Theater Through the Ages

Home , First Restoration, Hayes Theater, Lynn Fontanne, Sarah Bernhardt

Theater through the ages

by Michael Kramme, Ph.D.

ISBN 978-1-58037-977-9

Printing No. 1893-EB

Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers Distributed by Carson-Dellosa Publishing LLC

The purchase of this book entitles the buyer to reproduce the student pages for classroom use only. Other permissions may be obtained by writing Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers.

Table of Contents

Introduction...... 1

The history of theater...... 2

Primitive Theater...... 2 Greek Theater...... 6 The Middle Ages...... 10 The Renaissance...... 14 Shakespeare’s Theater...... 18 The Restoration...... 23 romanticism and Realism...... 27 Modern Theater...... 31 The Musical...... 35

Famous people of the theater...... 39

Sophocles...... 39 William Shakespeare...... 43 Molière...... 47 David Garrick...... 51 edwin Booth...... 55 Sarah Bernhardt...... 59 henrik Ibsen...... 63 Sir Henry Irving...... 67 The Barrymores...... 71 eugene O’Neill...... 75 helen Hayes...... 79 Tennessee Williams...... 83 answer keys...... 87

Introduction

The purpose of this book is to introduce students to the world of live theater. The first section gives a brief history of the development and the traditions of the theater. The following section tells the stories of several important and interesting personalities. Teachers may choose to use the readings as class projects or as extra enrichment activities for individual students. The activities are for students to complete individually. a set of short answer questions appears after each narrative. These questions provide a quick check of reading comprehension. An activity or activities also follow each narrative. In addition to the varied activities, each narrative is followed by either a word search or a crossword puzzle. These exercises serve to reinforce the learning of the information in the narratives as well as develop a variety of skills.

Primitive Theater humans have always had a basic need to imitate. We acquire most of our learning by imitating others. Infants learn language by imitating the sounds made by those around them. Children’s play often involves imitations of things they have seen or stories they know. imitation is the basis of all theater. One definition of theater is a person or persons (the actor(s)) imitating the actions and words of others (the play) for the benefit of others (the audience). We know little for certain of how the theater evolved during primitive times. This lack of knowledge is due to the absence of written records. To find answers, anthropologists have studied artifacts and drawings in caves. They have also visited with and recorded the activities of primitive tribes still in existence. Theater may have begun with primitive man’s Though proof is scarce, anthropologists have re-enactment of the hunt. developed several theories to explain the birth of theater. here is one popular theory of how theater developed. Some members of the tribe went out to hunt. The hunts had to be successful to provide necessary food for survival. The rest of the tribe stayed to protect the camp site. When the hunters returned, the most important question was, “Did the hunt go well?” The hunters may have answered “Let us show you.” They then re-enacted the hunt. This showed the others what happened. Some of the hunters portrayed the animals. They may have used animal skins as costumes. Others portrayed the hunters. Together they showed the story of the hunt. This re-enactment of the hunt was theater. Actors (the hunters) wearing costumes (animal skins) imitated other characters (the animals) to tell a story (what happened during the hunt) to an audience (the non-hunters). as years passed, changes in the acting out of the hunt occurred. Perhaps this is the way things evolved. The primitive tribes decided to act out a successful hunt before they went out to search for the animals. They believed this would create magic that would bring them success. The primitive people used magic to explain things they did not understand. They also used magic in attempts to protect themselves and control nature.They repeated this “magical theater” performance before every hunt. It soon became a ritual. A ritual is something performed repeatedly in exactly the same way. The hunting ritual and others like it continued to increase. The tribe chose one member to oversee the rituals. This was the shaman. The shaman was also the religious leader of the tribe. The rituals became the religious celebrations of the tribes. in these primitive times, religion and theater were the same. In many civilizations that followed, it was hard to separate theater from religion. Theatrical performances were an important part of almost all religious ceremonies.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. Why do we know so little about primitive tribes?

2. How have anthropologists discovered what they do know about primitive tribes?

3. Describe a popular theory about how theater started.

4. What did primitive people use for costumes?

5. Why did they begin acting out a hunt before it occurred?

6. What is a ritual? Why did theater become a ritual to ancient tribesmen?

7. How many people oversaw the rituals?

8. What were people who oversaw rituals called?

9. What was the shaman’s position in the tribe?

10. Why was it difficult to separate theater and religion in many primitive civilizations?

Name Date Vocabulary

The following is a list of words used in the story of primitive theater. Look each of them up in a dictionary and copy the meaning on this sheet. After the meaning, write a sentence using the word appropriately.

1. acquire

2. imitate

3. primitive

4. anthropologist

5. artifact

6. theory

7. ritual

8. evolve

9. shaman

10. portray

11. heritage

Name Date Word Search Puzzle

Find the words listed below and circle them in the puzzle. The words may be printed forward or backward, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.

WORD LIST

actors anthropologist artifacts audience caves ceremonies characters costumes hunters imitated magical performance portray primitive religious rituals shaman theater theories tribe

Greek Theater Greek theater began over 2,500 years ago. It began in the religious festivals that honored Dionysus, the Greek god of wine and the harvest. The festivals grew in popularity and importance until, at its peak, the great theater festival in Athens lasted six days. Over 15,000 people attended the festival each year. The earliest plays were stories told by a chorus of men and boys. According to legend, one day a man named Thespis stepped out of the chorus and spoke alone. The chorus then responded to his speeches. Thespis was the first actor. Today we call actorsThespians in his honor. Later, the number of actors increased to three, in addition to the chorus. each actor in the Greek theater played more than one role. To portray different roles, the actor wore different masks. The masks of comedy and tragedy have become symbols of Greek theater consisted of one to three ac- the theater. tors and a chorus. Greek authors entered their plays in contests for the festival. The winning playwright won a prize of money and an ivy wreath to wear as a symbol of victory. Greek theater had many important playwrights. Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides wrote tragedies (dramas in which the main character suffers a disastrous end). Aristophanes and Menander wrote comedies (light, humorous dramas with a happy ending). A special type of play called the satyr play made fun of the Greek legends. We get our word satire from this. Some of the most famous Greek plays were Oedipus, Antigone, Electra, Medea, The Birds, and The Frogs. The great Greek philosopher and teacher, Aristotle, wrote The Poetics. In this book he discussed the theater of his time. Aristotle discussed important topics of the theater including plot (what happens), theme (the idea or message), character, music, diction (speech), and spectacle (what was seen). Aristotle became the first literary critic. The Greeks built their theaters on hillsides. They used the natural slope of the hill for seating the audience. A large circular area called the orchestra was located at the foot of the hill. It was here that the members of the chorus moved as they chanted their lines. Behind the orchestra was a raised platform on which the actors performed. A small building named the skene was built in back of the acting platform. The skene was where the actors changed masks. The Greeks used the front wall of the skene to represent the location of the play. Our word scene comes from skene. The Greek theater also had special machinery including platforms on wheels and a device to lower an actor from the top of the skene house onto the stage. They used this device to show a god coming down to earth. The Greeks also used scenery to help give locations for the action of the play. Most historians agree that the Greek era is one of the most important times in theater history.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. What did Greek theater originally celebrate?

2. How many people attended the yearly festivals honoring Dionysus?

3. Who is known as the first actor?

4. How did Greek actors change roles?

5. Who wrote Greek tragedies?

6. Who wrote Greek comedies?

7. What type of play made fun of Greek legends?

8. Who was the first known literary critic? What book did he write about the theater of his time?

9. Where did the Greeks build their theaters?

10. In Greek drama, what was the function of the orchestra?

11. What was the skene?

Name Date Looks Like Greek To Me

Many words we use today come from the ancient Greek language. The following words used in theater came to us from the Greeks:

Greek Root meaning english Word

Theatron seeing place Theater Drama to do, act Drama Tragos goat song (it is believed Tragedy goats were sacrificed before the presentations of the tragedies) Komos to revel, celebrate comedy Skene building (used for scenery) Scene

The Greek language gave us many other words. Below are listed Greek roots and their meanings. Can you list one English word that came from each Greek root?

Greek Root meaning english Word

1. angelos a messenger

2. arithmos number

3. bios life

4. Geo earth

5. Grapho write

6. Kosmos* order

7. Tele far

8. Okto* eight

9. Pod foot (ped in Latin)

10. Polis city

* Hint: The Greek alphabet uses a “k” in place of a “c”

Name Date Word Search Puzzle

Find the words listed below and circle them in the puzzle. The words may be printed forward or backward, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.

WORD LIST

aristophanes aristotle comedy diction Dionysus euripides festival masks Menander Oedipus orchestra plot Poetics satyr skene Sophocles spectacle theme Thespis tragedy

The Middle Ages The theater was at its peak during the ancient Greek era. Theater continued during the Roman Empire, but was never as important as it had been earlier. We refer to the era after the fall of the Roman Empire as the Medieval Ages, the Middle Ages, or sometimes the Dark Ages. The church became the major force in the lives of the people at this time. At first the leaders of the church outlawed theater. They believed that it was vulgar and evil. Only a few groups of strolling players continued to perform. after many years, the theater was reborn as part of the church services. At first, the priests enacted a short scene within the mass. The earliest of these scenes was the story of Jesus’ resurrection from the tomb at Easter. Later, other masses also had short scenes included. The name given to a short biblical scene was trope. Cycles were sometimes presented on pageant The tropes were very popular. The wagons. priests soon realized they were a valuable way to tell the stories of the Bible. In time, the tropes became more elaborate, and the priests began to present more than one trope at a time. Soon the priests were presenting several tropes together to help celebrate certain festivals. The tropes that were shown together became known as cycles. The clergy built a small stage for each cycle inside the church. Each cycle told a complete story, and the congregation moved from one stage to the next to see each cycle. Many of the clergy believed that staging the tropes was important but was taking too much of their time. Eventually, Pope Innocent II ordered that the tropes be moved out- doors. Members of the craft guilds (which trained and organized workers in each major occupation) replaced the clergy in the preparation of the tropes. This new arrangement worked well. The clergy was able to devote more time to other church work. The members of the guilds were able to give their time working on the cycles as a means of helping the church. At times, workmen built small sets on a large platform on the steps to the church. They then presented a cycle in front of each set. The audience gathered in front of the platform to watch the entire series of cycles. in other towns, cycles were presented on several carts. These carts resembled floats in today’s parades. The audience gathered at several locations. Each cart, called a pageant wagon, stopped at each location. They presented their trope and then moved to the next location and presented it again. Then the wagon following them presented the next trope in the cycle. All of the wagons stopped at each place until they had presented all the cycles at all of the locations. Theater had regained importance by the end of the Middle Ages. At the end of the era, writers began producing secular or non-religious plays again.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. What is the period following the fall of the Roman Empire known as?

2. Why was theater outlawed for a time?

3. Who were the only performers in the early Medieval era?

4. In what institution was theater reborn?

5. What was a trope?

6. What was a set of tropes performed together known as?

7. Where were the tropes originally presented?

8. To whom did the clergy turn production of scenes over? Why?

9. What was the function of the pageant wagons?

10. What types of plays were becoming popular by the end of the Middle Ages?

Name Date Sequencing

Indicate by number the order in which the following events occurred:

Pageant wagons are first used.

The church outlaws theater.

Theater continues throughout the Roman era.

Writers of the Medieval era begin to write non-religious plays.

Series of scenes called cycles are presented.

The great Greek era of the theater.

The first trope appears in the mass.

The presentations are moved outside the church.

Write an Eyewitness Account

imagine that you are attending a church service in the Middle Ages. Describe what you think a trope was like. How was it presented? What did the set and costumes look like? How well did the actors perform?

Name Date Crossword Puzzle

Use the clues below to complete the puzzle. Answers may be found in the narrative about theater during the Middle Ages.

3 4 5

6 7

10 11

13 14 15

16 17

ACROSS 3. These organizations took over the presentation of 3. This group watched the cycles. scenes from the clergy. (two words) 4. A short scene inserted into the church service. 6. The first scene presented in a mass took place at 5. By the end of the Middle Ages, this type of play this time of the year. was being produced. 8. Carts used to present plays were called 7. The first scene to be portrayed in a church showed wagons. this. 10. Each cycle told a story. 9. Another name for the Middle Ages 12. Tropes told stories from this book. 11. Eventually, the presentation of scenes was moved 17. This pope moved the plays outside the church. here. 18. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, only 13. This was sometimes built on the steps of the players continued to perform. church; entire cycles could be performed on it. 19. At first, the church theater. 14. These were built in churches for cycles to be performed on. DOWN 15. These men were the first actors in Medieval 1. Theater was at its peak during this time. (two drama. words) 16. As tropes grew in popularity, they became more 2. Short religious scenes presented together became . known as .

The Renaissance The word Renaissance means a rebirth, or a renewed interest in the arts and sciences. The Renaissance began in the fifteenth century in Italy. Theater was part of this rebirth. During the Renaissance, elaborately staged productions entertained the royal courts and the upper class. At the same time, forms of popular theater entertained the middle and lower classes. The Renaissance began in Italy where theater moved indoors and designers developed better methods of lighting the stage. They also created realistic, three-dimensional scenery. The Italian stage was set within an arch. This arch, called the proscenium, served as a “picture frame” through which the audience viewed the beautiful scenery. Technicians invented many Several stock characters were used in the mechanical devices to change the scenery. For Commedia dell’ arte, including Harlequin and Pantalone. instance, a curtain was lowered during scenery changes. The new scenery was then a surprise to the audience. Designers also provided beautiful costumes for the productions. Music, song, and dance became important parts of the theater. The elaborate productions evolved into opera. at the same time that opera became fashionable, a type of theater known as Com- media dell’ arte became popular with the middle and lower classes. Wandering troupes of actors and actresses performed the Commedia throughout the countryside. They did not use scripts, but improvised their lines as they went along. The Commedia troupes used the same types of characters, called stock characters, in each play. The more important characters included Harlequin, a clever servant who was known by his costume, which looked like a patchwork quilt. Pantalone was the foolish old man whose costume included baggy trousers. Our word pants comes from his name and costume. The Renaissance spread to the other countries of Europe. Both the spectacle of the opera and the fun of the Commedia became part of theater throughout Europe. The French theater imitated the Italian theater. The courts of the French kings Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI produced spectacular entertainment. At the same time, popular troupes similar to the Commedia performed in Paris and the countryside. Molière became the most important playwright of the French Renaissance. in Spain, troupes performed religious dramas similar to those of the Middle Ages. The people also enjoyed popular adventure plays. Spain produced two major Renaissance playwrights, Lope de Vega and Calderon. Both wrote religious plays and adventure plays. De Vega was a soldier, explorer, sailor, and priest. Over 700 plays are attributed to him. The Renaissance came later to England during the Elizabethan Age. It was during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I that Christopher Marlowe wrote important tragedies and Ben Jonson wrote popular comedies. However, their fame was overshadowed by the greatest English playwright of all time, William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote and produced about 36 comedies, tragedies, and histories. Both the royal court and the common people enjoyed his plays.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. What does Renaissance means?

2. What country was the birthplace of the Renaissance?

3. What type of scenery did the Italians develop?

4. What is the name of the arch in front of a stage?

5. Why did they lower the curtain while they changed scenery?

6. What developed out of the elaborate Italian productions?

7. What was the popular entertainment performed by wandering troupes?

8. Whose costume looked like a patchwork quilt?

9. What modern word comes from the character Pantalone’s name?

10. Who was the most famous French playwright?

11. What Spanish playwright wrote over 700 plays?

12. What name is given to the English Renaissance era?

13. Who is the most famous of all English playwrights?

Name Date For Further Research

The Renaissance produced many amazing men and women. Write a paper on one of the following Renaissance persons who worked in or enjoyed the theater of their time:

Leonardo da Vinci Molière christopher Marlowe ben Jonson Lope de Vega Calderon King Louis XIV Queen Elizabeth

Matching

Match the following people and characters with the countries in which they were first noted:

1. Molière a. England

2. Lope De Vega

3. William Shakespeare b. France

4. Calderon

5. Ben Jonson c. Germany

6. Harlequin

7. King Louis XIV D. Italy

8. Leonardo da Vinci

9. Queen Elizabeth i e. Spain

10. Pantalone

An Art Activity

look at pictures of theaters in an encyclopedia or in other books. Then make either a drawing or a model of one of the following:

Shakespeare’s Globe

a French court or Molière’s theater

an Italian Renaissance theater—can you also show the proscenium arch and three-dimensional scenery?

Name Date Word Search Puzzle

Find the words listed below and circle them in the puzzle. The words may be printed forward or backward, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.

WORD LIST

calderon commedia curtain De Vega elaborate elizabethan harlequin Jonson Marlowe Molière opera Pantalone popular theater proscenium rebirth renaissance scenery Shakespeare stage lighting three dimensional

Shakespeare’s Theater William Shakespeare and his partners built the Globe Theater in 1599 in a London suburb named Southwark. Southwark was on the south bank of the Thames River, just across the river from the center of the city. This was a major entertainment area of the time. The Globe was a three-storied building. It had a small hut on top of the roof. The owners of the theater raised a flag from a flag pole on top of the hut on the days of performances. London citizens could look across the river and The Globe Theater see which of the theaters would have a production that day. The Globe enclosed an open courtyard. The theater patrons named this courtyard the pit. People who paid the lowest ticket price stood in this area; they were referred to as the groundlings. Almost surrounding the pit were three seating galleries. Audience members who paid for more expensive tickets could sit in these galleries. In addition to being able to sit while watching the play, the audience members in the gallery were protected from the sun and rain by a thatched roof. a large platform, called the main stage, protruded from one end of the pit. Most of the action of the play occurred here. The theater owners cut a trap-door into the main stage floor. The trap door could be opened to allow scenes in which ghosts and demons would appear or disappear; it could also become a grave, as in a famous scene from Hamlet. a roof, supported by two large columns, covered the stage area. This roof protected the actors and their costumes from the rain. Paintings of the Sun, Moon, and stars covered the underside of the roof. The roof area above the stage became known as the heavens because of this decoration. In some plays, technicians lowered actors portraying angels or spirits from the heavens onto the main stage as if the actors were descending from heaven. in back of the main stage was a small room. A curtain hung between this room and the main stage. The name of this room was the inner-below. They opened this to reveal scenes to the audience. The inner-below was the location of interior scenes in the plays. above and to the rear of the main stage was a balcony that was used when actors needed to overlook some action on the main stage below. In back of this balcony was another small curtained room, called the inner-above, that was used in much the same manner as the inner-below. The theater also had two small balconies, one on each side of the main stage. in Shakespeare’s time the audience did not expect the plays to be realistic. Scenery was not used; one or two items or pieces of furniture would suggest the location of the scene. If the audience saw a throne on the stage, they knew the location was in a palace or castle. If they saw a couple of tree branches on the stage, they knew the scene was in a forest. Since the crew did not need to move the scenery, the plays contained many short scenes and a variety of locations. Though the theaters of the time did not use scenery or special lighting, they did use colorful costumes, musical accompaniment, and special sound effects.

Name Date Identifying the Parts of the Globe

Write the name of each part of the Globe theater on the correct blanks below.

10.

8. 3.

5. 6.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. In what year did Shakespeare and his partners build the Globe?

2. What was the name of the London suburb in which they built the Globe?

3. What river was near the Globe?

4. How did London citizens know which theaters would be giving performances?

5. What did they call the audience members who stood in the pit?

6. What type of roof did the Globe have?

7. What did the owners of the Globe cut into the main stage floor?

8. What was the name given to the roof over the stage area?

9. What was the name of the small room in back of the main balcony?

10. What was the name of the small room in back of the main stage?

11. What was located above and on both sides of the main stage?

12. What was used to indicate that a scene was taking place in a forest?

Name Date Matching

Match the following descriptions of the parts of Shakespeare’s theater with the correct names:

1. This platform protruded into the audience area a. Balcony

2. Ghosts and demons appeared through this b. Galleries

3. A small room in back of the main acting stage c. Heavens

4. A small room in back of the main balcony D. Side balconies

5. Actors looked down on the main acting area from this e. Inner above

6. The roof over the main acting area F. Inner below

7. Patrons paid more money to sit here G. Main stage

8. A flagpole was on top of this h. Pit

9. Audience members stood in this open courtyard area I. Trap door

10. These were above and on each side of the main acting J. Hut area

An Art Activity

look at pictures of theaters in an encyclopedia or in other books. Then make one of the following: (1) a poster advertising one of Shakespeare’s plays, (2) a drawing of the Globe Theater, (3) a model of the Globe Theater, (4) a costume for a character from one of Shakespeare’s plays.

An Eyewitness Account

Pretend you have just seen a play at the Globe Theater. Write an account of what you saw on your own paper.

Name Date Crossword Puzzle

Use the clues below to complete the puzzle. Answers may be found in the narrative about Shakespeare’s theater.

1 2 3

4 5

9 10 11

12 13

ACROSS DOWN 2. A theater’s flag was raised on days when these 1. Where most of the action in a play occurred (two occurred. words) 4. Where people who bought more expensive tickets 3. This was on top of the hut. could sit 5. Small room in back of the main stage (two words) 6. Name given to the roof over the main stage 8. Name given to audience members who stood in 7. Shakespeare’s plays did not use this. the pit area 10. Name of the suburb in which the Globe was 9. The type of roof the Globe had located 11. The Globe enclosed this area. 14. Small room in back of the balcony (two words) 12. No special was used in Shakespeare’s 15. The Globe was in a suburb of this great city. theater. 16. Actors looked down on the main stage from this. 13. These were very colorful. 18. The Globe stood on a bank of this great river. 17. This was cut into the floor of the main stage. (two 20. Theater goers in Shakespeare’s time did not expect words) plays to be . 19. A trap door sometimes served as this.

The Restoration The Puritans forced King Charles I of England to give up his power. The new leaders then beheaded the former king. This new government was called the Commonwealth. In 1660 the Commonwealth ended, and the government restored Charles II to power as king. This began the era known as the Restoration. The Restoration began a new and different era in theater history. While Charles II was in exile in France before returning to England, he enjoyed the theater and was often in the audience. When he returned, he brought many changes that influenced theater. charles II remained interested in the theater in England. He even personally intervened in some quarrels between actors. Charles II presented royal patents to two of his friends. These royal patents gave permission to establish two official or legitimate theaters. For many years, these were the only two theater groups allowed Women began appearing on English stages in the 1660s. to perform in London. Writers still use the term legitimate to mean live theater. One of these two groups soon built a theater named the Drury Lane. This theater, now in its fourth building, continues in operation today. allowing women to appear on stage in England was another major change Charles II brought with him from France. The first actress appeared on stage inE ngland in the 1660s. At first this was controversial. Soon, however, the idea of actresses became quite popular. Many actors and actresses became famous during this time. Thomas Betterton was the era’s most famous actor. Elizabeth Barry, Anne Bracegirdle, and Nell Gwynn became England’s first famous actresses. During the eighteenth century David Garrick achieved fame not only as an actor and playwright but also as a theater manager. Historians still refer to Garrick as England’s greatest actor. The audience of the Restoration theater was different from audiences of earlier times. Most members of the audience belonged to the upper class. No longer did all classes of people go to the theater. The authors wrote to please this new, select audience. Many times authors included bits of current gossip in their plays. Many audience members went to be seen, rather than to see the plays. Wealthy patrons often sent their servants to the theater early to save the best seats. They would then usually arrive after the performance began. Ladies attending the theater typically wore masks to hide their identities. The Country Wife by William Wycherley was one of the first important Restoration plays. Richard Brinsley Sheridan wrote two of the most famous of all Restoration comedies, The Rivals and The School for Scandal. Other major plays of the era were The Way of the World by William Congreve and She Stoops to Conquer by Oliver Goldsmith. One of the theater’s first woman playwrights, Mrs.A phra Behn, wrote many popular plays during the era.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. What is the period between the reigns of Charles I and Charles II known as?

2. Why is the English era after 1660 known as the Restoration?

3. Where did Charles II live during his exile?

4. What term was used to describe the two official theaters of the time?

5. What major change did Charles II bring with him from France?

6. Who was the first great Restoration actor?

7. Name a famous Restoration actress.

8. Who is known as England’s greatest actor?

9. How did wealthy men of the time reserve the best theater seats?

10. What was one of the first famous Restoration plays?

11. Who wrote The School for Scandal?

12. Who was one of the theater’s first woman playwrights?

Name Date Fact or Opinion?

in the space at the left of each statement, write whether you believe the statement to be a fact or an opinion.

1. The Commonwealth had a better government than the Restoration.

2. Charles II became king during the Restoration.

3. Charles II lived in exile in France.

4. Charles II gave royal patents for theaters to two of his friends.

5. The first Restoration actresses were not very talented.

6. Historians call David Garrick England’s greatest actor.

7. Sheridan’s plays were better than Goldsmith’s plays.

8. Mrs. Aphra Behn was one of the theater’s first woman playwrights.

9. Playwrights sometimes included current gossip in their plays.

10. English theater in the 1660s did not have to produce good plays to be appealing to their audiences.

Write a Letter

Pretend that you recently attended the theater in Restoration England. Write a letter to King Charles II either in support of or opposition to allowing women to appear on stage for the first time. Give at least three reasons to support your point of view.C ontinue on the back of this sheet or use your own paper if necessary.

Name Date Crossword Puzzle Use the clues below to complete the puzzle. Answers may be found in the narrative about theater during the Restoration.

3 4

6 7

ACROSS DOWN 2. This group was instrumental in the formation of the 1. A noted Restoration actress had this unusual last Commonwealth. name. 3. He wrote The Way of the World. 4. These first appeared on English stages in the 6. A famous theater of this name was first built in the 1660s. Restoration. (two words) 5. The first two official theaters (granted patents) 8. Considered to be England’s greatest actor were called this. 9. The name of the kings of England before and after 7. Sheridan’s play titled The School for the Commonwealth 9. She Stoops to was a famous Restoration 13. The name of the government before the Restora- play. tion 10. One of England’s first famous actresses 14. She was a Restoration playwright. 11. Only two theater groups were allowed to perform 15. The king brought many ideas from this country here for many years. where he stayed in exile. 12. Many playwrights included some of this in their 16. A period that brought many changes to theater plays. 17. During the Restoration, audiences consisted 14. The most famous Restoration actor mostly of this type of people. (two words) 18. One of the first importantR estoration plays was The Wife.

Romanticism and Realism romanticism was the major literary and artistic form during most of the 19th century. It presented life as people wished it would be, rather than as it really was. Romantic plays used heroes to fight for individual rights against unjust societ- ies. These heroes relied on emotions and feelings to guide them. The Romantic plays stressed the importance of the worth of the individual. romanticism began in Germany and soon spread to other countries. One of the early Ro- mantic playwrights from Germany was Johann Wolfgang von Goethe whose most famous play was Faust. In France, noted playwrights included Victor Hugo. His play, Hernani, was so different that it caused audience members to riot in the streets. Later, Alexander Dumas made play ver- sions of his famous novels The Three Musketeers Romantic plays were based on emotions and and The Count of Monte Cristo. feelings. The most popular type of Romanticism was the melodrama. The hero in a melodrama always succeeded. Playwrights made clear distinctions between good and evil. The forces of good always won at the end of the play. Melodrama emphasized the story rather than the characters. Many of the plays used spectacular special effects. The theaters showed fires, floods, earthquakes, horse races, and even train crashes on stage. realism was the next major artistic form. It began as a reaction against Romanti- cism. As the name implies, Realism presented things as they were in real life. Realism often dealt with social problems. The latest scientific discoveries were incorporated into the storylines of these plays. In Realism, the mind ruled over emotions. The first majorR ealistic playwright was Henrik Ibsen. He wrote about subjects that had never been in plays before. His plays were often controversial. Ibsen’s most important plays included Hedda Gabler, An Enemy of the People, and A Doll’s House. Ibsen earned the title “the father of Realism.” Other early Realistic playwrights included August Strindberg, Anton Chekhov, and George Bernard Shaw. Strindberg’s plays, such as The Father, often explored the psychology of the characters. Chekhov wrote about the changing society of Russia. Shaw’s plays often dealt with political and social issues of the time. Many Realistic plays did not have happy endings. At first, many members of the audience did not like the new Realism; they preferred Romanticism. Eventually, however, Realism became popular, and it is still a major artistic form today. a new acting style became necessary for performing Realism. Romantic actors used exaggerated vocal techniques and gestures. The new Realism needed a more subtle and believable style. Constantin Stanislavsky, a Russian actor and director, developed a new approach to Realistic acting. He and his fellow actors of The Moscow Art Theater developed a new acting style referred to today as “The Method.” Stanislavsky’s method has had a great impact on acting techniques through the twentieth century.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. When was Romanticism the major art form?

2. On what did Romantic heroes rely to guide them?

3. Where did the Romantic movement begin?

4. What was Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s most famous play?

5. What play written by Victor Hugo caused rioting in the streets?

6. Who wrote the play and novel, The Three Musketeers?

7. What was the most popular type of Romantic play?

8. What artistic form began as a reaction against Romanticism?

9. Who is known as the father of Realism?

10. Who wrote plays about the changing Russian society?

11. Whose plays emphasized the psychology of the characters?

12. What two issues are the subjects of George Bernard Shaw’s plays?

13. What theater company is associated with Constantin Stanislavsky?

14. What is Stanislavsky’s approach to acting called?

Name Date Write an Eyewitness Account

imagine yourself a member of the audience during the first performance of Victor Hugo’s play Hernani. Describe the audience’s reaction to the totally new and different style of Romanticism. Describe how the riots broke out in the streets between the followers of the new Romanticism and those of the established style.

What Do You Think?

both Romanticism and Realism were the major artistic forms of their time. Choose either Romanticism or Realism. Write one or two paragraphs explaining why you believe your choice became so popular.

Name Date Word Search Puzzle

Find the words listed below and circle them in the puzzle. The words may be printed forward or backward, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.

WORD LIST

chekhov count of Monte Cristo Doll’s House emotions enemy of the People Faust Goethe heroes hugo ibsen melodrama realism real life romanticism Shaw special effects Stanislavsky Strindberg The Method Three Musketeers

Modern Theater realism remained the major form of drama during the twentieth century. David Be- lasco, an important director and producer at the beginning of the century, used extreme realism on stage. Once, instead of building scenery, he moved a real room on stage. New trends in stage scenery and lighting began to appear. Adolphe Appia and Gordon Craig moved away from flat, painted scenery into three-dimensional designs. They also worked to create mood and atmosphere rather than just a realistic location for the action. eugene O’Neill became the firstA merican playwright to have an international reputation. During the 1920s and ’30s he wrote many important plays including Anna Christie, The Hairy Minority theater began achieving success in Ape, and Long Day’s Journey into Night. the 1960s. after World War II, a number of American playwrights emerged. Arthur Miller was a serious playwright who wrote The Crucible and Death of a Salesman. Many critics consider Death of a Salesman to be the greatest American play ever written. Tennessee Williams’ plays were both realistic and poetic. Williams’ most important plays were The Glass Me- nagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire. Lillian Hellman, whose plays included The Little Foxes and The Children’s Hour, was the most influential female playwright of the era. During the last half of the twentieth century a series of “anti-realistic” styles appeared, but they did not remain important. Some of the anti-realism attempts were symbolism, impressionism, and absurdism. in the latter twentieth century, many regional theaters were established throughout the United States. The Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, The Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., and The American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco all began production. Many governments in Europe established subsidized national theaters. The National Theater of Great Britain opened a new major theater complex just a short distance from the former location of Shakespeare’s Globe Theater. Many minority plays achieved production beginning in the 1960s. The largest minority group represented in theater was African-American. The firstA frican-American playwright to achieve major success was Lorraine Hansberry, author of A Raisin in the Sun. Other minority theater groups included Hispanic- and Asian-American, feminist, poor, and envi- ronmental theater groups. recent experiments in theater include the expanded use of multimedia, happenings, and performance art. Happenings seek to break down barriers between the audience and the performers. They do not attempt to tell a story but encourage participation in the process. Performance art uses a variety of the arts. It asks the audience to get from the presentation whatever is meaningful to them. Today’s theater is a mix of styles. The theater is experiencing a period of growth. Audiences are increasing as more and more people enjoy the unique experience of wit- nessing live theater.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. What was the major dramatic form during the twentieth century?

2. What producer and director brought a real room onto the stage?

3. What two designers moved toward three-dimensional scenery?

4. Who was the first American playwright to achieve international fame?

5. Who wrote Death of a Salesman?

6. Who wrote The Glass Menagerie?

7. Who was the first major female playwright after World War II?

8. Where is The Guthrie Theater?

9. Who was the first African-American playwright to achieve major success?

10. What was the title of her most important play?

11. What barriers do happenings attempt to break down?

12. What is the audience expected to get from performance art?

Name Date Name the Playwright

Write the name of the author in the blank provided for each of the following plays.

1. The Children’s Hour

2. Anna Christie

3. The Crucible

4. Death of a Salesman

5. The Glass Menagerie

6. The Little Foxes

7. Long Day’s Journey into Night

8. A Raisin in the Sun

9. A Streetcar Named Desire

10. The Hairy Ape

Which Does Not Belong?

One word in each list below does not belong with the others. Circle the word in each group that is different. Tell why it is different on the line below each word group.

1. Des Moines Minneapolis San Francisco Washington, D.C.

2. arthur Miller lillian Hellman eugene O’Neill Tennessee Williams

3. Anna Christie The Crucible The Hairy Ape Long Day’s Journey Into Night

4. African-American Theater Feminist Theater Hispanic Theater Musical Theater

5. happenings Performance Art Realism romanticism

Name Date Crossword Puzzle

Use the clues below to complete the puzzle. Answers may be found in the narrative about modern theater.

1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12 13

ACROSS DOWN 1. This experimental type of theater uses a variety of 2. Adolphe was a major designer. the arts. (two words) 4. This was one of many anti-realistic styles. 3. Many governments established national 6. Lorraine Hansberry’s most important play (five theaters in the latter twentieth century. words) 5. In the latter twentieth century, many theaters 7. One of O’Neill’s most important plays (three words) were established. 8. A regional theater in Washington, D.C. (two words) 12. One of Hellman’s most important plays (three 9. One of Tennessee Williams’ plays was titled A words) Named Desire. 14. He wrote The Glass Menagerie. 10. He was an important director and producer at the 15. He was America’s first playwright to have an beginning of the twentieth century. international reputation. 11. He wrote Death of a Salesman. 18. This type of stage scenery became the trend in 13. She was the first major African-American play- the twentieth century. (two words) wright. 19. One of the many anti-realist attempts 16. These experiments tried to break down barriers 20. Many of these theaters were established begin- between the audience and the performers. ning in the 1960s. 17. She was the first major female playwright after World War II.

The Musical Musicals are the most popular form of theatrical entertainment today. The musical tells a story through a combination of spoken words, songs, and dances. This specialized form first appeared in the United States in the mid-1800s. Most historians agree that the first musical was The Black Crook, which was first performed in 1866. The early musicals had a strong Euro- pean influence. Rudolf Frimel, Sigmund Rhom- berg, and Victor Herbert were the three major composers of musicals at the beginning of the twentieth century. Important musicals written by these three European-born composers include Naughty Marietta, The Red Mill, The Student Prince, and Rose Marie. in the early 1900s, George M. Cohan Rodger’s and Hammerstein’s was the first major American-born composer of The Sound of Music musicals. Little Johnny Jones and Forty-Five Minutes from Broadway were two important Cohan shows. Cohan wrote many famous patriotic songs including “You’re a Grand Old Flag,” “Yankee Doodle Boy,” and “Over There.” Jerome Kern, George and Ira Gershwin, Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and others soon joined Cohan as important American writers of musicals. Most of the popular music of the time came from Broadway musicals. Kern joined with Oscar Hammerstein II and author Edna Ferber in 1927 to write and produce the musical, Showboat, one of the most important musicals ever written. Unlike earlier musicals, it contained serious subject matter and was presented in a realistic manner. One of the greatest songs in the history of the musical, “Old Man River,” came from this show. Of Thee I Sing, written by George and Ira Gershwin in 1932, was the first musical to win the Pulitzer Prize. Oklahoma!, by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, opened on Broadway in 1943. The combination of story, music, and dance into a smooth, unified whole was a new development in musicals. Rodgers and Hammerstein dominated the musical theater for the next several years, writing such musicals as The King and I and The Sound of Mu- sic. During the 1950s and 1960s many other musicals had major successes. Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe wrote My Fair Lady and Camelot. West Side Story, by Leon- ard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim, was one of the more serious musicals of the era. Fiddler on the Roof established a Broadway record of over 3,000 performances. Just a few years later, Michael Bennett’s A Chorus Line broke that record. Stephen Sondheim is a major figure in modern musical theater. His career began with West Side Story and has continued with successes such as Company, A Little Night Music, and Sweeny Todd. His musicals often contain unusual subject matter and musical treatments. englishman Andrew Lloyd Webber is also important in modern musical history. Webber’s musicals include Cats, Phantom of the Opera, and Evita.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. What do most historians agree was the first musical?

2. What three composers wrote in the European style?

3. Who was the first major American-born writer of musicals?

4. What was the name of one of his shows?

5. What show contained the song “Old Man River”?

6. What was the first musical to win a Pulitzer Prize?

7. Who was the most famous partner of Oscar Hammerstein II?

8. Name two of their most famous shows.

9. Who wrote West Side Story, Company, and A Little Night Music?

10. What musical was the first to have over 3,000 performances on Broadway?

11. What was the title of Michael Bennett’s famous musical?

12. Who wrote Cats and Phantom of the Opera?

Name Date The Musical: Using a Time Line

This time line gives the dates of important events in the history of the musical. Use it to answer the questions below.

The Black Naughty Showboat Of Thee Oklahoma! My Fair A Chorus Cats Crook Marietta I Sing Lady Line

1866 1910 1927 1932 1943 1956 1975 1982

1. How old is the American musical today?

2. How many years passed between the first American musical and Cats?

3. What is the first twentieth century musical on the time line?

4. Both Of Thee I Sing and A Chorus Line won the Pulitzer Prize. How many years elapsed between these two musicals?

5. The centennial of the American musical occurred between which two productions listed on the time line?

The Musical: Write a Biography

Many individuals made important contributions to the musical theater. Using other books as references, write the life story of one of the following contributors to the musical stage:

leonard Bernstein Oscar Hammerstein II Mary Martin George M. Cohan Victor Herbert richard Rodgers edna Ferber Jerome Kern Stephen Sondheim George Gershwin ethel Merman andrew Lloyd Webber

An Art Activity

Make a poster for a production of your favorite musical, or design a costume for a character from the show. Do not use a design from the original production or one that you know has been already used. The poster or costume design should be colorful and show something about the show.

Name Date Word Search Puzzle

Find the words listed below and circle them in the puzzle. The words may be printed forward or backward, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.

WORD LIST

cats cohan Ferber Fiddler on the Roof hammerstein Kern My Fair Lady Naughty Marietta Of Thee I Sing Oklahoma Phantom of the Opera rodgers Showboat Sondheim Sweeny Todd The Black Crook The King and i The Sound of Music Webber West Side Story

Sophocles (469–406 b.c.) Sophocles was one of the three most important writers of Greek tragedy. He was also among the greatest playwrights in the history of theater. Theater groups throughout the world still perform his most famous plays, Oedipus, Antigone, and Electra, many times each year. Sophocles was born into a wealthy family. He had a wonderful voice and was admired for his physique as well. (Greeks placed a great amount of emphasis on the grace and beauty of the human form.) He won several prizes for wrestling and music as a young man. He was popular and was elected to high military and government jobs. Not surprisingly, his name means “wise and honored one.” He became a close friend of Pericles, the most famous Greek military and political leader of the time. Heroditus, a famous historian, and Sophocles were also friends. Aeschylus, another famous playwright, was Sophocles’ teacher. One year, Sophocles won first prize for his play. Aeschylus only won second prize. After that, Sophocles’ plays always won either first or second prize at the great Greek play festivals. While Sophocles wrote over 120 plays, only seven complete plays remain today. These plays are Oedipus, Antigone, Electra, Ajax, Trachiniae, Philoctetes, and Oedipus at Colonus. Fragments of The Trackers, a satyr play, also remain. Sophocles introduced many changes to the theater. He used three instead of the usual two actors, each playing several roles. He increased the size of the chorus from twelve to fifteen men.H is plays were more realistic than earlier ones. They contained better developed and more believable characters. His plays retold many of the Greek myths. He is also famous for the careful structure in his plays. Everything in the play is necessary to the main story. Many of his plays taught that suffering teaches wisdom. He may also have introduced painted scenery in his productions. living to the age of 90, Sophocles continued to write until his death. His career lasted for over 60 years. According to legend, Sophocles’ son sued his own father. The son wanted to have Sophocles declared incompetent so that he could take charge of Sophocles’ money. To prove that he was still competent, Sophocles read a part of a play he had just written. The judges not only ruled in Sophocles’ favor, they also escorted him to his home to honor him. At the time of his death, the citizens of Athens honored him as a hero.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. Name Sophocles’ most famous plays.

2. What does Sophocles’ name mean in Greek?

3. What two things did Sophocles win prizes for as a young man?

4. Who was Pericles?

5. Who was Heroditus?

6. Who was Sophocles’ teacher?

7. How many plays did Sophocles write?

8. How did Sophocles change Greek theater?

9. What do many of Sophocles’ plays teach?

10. How old was Sophocles when he died?

Name Date Write a Biography

a biography is the story of a person’s life. The word comes from the Greek bio (life) and graph (to write). An autobiography uses another Greek word, auto (self). An autobiography is the story of a person’s life written by the person himself or herself.

Write a one or two page biography of one of these famous ancient Greeks:

aeschylus euclid Pericles aristotle euripides Plato aristophanes heroditus Socrates

Greek Mythology

Sophocles based his plays on the stories and myths familiar to the Greeks of the time. Look up the legend of one of the following stories that Sophocles used. Tell the story in your own words below.

Ajax antigone electra oedipus

Name Date Word Search Puzzle

Find the words listed below and circle them in the puzzle. The words may be printed forward or backward, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.

WORD LIST

aeschylus ajax antigone athens chorus electra festivals heroditus Oedipus Oedipus at Colonus Pericles Philoctetes playwrights satyr scenery Sophocles suffering three actors Trachiniae Trackers

William Shakespeare (1564–1616) William Shakespeare is the most important playwright the world has ever known. Theaters throughout the world perform his plays more often than any other playwright’s, living or dead. Shakespeare was born in the small village of Stratford-upon-Avon. Stratford is about 75 miles northwest of London. Shakespeare’s father was a glove maker. His father also served as alderman and mayor of Stratford. Young William likely attended the grammar school in Stratford. Only the sons of prominent families could attend the schools of the time. William would have been eligible to attend, due to his father’s elected office. The details of Shakespeare’s childhood remain a mystery. At the age of 18, William married Anne Hathaway. They had a daughter named Susanna. Two years later, Anne gave birth to twins, a boy, Hamnet, and a girl, Judith. Shakespeare left Stratford soon after the birth of the twins. No one knows what Shakespeare did from the time he left Stratford until he became known in London seven years later. Historians refer to this time as the “lost years.” The first record of Shakespeare in London appears in 1592. By 1594 he was a member of a theatrical troupe, The Lord Chamberlain’s men. Shakespeare wrote at least 37 plays and several poems from 1590 until 1608. According to legend, Shakespeare worked as an actor as well as a playwright for the company. in 1599 Shakespeare and his associates built the Globe Theater. They built the Globe on the south bank of the Thames River, just opposite the center of London. The Globe was an open-air theater. The company performed in the Globe in the summers. During the winters, they also performed in The Blackfriars, an indoor theater. Shakespeare’s plays became popular, and his company often performed for Queen Elizabeth I and her court. They later performed for King James I. The King issued a patent to Shakespeare’s company, and the name was then changed to The King’s Company. Shakespeare gradually retired from the theater. He built a home in Stratford, which he named New Place. He died in April 1616 and was buried in the crypt of the Holy Trinity Church in Stratford. Shakespeare wrote comedies, tragedies, and histories. No other playwright has matched his fame or influence. He is noted for his wonderful use of language; his plays contain beautiful poetry as well as prose. His plays also contain many jokes, puns, and other language tricks. Many of Shakespeare’s lines are still quoted today. His plays are also famous for their important characters. Shakespeare was very observant of human nature. His characters are remarkable human beings. Numerous stage, film, and video productions of his works bring the genius of Shakespeare to new audiences in each generation.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. What town was the birthplace of William Shakespeare?

2. What was his father’s occupation?

3. What was the name of William Shakespeare’s wife?

4. What was the name of Shakespeare’s son?

5. What do historians call the time between when Shakespeare left his home town and when he appeared in London?

6. What year did Shakespeare first appear in records in London?

7. What was the name of Shakespeare’s troupe?

8. What name did they use under the reign of King James I?

9. What was the name of Shakespeare’s open-air theater?

10. How many plays did Shakespeare write?

11. What river runs through London?

12. What was the name of Shakespeare’s indoor theater?

13. Where was Shakespeare buried?

Name Date Paraphrasing

To paraphrase means to say something that means the same thing but uses other words. For example: “She’s as busy as a bee” could be paraphrased as: “She is a very active person.” William Shakespeare is the most often quoted author in the world. Below are some of his most famous lines. Paraphrase (say in your own words) the following Shakespearean lines.

1. Lest too light winning, make the prize light

2. To be or not to be

3. Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows

4. I have been in such a pickle since I saw you last

5. This is the long and short of it

6. Better three hours too soon than a minute too late

7. The miserable have no other medicine, but only hope

8. The fashion wears out more apparel than the man

9. O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?

10. But for my own part it was Greek to me

Name Date Crossword Puzzle

Use the clues below to complete the puzzle. Answers may be found in the narrative about William Shakespeare.

1 2 3 4

6 7

9 10 11

13 14

15 16

ACROSS DOWN 2. Shakespeare’s company often performed for this 1. Shakespeare loved to play with language, and his queen and her court. plays contain many of these. 5. Shakespeare’s troupe performed for this king. 3. Shakespeare’s troupe’s original name (four words) 6. The name given the seven years between the time 4. Shakespeare’s father was the of Stratford. Shakespeare left Stratford and became known in 7. Town of Shakespeare’s birth (three words) London (two words) 11. Shakespeare’s outdoor theater was on the south 8. Shakespeare’s plays contain both and prose. side of this river. 9. Shakespeare probably attended this type of school. 12. The name of Shakespeare’s oldest child 10. A king issued this to Shakespeare’s company. 14. Capital of England where Shakespeare’s theaters 13. Name of Shakespeare’s indoor theater (three words) were located 16. Shakespeare’s wife (two words) 15. Shakespeare wrote at least plays between 17. The Globe theater was an - theater. 1590 and 1608. 18. Shakespeare’s troupe changed its name to this (three words) 19. One of Shakespeare’s twin children 20. Shakespeare’s famous outdoor theater.

Molière (1622–1673) Molière was one of the world’s most famous comedy writers. Most of Molière’s family did not approve of actors. They believed them to be a low social class. His father, who was the upholsterer for the king of France, wanted him to study to become a lawyer, but Molière’s grandfather encouraged the youth’s interest in the theater. Molière finally gave up his law studies and became an actor. To avoid offending his father and to protect his family from embarrassment, he changed his name from Jean-Baptiste Poquelin to Molière. Molière formed an acting company with members of the Bejart family. The Bejarts were noted actors of the time. It was then that Molière met Madeline Bejart, who was already a famous actress. Molière and Madeline remained friends for the rest of their lives, and Molière later married Madeline’s daughter, Armande. Molière named the company Theater Illustre and soon became its leader. The company began to perform in Paris, renting indoor tennis courts for their performances. They had a difficult time attracting audiences, and the company soon went bankrupt. Molière was thrown into debtor’s prison until his friends and family paid the debts. Afterward, Molière and the members of the company decided to leave Paris and tour towns in the countryside. During this time Molière was able to refine his acting and play-writing skills. Fifteen years later, the company returned to perform in Paris. This time they were well received and soon became one of the most popular theater groups in France. Molière became the most famous comedy actor of his time, and the company soon became one of the king’s favorite groups of entertainers. This created jealousy among other actors and playwrights. They started many rumors and tried to discredit Molière and his company. In spite of their attempts, Molière’s plays continued to be popular with members of the king’s court as well as with the common people. Molière wrote some serious plays but was much more successful with comedies. He wrote some of his plays in rhymed verse and others in prose. His plays made fun of doctors, lawyers, and church officials. Molière’s humor often got him in trouble, but his plays are still funny today. Molière ridiculed many human traits that people still have. He also made fun of how people behaved in everyday life. Molière’s most popular plays include The Imaginary Invalid, Tartuffe, The Miser, The Doctor in Spite of Himself, The Misanthrope, The School for Wives, and The School for Husbands. Molière and his wife continued to perform in their troupe until the time of his death. He died a few hours after performing the main role in The Imaginary Invalid. At first, the church officials denied him burial on church land because of the attacks on the church in his plays. His wife persuaded the king to allow Molière proper burial. A stone in a Paris cem- etery memorializes Molière, but many people believe the actual grave site is unknown.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. What was Molière’s real name?

2. Why did he change his name?

3. What position did Molière’s father hold?

4. What did Molière’s father want him to become?

5. Who first encouraged Molière’s interest in the theater?

6. Whom did Molière marry?

7. What was the name of his theater company?

8. What unusual place did they rent for their early performances?

9. How long did Molière and his company perform in the countryside?

10. To where did the troupe return and receive its greatest fame?

11. What form, other than prose, did Molière use when writing his plays?

12. What type of invalid was the title of one of Molière’s plays?

13. What was the title of the last play in which Molière performed?

14. Where is Molière buried?

Name Date Map Work

Molière did most of his work in Paris, but also spent time touring the French countryside. On the map of France below, fill in the following answers.

Show the location of the following major cities:

avignon Bordeaux Calais Lyon marseille nice Paris

Next, label the following bodies of water:

atlantic Ocean english Channel loire River Mediterranean Sea rhine River rhone River seine River

France shares its borders with eight countries. Label the following countries:

Andorra Belgium germany Italy luxembourg monaco Spain switzerland

Name Date Word Search Puzzle

Find the words listed below and circle them in the puzzle. The words may be printed forward or backward, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.

WORD LIST

armande Bejart bankrupt company countryside debtors prison France imaginary Invalid Jean Baptiste Poquelin law Madeline Bejart Misanthrope Miser School for Husbands School for Wives spite Tartuffe tennis courts Theater Illustre tours well received

David Garrick (1717–1779) David Garrick was born on February 19, 1717. He attended school in a small village and then attended an academy where Dr. Samuel Johnson taught. Johnson later became a famous writer and the author of one of the first English dictionaries. Dr. Johnson’s school failed after just a short time, and Johnson and his student, Garrick, then went to London together to make their fortunes. Garrick was going to study to become a lawyer. He became a wine merchant for a while, but his real love was the theater. He became an amateur actor. In 1741 the leading actor of the theater company he was with became ill. Garrick successfully took over the role. From that time on, he knew that he wanted to be an actor. Garrick worked in small theaters in the countryside to learn his craft. He had a major success playing the title role in Shakespeare’s play Richard III. He also had successful performances in Dublin, Ireland. Garrick was successful at playing both tragic and comedic roles. He became famous for his natural acting style. Members of the audience noted his expressive face and the fact that he looked at the other actors when he spoke to them. (Ac- tors before Garrick used exaggerated voices, movements, and gestures.) Garrick’s more realistic style was soon being imitated by other actors, and he soon became the major actor of his time. The Theater Royal at Drury Lane was the most important theater in England. Garrick managed the theater for over thirty years, until his retirement. Garrick made many important changes while he was there. He brought discipline into theater work. He insisted that rehearsals begin promptly. He also made sure that the actors did not change their lines. Garrick compelled audience members who usually sat on the edges of the stage to sit in the auditorium instead. He also made changes in scenery and lighting. He developed more realistic scenery than was common and improved the audience’s view by adding footlights to the Drury Lane’s stage. He also began the practice of hiding the lights from the audience’s view. This added to the realism of his productions. Garrick rewrote Shakespeare’s plays to fit the times. Though some of his revisions seem foolish today, Garrick brought the plays of Shakespeare back into popularity. He also planned a major Shakespearean festival on the bi-centennial of the author’s birth. in addition to his talents as an actor and manager, Garrick was also a playwright. His most noted plays were Lethe, The Clandestine Marriage, and Miss in Her Teens. Garrick became a wealthy man. He retired to his estate at Hampton, where he died three years later on January 20, 1779. Historians still refer to David Garrick as the greatest English actor ever. He improved the quality of acting and the reputation of actors. He also made major contributions to the technical theater of his time.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. What country was David Garrick’s home?

2. What book did Garrick’s teacher, Dr. Johnson, write?

3. Where did Garrick and Dr. Johnson go in order to make their fortunes?

4. What did Garrick sell before he became an actor?

5. What was the name of the play in which Garrick had his first major success?

6. What word best describes Garrick’s acting style?

7. What famous theater did Garrick manage?

8. How many years did Garrick manage that theater?

9. What did Garrick refuse to let his actors change?

10. Before Garrick’s time, in what unusual place did some of the audience sit?

11. What did Garrick do to the stage lights in his theater?

12. Whose plays did Garrick bring back into popularity?

13. What important job did Garrick do in addition to acting and managing a theater?

14. List two plays that Garrick wrote.

Name Date Map Work

below is a map of the United Kingdom and Ireland. It is here that David Garrick worked and achieved his fame. The United Kingdom is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

On the map below, fill in the location of the following:

England Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland Scotland Wales

Also show the location of the following major cities:

Dublin Belfast edinburgh London

Next, label the following bodies of water:

Atlantic Ocean English Channel Irish Sea North Sea Thames River

Name Date Crossword Puzzle

Use the clues below to complete the puzzle. Answers may be found in the narrative about David Garrick.

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

17 18

ACROSS 1. The Marriage 5. Other actors did this to Garrick’s style. 9. Garrick was an actor, , and playwright. 6. Garrick’s face was noted for being very . 13. One of Garrick’s plays (four words) 7. Garrick hid these from the audience. 16. Garrick was successful in this type of role. 8. Garrick achieved success in this city, the capital 19. Garrick demanded that these begin promptly. of Ireland. 20. Garrick added these to the Drury Lane’s stage. 10. Garrick insisted that his audience sit in this. 11. One of Garrick’s most noted plays DOWN 12. The type of scenery Garrick produced 2. Garrick made sure that actors did not change 14. Garrick brought this man’s plays back into popu- these. larity. 3. Garrick worked at the Theater Royal at 15. What Garrick planned on becoming at first for over 30 years. 17. One of Garrick’s first jobs 4. One of Garrick’s best friends, also his teacher (two 18. Garrick was also successful in this type of role. words)

Edwin Booth (1833–1893) Many theater professionals still refer to Edwin Booth as America’s greatest actor ever. He was born into a theatrical family from Maryland. Edwin’s father, Junius Brutus Booth, who was born in England and immigrated to the United States as a young man, was also an actor. edwin made his stage debut in 1849 working with his father at the Boston Museum. He then accompanied his father on several acting tours, performing across the United States and in the South Pacific. Junius returned to the East Coast in 1852, but Edwin remained in California for an additional four years. Dur- ing this time he played in small gold-mining camps as well as in major cities. He also did a tour that included Australia and Hawaii. edwin returned to New York City in 1857. He soon found fame and success in a series of plays. He performed some comedies, but was better in tragedies. He especially excelled in the tragedies of Shakespeare. He was handsome and was noted for his musical voice and expressive eyes. Many audience members of the time wrote about how restrained, natural, and realistic Booth’s acting appeared. in 1862, he managed the Winter Garden Theater in New York City. He staged many Shakespearean plays while there. A production of Julius Caesar starred Edwin and his two actor brothers, Junius Brutus, Jr., and John Wilkes. In 1864 he performed Hamlet for 100 performances, which was a record at that time. Tragedy struck the Booth family on April 15, 1865. On that night, the youngest Booth brother, John Wilkes, assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln’s death shocked the entire nation. The assassination was also a mar on the acting profession, since the murder happened in a theater and the murderer was an actor. Edwin went into retirement as soon as he heard the news and did not return to acting until 1866. This was not the only tragedy in Booth’s life. His father and several other family members went insane and died, and his first wife and his son both died young. in 1869, Booth opened a new theater bearing his name. The theater was not successful. Booth soon found himself bankrupt. He then began a series of tours to pay off his debts. He toured through Germany, England, and the United States. While in England, Booth and Sir Henry Irving alternated the roles of Othello and Iago in Shakespeare’s play, Othello. Through the years Booth performed in almost every large- and middle-sized town across the United States. booth helped establish the Players’ Club in 1888. This was a social club for actors and others interested in theater. He gave his house in New York City to the club for their meetings and events. Booth died at the Players’ Club in 1893. Theater people still cherish his memory. A Broadway theater named in his honor still operates, and the Players’ Club continues to meet in his house.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. What state was the birthplace of Edwin Booth?

2. What was the occupation of Booth’s father?

3. What city was the site of Edwin Booth’s stage debut?

4. What type of play did Booth prefer to perform in?

5. What New York theater did Booth manage?

6. How many times did Booth perform Hamlet to establish a record?

7. What was the name of Booth’s notorious brother?

8. What play did Booth perform with Sir Henry Irving?

9. List three countries, other than the United States, in which Booth toured.

10. What organization did Booth help establish?

11. What did Booth give to this organization?

12. When did Booth die?

Name Date Arrange in Chronological Order

Indicate by number the order in which the following events occurred.

edwin Booth tours mining camps in California.

edwin Booth is born in Maryland.

edwin Booth dies in New York City.

Junius Brutus Booth immigrates from England.

edwin Booth helps establish the Players’ Club.

edwin Booth begins management of the Winter Garden Theater.

edwin Booth opens his own theater bearing his name.

edwin Booth makes his stage debut.

edwin Booth returns to acting after a short retirement.

John Wilkes Booth assassinates President Abraham Lincoln.

Art Activity

in the space below or on your own paper, draw a poster or an advertisement for a performance of Edwin Booth during one of his tours of the United States. Be sure to include all of the information a local audience member would need to know in order to attend the performance.

Name Date Word Search Puzzle

Find the words listed below and circle them in the puzzle. The words may be printed forward or backward, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.

WORD LIST

australia Boston california england Germany hamlet hawaii Iago John Wilkes Julius Caesar Junius Brutus lincoln Maryland New York City Othello Players’ Club Sir Henry Irving South Pacific tragedies Winter Garden Theater

Sarah Bernhardt (1844–1923) The famous French actress Sarah Ber- nhardt lived up to her nickname, “The Divine Sarah.” Many critics called her, both during her lifetime and afterward, “the greatest actress who ever lived.” bernhardt was born in Paris on October 22, 1844. Her real name was Rosine Henriette Bernard. She changed her name when she became an actress. She was a sickly child who considered becoming a nun, but she changed her mind after seeing her first play. At the age of 13 Bernhardt began training to be an actress. She attended the conservatory school of the Comedie Française, which was the most important theater in France. She made her debut at the Comedie Française at the age of 20. It was quite prestigious to be a member of the company there, but she left the company after a highly publicized fight with another actress. bernhardt soon became an international star. She made her London debut in 1879. The following year she made her debut in New York City. She later toured the United States nine times. Thousands came to see her perform. During a tour of Texas, theater managers refused to allow her to appear in their theaters, so she rented a huge tent and performed to an audience of over three thousand people. She also toured in Russia and Australia. On many of her tours, most of the audience could not understand her, since she only performed in French, but they were still riveted by her performance. bernhardt had a beautiful voice and perfect diction. She also had a strong emotional style of acting. A versatile performer, she performed in comedies, tragedies, and melodramas, as well as in classic plays. Some of Bernhardt’s greatest roles included Phedre, Tosca, and Cleopatra. She even appeared as Hamlet. bernhardt also became a theater manager, but she did not manage as well as she performed and later went bankrupt. She continued to work in various theaters in Paris, and then she built the Theatre Sarah Bernhardt in that city. She owned and operated the theater until her death. in addition to her notable acting career, she had an interesting life off-stage. She often slept in a coffin that she took with her on tours. She was a noted sculptor, painter, and poet. She also wrote two books about her life. During the Franco-Prussian War, she turned a theater into a hospital for wounded soldiers. She made several appearances to help raise money for soldiers wounded in World War I. She continued to act, even after her right leg was amputated after an accident. In spite of her wooden leg, at the age of 71 she played the 18-year-old Joan of Arc. She made a motion picture of the play Queen Elizabeth in 1912. While making the film, she said, “This is my chance for immortality.” at age 79, Sarah Bernhardt died in Paris after a career spanning over six decades.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. What was Sarah Bernhardt’s nickname?

2. In what city and country was Bernhardt born?

3. What did Bernhardt consider becoming when she was a child?

4. When did Bernhardt decide to become an actress?

5. How many times did Bernhardt tour the United States?

6. In what countries, other than the United States and France, did Bernhardt perform?

7. What unusual theater did Bernhardt perform in during a tour of Texas?

8. What type of acting style did Bernhardt use?

9. What were some of Bernhardt’s most famous roles?

10. Where did Bernhardt often sleep during her tours?

11. What were Bernhardt’s other noted talents in addition to acting?

12. What did Bernhardt use a theater for during the Franco-Prussian War?

13. What was the name of Bernhardt’s motion picture?

14. How many decades did Bernhardt’s career span?

Name Date Increasing Your Vocabulary

The following is a list of words used in the Sarah Bernhardt narrative that you may not understand. Look them up in a dictionary and write their meanings. Also write a sentence using each word as it is used in the narrative.

1. conservatory

2. prestigious

3. publicized

4. debut

5. riveted

6. diction

7. versatile

8. classic

9. immortality

10. divine

Name Date Crossword Puzzle

Use the clues below to complete the puzzle. Answers may be found in the narrative about Sarah Bernhardt.

2 3 4

5 6

8 9

11 12 13

14 15

ACROSS DOWN 2. Bernhardt was an star. 1. Bernhardt’s full name at birth (three words) 7. Where Bernhardt sometimes slept 3. Sarah said about her film, “This is my chance for 8. The title of Bernhardt’s film (two words) .” 10. One of Bernhardt’s unusual roles 4. She made appearances to help raise money for 14. Type of school Bernhardt attended to receive these soldiers. acting training 5. Bernhardt also worked in theater in this capacity. 16. “The Sarah” 6. After this, she left her company. 17. Number of decades Bernhardt’s career spanned 9. During one war, Bernhardt turned a theater into 18. The most important French theater during Bern- this. hardt’s time (two words) 11. Why her right leg was eventually amputated 19. She played this role at the age of 71. (three words) 12. City in which Bernhardt was born 13. Bernhardt only performed in this language. 15. Bernhardt performed in a tent in this state. 18. One of Bernhardt’s famous roles was portraying this Egyptian queen.

Henrik Ibsen (1828–1906) Many theater historians refer to Henrik Ibsen as “the father of Realism.” His plays were the first major works of a new style of theater production still used today. ibsen was born in Skien, Norway. His family went from being well off to impoverished when his father went bankrupt. He went to work at the age of fifteen as a druggist’s as- sistant. Though he planned to go to medical school, he was not able to pass the entrance examination. He then worked in journalism. After writing some plays, he began working for Norway’s National Theater. While working with the National Theater, Ibsen continued to study drama and write plays. In addition to royalties from his plays, Ibsen received money from the Norwegian government. Suzanna Thorensen and Ibsen were married in 1858. They had one son whom they named Sigurd. In 1864 the family moved to Rome and later to Munich and Dresden, Germany. They lived abroad for 27 years, returning to Norway only occasionally. ibsen wrote 25 plays and a great deal of poetry. He wrote his early plays in verse, in the popular style of the time. Plays at the time presented the world as it should be and not as it really was. His most famous verse play was Peer Gynt. Ibsen also wrote his most famous poem, Brand, in his early career. ibsen gave up writing verse plays and began creating plays in a more Realistic style. In doing this, Ibsen was an important pioneer in writing plays that portrayed real people in real situations. His most famous Realistic plays are A Doll’s House, Hedda Gabler, and An Enemy of the People. These plays used plain everyday language. The Realistic plays were not well-received at first.A fter much controversy, however, the plays became appreciated and popular. They are considered the first plays of the modern theater. in the latter part of his life, Ibsen again changed writing styles. His plays used much symbolism. The plays’ themes changed from social problems to personal relationships. Important plays of this style were The Wild Duck, The Master Builder, and When We Dead Awaken. ibsen quit writing after he suffered a stroke. He was bedridden during the last five years of his life. Ibsen died in Christina (now Oslo), Norway, on May 23, 1906. ibsen’s plays are still popular. Each year, hundreds of theaters around the world stage productions of his works. Realism is still a major influence in today’s theater.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. What is Henrik Ibsen known as?

2. Where was he born?

3. What happened to Ibsen’s family when he was young?

4. What did Ibsen hope to become?

5. How many plays did Ibsen write?

6. What were Ibsen’s early plays like?

7. What did Ibsen write besides plays? What was the most famous of these?

8. Name Ibsen’s three most famous realistic plays.

9. What were Ibsen’s last plays most often about?

10. Name three of Ibsen’s last plays.

Name Date Map Work

ibsen was born in Norway. Another important playwright of the same time period was August Strindberg. Strindberg was born in Sweden. Norway and Sweden are in a group of countries referred to as Scandinavia. Other Scandinavian countries include Denmark and Finland.

A F

B G

C H

D I

E J

Using a globe, map, or atlas to help you, fill in the blanks below with the correct letters from the map above showing the locations of the following:

denmark sweden The Gulf of Finland

finland norway The Norwegian Sea

Iceland The North Sea The Gulf of Bothnia

The Baltic Sea

Answer the following questions. Use a dictionary if necessary.

1. Which country is an island? 2. Which country is a peninsula? 3. What is a peninsula?

4. What is a gulf?

5. Norway is famous for its fjords. What is a fjord?

Name Date Word Search Puzzle

Find the words listed below and circle them in the puzzle. The words may be printed forward or backward, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.

WORD LIST

bankrupt controversy Doll’s House Dresden enemy of the People hedda Gabler henrik ibsen modern theater Munich National Theater Norway Peer Gynt realism royalties social problems Suzanna symbolism Thorensen Wild Duck

Sir Henry Irving (1838–1905) henry Irving was the stage name of John Henry Brodribb. He became the most famous actor, director, and manager in England during the last half of the nineteenth century. Irving was born in Somerset, a region in southwest England. He attended a London business school and also worked as a clerk and bookkeeper for four years. At the age of eighteen, he left his job to become an actor. irving learned his craft by working with theater groups in the countryside for over nine years. He performed in over 400 roles in his first two and a half years as an actor.I n 1866 he returned to London to perform. By 1871 he was one of the most important actors in the city. His most famous role was a character named Mathisa in the play, The Bells. irving rented the Lyceum theater in London in 1878. He worked there for 25 years as an actor, director, and manager. His leading lady was Ellen Terry. Miss Terry was already a noted actress before working with Irving. Irving and Terry became one of the world’s most famous acting teams. They continued to act together for 25 years. At the Lyceum, Irving did several melodramas and productions of Shakespeare. His most successful Shakespearean roles were Hamlet, Richard II, and Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. He set a new record for a Shakespearean production in 1874 when his Hamlet ran for 200 performances. His productions became noted for their quality and the lavish scenery and costumes. The critics of his time did not agree in their opinions of him. Some wrote that he was the greatest actor alive. Other critics made fun of the way he spoke, gestured, and walked. He was also criticized for not promoting new plays and playwrights. Irving preferred the plays of the Romantic movement. He never appeared in the new Realistic drama. irving worked to develop new technical methods. He paid careful attention to all details of his productions and developed more realistic, three-dimensional scenery, special lighting effects, and colored lighting techniques. He also used the latest inventions to create special effects; his theater was the first to dim the lights in the audience during the production. Irving took his company on several tours, including eight to Canada and the United States. Queen Victoria knighted Irving in 1895. This allowed him to use the title Sir before his name. Irving was the first actor to become a knight, and this brought a great honor to the acting profession. irving retired in 1902, but money problems forced him to return to the stage. Irving continued to perform until the end of his life, dying shortly after a performance in October 1905. He was penniless at the time of his death, because his productions were so expensive. The English gave him the honor of burial in Westminster Abbey.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. What three things was Sir Henry Irving famous for?

2. Where was Irving born?

3. What did he do before becoming an actor?

4. How did Irving learn to act?

5. From what play did his most famous role come?

6. Where did Irving work for 25 years?

7. Who was Irving’s leading lady?

8. Who knighted Irving? Why was his knighting so important?

9. Where was Irving buried?

10. Why did Irving die penniless?

Name Date Using a Time Line

This time line gives the years of important events in the life of Sir Henry Irving. Use it to answer the questions below.

Born Becomes Returns Becomes Rents the Receives Retires Dies an actor to London famous Lyceum knighthood

1838 1856 1866 1871 1878 1895 1902 1905

1. How old was Irving when he became an actor?

2. How many years was he an actor before he became famous?

3. How many years was he an actor before he became a knight?

4. How old was Irving when he rented the Lyceum?

5. How old was Irving when he died?

Which Does Not Belong?

One word in each list of words does not belong with the others. Circle the word in each group that is different. Tell why it is different on the line below each word group.

1. manager director playwright actor

2. Mathisa hamlet Shylock Somerset

3. The Lyceum The Bells The Merchant of Venice Hamlet

4. John Brodribb Westminster Abbey Queen Victoria ellen Terry

5. england the United States canada France

Name Date Crossword Puzzle

Use the clues below to complete the puzzle. Answers may be found in the narrative about Sir Henry Irving.

1 2

4 5

8 9

12 13

14 15 16

ACROSS DOWN 1. Irving’s real last name 2. Irving had this job before becoming an actor. 4. One of the plays in which Irving performed (two 3. Irving’s most famous character words) 5. The name of the theater Irving rented 7. What Irving did in 1902 6. This queen knighted Irving. 8. One of Irving’s Shakespearean roles 10. In addition to acting and directing Irving was also 9. Irving did several plays of this type. a famous . 11. Irving was born in this region of England. 11. Irving’s productions used realistic . 14. Irving’s company toured here several times. 12. She was Irving’s most famous leading lady. (two 17. Irving worked on this type of special effect. words) 18. Irving’s theater was the first to dim the lights in the 13. Irving was a famous . during the production. 15. Irving paid close attention to these. 19. Irving’s role in The Merchant of Venice 16. Irving is buried in Westminster .

The Barrymores The Barrymore family became one of the most important in the history of American theater. Its members achieved fame in the theater and later in motion pictures. They could trace their theatrical ancestors back to 1752, but according to a family legend, their ancestors also included strolling players in Shakespeare’s time, centuries earlier. eliza Lane, an English actress, was born in London and immigrated to America where she met and married another English actor, John Drew. John and Eliza continued acting, and they managed their own theater company. Their daughter, Georgiana, became an actress in that company. Mrs. Drew continued to manage theaters in Philadelphia for over 30 years after her husband’s death. Georgiana met and married Maurice Barrymore. He had also begun his acting career in England and then moved to America in 1875. Maurice and Georgiana had three children: Ethel, Lionel, and John, who became the most famous performers of the family. ethel (1879–1959) became the first of her generation of Barrymores to become famous. She began her career working in her grandmother’s theater. At the age of 15, she went to London to appear with the famous English actor Sir Henry Irving. She returned to the United States and became a Broadway star at the age of 21. She was such a hit that writers first used the term “glamour girl” to describe her.I n 1928, a new theater, named in her honor, opened on Broadway. She was the first actress to be so honored.E thel’s nickname was “the queen of the American theater.” She starred in Broadway plays for over 40 years, acting in anything from new comedies to great classics. Her most noted performance was in the play, The Corn is Green. After her stage career, she moved to Hollywood. She then won the Academy Award for best supporting actress. lionel (1878–1954) also began his career in his grandmother’s company. Ethel got him his firstB roadway acting job. Lionel became a successful Broadway actor, but he soon left the stage to appear in motion pictures. He became one of the most important actors at MGM Studios. Lionel won the best actor Academy Award in 1931 for the movie A Free Soul. He also appeared in over 200 films. His major films include Grand Hotel, Dinner at Eight, It’s a Wonderful Life, and Young Doctor Kildare. Lionel continued to work even after he was confined to a wheelchair. John (1882–1942) worked as a newspaper illustrator before turning to acting. He began his acting career playing comic roles and later surprised everyone when he turned to strong dramatic roles. He played Hamlet on Broadway for 101 performances. Like his siblings, John left the stage to appear in motion pictures, but most critics agree that he wasted his great talent in his later years. The three Barrymores made one motion picture together, Rasputan and the Em- press.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. Whom did Eliza Lane marry?

2. Where did Mrs. Drew manage her theater for over 30 years?

3. Whom did Georgiana Drew marry?

4. What were the names of their three children?

5. Where did the Barrymore children begin their acting careers?

6. How old was Ethel Barrymore when she became a Broadway star?

7. What term was first used to describe Ethel Barrymore?

8. What was named in her honor?

9. What was her nickname?

10. What famous movie studio became the workplace of Lionel Barrymore?

11. When did Lionel win his Academy Award?

12. What job did John Barrymore have before he became an actor?

13. What play did John Barrymore star in for 101 performances?

14. What was the title of the one movie in which all three Barrymores appeared?

Name Date Doing a Family Tree

The Barrymore family is one of the greatest families in theatrical history. Fill in the blanks with the correct first and last names.

1. married 2. (mother) (father) (They were both born in England, then moved to the United States)

3. married 4. (their daughter)

5. 6. 7. (oldest son) (daughter) (youngest son)

The Drew and Barrymore theatrical family tree continues today. Actress Drew Bar- rymore is the granddaughter of John Barrymore. She began her career at the age of seven in the motion picture E.T.

All in the Family

can you think of other families with several members involved in acting in theater or motion pictures? List some of them below. You may want to research more about these families to find out which members were the first to begin acting.

Name Date Word Search Puzzle

Find the words listed below and circle them in the puzzle. The words may be printed forward or backward, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.

WORD LIST

academy Award acting barrymore broadway classics comedies ethel famous Free Soul glamour girl Hamlet hollywood it’s a Wonderful Life John lionel MGM Studios motion pictures Philadelphia star The Corn Is Green

Eugene O’Neill (1888–1953) eugene O’Neill was the firstA merican-born playwright to achieve an international reputation. His father, James, was a noted actor. Eugene was born in a Broadway hotel near where his father was performing. For the first several years of his life, the young boy, his brother, and his mother followed his father as he toured across the United States. Later, he worked for his father’s theater company. It was during this work that the young O’Neill learned about dramatic structure and the theater. O’Neill attended Princeton University but dropped out after only one year. He held a variety of jobs, including crewman on several ships. He often used his experiences from this time as the basis for characters and stories in his later writing. In 1912 O’Neill became ill with tuberculosis. He began writing plays to pass the time while he was recovering in a rest home. O’Neill then attended a noted play-writing class at Harvard University. In 1916 he joined a small experimental theater group in Cape Cod. It assumed the name, The Prov- incetown Players, when it moved to Greenwich Village in New York City. The Provincetown Players encouraged O’Neill and produced his first plays, a series of one-acts. his firstB roadway play, Beyond the Horizon, opened in 1920. This play won the first of four Pulitzer Prizes for O’Neill. He also won the Pulitzer Prize for Anna Christie, Strange Interlude, and Long Day’s Journey into Night. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1936. Other major O’Neill plays include Desire Under the Elms, Mourning Becomes Electra, The Iceman Cometh, The Great God Brown, In The Zone, The Emperor Jones, and The Hairy Ape. O’Neill constantly experimented with different styles, subjects, and special techniques. Perhaps no other playwright has had such variety among their plays. Most of his plays were serious, yet Ah, Wilderness! was a sentimental comedy. Some of his works were realistic. In others he used non-realistic theatrical devices such as masks, asides, and long soliloquies. O’Neill’s plays often contained one of three major themes: the relationships of humans fighting against their environment, man’s greed for material objects, and the difficulty of finding people’s true identity beneath false appearances. As a result, most of his plays are bleak and pessimistic. O’Neill’s popularity began to sag, and although he continued to write, he did not allow productions of his new works. He became increasingly ill and depressed. After becoming paralyzed, O’Neill died of Parkinson’s disease in a Boston hotel on November 27, 1953. It was not until after his death that Long Day’s Journey into Night, A Touch of the Poet, More Stately Mansions, and A Moon for the Misbegotten were produced.

Name Date Questions For Consideration

1. What was the occupation of Eugene O’Neill’s father?

2. Where was Eugene O’Neill born?

3. What two universities did O’Neill attend?

4. What group was the first to produce a play written by O’Neill?

5. What play won O’Neill his first Pulitzer Prize?

6. How many Pulitzer Prizes did O’Neill receive?

7. In addition to the Pulitzer Prize, what other major award did O’Neill earn?

8. What was the title of O’Neill’s major comedy?

9. What were many characters in O’Neill’s plays fighting against?

10. In addition to masks and asides, what other theatrical device did O’Neill use in some of his plays?

11. What disease caused O’Neill’s death?

12. In what type of building was the location of both O’Neill’s birth and death?

Name Date Increasing Your Vocabulary

The following is a list of words used in the Eugene O’Neill narrative that you may not understand. Look them up in a dictionary and write their meanings. Also write a sentence using each word as it is used in the narrative.

1. interlude

2. sentimental

3. aside

4. soliloquies

5. pessimistic

6. mourning

For Further Research

eugene O’Neill won the Pulitzer Prize four times and the Nobel Prize for Literature once. Using an encyclopedia or other reference book, answer the following questions.

1. Who was Joseph Pulitzer?

2. Who was Alfred Nobel?

3. What other playwrights have won the Pulitzer Prize more than once? (There are five.)

Name Date Crossword Puzzle

Use the clues below to complete the puzzle. Answers may be found in the narrative about Eugene O’Neill.

1 2 3

4 5

6 7

9 10 11 12 13

ACROSS 4. Ah! Wilderness was this type of play. 3. O’Neill was born here. 5. O’Neill worked for his father’s theater . 6. O’Neill began writing plays as he recovered from 8. This play was not produced until after O’Neill’s this. death. (five words) 7. Some of O’Neill’s plays were . 9. The first group to produce O’Neill’s plays (two 10. Most of O’Neill’s plays are bleak and . words) 11. A play that won one of O’Neill’s four Pulitzer Prizes 14. A theme O’Neill often used in his plays (two words) 18. There was a lot of this in O’Neill’s plays. 12. Most of O’Neill’s plays were . 19. Some of O’Neill’s plays deal with humans fighting 13. A small experimental theater group (see #9) moved against their . here. (two words) 20. O’Neill with a variety of styles, subjects, 15. Some of O’Neill’s plays dealt with people hiding and techniques. their true . 16. O’Neill was the firstA merican-born playwright to DOWN receive an reputation. 1. This was O’Neill’s first Broadway play. (three 17. Getting beyond false was often a theme words) of O’Neill’s plays. 2. O’Neill’s father was an .

Helen Hayes (1900–1993) helen Hayes’ first professional stage performance was at the age of five in a production in her home town, Washington, D.C. She performed in New York City when she was only eight years old, and became a Broadway star when she was 18. During her seventy-year career as a successful actress, she was nicknamed “the First Lady of the American Theater.” hayes was born in 1900. Her mother was an actress and her father a traveling salesman. Her mother gave her a love for the theater and helped her pursue her early career. As a child actress, she worked with many important stars, including John Drew. although she was small and not as glamorous as many of the other actresses of her time, Hayes’ acting had a modesty that audiences found appealing. She also had a rich, clear, pleasant voice. She brought a sincerity and realistic quality to her work that was not typical of many actresses of her day. hayes portrayed a variety of characters. She had a range of abilities that allowed her to perform equally well in comedy or tragedy, from the classics to modern productions. Two of her most famous roles were Queens of England. She played Mary, Queen of Scots, in Mary of Scotland and Queen Victoria in Victoria Regina. During the two-hour performance of Victoria Regina, she changed from a girl of 18 to a woman of 75. Some of her other major roles were in Pollyanna, What Every Woman Knows, Coquette, and Mrs. McThing. hayes married playwright Charles MacArthur. They had a daughter Mary who had just begun her career as an actress when she died of polio. Most of Hayes’ career was on Broadway, but she also performed elsewhere. She made several tours of her plays throughout the United States. Her London debut was in 1948, in the play The Glass Menagerie. She also made several motion pictures. She won the Academy Award for best actress in 1932 for The Sin of Madelon Claudet and in 1970 the best supporting actress award for Airport. The owners of a Broadway theater renamed it The Helen Hayes Theater in her honor in 1955. Only three actresses, Helen Hayes, Lynn Fontanne, and Ethel Barrymore, have the honor of a theater named for them. hayes made her farewell performance to Broadway in 1958 in Eugene O’Neill’s A Touch of the Poet. She gave her last stage performance in 1970 in O’Neill’s A Long Day’s Journey into Night. However, she continued to be active after her retirement. In 1961 she performed readings in 28 countries for the United States Department of State. She also had an extensive tour of college and university campuses, performing in a series of readings entitled Shakespeare Revisited. She wrote several magazine articles through the years. She also wrote books including My Life in Three Acts, On Reflection, and A Gift of Joy. helen Hayes died in 1993, the last of a generation of great American stage actresses.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. What city was the birthplace of Helen Hayes?

2. How old was Hayes when she first performed in NewY ork City?

3. What was Hayes’ nickname?

4. What was Hayes’ mother’s occupation?

5. What two English Queens did Hayes successfully portray?

6. In what play did Hayes age from 18 to 75 years old?

7. What play was done for Hayes’ London debut?

8. What film earned Hayes her second Academy Award?

9. What honor does Hayes share with only two other American actresses?

10. When did Hayes give her last Broadway performance?

11. Who sponsored Hayes’ 1961 tour of 28 countries?

12. What are the titles of Hayes’ books?

Name Date Helen Hayes: Using a Time Line

This time line gives the years of important events in the life of Helen Hayes. Use it to answer the questions below.

Born First Star on Victoria London Last Broadway Tours 28 Dies Performance Broadway Regina Debut Performance Countries

1900 1905 1918 1935 1948 1958 1961 1993

1. How many years passed between Helen Hayes’ first performance and when she became a Broadway star?

2. How old was Helen Hayes when she appeared in Victoria Regina?

3. How many years passed between Helen Hayes’ first performance and her lastB roadway performance?

4. How old was Helen Hayes when she toured 28 countries?

5. How old was Helen Hayes when she died?

Which Does Not Belong?

One word in each list of words does not belong with the others. Circle the word in each group that is different. Tell why it is different on the line below each word group.

1. Airport The Glass Menagerie Pollyanna Victoria Regina

2. Ethel Barrymore Madelon Claudet Lynn Fontanne Helen Hayes

3. A Gift of Joy My Life in Three Acts On Reflection To an Actress

4. Mary of Scotland Mrs. McThing Shakespeare Revisited Coquette

Name Date Crossword Puzzle

Use the clues below to complete the puzzle. Answers may be found in the narrative about Helen Hayes.

2 3

4 5

7 8

10 11

16 17

ACROSS DOWN 2. Hayes was not as as many actresses of her 1. One of Hayes’ most noted portrayals was of this time. woman. (two words) 4. What was Hayes’ mother’s occupation? 3. Hayes’ acting had a that audiences found 7. One of Hayes’ books (two words) appealing. 10. Hayes won her second Academy Award for this 5. This was named in Hayes’ honor. film. 6. Hayes played equally well in both and tragedy. 15. Hayes brought a to her work that was not 8. He wrote the plays for both Hayes’ last Broadway typical of most actresses of her day. and last stage performances. 17. “The of the American Theater” 9. Hayes played equally well in both comedy and . 18. One of Hayes’ famous roles as a queen (four 11. Hayes did a series of readings entitled Shake- words) speare . 19. Hayes made several of these as well as acting on 12. During the course of this play, Hayes’ character stage. (two words) aged from 18 to 75. (two words) 20. Hayes had a major role in this play. (two words) 13. Hayes married Charles . 14. Hayes was born in this city. 16. Hayes made her debut in The Glass Menagerie.

Tennessee Williams (1911–1983) The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams remain two of the greatest American plays ever written. Twelve of Williams’ plays opened on Broadway. His other plays saw their first productions in smaller New York City and regional theaters. Ten of his plays became motion pictures. He also wrote several short stories, a novel, a volume of poetry, and his autobiography. Williams was born on March 26, 1911, in Columbus, Mississippi. His family moved to St. Louis in 1918. His real name was Thomas Lanier Williams. He never lived in Tennessee, but while he was in college, his classmates gave him the nickname “Tennessee” because of his southern accent. Williams went to college at the University of Missouri at Columbia, the University of Iowa, and Washington University in St. Louis. He had difficulty getting through due to bad grades and money problems, but he eventually received his college degree. He held a variety of jobs after college. he began writing plays while he was in college, but his early efforts were unsuc- cessful. He then worked as a writer in Hollywood for MGM Studios. He did not enjoy writing for films and soon quit his job and moved to NewY ork City to concentrate on writing plays. His first important success came with the production ofThe Glass Menagerie in 1945. This play remains his most famous and important. It has been translated into several languages and has been produced in 36 countries. His other major plays include A Streetcar Named Desire, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Summer and Smoke, The Rose Tattoo, and Sweet Bird of Youth. Many of Williams’ plays were autobiographical. The Glass Menagerie was patterned after the story of his relationship with his mother and sister. The character of Tom in the play is very much like Tennessee in his youth. In both the play and real life, the father left the home early, Tom worked in a shoe factory, the mother was domineering, and the sister had emotional problems. Williams often set his plays in the South. His dialogue has a lyric quality that is almost poetic. His memorable characters are often struggling against great odds just to survive. He once said: “The one dominant theme in most of my plays is that the most magnificent things in all human nature are valor and endurance.” in spite of problems with theater critics, Williams did receive the New York Critics’ Circle Award four times and the Pulitzer Prize twice. his later plays were not as successful as his earlier ones. Near the end of his life Williams suffered from depression. He also began to have problems with drug and alcohol abuse. He died in New York City on February 24, 1983.

Name Date Questions for Consideration

1. How many of Tennessee Williams’ plays have become motion pictures?

2. Where was Williams born?

3. What was Tennessee Williams’ real name?

4. Who gave Tennessee Williams his nickname?

5. For whom did Williams work while he was in Hollywood?

6. What play was Williams’ first major success?

7. What was the title of Williams’ other major success?

8. In at least how many countries have Williams’ plays been seen?

9. Where did both Williams and the character Tom work?

10. What two things did Williams say were the most magnificent in human nature?

11. What region was the setting for many of Williams’ plays?

12. How many times did Williams win the Pulitzer Prize?

13. How many times did Williams win the Critics’ Circle Award?

14. In what city did Williams die?

Name Date Sequencing

Indicate by number the order in which the following events occurred in the life of Tennes- see Williams:

writes The Glass Menagerie

attends college

dies in New York City

family moves to St. Louis

MGM employs him

receives two Pulitzer Prizes

born in Columbus, Mississippi

moves to New York City

Fact or Opinion

To the left of each sentence, write “F” if you think the statement is a fact and “O” if you think that it is an opinion.

1. Tennessee Williams wrote The Glass Menagerie in 1945.

2. The Glass Menagerie is a better play than A Streetcar Named Desire.

3. Tennessee Williams is America’s greatest playwright.

4. Tennessee Williams’ plays did not always please the critics.

5. The critics of Tennessee Williams’ plays were wrong.

6. Thomas Williams’ classmates gave him the name “Tennessee”.

7. “Tennessee” is a silly nickname.

8. Many of Tennessee Williams’ plays were autobiographical.

9. Autobiographical plays are usually better than non-autobiographical ones.

Name Date Word Search Puzzle

Find the words listed below and circle them in the puzzle. The words may be printed forward or backward, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.

WORD LIST

accent autobiographical broadway college critics hollywood lyric memorable MGM Studios Mississippi New York City nickname poetic Pulitzer Prize South St. Louis Streetcar Named Desire Tennessee The Glass Menagerie The Rose Tattoo

Answer Keys Primitive Theater (page 3) Greek Theater: English Words from Greek 1. There is an absence of written records. (page 8) 2. They studied artifacts and drawings in caves and Answers will vary. Below are typical responses. visited primitive tribes still in existence. 1. angel 3. Theater began as a way for hunters to tell the rest 2. arithmetic of the tribe how their hunt went. 3. biology 4. Animal skins 4. geography 5. They believed this would create magic to bring them 5. graph, autograph a successful hunt. 6. cosmic 6. Something performed repeatedly in exactly the 7. telephone, telegraph, television same way; The tribe thought this performance brought 8. octopus, octagon them magic and good luck. 9. pedal, pedestrian 7. One 10. metropolis, political 8. Shamans 9. The shaman was the religious leader. Greek Theater: Word Search (page 9) 10. The theatrical performances were an important part of the religious ceremonies.

Primitive Theater: Word Search (page 5)

The Middle Ages (page 11) 1. Medieval Ages, Middle Ages, or Dark Ages 2. Church leaders thought it was vulgar and evil. Greek Theater (page 7) 3. Strolling players 1. It honored Dionysus at religious festivals. 4. In the church service 2. 15,000 people 5. Short scene from the Bible enacted by priests 3. Thespis 6. A cycle 4. The actors changed masks. 7. On a small stage in the church 5. Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides 8. The craft guilds; Tropes were taking up too much 6. Aristophanes and Menander of the clergy’s time. 7. A satyr play 9. To carry the players from one location to another 8. Aristotle; The Poetics so that the tropes could be presented to several dif- 9. On hillsides ferent audiences. 10. Members of the chorus moved in the orchestra 10. Secular or non-religious plays as they recited their lines. 11. A small building in back of the acting platform The Middle Ages: Sequencing (page 12) where the actors changed their masks 7; 3; 2; 8; 5; 1; 4; 6

The Middle Ages: Crossword (page 13) Shakespeare’s Theater: Identifying the Parts of the Globe (page 19) 1. hut 6. trap door 2. heavens 7. inner below 3. side balconies 8. balcony 4. main stage 9. inner above 5. pit 10. galleries

Shakespeare’s Theater (page 20) 1. 1599 2. Southwark 3. Thames 4. They looked to see which theaters were flying flags. 5. Groundlings 6. A thatched roof The Renaissance (page 15) 7. A trap door 1. Rebirth 8. The heavens 2. Italy 9. The inner-above 3. Three-dimensional 10. The inner-below 4. Proscenium 11. The balconies 5. To surprise the audience, or to hide the change 12. A few tree branches were placed on stage. of scenery 6. Opera Shakespeare’s Theater: Matching (page 21) 7. Commedia dell’ arte 1. G Main stage 2. I Trap door 8. Harlequin 3. F Inner below 4. E Inner above 9. Pants 5. A Balcony 6. C Heavens 10. Molière 7. B Galleries 8. J Hut 11. De Vega 9. H Pit 10. D Side balconies 12. Elizabethan Age 13. Shakespeare Shakespeare’s Theater: Crossword Puzzle (page 22) The Renaissance: Matching (page 16) 1. B France 6. D Italy 2. E Spain 7. B France 3. A England 8. D Italy 4. E Spain 9. A England 5. A England 10. D Italy

The Renaissance: Word Search (page 17)

The Restoration (page 24) 1. The Commonwealth 2. Charles II was restored to power as king. 3. France 4. Legitimate 5. Women were allowed to appear on stage. 6. Thomas Betterton 7. Nell Gwynn, Elizabeth Barry, or Ann Bracegirdle 8. David Garrick

9. They sent in their servants early to reserve seats. Modern Theater (page 32) 10. The Country Wife 1. Realism 11. Richard Brinsley Sheridan 2. David Belasco 12. Mrs. Aphra Behn 3. Adolphe Appia and Gordon Craig 4. Eugene O’Neill The Restoration: Fact or Opinion (page 25) 5. Arthur Miller 1. O 5. O 9. F 6. Tennessee Williams 2. F 6. F 10. O 7. Lillian Hellman 3. F 7. O 8. Minneapolis 4. F 8. F 9. Lorraine Hansberry 10. A Raisin in the Sun The Restoration: Crossword (page 26) 11. Those barriers between audience and performers 12. Whatever is meaningful to them

Modern Theater: Name the Playwright (page 33) 1. Lillian Hellman 2. Eugene O’Neill 3. Arthur Miller 4. Arthur Miller 5. Tennessee Williams 6. Lillian Hellman 7. Eugene O’Neill 8. Lorraine Hansberry 9. Tennessee Williams 10. Eugene O’Neill Romanticism and Realism (page 28) 1. During most of the 19th century Modern Theater: Which Does Not Belong 2. Emotions and feelings (page 33) 3. Germany 1. Des Moines, does not have a major regional theater 4. Faust 2. Lillian Hellman, the only woman in the list 5. Hernani 3. The Crucible, not by O’Neill 6. Alexander Dumas 4. Musical Theater, not a minority theater 7. The melodrama 5. Romanticism, not a modern development 8. Realism 9. Henrik Ibsen Modern Theater: Crossword (page 34) 10. Anton Chekhov 11. August Strindberg 12. Political and social issues 13. The Moscow Art Theater 14. The Method

Romanticism and Realism: Word Search (page 30)

The Musical (page 36) Sophocles: Word Search (page 42) 1. The Black Crook 2. Rudolf Frimel, Sigmund Rhomberg, Victor Herbert 3. George M. Cohan 4. Little Johnny Jones or 45 Minutes from Broadway 5. Showboat 6. Of Thee I Sing 7. Richard Rodgers 8. Oklahoma!, The King and I, The Sound of Music (any two) 9. Stephen Sondheim 10. Fiddler on the Roof 11. A Chorus Line 12. Andrew Lloyd Weber

The Musical: Time Line (page 37) 1. 130 years old (in 1996) William Shakespeare (page 44) 2. 116 years 1. Stratford-upon-Avon 3. Naughty Marietta 2. He was a glove maker. 4. 43 years 3. Anne Hathaway 5. My Fair Lady and A Chorus Line 4. Hamnet (not Hamlet) 5. The lost years The Musical: Word Search (page 38) 6. 1592 7. The Lord Chamberlain’s Men 8. The King’s Men 9. The Globe 10. 37 11. The Thames River 12. The Blackfriars 13. Holy Trinity Church or Stratford-upon-Avon

William Shakespeare: Paraphrasing (page 45) The answers will vary, but should have some sense of the meaning of the original quotation.

William Shakespeare: Crossword (page 46)

Sophocles (page 40) 1. Oedipus, Antigone, and Electra 2. Wise and honored one 3. Wrestling and music 4. The most famous Greek military and political leader of the time 5. A famous historian 6. Aeschylus 7. Over 120 8. He used three actors and increased the size of the chorus to 15. His plays were more realistic, and he had more believable characters. 9. Suffering teaches wisdom 10. 90

Molière (page 48) 7. Theater Royal, Drury Lane 1. Jean-Baptiste Poquelin 8. 30 2. To avoid offending his father or embarrassing his 9. Their lines family 10. On the stage 3. He was the upholsterer for the king. 11. He hid the lights from the audience’s view. 4. A lawyer 12. Shakespeare 5. His grandfather 13. He was also a playwright. 6. Armande Bejart 14. Lethe, The Clandestine Marriage, Miss in Her 7. Theatre Illustre Teens (any two) 8. Indoor tennis courts 9. About fifteen years David Garrick: Map Work (page 53) 10. Paris 11. Verse 12. An imaginary invalid 13. The Imaginary Invalid 14. In an unknown grave (in Paris)

Molière: Map Work (page 49)

Seine River

Atlantic David Garrick: Crossword (page 54) Ocean

Molière: Word Search (page 50)

Edwin Booth (page 56) 1. Maryland 2. He was an actor. 3. Boston 4. Tragedy 5. The Winter Garden Theater 6. 100 David Garrick (page 52) 7. John Wilkes Booth 1. England 8. Othello 2. One of the first English dictionaries 9. England, Australia, Germany, Hawaii, and the South 3. London Pacific (any three) 4. Wine 10. The Players’ Club 5. Richard III 11. His home 6. Natural or realistic 12. 1893

Edwin Booth: Chronological Order (page 57) 4. A doctor 4; 2; 10; 1; 9; 5; 8; 3; 7; 6 5. 25 6. They were written in verse, in the popular style of Edwin Booth: Word Search (page 58) the time. 7. He also wrote poetry. His most famous poem was Brand. 8. A Doll’s House, Hedda Gabler, and An Enemy of the People 9. Personal relationships 10. The Wild Duck, The Master Builder, and When We Dead Awaken

Henrik Ibsen: Map Work (page 65)

Sarah Bernhardt (page 60) 1. The Divine Sarah 2. Paris, France 3. A nun 4. At age 13 5. Nine 6. England, Australia, Russia 1. Iceland 2. Denmark 7. A tent 3. a land area almost completely surrounded by water 8. A strong emotional style and connected to the mainland by an isthmus 9. Phedre, Tosca, Cleopatra, Hamlet 4. a large area of ocean reaching into land 10. In a coffin 5. a narrow inlet of the sea bordered by steep cliffs 11. She was a sculptor, painter, poet, and author. 12. As a hospital Henrik Ibsen: Word Search (page 66) 13. Queen Elizabeth 14. Over six decades

Sarah Bernhardt: Crossword (page 62)

Sir Henry Irving (page 68) 1. He was a famous actor, director, and manager. 2. Somerset, England Henrik Ibsen (page 64) 3. He was a clerk and bookkeeper. 1. The father of Realism 4. He worked with theater groups in the countryside 2. Skien, Norway for over nine years. 3. His father went bankrupt. 5. The Bells

6. The Lyceum theater in London The Barrymores: Doing a Family Tree (page 73) 7. Ellen Terry 1. Eliza Lane 8. Queen Victoria; It brought honor to the acting 2. John Drew profession. 3. Georgiana Drew 9. Westminster Abbey 4. Maurice Barrymore 10. His productions were so expensive. 5. Lionel Barrymore 6. Ethel Barrymore Sir Henry Irving: Time Line (page 69) 7. John Barrymore 1. 18 years 2. 15 The Barrymores: All in the Family (page 73) 3. 39 Answers will vary but may include: 4. 40 The Douglas family (Kirk, Michael) 5. 67 The Bridges family (Lloyd, Jeff, Beau) The Redgrave family (Vanessa, Lynne) Sir Henry Irving: Which Does Not Belong? The Fonda family (Henry, Jane, Peter) (page 69) The Fisher family (Eddie, Carrie, Joely) 1. playwright; Irving was not one 2. Somerset; it is a place, the others are characters The Barrymores: Word Search (page 74) in plays 3. The Lyceum; it is a theater, the others are play titles 4. Westminster Abbey; this is a place, the others are people 5. France; Irving did not perform here

Sir Henry Irving: Crossword (page 70)

Eugene O’Neill (page 76) 1. He was an actor. 2. In a Broadway hotel 3. Princeton and Harvard 4. The Provincetown Players 5. Beyond the Horizon 6. Four The Barrymores (page 72) 7. Nobel Prize for Literature in 1936 1. John Drew 8. Ah, Wilderness! 2. Philadelphia 9. The environment 3. Maurice Barrymore 10. Soliloquies 4. Lionel, Ethel, John 11. Parkinson’s disease 5. In their grandmother’s theater 12. A hotel 6. 21 7. Glamour girl 8. A Broadway theater 9. The queen of the American theater 10. MGM 11. 1931 12. Newspaper illustrator 13. Hamlet 14. Rasputan and the Empress

Eugene O’Neill: For Further Research (page 77) Helen Hayes: Crossword (page 82) 1. Newspaper publisher (founded Pulitzer Prize) 2. Inventor of dynamite (founded Nobel Prize) 3. George S. Kaufman, Robert E. Sherwood, Thornton Wilder, Tennessee Williams, Edward Albee

Eugene O’Neill: Crossword (page 78)

Tennessee Williams (page 84) 1. Ten 2. Columbus, Mississippi 3. Thomas Lanier Williams 4. His college classmates 5. MGM Studios Helen Hayes (page 80) 6. The Glass Menagerie 1. Washington, D.C. 7. A Streetcar Named Desire 2. Eight 8. 36 3. First Lady of the American Theater 9. A shoe factory 4. She was an actress. 10. Valor and endurance 5. Mary, Queen of Scots, and Queen Victoria 11. The South 6. Victoria Regina 12. Twice 7. The Glass Menagerie 13. Four times 8. Airport 14. New York City 9. Having a theater named for her 10. 1958 Tennessee Williams: Sequencing (page 85) 11. The U. S. Department of State 6; 3; 8; 2; 4; 7; 1; 5 12. My Life in Three Acts, On Reflection, A Gift of Joy Tennessee Williams: Fact or Opinion (page 85) Helen Hayes: Using a Time Line (page 81) 1. F 6. F 1. 13 2. O 7. O 2. 35 3. O 8. F 3. 53 4. F 9. O 4. 61 5. O 5. 93 Tennessee Williams: Word Search (page 86) Helen Hayes: Which Does Not Belong? (page 81) 1. Airport; it is a movie, not a play 2. Madelon Claudet; she is a character, not a person, or does not have a theater named for her 3. To an Actress; not a book by Hayes 4. Shakespeare Revisited; a reading, not a play

Dr. Michael Kramme is the executive director of the Iowa Historic Preservation Alliance. Now enjoying retirement, Dr. Kramme was the chairman of the Division of Fine Arts at Culver-Stockton College in Canton, Missouri. He also taught several years in the Washington, Iowa, Community School District. Dr. Kramme attended Grand View College. He received his B.A. degree in speech/theater education and his M.A. in theater from the University of Northern Iowa. He received his Ph.D. in theater from the University of Missouri—Columbia. his articles have appeared in Theater History Studies, The Palimpsest, Old West, and The Missouri Magazine. Kramme is also the author of Mayan, Incan, and Aztec Civilizations; Pirates and Treasure; Mexico; Rivers of the U.S.; 50 U.S. States and Territories; and the Continents of the World Geography Series, published by Mark Twain Media, Inc. Look for these Mark Twain Media books for grades 4–8+ at your local teacher bookstore.

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History: People and Events: Airplanes, … 1865–Present MATH CD-404050 learning About Cells CD-404080 Jumpstarters for World History CD-404076 amazing Facts in Science CD-404096 economic Literacy CD-1874 Algebra CD-404077 discovering Ecology CD-404099 Jumpstarters for U.S. Government CD-1325 pre-Calculus CD-404091 life Science Quest for Middle Grades CD-404100 understanding the U.S. Constitution CD-1331 applying Pre-Algebra CD-404092 Jumpstarters for Life Science * CD-404129 Jumpstarters for African-American CD-1332 Basic Geometry CD-404093 Jumpstarters for Meteorology History CD-1333 fractions, Decimals, and Percentages CD-404094 strengthening Physical Science Skills * CD-404136 u.S. Presidents: Past & Present CD-1589 Math Projects CD-404097 Introducing Physical Science Gr. 4–6 CD-1616–CD-1619 math Tutor series CD-404098 forensic Investigations GEOGRAPHY CD-404020 helping Students Understand Algebra CD-404102 Daily Skill Builders: Physical Science CD-404021 helping Sts. Understand Pre-Algebra CD-404103 daily Skill Builders: General Science CD-1551 world Geography CD-404022 Jumpstarters for Algebra CD-404104 developing Science Writing Skills CD-1555 exploring Asia CD-404023 Jumpstarters for Math CD-404105 understanding the Human Body CD-1556 exploring Africa CD-404028 helping Students Understand Algebra II CD-404107 Jumpstarters for Properties of Matter CD-1566 exploring Europe CD-404029 helping Students Understand Geometry CD-404108 Jumpstarters for Science Vocabulary CD-1567 exploring South America CD-404030 Jumpstarters for Pre-Algebra CD-404109 science Vocabulary Building: Gr. 3–5 CD-1569 exploring North America CD-404041 pre-Algebra Practice CD-404110 science Vocabulary Building: Gr. 5–8 CD-1570 exploring Antarctica CD-404042 algebra Practice CD-404114 Confusing Science Terms CD-1571 exploring Australia CD-404043 algebra II Practice * CD-404117 alternative Energy Experiments CD-1573–CD-1576 discovering the World of CD-404044 geometry Practice * CD-404118 scientific Method Investigation geography: Grades 4–8 CD-404057 Jumpstarters for Fractions & Decimals * CD-404119 Chemistry CD-404060 Jumpstarters for Geography CD-404058 Jumpstarters for Geometry * CD-404120 simple Machines CD-404095 daily Skill Builders: World Geography CD-404059 Jumpstarters for Math Word Problems * CD-404121 light and Sound * CD-404133 world Geography Puzzles CD-404074 math Logic * CD-404122 electricity and Magnetism CD-404083 daily Skill Builders: Algebra * CD-404123 geology LANGUAGE ARTS CD-404084 daily Skill Builders: Division * CD-404124 meteorology CD-404085 daily Skill Builders: Fractions & Decimals * CD-404125 astronomy CD-1300 phonics for Middle-Grade Students CD-404086 Daily Skill Builders: Pre-Algebra * CD-404134 Jumpstarters for Energy Technology CD-1381 Confusing Words CD-404087 Daily Skill Builders: Word Problems CD-1382 synonyms and Antonyms CD-404088 Exploring Fractions SOCIAL STUDIES CD-1399 poetry Writing CD-404089 Math Reference for Middle Grades CD-1543–CD-1546, CD-1553 CD-404101 pre-Algebra CD-1828 Civil War: The War Between the States Writing Engagement: Grades 4–8 * CD-404132 math Skills Mind Benders CD-1829 Greek and Roman Mythology CD-1554 english Warm-ups CD-1830 Medieval Times: 325-1453 CD-1594 Student Booster: Writing Poetry FINE ARTS CD-1832 Explorers of the New World CD-1622 reading Tutor: Weird, But True CD-1835 World War II CD-404008 diagraming Sentences CD-1890 Music: a.d. 450–1995 CD-1839 Egypt and the Middle East CD-404011 Jumpstarters for Grammar CD-1891 Great Artists and Musicians CD-1860 Democracy, Law, and Justice CD-404012 l.A. Tutor: Capitalization/Punctuation CD-1893 Theater Through the Ages CD-1873 Seven Wonders of the World and More CD-404013 language Arts Tutor: Grammar CD-1894 Music of Many Cultures CD-1885 Economics and You CD-404015–CD-404019 Reading Engagement: CD-1596 musical Instruments of the World CD-1886 Mayan, Incan, and Aztec Civilizations Grades 3–8 CD-1632 everyday Art for the Classroom CD-1887 The American Revolution CD-404027 Jumpstarters for Writing CD-404135 American Popular Music CD-1888 Greek and Roman Civilizations CD-404035 lessons in Writing CD-1899 Holocaust CD-404051 writing a Persuasive Essay HEALTH & WELL-BEING CD-1302 Renaissance CD-404053 Jumpstarters for Language Arts CD-1897 promoting Positive Values CD-1309 elections CD-404054 Jumpstarters for Vocabulary Building CD-1819 health, Wellness, and Physical Fitness CD-1318 Basic Economics CD-404055 adventures in Writing CD-1339 developing Life Skills CD-1323 mexico CD-404061–CD-404063 daily Skill Builders: CD-404079 Jumpstarters for the Human Body CD-1326 personal Finance Grammar: Grades 3–6 CD-404090 healthy Eating and Exercise CD-1336 u.S. History Maps CD-404064 Daily Skill Builders: Spelling & Phonics: CD-404106 Jumpstarters for Nutrition & Exercise CD-1360 u.S. Constitution: Preparing for the Test Grades 3–4 CD-404115 Life Skills CD-1361 50 U.S. States and Territories CD-404067–CD-404069 daily Skill Builders: CD-1367 world Civilizations and Cultures Vocabulary: Grades 3–6 *Denotes New Release