#5 Civil War Abraham

16th US President 1861-1865 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFABcUUJMrI 4:44 min D.V. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx5RimAwtXU 1:07 Pres. Min, The Election of 1860 • South – Most refused to put Lincoln name on the ballot – Many threatened to leave if he won • Republican – Wanted to maintaining the Union – Stop the spread of slavery not outlaw it – Took the north • Constitutional Union John Bell – wanted to maintain the Union – Took the border states • Northern Democrat, Stephen Douglas – gave anti-secession speeches – Took what Lincoln didn’t in the north • Southern Democrat John C. Breckinridge – defended slavery – Took most of the south • Abraham – 40% of the popular vote – 180 electoral votes, all others totaled only 123

• Secession • South does not trust Republicans – 1860 secedes • 1 month after Lincoln’s election – John Crittenden proposes Election Results • a constitutional amendment to protect slavery • Unilaterally rejected • February 1861- secessions – Texas – Louisiana – Mississippi – – Florida – Georgia • President – Justified according to “states rights” – Voluntarily became states – Voluntarily leave the USA – Felt the USA violated the Constitution • The country is split – Literally – In opinion • Is it okay to split? – All states question it • Border States become – Maryland – Kentucky – Missouri – Delaware • Abraham Lincoln – 1st Inaugural Address • Secession will NOT be allowed • Please reconsider Border States • Abraham Lincoln – Must keep them loyal – moderate policies, as much as possible – buffer between the North and South – Maryland only state protecting Washington D.C. – Factories, economy • Maryland and Delaware • Confederacy’s manufacturing would have2x – Weakened southern claims to need to succeed – Emancipation Proclamation (1863) • slaves free in only the secessionist states – not the loyal border states – Used force (for example) • Maryland Protester – attacked union troops – Spring 1861, martial law Effective Congress? No Southern Opposition • The Morrill Tariff (1861) – Doubled prewar tariff – Manufactures happy with money – Economy vital to war effort • The Legal Tender Act (1862) – Printing of National Currency, not redeemable for gold or silver – “Greenback” like we have now • National Bank Act (1862) – federal charter of banks – supervision of a system of national banks to comply with the Legal Tender Act • The Homestead Act (1862) – Homesteaders • individual settlers given 160 acres of western land • live on the land and improve it by farming and building a house • Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) – Federal Land to State Governments to build Agricultural colleges

Lincoln “Honest”

• Accused – starting and unjust War Peace Democrats – Being too soft • Using unconstitutional powers – Supported by Congress in these violations – Claimed desperate times called for desperate measures – He would obey the Constitution after the war – In Maryland • Suspended Habeas Corpus, requires police to inform suspects of the charges against them • Arrested proslavery leaders in Maryland • imprisoned till the war was over » Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Roger Taney ruled that the suspension was illegal and unconstitutional » Lincoln ignored him – Ordered illegal Southern naval blockade, Congressional Power – Increased the size of the army, congressional power – Authorized illegal voting methods in the border states

The Civil War http://www.schooltube.com/video/8851cf25cfdf480d9e61/Causes%20of%20the%20Civil%20War%20by%20Shmoop

The North Also Known AS (A.K.A.) The of America The Union The Yankees They wore blue North Advantages • President Lincoln – Strong – Self-assured – Respected • Population-71% of it – 2 million Northern troops » 800,000 in the Confederate army • Industrialized – Factories making » Uniforms » Weapons » Supplies – Railroads » 70% in the North – Organization – Ships/Navy » blockade the Southern ports

The North’s Disadvantages • Disagreement over what the war was about – Slavery – Preserving the Union • Troops were untrained • So many Generals, to name a few – General McDowell • Lost the 1st Battle of Bull Run – The 1st major battle of the Civil War – General McClellan • AKA “Little Mac” • in his 30’s • Commanded the Army of the Potomac • very popular with the troops not in Washington • Reputation for being egotistical • Timid in battle • Made excuses to not engage Lee’s army • Publically criticized Lincoln – General Burnside • Lost the • 12,00 troops • The confidence of his men – General Grant • Top General after McClellan was fired • Waged total war in 1863 • Had a major victory at Vicksburg – General Sherman • Waged total war with General Grant to help end the War – Some did prove valuable in the end

The South The Confederate States of America The Confederacy The Rebels Wore Gray The South • So excited to be liberated from USA and Lincoln – Safeguarding liberty – Don’t need to win just defend their home – Thought victory was inevitable – Wanted international recognition • Britain made warships for the South, the Alabama – Threats from Lincoln and a win at Antietam stopped this action • Supplied 75% of British cotton • Thought Britain would break blockades for cotton – Britain bought from India and Egypt instead • The Confederate States of America – 1st seven: South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Texas, and Louisiana – Capital at Richmond, – Jefferson Davis as president • Former US senator • Nervous and not well liked once in office – Wrote their own constitution • Very similar to the Articles of confederation • Couldn’t force states to send troops to fight – 1861 lost part of Virginia • Unionists left the confederates states and rejoined the Union, in 1863, as

The South’s Advantages • General Robert E. Lee – Lincoln wanted Lee – Lee » roots were deep in the South » Since 1600’s » family » his wife’s family » He was torn • He disapproved of the secession – Virginia seceded Lee stated , • “I shall share the miseries of my people.” General • Good soldiers – Experienced in the Mexican-American War • Noble Cause (?) – Fighting on their own land – Fighting for their rights • Didn’t have to win • Wait till the Europeans got involved – Cotton was readily available – Trade

The South’s Disadvantages

• President Jefferson Davis – Weak – Unsure – Not so respected • Weaker central government • Smaller population • No pre-existing Navy • Inadequate Supplies – No money to purchase – no way of manufacturing • Too much faith in foreign motivation to intervene – did cause some issues for the USA

British USA Issues • 1st The – US Naval Officers boarded the British mail ship Trent in 1861 – Arresting two Confederate diplomats – Angered the British – Thousands of British troops went to Canada to invade – Lincoln apologized and freed the Confederates • 2nd USA threatened war if Britain kept building Southern warships – CSS Alabama was one – They stopped • 3rd 1864 Canada harbored Confederate fugitives – British troops were sent – Peace was negotiated, before shots were fired

Women In the Civil War a few contributions

North South • Spies • Spies • was one – Rose O’Neal Greenhow • http://on.aol.com/video/harriet-tubmans-work-as-a-union-spy- 517651524?icid=video_related_13 – Belle Boyd • Nurses • Nurses • Dorothea Dix • Writer of History • Sally Tompkins – Mary Chestnut ( that is her ) • Recorded her experiences – Established a Hospital in Richmond Virginia – those around her • • Primary Source Clara Barton – Lost most if not all things – founded the Red Cross » Crops – Teachers » Home destroyed – Office workers » Supply shortages – Making • Soldiers • Blankets – Loretta Janeta Velasquez • Ammunition • Battle of Bull Run • Shiloh Civil War Technology http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYBowDfoEAs 2:22 min http://www.schooltube.com/video/02ee7108c9664b64a5c9/The%20Confederate%20Air%20Force:%20Balloon%20Reconnaissance%20in%20the%20Civil%20War 5 min balloon tech The Catalyst was

Soldier Lives on Both Sides • Goal of the North • Started enthusiastic – Southern States back • Medical facilities into the Union overwhelmed • Strategy • Lack of food and supplies • Blockades – especially in the south • Control the Mississippi • Capture Richmond, Virginia • Dull (Confederate Capital) • Routine drills • Marches in rain and mud • Goal of the South • Bad food • Be a separate nation • Sickness • Strategy • Defense of ones • When Lee entered Maryland homeland st the 1 time it was, in part, an • Offensive at times but effort to get fresh crops to eat. very few times

Fort Sumter(Southern Victory) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9p7V7GrHjE = 2:41 min • Confederates seized US Military Forts in the South – including Fort Sumter • Lincoln sent supplies • Jefferson Davis orders – Southern troops attack • April 12, 1861 – Union surrenders • April 14, 1861 • Lincoln calls for 75K troops • The Confederacy grows – Virginia (and Lee) – North Carolina – – Arkansas

1st Battle of Bull Run http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-gvomMAZJA reenacted 2:43 min (Southern Victory) – Virginia, between Washington, D.C., and Richmond – 1st Official Battle – 3 months after Fort Sumter – July 1861 – Union General McDowell • 30K Troops – 35K Confederate troops – Spectators came watch – All expected a quick victory – Union winning, at 1st – Confederate General Jackson rallied his troops • Soldiers said he was standing like a “Stonewall” • Confederates unleashed their “Rebel Yell” • Scared the Union into a retreat – spectators ran for their lives – Lincoln replaced McDowell with McClellan – The South left this victory thinking the War was theirs to win

More Battles Begin

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WI37ReMLy7o 1 min student made • April 6, 1862 – Union led by General Ulysses S. Grant • camped near church • Shiloh, Tennessee – Confederates surprise attack • 2 day battle – Tens of thousands killed or wounded – Hard fought northern victory

• (Southern Victory) – August 29 1862 – Union troopers attacked • They lost • Union Troops – 4,303 captured/missing – 206 killed – 844 wounded • Confederate – 1 missing – 78 killed • 372 wounded

War at Sea (Southern and North Victory-sort of) • Lincoln – Bypassed congress set up a blockade – They were working • South – Alabama » British build » Sank almost 60 Union ships before defeat – Salvaged the USS Merrimack » Captured in Norfolk, Virginia » They ironclad it » Steam engine » Renamed it the Virginia » Broke through the blockade » Stopped only by the USS Monitor • Northern warship • Complete with a gun turret » Virginia and Monitor met in March 1862 • Battle of the Ironclads ended in a draw (Northern Victory)

• Navy Commander – Took New Orleans, Louisiana – April 25 – May 1, 1862 – Confederates could no longer use the river • Remember rivers had been the major mode of transportation in the South • No rivers = no trade • No trade = no money • No money = no war supplies • No war supplies = no Confederate States Getting Soldiers to Enlist • Soldiers died, new ones were needed • South – The Conscription Act of 1862 • Men ages 18-35 • Must serve 3 years • Poor fight, rich don’t – Planters – Landowners – Overseers – Job vital to control slaves – No blacks allowed • North – 1863 Conscription Law ( US Congress) • Join or pay $300 to war effort – Poor fight, rich don’t • Protest and draft riots broke out – Worst in New York City in mid-1863 » burned and looted » federal troops arrived • more than 100 people had already been killed

Seven Days’ Battles (Southern Victory) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BU3sdTM74dI 1 min • General McClellan's Army of the Potomac – Wanted Richmond, Virginia – Delayed attack to consider options – Confederates built defenses then battles ensued • June 25 to July 1, 1862 – 6 major battles over 7 days • General Lee drove McClellan from Richmond to the Virginia peninsula – June 25 Battle of Oak Grove, Union Attack – June 26 Beaver Dam Creek AKA Mechanicsville, Confederate Attack – June 27 Gaine’s Mill – June 27 and 28 Garnett’s and Golding’s Farms – June 29 Savage’s Station • Final retreat of McClellan to Harrison’s Landing on the James River – June 30 Battle of Glendale • Union escaped to Malvern Hill – July 1 Battle of Malvern Hill • Casualties – 16k North – 20k South • Richmond, Virginia was safe – Lee moved on • McClellan did not renew the attack and was replaced The Second Battle of Bull Run (Southern Victory) – August 29,1862 • General Lee invaded the North, Maryland – Hopes to push back and weaken Northern resolve • North called again for soldier volunteers The Bloodiest Day- (Northern Victory) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjIbFTrqwU8 6:17 min

• General Lee marched Northwest of Washington D.C. – to attack the North in Maryland – 2 Union soldiers found a copy of LEE’S BATTLE PLANS • , 1862 • wrapped around a cigar • where Confederate army camped • On September 17, 1862 – The Battle of Antietam (Creek) – 20 miles north of Washington D.C. – More than 23k dead in a single day • Lincoln ordered McClellan to destroy Lee’s army – McClellan refused to deliver fatal blow – Lincoln replaced him with

• September 22, 1862 – 5 days after the Union victory at Antietam Emancipation • Official January 1, 1863 – Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation Proclamation • it freed the slaves in the Confederacy only • hoped there would be a massive runaway of slaves • Did not free the border state slaves • Was the symbolic beginning of the end of the “Peculiar Institution” • Britain and France – agreed with the Emancipation Proclamation – Didn’t recognize the Confederacy as a Nation – http://www.schooltube.com/video/508261432df64a0c831b/America%20The%20Story%20of% 20Us%20-%20Civil%20War%20- %20Emancipation%20Proclamation%20and%20Gettysburg%20Address (3:50 – 5:50 min into the video) 10 min total time • He once stated, “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. What I do about slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save this Union.” • He knew that slavery would destroy the union always so he got rid of it. 1862 Congress Acts • Black Americans tried to join the army – Not Allowed, North or South – Did serve in • Naval forces • Guides • Spies • Many blamed the “Negro” for the Civil War • 1862 the stops excluding the “Black” Americans – 200,000 fought – 37,000 lost their lives – Paid less under protest • 54th Massachusetts – Led by • Robert Gould Shaw • Colonel Edward Needles Hallowell – Most Famous – Attacked Confederate Fort Wagner in South Carolina – Over ½ were killed, injured or captured – Fort Wagner was never taken • http://www.schooltube.com/video/9b352dc4a67e0ac5b8de/ Battle of Fredericksburg (Southern Victory) • , 1862 • Robert E. Lee – Rebels were entrenched • Ambrose Burnside – North had a larger army • kept attacking through an open field • lost 13,000 troops • South only 4,500 • Called the Mud March – replaced by

LAST major Southern Victory

Chancellorsville, Virginia (Southern Victory)

• General Lee moves against the North • General Hooker leads – Told to attack – Hesitates – Replaced • General – Southern General Lee attacked • lost many men • Costly victory • Stonewall Jackson was shot in the arm by friendly fire – About a week later Stonewall Jackson died » This weakened Southern Morale » http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/stonewall-jackson 2:35 min cut and paste Cost of the War, so far • South 1862 – Couldn’t break the blockade – Can’t sell cotton – Can’t buy necessities – Shortages of most everything – Banks printed money • Inflation-money values fall • Hyperinflation- money values fall so fast it can be timed by a clock, literally – Farms/homes destroyed – Railroad lines torn up – 1863 drought • Richmond, Virginia is looted • Richmond Bread Riots – Desperate for food – Frustrated with their government • North – Shortages and inflation – NOTHING LIKE THE SOUTH

July 4, 1863 • Battle of Vicksburg – Vicksburg, Mississippi – General Ulysses S. Grant • Laid siege for months • Splitting the Confederate Army • North controlled the Mississippi River • Confederates surrendered July 4, 1863 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_JpVW1_4XE 3:05 • – The final attack on the North • Started July 1, 1863 • Battle in Pennsylvania • South lost – Lee’s fatal mistake » launch an up a hill attack » AKA Pickett's Charge – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSraOEtrhWY 3 min – Thousands of Confederate soldiers – marched across an open field; slaughter • http://www.schooltube.com/video/35557ed6e290326d8007/Gettysburg-%20Chalk%20Talk • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ALyq3seK2g 4:59 min – Over 50 k soldiers died – Victory July 4, 1863 (same date as Vicksburg) • Lincoln came 4 months later • to dedicate the Gettysburg National Cemetery • The Gettysburg address – It’s first line is famous and starts with “fourscore and seven years ago” – Said the Civil War a test of whether a nation conceived from democracy could endure.

The Election of 1864 • Peoples’ mindset in the North • -A poisonous snake • Also… – Peace Democrats – Confederate sympathizers • Largely found in Ohio, , and Illinois • Thought the Union could not be restored • angry that Lincoln had made the war about slavery and emancipation • Radical Republicans • Thought Lincoln was not harsh enough on the South • President Lincoln – Suspends Habeas Corpus to stop the undermining • Abraham Lincoln was the Republican nominee – Democrat his running mate – Ran on – Lincoln won 55% of the vote, and the Presidency • This meant the people wanted the Union and unconditional surrender March to The Sea (North Victory) • November 1863 – General Grant and General Sherman • Started a Union winning streak • May and June 1864 – Lincoln named Grant commander of all Union forces 1864 • Grant attacks on all fronts – handful of victorious battles – cost the North 60,000 men – Petersburg, Virginia • 9 month siege • August 1864 Union Fleet took Mobile, Alabama • General Sherman captured Atlanta, Georgia in 1864 • began his “March to the Sea” – Laid siege to Atlanta, Georgia, then burned it – Moved towards Savannah Georgia – destroyed everything on his way, 60 miles or so » A witness stated a tornado would have done less damage – Total war – waging war on all aspects of an enemy’s country – The city surrendered in December – War ended Before he could meet up with Grant’s army in Virginia – http://www.schooltube.com/video/843387bff4b943afaf9f/America%20the%20Story%20of%20Us%20-%20Civil%20War%20- %20Sherman's%20Total%20War%20and%20March%20to%20the%20Sea 10 min

The Coming of the End • 2nd Inaugural Address – hoped to encourage unity – healing in the country – spoke of coming peace • The South was falling apart – – Sherman’s total war – Lack of British support – Class conflict – Fleeing slaves – Military deserters – Thousands going without food – Slaves were offered freedom to fight for the south • The Conference – Davis requested peace negotiations • Representatives met – Lincoln demanded full surrender – Davis wanted independence • Nothing came of the talks • Final Victory – Richmond, Virginia fell April 2, 1865 – Confederates burned their own capital of Richmond – Robert E. Lee knew it was over • Surrender at Appomattox Court House – General Lee and General Grant – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJfh4HWuiGY 4:30 min – April 9, 1865 – Grant allowed • Lay down their weapons • Gave 3 days worth of food • keep their horses ride home • Jefferson Davis fled – Captured in Georgia on May 10, 1865 Legacy of the Civil War

• The Civil War ended • Over 600,000 US soldiers are dead • The federal government is stronger then ever • Millions of former slaves have an uncertain future • The reconstruction is just beginning

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KICDq5pml4 song 2:33 summary

• http://www.schooltube.com/video/a088eb35599e46dd5552/Civil-war-veteran-soldier-footage-captured-between-1913-and-1938

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zg0lpjQi9cI

• http://www.schooltube.com/video/e2b83328220509b6d738/The%20Civil%20War student made school tube 3 min