in Fish
(I )MonitoringLocation: See Figure3.2
(2)ltemsof monitoring: Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Hg, petroleumand DDT
(3)Monitoringfrequency: once
(4)Monitoringinstruments: atomicabsorption spectra photometer
9.1.3.2Assessment of ExistingStatus of BottomSediment
(I)Assessmentitems: Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Hg, oilandDDT
(2)Assessmentstandards: GB4284-84,Sniitationon the pollutantin contaminated soil for agriculture.
(3)Analysison assessmentresults
9.1.3.3Analysis on toxic residue in Fish
Sample: Fish Samplinglocation: LowerXijiang River and L-S-RWaterway Testitems: HeavymetalsuchasHg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu Testmethod: Followconcerned standards of analysisand test
9.1.4Investigation and appraisal of plantsand aquaticorganisms
9.1.4.1Investigation and appraisalof plants
9.1.4.2Investigation and appraiseof existingstatus of aquaticorgsms
(I )Investigationof existingstatus of fisheryresources and fishspecies in waterway.
21 22
(2)1nvestigationof existing status of rare,preciousand endangeredaquatic organisms.
(3)lnvestgation of existing statu of planktonand benthes.
9.1.5 Investigationand Assessmentof ExistingStatus of AcousticEnviromnental Quality
9.1.5.1 Monitoringof Existing Status of Noise
(I )MonitoringSpots
Typical spot distribution method is adapted and four monitoring spots in four larger resident places inside assessmentarea are set up The location of monitoring spots is shown is figure 3.2.
(2)Time and Frequencyof Monitoring
Monitoring is performed in a whole day.seperately in the morning,noon,aftemoonand evening,amnountedto 16 times.
9.1.5.2 Assessmentof Existing Status of Noise
In accordance with the noise level of different environmentalfunction area,the single factor assessmentmethod is used.
9.1.6 Use of Land
Investigationon existing status of land use
9.1.7 Investigationand Evaluation of Socio-EconomicalEnvironment
9.1.7.1 Developmentof Socio-Economy
I )Populationof distribution and residence
2)lnvestigationon industrial and agriculturalproduction
3)Constituent of productivity values and economicalbenefits
4) Conditions of infrastructure.suchas transportation,postand tele-communication
5)Regional economicalpolicies and developmenttrend
9.1.7.2 Investigationon Living Quality
22 23
I )Conditonsof education.socialculture and sanitation
2)Amusementfacilities and places
3)Naruralscenic spots of naturalprotection zone
4)Historicalspots and relics f)Earningand inhabitantcondition
6)1nvestigationon people's health
9.1.8Natural Environment
(] )Investigationon regional geology,climateand meteorology,hydrologyand water resources,statusof biologicalresources
(2)Collectingof historicaldata of waterquality and hydrology
(3)lnvestigationon locationscopeand operationstatus of water supplyand drainageprojects alongthe bank
(4)lnvestigationon existingflood controlprojects and historial floodrecords
9.2 Predictionof EnvironmentalImpact
9.2.1Social Economical Environmental Impact Assessment
9.2.1.1 Impactson econotical development
9.2.1.2Impacts on publicliving quality
9.2.1 3 Impactson scenicspots
9.2.1.4Impacts on portsand navigatingships during construction period
9.2.1.5Impacts on community caused by landrequisition
9.2.2 Predictionof Impactson fisheryresources
During the constructionperiod, the regulationproject will disturb the aquaticecological system.
( I)Forecasttiming: Construction period
23 t 24
(2)Assessnent content
9.2.3 Analysison flood raising and influence on Flood Control
(I )Analysison flood raising after regulationproject
Analyze the change of flood level before and after the regulation project using the results of hydraulicmodel test and mathematicalmodel calculation.
(2)Impactson flood control
9.2.4 Analysisof Impacts on existing Water Supplyand Drainagefacilities
The impact will be analyzed and determinedaccording to the layout of constructions, flood raising, and the position, scale and runningmode of the existing water supply and drainage facilities.
9.2.5 Analysisof impactson Scouring and Silting
Make brief analysis of the impact on the waterway and scouring and silting balance between both side banks caused by the changes of hydrologicalfactors such as flow pattem,discharge and velocity.
9.2.6 Analysison impact of waste earth
In accordance with the analogical investigation, makeethe analysis on secondanr pollution caused by waste earth.
9.2.7 Analysison the Impact of Newly constructedPort Facilitieson the Environment
(I )Brief introductionto the port facilities
(2)lmpacts of operation of existing ports
(3 )Impactsof existing port facilities
9.2.8 Assessmentof Impacts on water quality
9.2.8.1 Predictionof Impacts on water Quality Caused by SS During Construction Period
(I )Prediction Model dynamic model for SS:
24 l 25
A.Hydrodynamicequations
ti +cx+ vc Zcx-v c-HI I'
C ' CV - . ,V(U+ V ) _+ { + v-+ g Cl+ ft+ 2 =0°
c: c~~~~c- -+ -(Hu) +-(Hv) =0 h cx ci'
HdfS') c . cx' C' c7cx Cis =cx~~~(E,HHs)+-§(I,.'HT)+S,
where LX,y are time, longitudinaland transversal coordinates(sm)respectively; u.v.w are longitudinaltransversal flow velocityand dynanic settingvelocity of SS(mls)respectively; Z.H are tidallevel and waterdepth(m); f,q,c are Coriolisforceacceleration of gravityand chezy'sconstants respectively; s,s*,s* are the concentration,entrainmentedincreasement and saturated concentrationrespectively(gim 3); E,E, are the longitudinal,transversaldispersion coefficient(m 2/s) and matchingcoefficient. Sm is the sourceof sink.
(2)Calculationof pollutantload: see 'Analysis of Project"
(3)Predictionresults
Calculatethe distributionof SS concentrationat high and low tidal levels under different characteristicflow condition
9.2.8.2Analysis on Impactof shipwaste water
9.2.9Prediction of Noise Impact
9.2.9.1Analysis on Impactof Noiseof ConstructionMachinery
Accordingto the noise level of differentconstruction machine, analysisthe impact on sensitivespot around the constructionarea.
25 26
9.2.9.2 Predictionof Ship Noise
(l)Prediction Model
Lep =T OlgNilO1L''']- lOlg 1 g D - s T, 2r
Where m is the kind of ship; Ni is the number of ships of kind i in time T; T is monitoringtime, s; Tr is reference time; l.4,v(r)is averagenoise level at the distanceof r for the ships of kind i. dB(a): D is width of the fiver, m; r is the distancefrom the predictionpoint to waterway,m; and a S is attenuationvalue in the air, dB(A).
(2)Detenninationof Parameters
Accordingto the measured data and formula, obtain various of parameter in aboveformula
(3)Prediction
Based on the noise level measuredon site, calculatethe navigationsound level under certain pararneters(includingship flow, proportion of ship kinds and width of river):and make assessmentof impact scope and impact level on sensitivespot after regulationproject.
9.2.10 Predictionof Reef-blastingImpact
Content of prediction: the impact on adjoined buildings and fishery resources caused by shock waves
9.2.1 1 Impacton Land Use Caused by Land Requisitionand Reclamation
9.2.12 Public Health
9.2.1I3Analysis on risklof ship pollution accidents and i'easures of preventionand emergency
9.2.14 Assessmentof ship Solid waste Impact
According to the analysis of project, during operation period, the waste from ships disposed to river directly will have influence on water quality.
26 27
(I )Prediction: shipwaste;
(2)Predictionmethod: definethe impactlevel using the analogicalinvestigation data:
(3)Predictionresults: analyzethe influenceon waterquality caused by shipwaste disposed to riveraccording to analogicaldata.
10 PublicParticipation
10.1 Contentof Investigation
Collectthe opinionsand suggestionfrom public
10.2Method of Investigationand Assessment
(1)[nmitespecialists and engineersin different fields to take part in the consultation meeting.Theparticipation person is 20 - 30
(2)1nvestigationby questionnaire: ask questionsin writingand record the askedperson' s age, profession, sexual, nationalityand education degree
(3)Consultfrom socialcommunities: collectopinions from national Congress and PoliticalAssociation in projectcities
(4)Assessmentmethod: makeconclusion from the statisticsof investigationresults
11 AlternativeDesign
i 1.1 Analysison RegulationProgram
11.2Analysis on AlternativeProgram
11.3Comparison of EnvironmentalImpact
12 EnvironmentalProtection Measure
12.1Countermeasures During Construction Period
12.1.1 Nleasuresfor guaranteeingthe normaloperation of watersupply and drainageprojects
12.1.2 eNlasuresfor protectingthe aquaticorganisms
27 28
12.1.3 Flood controlmeasures and emer£entplan
12.1.4 Analysison Measuresof scour and silt Impact
12.1.5 Measuresfor preventingimpacts on water quality caused by dredgingmaterial(SS)
12.1.6 Measuresfor preventingsecondary pollution caused by constructionwaste
12.1.7 Measures for preventing the impacts on navigation, residences and fish caused by reef-blasting
12.1.8 Measuresfor preventingimpacts on port operation caused by Dredgingand Damming
12.1.9 Measuresfor preventingimpacts on tramsportationduring constructivePeriod
12.1.10 Measuresfor Noise Prevention
12.2 CountermeasuresDuring Operation Period
12.2.1 Measuresfor preventionof wastewater from navigationships
12.2.2 Measuresfor Preventionof Garbage from ships
12.2.3 Measuresfor prevention of ship noise
12.2.4 Measuresfor preventionof naviption accident
13 Plan of Monitoringand EnvironmentalManagement
13.1 MonitoringPlan
The plan includes monitoring time, items, organizationsstaff and cost
13.2 EnvironmentalManagement Plan
(I )Setting Up the EnvironmentalManagement Organization and Formulatingthe Management Regulations
(2)Work-ingOut the EnvironmentalManagement Plan for Construction
14 Analysis of EnvironmentalEconomics Cost And Benefit
15 Report submitting
28 L. 29
IS. I The environmentalimpact assessmentreport of watway rgulation project on the lower xijiang nver(bothChinese and English versions)
15.2 Environiental Protection Plan For the Waterway Regulation on the Lower Xijiang River both Chinese and English versions)
15.3 Summaryof EIA for the waterwayregulation project on lower xijiangriver(both Chinese and Englishversions)
16 ParticipatingPersonnel(see table 12)
17 WorkSchedule(omitted)
18 Cost Estimation(UnitRMB 10thousands)
18.1 Field Survey 1.0 18.2 data collection 1.0 18.3 preparationof the TOR 0.5 18.4 Sampling(includingsalary subsidy and travelingcosts) 2.0 18.5 Analyticaland Testing Cost 2.0 18.6Technical Service 5.0 18.7 Preparationof Report 2.0 18.8 Compilingof Action Plan 1.0 18.9 Translation 3.0 18.10 Printing(including typing,editingand review) 2.0 18. I Traveling Cost 2.0 18.12 Cost of Technical Approved 2.0 18.13 Taxes 1.2 18.14Management Cost 1.2 18.15Unpredicted Cost 2.2
Total 28.1
Note: The exvraapproved cost is paid by the owner of theproject
29 ------
I~~~~j'm ..
.~~. I National Environmental Protection Agency Document of Environmental Engineering Appraisal Center
ID4)otIIleI I *1-\ I l-A'.\1 ..II lrolnimiwal \pprai{sal C ener I Q10b0 No. I104
ReviewiOpinions on the TORof Environmental Impact Assessment for the Waterwav Regulation Project in the Lower Xijiang River bv U'sinaW orld Bank Loan
Departmentof DevelopmentSupervision ot National EnvironmentalProtection Agency:
Accordingthe environmentalsupervision construction izorrespondence II 9961 No. 104 of NEPA. our center has technicall- reviewedTOR of En%ironmental Impact Assessment for the Watenray Regulation Project in the Lower Xijiang River by i sing V orld Bank Loan. The reviewopinions thus formed are stated below,
I. The contentsof the outline is relativelycomplete. the description of the project is clear. the assessmentgrade is proper. and the establishmentof sub-topicsis basicaill rational.The TOR can be the basis for carrying out the assessmentafter amendmentand supplementation. and after approval.
2. The project is composed of n o waterways:Zhaoqina-Hutiaomen waterway and Liansharonywaterway. Accordingto the requirementof environmentalsupervision 11993] 324.the assessmentreport should combine the assessment of the two watenvays.and the chapters of the report should be modifiedand re-arranged.
3. Environmentalfunctional regiionsfor the river sections of the watermavand their correspondingstandards should be supplemented.Figures should be attachedto show in details suchenvironmental protection targetsas the water intaklesof each town. reproduction areas of aquatic resources.and noise sensitiveareas etc.
4. The execution of the project will change the flow pattern and hydrologicalconditions of the regulated river sections. The assessment should focus on the impact to water source areas. fisherv resources and flood control of the regulated sections during the construction stage and operation stage.
5. The assessment of current environmentalsituations should maklefull use the available nionitorinmzdata and the pollution source investigationdata from each city in the project region. and supplementarn monitoring should be conducted for the inadequate parts. Supplementarv
31 32 monitoringitems are modified as Water Temnperture.pH, DO, CODM.. BOD5 , Total P, SS, and oil. Monitoringitems of sedimentsare addedwith Hg, oil and DDT. Noise moniton points shouldbe adjusted accordingto environmentalprotection targets.
6. The impact of SS from dredgingand harmful substances on the protection target should be predicted with models. Changeof hydrologicalconditions, impact on scouring ano silting, and on flood control after the regulation can be analyzed with the results of one dimensional hydrodynamic computation. Inpact of waste earth and dredged materials on dumpingplaces can be analyzed with comparativemethod. For ship pollution, the kinds and amount of freights,and ship types shouldbe analyzedand determined. Ship noise should be predicted with the empirical modified model. Analysis of impact of shock waves from reef blasting on aquatic resources must be strengthened,and feasible preventive measures should be put forward.
7. The sub-topicof Social Impact Assessmentshould be added, which shall include the impact of constructionon harbor and navigatingships, and the impact of land occupationand removal. Risk analysisof ship pollution accidentsshould be conducted, and emergencymeasures of pollutioncontrol should be put forward. Environmentaland economic benefit and loss analysis should include the analysis of positive benefit.
8. Assessment standards should be confirmed by Guangdong Province Environmental ProtectionBureau with formal document.
Official seal of EnvironmentalEngineering Appraisal Center National En-ironinentalProtection Agency
August 15, 1996
32 34 I Officialseal of Departmentof DevelopmentSupervision NationalEnvirommental Protection Agency
August23, 1996 [
Keywords: waterway environmentalimpact TOR review conespondence
Other recipients:Environmental Protection Office of the Ministy of Cormnunications GuangdongProvincial Environmental Protecion Bureau, GuangdongProvincial Departmnent of WaterConservancy and Electricity.Guangdong Provincial Waterway Bureau, Scientific Instituteof Pearl River Water ResourcesProtection, Environmental Engineering Evaluation Centerof NationalEnvironmental Protection Bureau.
.1
I.
I L 35
Appendix 5.
Guangdong Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau
Guangdong EnvironmentalConstruction Correspondence [1996] No. 18
Reply Correspondenceon the AssessmentStandards of the EnvironmentalImpact Assessmentfor the Waterway Regulation Project in Lower XijiangRiver by UsingWorld Bank Loan
ProvincialWaterway Bureau:
The Assessment Standard of Environmental Impact Assessment for the Waterway RegulationProject in Lower Xijiang River, drafted by Scientific Instituteof Pearl River Water ResourcesProtection and submittedbv your bureau, was received. Afterstudy, our reply is as follows.
1. Environmentalquality standard Water environmentalquality are assessedwith Class 2 and Class 3 standardsof GB3838- 88 and Fishery Water Quality Standards (GB 11607-89). If there is functional division of waters. the required standards must be followed. Air quality standards follow GB3095-82. Noise quality standards follow GB3096-93.
2. Pollutant discharge standards Pollutant discharges follows the corresponding standards of Water Pollutant Discharge Standards of Guangdong Province (GB4426-89) and Air Pollutant DischargeStandards of GuangdongProvince (GB4427-89).
Official seal of Environmental.Management of DevelopmentProjects GuangdongProvincial Environmental Protection Bureau
August 22, 1996
* . Other recipients: Environmental Protection Bureaus of Zhaoqing City, Jiangrnen City, Zhongshan City, Shunde City, and Panyu City, Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resources Protection
35 0.3
Snnsanj;noStation
0.6 -j -i) -4/ IlongqliRI Stntion -slatslbawei Station
0.4
2 4. v 5 fi 7 g I) I I 12 13 IG6 167 I K 19 20 21 22 23S 2;1
-0.2
-o.6 .II 4-i U - Ji .M1ki
Fig 4. 1 TIhe l)ecsetedWnter LevelCturves 4.63 9.25 13.88 1e.s0 23.13 27.75 32. 37.00 66.00e.ae j,, I, j, j,6 66.80
60.saSe Sa n ,1 1 _ _ = , ee.s
216.5_LL
11.t0 27.50
L .sa t <, 22~~~~~~~~~~.so
M.88 0.03 0.00. 4.63 9.hi 13.38 18.50 22.12 27.75 22.38 37.00
n 4-2 *X Bt;2;J2i5 (Ax-2OOm) F1gL4.2Xe Cat aSd Cd. j(Ay Zm
55 0.8
-.*^ilj Series I ...6... 3 iJ2 series I\ 0.6
23 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 121314 5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24'
-o.2 - u;Jt ( 'I'U4 )
Tine (h1
-0.4 m 4-~3 @4Mktl@iiE 4 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 Fig 4. 3 The (omnparingof lthcDetected and t1he CalcuIDIed Water LevewCurves at The RongqiStwtioii in
1*..S. * *5,A o6 . , " ,, -:
...-- -. o-., ...
-I 1..
\ I1-/* ,, -\ . CDf.
o ~.j - ..... , ,
.,/:. '.1;.:. -
,- e, ~~~~~~.., *.*7 8 -..... t47 - ...... _._. .... , . . .._..-_.7...-
UX~~I:~I ga s.,.> \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
*... ISIS1,,,.m * .5...... 5.95.5;; N \j; " | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.
eSI. Su;g .. A :F - ...... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.5
, , , , $i;t 8~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'5W"99 | , , , , 0 t 2 | /-/ " * | |
a -38 a*' 838 a 8 8~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5a 8 a @ @ u~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M A g x _ 3 t s E . X 8 S In -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -. lii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-4 M1....._zw
grs en~ g -;N; -t' 0i~ 'V iiXd-n^
/ll '4 N_RSa ,
K?8I__\X \0 "t\8' bL K \; I1'/'\8t
", 0 \::\ 11: 0i X: . .',z,
L::::C STh1w toN1 - >t\w 66.00
6e. so t i
49.50
44.00
38. 50 _
3. 00
27.5 0
22.00-
16.50
11.00
0.00 0. 00 4.75 9.50 14.25 19.00 23.775 2B.50 33.25 38.00 - 14-7 W1 I*6 J Fig 4. 7T he idal FFd in, t Mi &...fl
60 26.25 -
* 23.00
13.25
1000
1.00 4.06 7.17 10.25 13.33 16.42 19.50 22.58 26.67 28.75 31.83 34.92 38.00 914 - 8 b ^ ...- t
: ;Fig4. 8 TIhc CalculatedContent of SS at the Endof Fluxon the BansibaweiPoint ::. 1.00 4.08 7.17 10.25 13,33\16.4 19.50 22.50 25.67 28.75 31.83 34.92 38.00 Ž2. 25 26.26
- ~~:23. e _\ 23.00
,*-.* 7 5 19 * 7E5
13. 25 16.25
Ila~. oj0 I0.00
6.75
1.00 4.08 7.1 7 10.25 13.33 16.42 19.50 22.56 26.67 28.75 31.83 34.92 38.00
1 4- s tiiyKWSOMA SS fRiiR (i.f3!t-ORM) t
Fig 4. 9 The CalculatedContent of SSat the Enidof Refluxon theBaaisliawei Point 47.2S L K...... 3 ~
F-- 29.42- -- --
_, . 7 s
27.6 137,. 2 L
12.~~~~~~~~~~~~~ O. L
e.~~ ~~ 25 e.2~~~i , ~~, -,'
1.00 6.00 ii00 16. 0f! 2'0t '21600 31.00 0 0 41.-0'
~ivn.10TeCaiculated Content of SS at tine End of Flux -on the Daiiangchongitou Point
63 47.25 r -
3S. so
27.67,31.s
22.75
19.823
.25I,,15.921.5 W
12.00e
0. 25 1.00 6.00 11.00 16.00 21.00 26.00 31.00 36.00 41.0'
Fig4. 11The CalculatedContent ofSS atthe End of Reflux an theDaliaqoghngkou Point
64 26.25
24.08
21.92
19.75
17.O58
15.42
13.25
11.08
S. 92
6.75
4.5se
2.42
0.25 31.23 34.92 38 00 t.00 4.08 7.17 10.25 13.33 16.42 19.50 22.58 26.67 28.75 m. -12 t hfo i ont-Il oi i
F;g 4. 12 Il het-alculated C'ontent of SSat the Endof Flux an the I iusnt" t rOlt 26. 26
24 * ;0 24.08_
21.92 _
19.76
17.58
15.42
13.25
11.60
0.92
6.75
4.58
2.42
1.00 4.00 7.17 10.25 13.13 16.42 19.50 \ 22.56\ 26.67 28.75 31.03' 34.92 383.00''' .~~~~~~~~~~~ ' fluI.13 *MkiDtASs NIfiB.-S-0141J
Fig 4. 13 ITle CnIculatedContent of SSegti,. Endo( Relluxon thleI luoshisotulPoiint 1 (2n)
blefora, rcgUt~iOpfsl- Xi*Q 4" thi 6 after regalluaios -ItR fIJA
4.5
aiSk d;r~~~~~liectionof llow ON 2.5
;! Ronggui Walenvny. . ~~~l.ijia'ShsWaterway SlmnwanWne *i nsulol1ttl*l Nanlhua, _ t*Rong*; VO*W 2.5~~~~~~~~~~P 45 50 55 60 65s 70 75 L (0) t.5 5 10 18 20' 25 30 35 40
liea Slin - Rolu Waterway..1 I enario Figure 4 -14 Clange of Water Level Curve along